3 perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
7 B<perl> S<[ B<-sTtuUWX> ]>
8 S<[ B<-hv> ] [ B<-V>[:I<configvar>] ]>
9 S<[ B<-cw> ] [ B<-d>[B<t>][:I<debugger>] ] [ B<-D>[I<number/list>] ]>
10 S<[ B<-pna> ] [ B<-F>I<pattern> ] [ B<-l>[I<octal>] ] [ B<-0>[I<octal/hexadecimal>] ]>
11 S<[ B<-I>I<dir> ] [ B<-m>[B<->]I<module> ] [ B<-M>[B<->]I<'module...'> ] [ B<-f> ]>
12 S<[ B<-C [I<number/list>] >]>
15 S<[ B<-i>[I<extension>] ]>
16 S<[ [B<-e>|B<-E>] I<'command'> ] [ B<--> ] [ I<programfile> ] [ I<argument> ]...>
18 If you're new to Perl, you should start with L<perlintro>, which is a
19 general intro for beginners and provides some background to help you
20 navigate the rest of Perl's extensive documentation.
22 For ease of access, the Perl manual has been split up into several sections.
26 perl Perl overview (this section)
27 perlintro Perl introduction for beginners
28 perltoc Perl documentation table of contents
32 perlreftut Perl references short introduction
33 perldsc Perl data structures intro
34 perllol Perl data structures: arrays of arrays
36 perlrequick Perl regular expressions quick start
37 perlretut Perl regular expressions tutorial
39 perlboot Perl OO tutorial for beginners
40 perltoot Perl OO tutorial, part 1
41 perltooc Perl OO tutorial, part 2
42 perlbot Perl OO tricks and examples
44 perlperf Perl Performance and Optimization Techniques
46 perlstyle Perl style guide
48 perlcheat Perl cheat sheet
49 perltrap Perl traps for the unwary
50 perldebtut Perl debugging tutorial
52 perlfaq Perl frequently asked questions
53 perlfaq1 General Questions About Perl
54 perlfaq2 Obtaining and Learning about Perl
55 perlfaq3 Programming Tools
56 perlfaq4 Data Manipulation
57 perlfaq5 Files and Formats
59 perlfaq7 Perl Language Issues
60 perlfaq8 System Interaction
63 =head2 Reference Manual
66 perldata Perl data structures
67 perlop Perl operators and precedence
68 perlsub Perl subroutines
69 perlfunc Perl built-in functions
70 perlopentut Perl open() tutorial
71 perlpacktut Perl pack() and unpack() tutorial
72 perlpod Perl plain old documentation
73 perlpodspec Perl plain old documentation format specification
74 perlrun Perl execution and options
75 perldiag Perl diagnostic messages
76 perllexwarn Perl warnings and their control
77 perldebug Perl debugging
78 perlvar Perl predefined variables
79 perlre Perl regular expressions, the rest of the story
80 perlrebackslash Perl regular expression backslash sequences
81 perlrecharclass Perl regular expression character classes
82 perlreref Perl regular expressions quick reference
83 perlref Perl references, the rest of the story
86 perltie Perl objects hidden behind simple variables
87 perldbmfilter Perl DBM filters
89 perlipc Perl interprocess communication
90 perlfork Perl fork() information
91 perlnumber Perl number semantics
93 perlthrtut Perl threads tutorial
95 perlport Perl portability guide
96 perllocale Perl locale support
97 perluniintro Perl Unicode introduction
98 perlunicode Perl Unicode support
99 perlunifaq Perl Unicode FAQ
100 perluniprops Perl Unicode property index
101 perlunitut Perl Unicode tutorial
102 perlebcdic Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms
104 perlsec Perl security
106 perlmod Perl modules: how they work
107 perlmodlib Perl modules: how to write and use
108 perlmodstyle Perl modules: how to write modules with style
109 perlmodinstall Perl modules: how to install from CPAN
110 perlnewmod Perl modules: preparing a new module for distribution
111 perlpragma Perl modules: writing a user pragma
113 perlutil utilities packaged with the Perl distribution
115 perlcompile Perl compiler suite intro
117 perlfilter Perl source filters
119 perlglossary Perl Glossary
121 =head2 Internals and C Language Interface
123 perlembed Perl ways to embed perl in your C or C++ application
124 perldebguts Perl debugging guts and tips
125 perlxstut Perl XS tutorial
126 perlxs Perl XS application programming interface
127 perlclib Internal replacements for standard C library functions
128 perlguts Perl internal functions for those doing extensions
129 perlcall Perl calling conventions from C
130 perlmroapi Perl method resolution plugin interface
131 perlreapi Perl regular expression plugin interface
132 perlreguts Perl regular expression engine internals
134 perlapi Perl API listing (autogenerated)
135 perlintern Perl internal functions (autogenerated)
136 perliol C API for Perl's implementation of IO in Layers
137 perlapio Perl internal IO abstraction interface
139 perlhack Perl hackers guide
140 perlpolicy Perl development policies
141 perlrepository Perl source repository
145 perlbook Perl book information
146 perlcommunity Perl community information
147 perltodo Perl things to do
149 perldoc Look up Perl documentation in Pod format
151 perlhist Perl history records
152 perldelta Perl changes since previous version
153 perl5112delta Perl changes in version 5.11.2
154 perl5111delta Perl changes in version 5.11.1
155 perl5110delta Perl changes in version 5.11.0
156 perl5101delta Perl changes in version 5.10.1
157 perl5100delta Perl changes in version 5.10.0
158 perl595delta Perl changes in version 5.9.5
159 perl594delta Perl changes in version 5.9.4
160 perl593delta Perl changes in version 5.9.3
161 perl592delta Perl changes in version 5.9.2
162 perl591delta Perl changes in version 5.9.1
163 perl590delta Perl changes in version 5.9.0
164 perl589delta Perl changes in version 5.8.9
165 perl588delta Perl changes in version 5.8.8
166 perl587delta Perl changes in version 5.8.7
167 perl586delta Perl changes in version 5.8.6
168 perl585delta Perl changes in version 5.8.5
169 perl584delta Perl changes in version 5.8.4
170 perl583delta Perl changes in version 5.8.3
171 perl582delta Perl changes in version 5.8.2
172 perl581delta Perl changes in version 5.8.1
173 perl58delta Perl changes in version 5.8.0
174 perl573delta Perl changes in version 5.7.3
175 perl572delta Perl changes in version 5.7.2
176 perl571delta Perl changes in version 5.7.1
177 perl570delta Perl changes in version 5.7.0
178 perl561delta Perl changes in version 5.6.1
179 perl56delta Perl changes in version 5.6
180 perl5005delta Perl changes in version 5.005
181 perl5004delta Perl changes in version 5.004
183 perlartistic Perl Artistic License
184 perlgpl GNU General Public License
186 =head2 Language-Specific
188 perlcn Perl for Simplified Chinese (in EUC-CN)
189 perljp Perl for Japanese (in EUC-JP)
190 perlko Perl for Korean (in EUC-KR)
191 perltw Perl for Traditional Chinese (in Big5)
193 =head2 Platform-Specific
195 perlaix Perl notes for AIX
196 perlamiga Perl notes for AmigaOS
197 perlapollo Perl notes for Apollo DomainOS
198 perlbeos Perl notes for BeOS
199 perlbs2000 Perl notes for POSIX-BC BS2000
200 perlce Perl notes for WinCE
201 perlcygwin Perl notes for Cygwin
202 perldgux Perl notes for DG/UX
203 perldos Perl notes for DOS
204 perlepoc Perl notes for EPOC
205 perlfreebsd Perl notes for FreeBSD
206 perlhaiku Perl notes for Haiku
207 perlhpux Perl notes for HP-UX
208 perlhurd Perl notes for Hurd
209 perlirix Perl notes for Irix
210 perllinux Perl notes for Linux
211 perlmacos Perl notes for Mac OS (Classic)
212 perlmacosx Perl notes for Mac OS X
213 perlmpeix Perl notes for MPE/iX
214 perlnetware Perl notes for NetWare
215 perlopenbsd Perl notes for OpenBSD
216 perlos2 Perl notes for OS/2
217 perlos390 Perl notes for OS/390
218 perlos400 Perl notes for OS/400
219 perlplan9 Perl notes for Plan 9
220 perlqnx Perl notes for QNX
221 perlriscos Perl notes for RISC OS
222 perlsolaris Perl notes for Solaris
223 perlsymbian Perl notes for Symbian
224 perltru64 Perl notes for Tru64
225 perluts Perl notes for UTS
226 perlvmesa Perl notes for VM/ESA
227 perlvms Perl notes for VMS
228 perlvos Perl notes for Stratus VOS
229 perlwin32 Perl notes for Windows
232 By default, the manpages listed above are installed in the
233 F</usr/local/man/> directory.
235 Extensive additional documentation for Perl modules is available. The
236 default configuration for perl will place this additional documentation
237 in the F</usr/local/lib/perl5/man> directory (or else in the F<man>
238 subdirectory of the Perl library directory). Some of this additional
239 documentation is distributed standard with Perl, but you'll also find
240 documentation for third-party modules there.
242 You should be able to view Perl's documentation with your man(1)
243 program by including the proper directories in the appropriate start-up
244 files, or in the MANPATH environment variable. To find out where the
245 configuration has installed the manpages, type:
249 If the directories have a common stem, such as F</usr/local/man/man1>
250 and F</usr/local/man/man3>, you need only to add that stem
251 (F</usr/local/man>) to your man(1) configuration files or your MANPATH
252 environment variable. If they do not share a stem, you'll have to add
255 If that doesn't work for some reason, you can still use the
256 supplied F<perldoc> script to view module information. You might
257 also look into getting a replacement man program.
259 If something strange has gone wrong with your program and you're not
260 sure where you should look for help, try the B<-w> switch first. It
261 will often point out exactly where the trouble is.
265 Perl is a language optimized for scanning arbitrary
266 text files, extracting information from those text files, and printing
267 reports based on that information. It's also a good language for many
268 system management tasks. The language is intended to be practical
269 (easy to use, efficient, complete) rather than beautiful (tiny,
272 Perl combines (in the author's opinion, anyway) some of the best
273 features of C, B<sed>, B<awk>, and B<sh>, so people familiar with
274 those languages should have little difficulty with it. (Language
275 historians will also note some vestiges of B<csh>, Pascal, and even
276 BASIC-PLUS.) Expression syntax corresponds closely to C
277 expression syntax. Unlike most Unix utilities, Perl does not
278 arbitrarily limit the size of your data--if you've got the memory,
279 Perl can slurp in your whole file as a single string. Recursion is of
280 unlimited depth. And the tables used by hashes (sometimes called
281 "associative arrays") grow as necessary to prevent degraded
282 performance. Perl can use sophisticated pattern matching techniques to
283 scan large amounts of data quickly. Although optimized for
284 scanning text, Perl can also deal with binary data, and can make dbm
285 files look like hashes. Setuid Perl scripts are safer than C programs
286 through a dataflow tracing mechanism that prevents many stupid
289 If you have a problem that would ordinarily use B<sed> or B<awk> or
290 B<sh>, but it exceeds their capabilities or must run a little faster,
291 and you don't want to write the silly thing in C, then Perl may be for
292 you. There are also translators to turn your B<sed> and B<awk>
293 scripts into Perl scripts.
295 But wait, there's more...
297 Begun in 1993 (see L<perlhist>), Perl version 5 is nearly a complete
298 rewrite that provides the following additional benefits:
304 modularity and reusability using innumerable modules
306 Described in L<perlmod>, L<perlmodlib>, and L<perlmodinstall>.
310 embeddable and extensible
312 Described in L<perlembed>, L<perlxstut>, L<perlxs>, L<perlcall>,
313 L<perlguts>, and L<xsubpp>.
317 roll-your-own magic variables (including multiple simultaneous DBM
320 Described in L<perltie> and L<AnyDBM_File>.
324 subroutines can now be overridden, autoloaded, and prototyped
326 Described in L<perlsub>.
330 arbitrarily nested data structures and anonymous functions
332 Described in L<perlreftut>, L<perlref>, L<perldsc>, and L<perllol>.
336 object-oriented programming
338 Described in L<perlobj>, L<perlboot>, L<perltoot>, L<perltooc>,
343 support for light-weight processes (threads)
345 Described in L<perlthrtut> and L<threads>.
349 support for Unicode, internationalization, and localization
351 Described in L<perluniintro>, L<perllocale> and L<Locale::Maketext>.
357 Described in L<perlsub>.
361 regular expression enhancements
363 Described in L<perlre>, with additional examples in L<perlop>.
367 enhanced debugger and interactive Perl environment,
368 with integrated editor support
370 Described in L<perldebtut>, L<perldebug> and L<perldebguts>.
374 POSIX 1003.1 compliant library
376 Described in L<POSIX>.
380 Okay, that's I<definitely> enough hype.
384 Perl is available for most operating systems, including virtually
385 all Unix-like platforms. See L<perlport/"Supported Platforms">
394 Larry Wall <larry@wall.org>, with the help of oodles of other folks.
396 If your Perl success stories and testimonials may be of help to others
397 who wish to advocate the use of Perl in their applications,
398 or if you wish to simply express your gratitude to Larry and the
399 Perl developers, please write to perl-thanks@perl.org .
403 "@INC" locations of perl libraries
407 a2p awk to perl translator
408 s2p sed to perl translator
410 http://www.perl.org/ the Perl homepage
411 http://www.perl.com/ Perl articles (O'Reilly)
412 http://www.cpan.org/ the Comprehensive Perl Archive
413 http://www.pm.org/ the Perl Mongers
417 The C<use warnings> pragma (and the B<-w> switch) produces some
420 See L<perldiag> for explanations of all Perl's diagnostics. The C<use
421 diagnostics> pragma automatically turns Perl's normally terse warnings
422 and errors into these longer forms.
424 Compilation errors will tell you the line number of the error, with an
425 indication of the next token or token type that was to be examined.
426 (In a script passed to Perl via B<-e> switches, each
427 B<-e> is counted as one line.)
429 Setuid scripts have additional constraints that can produce error
430 messages such as "Insecure dependency". See L<perlsec>.
432 Did we mention that you should definitely consider using the B<-w>
437 The B<-w> switch is not mandatory.
439 Perl is at the mercy of your machine's definitions of various
440 operations such as type casting, atof(), and floating-point
441 output with sprintf().
443 If your stdio requires a seek or eof between reads and writes on a
444 particular stream, so does Perl. (This doesn't apply to sysread()
447 While none of the built-in data types have any arbitrary size limits
448 (apart from memory size), there are still a few arbitrary limits: a
449 given variable name may not be longer than 251 characters. Line numbers
450 displayed by diagnostics are internally stored as short integers,
451 so they are limited to a maximum of 65535 (higher numbers usually being
452 affected by wraparound).
454 You may mail your bug reports (be sure to include full configuration
455 information as output by the myconfig program in the perl source
456 tree, or by C<perl -V>) to perlbug@perl.org . If you've succeeded
457 in compiling perl, the B<perlbug> script in the F<utils/> subdirectory
458 can be used to help mail in a bug report.
460 Perl actually stands for Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister, but
461 don't tell anyone I said that.
465 The Perl motto is "There's more than one way to do it." Divining
466 how many more is left as an exercise to the reader.
468 The three principal virtues of a programmer are Laziness,
469 Impatience, and Hubris. See the Camel Book for why.