3 perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
7 B<perl> S<[ B<-sTuU> ]> S<[ B<-hv> ] [ B<-V>[:I<configvar>] ]>
8 S<[ B<-cw> ] [ B<-d>[:I<debugger>] ] [ B<-D>[I<number/list>] ]>
9 S<[ B<-pna> ] [ B<-F>I<pattern> ] [ B<-l>[I<octal>] ] [ B<-0>[I<octal>] ]>
10 S<[ B<-I>I<dir> ] [ B<-m>[B<->]I<module> ] [ B<-M>[B<->]I<'module...'> ]>
11 S<[ B<-P> ]> S<[ B<-S> ]> S<[ B<-x>[I<dir>] ]>
12 S<[ B<-i>[I<extension>] ]> S<[ B<-e> I<'command'> ]
13 [ B<--> ] [ I<programfile> ] [ I<argument> ]...>
15 If you're new to Perl, you should start with L<perlintro>, which is a
16 general intro for beginners and provides some background to help you
17 navigate the rest of Perl's extensive documentation.
19 For ease of access, the Perl manual has been split up into several sections.
23 perl Perl overview (this section)
24 perlintro Perl introduction for beginners
25 perltoc Perl documentation table of contents
29 perlreftut Perl references short introduction
30 perldsc Perl data structures intro
31 perllol Perl data structures: arrays of arrays
33 perlrequick Perl regular expressions quick start
34 perlretut Perl regular expressions tutorial
36 perlboot Perl OO tutorial for beginners
37 perltoot Perl OO tutorial, part 1
38 perltooc Perl OO tutorial, part 2
39 perlbot Perl OO tricks and examples
41 perlstyle Perl style guide
43 perltrap Perl traps for the unwary
44 perldebtut Perl debugging tutorial
46 perlfaq Perl frequently asked questions
47 perlfaq1 General Questions About Perl
48 perlfaq2 Obtaining and Learning about Perl
49 perlfaq3 Programming Tools
50 perlfaq4 Data Manipulation
51 perlfaq5 Files and Formats
53 perlfaq7 Perl Language Issues
54 perlfaq8 System Interaction
57 =head2 Reference Manual
60 perldata Perl data structures
61 perlop Perl operators and precedence
62 perlsub Perl subroutines
63 perlfunc Perl built-in functions
64 perlopentut Perl open() tutorial
65 perlpacktut Perl open() tutorial
66 perlpod Perl plain old documentation
67 perlpodspec Perl plain old documentation format specification
68 perlrun Perl execution and options
69 perldiag Perl diagnostic messages
70 perllexwarn Perl warnings and their control
71 perldebug Perl debugging
72 perlvar Perl predefined variables
73 perlre Perl regular expressions, the rest of the story
74 perlref Perl references, the rest of the story
77 perltie Perl objects hidden behind simple variables
78 perldbmfilter Perl DBM filters
80 perlipc Perl interprocess communication
81 perlfork Perl fork() information
82 perlnumber Perl number semantics
84 perlthrtut Perl threads tutorial
85 perlothrtut Old Perl threads tutorial
87 perlport Perl portability guide
88 perllocale Perl locale support
89 perluniintro Perl Unicode introduction
90 perlunicode Perl Unicode support
91 perlebcdic Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms
95 perlmod Perl modules: how they work
96 perlmodlib Perl modules: how to write and use
97 perlmodstyle Perl modules: how to write modules with style
98 perlmodinstall Perl modules: how to install from CPAN
99 perlnewmod Perl modules: preparing a new module for distribution
101 perlutil utilities packaged with the Perl distribution
103 perlcompile Perl compiler suite intro
105 perlfilter Perl source filters
107 =head2 Internals and C Language Interface
109 perlembed Perl ways to embed perl in your C or C++ application
110 perldebguts Perl debugging guts and tips
111 perlxstut Perl XS tutorial
112 perlxs Perl XS application programming interface
113 perlclib Internal replacements for standard C library functions
114 perlguts Perl internal functions for those doing extensions
115 perlcall Perl calling conventions from C
117 perlapi Perl API listing (autogenerated)
118 perlintern Perl internal functions (autogenerated)
119 perliol C API for Perl's implementation of IO in Layers
120 perlapio Perl internal IO abstraction interface
122 perlhack Perl hackers guide
126 perlbook Perl book information
127 perltodo Perl things to do
129 perlhist Perl history records
130 perldelta Perl changes since previous version
131 perl572delta Perl changes in version 5.7.2
132 perl571delta Perl changes in version 5.7.1
133 perl570delta Perl changes in version 5.7.0
134 perl561delta Perl changes in version 5.6.1
135 perl56delta Perl changes in version 5.6
136 perl5005delta Perl changes in version 5.005
137 perl5004delta Perl changes in version 5.004
139 =head2 Platform-Specific
141 perlaix Perl notes for AIX
142 perlamiga Perl notes for AmigaOS
143 perlapollo Perl notes for Apollo DomainOS
144 perlbeos Perl notes for BeOS
145 perlbs2000 Perl notes for POSIX-BC BS2000
146 perlce Perl notes for WinCE
147 perlcygwin Perl notes for Cygwin
148 perldgux Perl notes for DG/UX
149 perldos Perl notes for DOS
150 perlepoc Perl notes for EPOC
151 perlhpux Perl notes for HP-UX
152 perlhurd Perl notes for Hurd
153 perlmachten Perl notes for Power MachTen
154 perlmacos Perl notes for Mac OS (Classic)
155 perlmint Perl notes for MiNT
156 perlmpeix Perl notes for MPE/iX
157 perlnetware Perl notes for NetWare
158 perlos2 Perl notes for OS/2
159 perlos390 Perl notes for OS/390
160 perlplan9 Perl notes for Plan 9
161 perlqnx Perl notes for QNX
162 perlsolaris Perl notes for Solaris
163 perltru64 Perl notes for Tru64
164 perluts Perl notes for UTS
165 perlvmesa Perl notes for VM/ESA
166 perlvms Perl notes for VMS
167 perlvos Perl notes for Stratus VOS
168 perlwin32 Perl notes for Windows
171 By default, the manpages listed above are installed in the
172 F</usr/local/man/> directory.
174 Extensive additional documentation for Perl modules is available. The
175 default configuration for perl will place this additional documentation
176 in the F</usr/local/lib/perl5/man> directory (or else in the F<man>
177 subdirectory of the Perl library directory). Some of this additional
178 documentation is distributed standard with Perl, but you'll also find
179 documentation for third-party modules there.
181 You should be able to view Perl's documentation with your man(1)
182 program by including the proper directories in the appropriate start-up
183 files, or in the MANPATH environment variable. To find out where the
184 configuration has installed the manpages, type:
188 If the directories have a common stem, such as F</usr/local/man/man1>
189 and F</usr/local/man/man3>, you need only to add that stem
190 (F</usr/local/man>) to your man(1) configuration files or your MANPATH
191 environment variable. If they do not share a stem, you'll have to add
194 If that doesn't work for some reason, you can still use the
195 supplied F<perldoc> script to view module information. You might
196 also look into getting a replacement man program.
198 If something strange has gone wrong with your program and you're not
199 sure where you should look for help, try the B<-w> switch first. It
200 will often point out exactly where the trouble is.
204 Perl is a language optimized for scanning arbitrary
205 text files, extracting information from those text files, and printing
206 reports based on that information. It's also a good language for many
207 system management tasks. The language is intended to be practical
208 (easy to use, efficient, complete) rather than beautiful (tiny,
211 Perl combines (in the author's opinion, anyway) some of the best
212 features of C, B<sed>, B<awk>, and B<sh>, so people familiar with
213 those languages should have little difficulty with it. (Language
214 historians will also note some vestiges of B<csh>, Pascal, and even
215 BASIC-PLUS.) Expression syntax corresponds closely to C
216 expression syntax. Unlike most Unix utilities, Perl does not
217 arbitrarily limit the size of your data--if you've got the memory,
218 Perl can slurp in your whole file as a single string. Recursion is of
219 unlimited depth. And the tables used by hashes (sometimes called
220 "associative arrays") grow as necessary to prevent degraded
221 performance. Perl can use sophisticated pattern matching techniques to
222 scan large amounts of data quickly. Although optimized for
223 scanning text, Perl can also deal with binary data, and can make dbm
224 files look like hashes. Setuid Perl scripts are safer than C programs
225 through a dataflow tracing mechanism that prevents many stupid
228 If you have a problem that would ordinarily use B<sed> or B<awk> or
229 B<sh>, but it exceeds their capabilities or must run a little faster,
230 and you don't want to write the silly thing in C, then Perl may be for
231 you. There are also translators to turn your B<sed> and B<awk>
232 scripts into Perl scripts.
234 But wait, there's more...
236 Begun in 1993 (see L<perlhist>), Perl version 5 is nearly a complete
237 rewrite that provides the following additional benefits:
243 modularity and reusability using innumerable modules
245 Described in L<perlmod>, L<perlmodlib>, and L<perlmodinstall>.
249 embeddable and extensible
251 Described in L<perlembed>, L<perlxstut>, L<perlxs>, L<perlcall>,
252 L<perlguts>, and L<xsubpp>.
256 roll-your-own magic variables (including multiple simultaneous DBM implementations)
258 Described in L<perltie> and L<AnyDBM_File>.
262 subroutines can now be overridden, autoloaded, and prototyped
264 Described in L<perlsub>.
268 arbitrarily nested data structures and anonymous functions
270 Described in L<perlreftut>, L<perlref>, L<perldsc>, and L<perllol>.
274 object-oriented programming
276 Described in L<perlobj>, L<perlboot>, L<perltoot>, L<perltooc>,
281 compilability into C code or Perl bytecode
283 Described in L<B> and L<B::Bytecode>.
287 support for light-weight processes (threads)
289 Described in L<perlthrtut> and L<Thread>.
293 support for internationalization, localization, and Unicode
295 Described in L<perllocale> and L<utf8>.
301 Described in L<perlsub>.
305 regular expression enhancements
307 Described in L<perlre>, with additional examples in L<perlop>.
311 enhanced debugger and interactive Perl environment,
312 with integrated editor support
314 Described in L<perldebtut>, L<perldebug> and L<perldebguts>.
318 POSIX 1003.1 compliant library
320 Described in L<POSIX>.
324 Okay, that's I<definitely> enough hype.
328 Perl is available for most operating systems, including virtually
329 all Unix-like platforms. See L<perlport/"Supported Platforms">
338 Larry Wall <larry@wall.org>, with the help of oodles of other folks.
340 If your Perl success stories and testimonials may be of help to others
341 who wish to advocate the use of Perl in their applications,
342 or if you wish to simply express your gratitude to Larry and the
343 Perl developers, please write to perl-thanks@perl.org .
347 "@INC" locations of perl libraries
351 a2p awk to perl translator
352 s2p sed to perl translator
354 http://www.perl.com/ the Perl Home Page
355 http://www.cpan.org/ the Comprehensive Perl Archive
356 http://www.perl.org/ Perl Mongers (Perl user groups)
360 The C<use warnings> pragma (and the B<-w> switch) produces some
363 See L<perldiag> for explanations of all Perl's diagnostics. The C<use
364 diagnostics> pragma automatically turns Perl's normally terse warnings
365 and errors into these longer forms.
367 Compilation errors will tell you the line number of the error, with an
368 indication of the next token or token type that was to be examined.
369 (In a script passed to Perl via B<-e> switches, each
370 B<-e> is counted as one line.)
372 Setuid scripts have additional constraints that can produce error
373 messages such as "Insecure dependency". See L<perlsec>.
375 Did we mention that you should definitely consider using the B<-w>
380 The B<-w> switch is not mandatory.
382 Perl is at the mercy of your machine's definitions of various
383 operations such as type casting, atof(), and floating-point
384 output with sprintf().
386 If your stdio requires a seek or eof between reads and writes on a
387 particular stream, so does Perl. (This doesn't apply to sysread()
390 While none of the built-in data types have any arbitrary size limits
391 (apart from memory size), there are still a few arbitrary limits: a
392 given variable name may not be longer than 251 characters. Line numbers
393 displayed by diagnostics are internally stored as short integers,
394 so they are limited to a maximum of 65535 (higher numbers usually being
395 affected by wraparound).
397 You may mail your bug reports (be sure to include full configuration
398 information as output by the myconfig program in the perl source
399 tree, or by C<perl -V>) to perlbug@perl.org . If you've succeeded
400 in compiling perl, the B<perlbug> script in the F<utils/> subdirectory
401 can be used to help mail in a bug report.
403 Perl actually stands for Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister, but
404 don't tell anyone I said that.
408 The Perl motto is "There's more than one way to do it." Divining
409 how many more is left as an exercise to the reader.
411 The three principal virtues of a programmer are Laziness,
412 Impatience, and Hubris. See the Camel Book for why.