3 perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
7 B<perl> S<[ B<-sTtuUWX> ]>
8 S<[ B<-hv> ] [ B<-V>[:I<configvar>] ]>
9 S<[ B<-cw> ] [ B<-d>[B<t>][:I<debugger>] ] [ B<-D>[I<number/list>] ]>
10 S<[ B<-pna> ] [ B<-F>I<pattern> ] [ B<-l>[I<octal>] ] [ B<-0>[I<octal/hexadecimal>] ]>
11 S<[ B<-I>I<dir> ] [ B<-m>[B<->]I<module> ] [ B<-M>[B<->]I<'module...'> ] [ B<-f> ]>
12 S<[ B<-C [I<number/list>] >]>
15 S<[ B<-i>[I<extension>] ]>
16 S<[ [B<-e>|B<-E>] I<'command'> ] [ B<--> ] [ I<programfile> ] [ I<argument> ]...>
18 If you're new to Perl, you should start with L<perlintro>, which is a
19 general intro for beginners and provides some background to help you
20 navigate the rest of Perl's extensive documentation.
22 For ease of access, the Perl manual has been split up into several sections.
26 perl Perl overview (this section)
27 perlintro Perl introduction for beginners
28 perltoc Perl documentation table of contents
32 perlreftut Perl references short introduction
33 perldsc Perl data structures intro
34 perllol Perl data structures: arrays of arrays
36 perlrequick Perl regular expressions quick start
37 perlretut Perl regular expressions tutorial
39 perlboot Perl OO tutorial for beginners
40 perltoot Perl OO tutorial, part 1
41 perltooc Perl OO tutorial, part 2
42 perlbot Perl OO tricks and examples
44 perlperf Perl Performance and Optimization Techniques
46 perlstyle Perl style guide
48 perlcheat Perl cheat sheet
49 perltrap Perl traps for the unwary
50 perldebtut Perl debugging tutorial
52 perlfaq Perl frequently asked questions
53 perlfaq1 General Questions About Perl
54 perlfaq2 Obtaining and Learning about Perl
55 perlfaq3 Programming Tools
56 perlfaq4 Data Manipulation
57 perlfaq5 Files and Formats
59 perlfaq7 Perl Language Issues
60 perlfaq8 System Interaction
63 =head2 Reference Manual
66 perldata Perl data structures
67 perlop Perl operators and precedence
68 perlsub Perl subroutines
69 perlfunc Perl built-in functions
70 perlopentut Perl open() tutorial
71 perlpacktut Perl pack() and unpack() tutorial
72 perlpod Perl plain old documentation
73 perlpodspec Perl plain old documentation format specification
74 perlrun Perl execution and options
75 perldiag Perl diagnostic messages
76 perllexwarn Perl warnings and their control
77 perldebug Perl debugging
78 perlvar Perl predefined variables
79 perlre Perl regular expressions, the rest of the story
80 perlrebackslash Perl regular expression backslash sequences
81 perlrecharclass Perl regular expression character classes
82 perlreref Perl regular expressions quick reference
83 perlref Perl references, the rest of the story
86 perltie Perl objects hidden behind simple variables
87 perldbmfilter Perl DBM filters
89 perlipc Perl interprocess communication
90 perlfork Perl fork() information
91 perlnumber Perl number semantics
93 perlthrtut Perl threads tutorial
95 perlport Perl portability guide
96 perllocale Perl locale support
97 perluniintro Perl Unicode introduction
98 perlunicode Perl Unicode support
99 perlunifaq Perl Unicode FAQ
100 perluniprops Complete index of Unicode Version 5.1.0 properties
101 perlunitut Perl Unicode tutorial
102 perlebcdic Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms
104 perlsec Perl security
106 perlmod Perl modules: how they work
107 perlmodlib Perl modules: how to write and use
108 perlmodstyle Perl modules: how to write modules with style
109 perlmodinstall Perl modules: how to install from CPAN
110 perlnewmod Perl modules: preparing a new module for distribution
111 perlpragma Perl modules: writing a user pragma
113 perlutil utilities packaged with the Perl distribution
115 perlcompile Perl compiler suite intro
117 perlfilter Perl source filters
119 perlglossary Perl Glossary
121 =head2 Internals and C Language Interface
123 perlembed Perl ways to embed perl in your C or C++ application
124 perldebguts Perl debugging guts and tips
125 perlxstut Perl XS tutorial
126 perlxs Perl XS application programming interface
127 perlclib Internal replacements for standard C library functions
128 perlguts Perl internal functions for those doing extensions
129 perlcall Perl calling conventions from C
130 perlmroapi Perl method resolution plugin interface
131 perlreapi Perl regular expression plugin interface
132 perlreguts Perl regular expression engine internals
134 perlapi Perl API listing (autogenerated)
135 perlintern Perl internal functions (autogenerated)
136 perliol C API for Perl's implementation of IO in Layers
137 perlapio Perl internal IO abstraction interface
139 perlhack Perl hackers guide
140 perlpolicy Perl development policies
141 perlrepository Perl source repository
145 perlbook Perl book information
146 perlcommunity Perl community information
147 perltodo Perl things to do
149 perldoc Look up Perl documentation in Pod format
151 perlhist Perl history records
152 perldelta Perl changes since previous version
153 perl5113delta Perl changes in version 5.11.3
154 perl5112delta Perl changes in version 5.11.2
155 perl5111delta Perl changes in version 5.11.1
156 perl5110delta Perl changes in version 5.11.0
157 perl5101delta Perl changes in version 5.10.1
158 perl5100delta Perl changes in version 5.10.0
159 perl595delta Perl changes in version 5.9.5
160 perl594delta Perl changes in version 5.9.4
161 perl593delta Perl changes in version 5.9.3
162 perl592delta Perl changes in version 5.9.2
163 perl591delta Perl changes in version 5.9.1
164 perl590delta Perl changes in version 5.9.0
165 perl589delta Perl changes in version 5.8.9
166 perl588delta Perl changes in version 5.8.8
167 perl587delta Perl changes in version 5.8.7
168 perl586delta Perl changes in version 5.8.6
169 perl585delta Perl changes in version 5.8.5
170 perl584delta Perl changes in version 5.8.4
171 perl583delta Perl changes in version 5.8.3
172 perl582delta Perl changes in version 5.8.2
173 perl581delta Perl changes in version 5.8.1
174 perl58delta Perl changes in version 5.8.0
175 perl573delta Perl changes in version 5.7.3
176 perl572delta Perl changes in version 5.7.2
177 perl571delta Perl changes in version 5.7.1
178 perl570delta Perl changes in version 5.7.0
179 perl561delta Perl changes in version 5.6.1
180 perl56delta Perl changes in version 5.6
181 perl5005delta Perl changes in version 5.005
182 perl5004delta Perl changes in version 5.004
184 perlartistic Perl Artistic License
185 perlgpl GNU General Public License
187 =head2 Language-Specific
189 perlcn Perl for Simplified Chinese (in EUC-CN)
190 perljp Perl for Japanese (in EUC-JP)
191 perlko Perl for Korean (in EUC-KR)
192 perltw Perl for Traditional Chinese (in Big5)
194 =head2 Platform-Specific
196 perlaix Perl notes for AIX
197 perlamiga Perl notes for AmigaOS
198 perlapollo Perl notes for Apollo DomainOS
199 perlbeos Perl notes for BeOS
200 perlbs2000 Perl notes for POSIX-BC BS2000
201 perlce Perl notes for WinCE
202 perlcygwin Perl notes for Cygwin
203 perldgux Perl notes for DG/UX
204 perldos Perl notes for DOS
205 perlepoc Perl notes for EPOC
206 perlfreebsd Perl notes for FreeBSD
207 perlhaiku Perl notes for Haiku
208 perlhpux Perl notes for HP-UX
209 perlhurd Perl notes for Hurd
210 perlirix Perl notes for Irix
211 perllinux Perl notes for Linux
212 perlmacos Perl notes for Mac OS (Classic)
213 perlmacosx Perl notes for Mac OS X
214 perlmpeix Perl notes for MPE/iX
215 perlnetware Perl notes for NetWare
216 perlopenbsd Perl notes for OpenBSD
217 perlos2 Perl notes for OS/2
218 perlos390 Perl notes for OS/390
219 perlos400 Perl notes for OS/400
220 perlplan9 Perl notes for Plan 9
221 perlqnx Perl notes for QNX
222 perlriscos Perl notes for RISC OS
223 perlsolaris Perl notes for Solaris
224 perlsymbian Perl notes for Symbian
225 perltru64 Perl notes for Tru64
226 perluts Perl notes for UTS
227 perlvmesa Perl notes for VM/ESA
228 perlvms Perl notes for VMS
229 perlvos Perl notes for Stratus VOS
230 perlwin32 Perl notes for Windows
233 By default, the manpages listed above are installed in the
234 F</usr/local/man/> directory.
236 Extensive additional documentation for Perl modules is available. The
237 default configuration for perl will place this additional documentation
238 in the F</usr/local/lib/perl5/man> directory (or else in the F<man>
239 subdirectory of the Perl library directory). Some of this additional
240 documentation is distributed standard with Perl, but you'll also find
241 documentation for third-party modules there.
243 You should be able to view Perl's documentation with your man(1)
244 program by including the proper directories in the appropriate start-up
245 files, or in the MANPATH environment variable. To find out where the
246 configuration has installed the manpages, type:
250 If the directories have a common stem, such as F</usr/local/man/man1>
251 and F</usr/local/man/man3>, you need only to add that stem
252 (F</usr/local/man>) to your man(1) configuration files or your MANPATH
253 environment variable. If they do not share a stem, you'll have to add
256 If that doesn't work for some reason, you can still use the
257 supplied F<perldoc> script to view module information. You might
258 also look into getting a replacement man program.
260 If something strange has gone wrong with your program and you're not
261 sure where you should look for help, try the B<-w> switch first. It
262 will often point out exactly where the trouble is.
266 Perl is a language optimized for scanning arbitrary
267 text files, extracting information from those text files, and printing
268 reports based on that information. It's also a good language for many
269 system management tasks. The language is intended to be practical
270 (easy to use, efficient, complete) rather than beautiful (tiny,
273 Perl combines (in the author's opinion, anyway) some of the best
274 features of C, B<sed>, B<awk>, and B<sh>, so people familiar with
275 those languages should have little difficulty with it. (Language
276 historians will also note some vestiges of B<csh>, Pascal, and even
277 BASIC-PLUS.) Expression syntax corresponds closely to C
278 expression syntax. Unlike most Unix utilities, Perl does not
279 arbitrarily limit the size of your data--if you've got the memory,
280 Perl can slurp in your whole file as a single string. Recursion is of
281 unlimited depth. And the tables used by hashes (sometimes called
282 "associative arrays") grow as necessary to prevent degraded
283 performance. Perl can use sophisticated pattern matching techniques to
284 scan large amounts of data quickly. Although optimized for
285 scanning text, Perl can also deal with binary data, and can make dbm
286 files look like hashes. Setuid Perl scripts are safer than C programs
287 through a dataflow tracing mechanism that prevents many stupid
290 If you have a problem that would ordinarily use B<sed> or B<awk> or
291 B<sh>, but it exceeds their capabilities or must run a little faster,
292 and you don't want to write the silly thing in C, then Perl may be for
293 you. There are also translators to turn your B<sed> and B<awk>
294 scripts into Perl scripts.
296 But wait, there's more...
298 Begun in 1993 (see L<perlhist>), Perl version 5 is nearly a complete
299 rewrite that provides the following additional benefits:
305 modularity and reusability using innumerable modules
307 Described in L<perlmod>, L<perlmodlib>, and L<perlmodinstall>.
311 embeddable and extensible
313 Described in L<perlembed>, L<perlxstut>, L<perlxs>, L<perlcall>,
314 L<perlguts>, and L<xsubpp>.
318 roll-your-own magic variables (including multiple simultaneous DBM
321 Described in L<perltie> and L<AnyDBM_File>.
325 subroutines can now be overridden, autoloaded, and prototyped
327 Described in L<perlsub>.
331 arbitrarily nested data structures and anonymous functions
333 Described in L<perlreftut>, L<perlref>, L<perldsc>, and L<perllol>.
337 object-oriented programming
339 Described in L<perlobj>, L<perlboot>, L<perltoot>, L<perltooc>,
344 support for light-weight processes (threads)
346 Described in L<perlthrtut> and L<threads>.
350 support for Unicode, internationalization, and localization
352 Described in L<perluniintro>, L<perllocale> and L<Locale::Maketext>.
358 Described in L<perlsub>.
362 regular expression enhancements
364 Described in L<perlre>, with additional examples in L<perlop>.
368 enhanced debugger and interactive Perl environment,
369 with integrated editor support
371 Described in L<perldebtut>, L<perldebug> and L<perldebguts>.
375 POSIX 1003.1 compliant library
377 Described in L<POSIX>.
381 Okay, that's I<definitely> enough hype.
385 Perl is available for most operating systems, including virtually
386 all Unix-like platforms. See L<perlport/"Supported Platforms">
395 Larry Wall <larry@wall.org>, with the help of oodles of other folks.
397 If your Perl success stories and testimonials may be of help to others
398 who wish to advocate the use of Perl in their applications,
399 or if you wish to simply express your gratitude to Larry and the
400 Perl developers, please write to perl-thanks@perl.org .
404 "@INC" locations of perl libraries
408 a2p awk to perl translator
409 s2p sed to perl translator
411 http://www.perl.org/ the Perl homepage
412 http://www.perl.com/ Perl articles (O'Reilly)
413 http://www.cpan.org/ the Comprehensive Perl Archive
414 http://www.pm.org/ the Perl Mongers
418 The C<use warnings> pragma (and the B<-w> switch) produces some
421 See L<perldiag> for explanations of all Perl's diagnostics. The C<use
422 diagnostics> pragma automatically turns Perl's normally terse warnings
423 and errors into these longer forms.
425 Compilation errors will tell you the line number of the error, with an
426 indication of the next token or token type that was to be examined.
427 (In a script passed to Perl via B<-e> switches, each
428 B<-e> is counted as one line.)
430 Setuid scripts have additional constraints that can produce error
431 messages such as "Insecure dependency". See L<perlsec>.
433 Did we mention that you should definitely consider using the B<-w>
438 The B<-w> switch is not mandatory.
440 Perl is at the mercy of your machine's definitions of various
441 operations such as type casting, atof(), and floating-point
442 output with sprintf().
444 If your stdio requires a seek or eof between reads and writes on a
445 particular stream, so does Perl. (This doesn't apply to sysread()
448 While none of the built-in data types have any arbitrary size limits
449 (apart from memory size), there are still a few arbitrary limits: a
450 given variable name may not be longer than 251 characters. Line numbers
451 displayed by diagnostics are internally stored as short integers,
452 so they are limited to a maximum of 65535 (higher numbers usually being
453 affected by wraparound).
455 You may mail your bug reports (be sure to include full configuration
456 information as output by the myconfig program in the perl source
457 tree, or by C<perl -V>) to perlbug@perl.org . If you've succeeded
458 in compiling perl, the B<perlbug> script in the F<utils/> subdirectory
459 can be used to help mail in a bug report.
461 Perl actually stands for Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister, but
462 don't tell anyone I said that.
466 The Perl motto is "There's more than one way to do it." Divining
467 how many more is left as an exercise to the reader.
469 The three principal virtues of a programmer are Laziness,
470 Impatience, and Hubris. See the Camel Book for why.