6 Here are some notes on configuring Perl's malloc. (For non-perl
9 There are two macros which serve as bulk disablers of advanced
10 features of this malloc: NO_FANCY_MALLOC, PLAIN_MALLOC (undef by
11 default). Look in the list of default values below to understand
12 their exact effect. Defining NO_FANCY_MALLOC returns malloc.c to the
13 state of the malloc in Perl 5.004. Additionally defining PLAIN_MALLOC
14 returns it to the state as of Perl 5.000.
16 Note that some of the settings below may be ignored in the code based
17 on values of other macros. The PERL_CORE symbol is only defined when
18 perl itself is being compiled (so malloc can make some assumptions
19 about perl's facilities being available to it).
21 Each config option has a short description, followed by its name,
22 default value, and a comment about the default (if applicable). Some
23 options take a precise value, while the others are just boolean.
24 The boolean ones are listed first.
26 # Enable code for an emergency memory pool in $^M. See perlvar.pod
27 # for a description of $^M.
28 PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK (!PLAIN_MALLOC && PERL_CORE)
30 # Enable code for printing memory statistics.
31 DEBUGGING_MSTATS (!PLAIN_MALLOC && PERL_CORE)
33 # Move allocation info for small buckets into separate areas.
34 # Memory optimization (especially for small allocations, of the
35 # less than 64 bytes). Since perl usually makes a large number
36 # of small allocations, this is usually a win.
37 PACK_MALLOC (!PLAIN_MALLOC && !RCHECK)
39 # Add one page to big powers of two when calculating bucket size.
40 # This is targeted at big allocations, as are common in image
42 TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE !PLAIN_MALLOC
44 # Use intermediate bucket sizes between powers-of-two. This is
45 # generally a memory optimization, and a (small) speed pessimization.
46 BUCKETS_ROOT2 !NO_FANCY_MALLOC
48 # Do not check small deallocations for bad free(). Memory
49 # and speed optimization, error reporting pessimization.
50 IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE (!NO_FANCY_MALLOC && !RCHECK)
52 # Use table lookup to decide in which bucket a given allocation will go.
53 SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE !NO_FANCY_MALLOC
55 # Use a perl-defined sbrk() instead of the (presumably broken or
56 # missing) system-supplied sbrk().
59 # Use system malloc() (or calloc() etc.) to emulate sbrk(). Normally
60 # only used with broken sbrk()s.
61 PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC undef
63 # Which allocator to use if PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC
64 SYSTEM_ALLOC(a) malloc(a)
66 # Minimal alignment (in bytes, should be a power of 2) of SYSTEM_ALLOC
67 SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT MEM_ALIGNBYTES
69 # Disable memory overwrite checking with DEBUGGING. Memory and speed
70 # optimization, error reporting pessimization.
73 # Enable memory overwrite checking with DEBUGGING. Memory and speed
74 # pessimization, error reporting optimization
75 RCHECK (DEBUGGING && !NO_RCHECK)
77 # Failed allocations bigger than this size croak (if
78 # PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK is enabled) without touching $^M. See
79 # perlvar.pod for a description of $^M.
80 BIG_SIZE (1<<16) # 64K
82 # Starting from this power of two, add an extra page to the
83 # size of the bucket. This enables optimized allocations of sizes
84 # close to powers of 2. Note that the value is indexed at 0.
85 FIRST_BIG_POW2 15 # 32K, 16K is used too often
87 # Estimate of minimal memory footprint. malloc uses this value to
88 # request the most reasonable largest blocks of memory from the system.
91 # Round up sbrk()s to multiples of this.
94 # Round up sbrk()s to multiples of this percent of footprint.
97 # Add this much memory to big powers of two to get the bucket size.
100 # This many sbrk() discontinuities should be tolerated even
101 # from the start without deciding that sbrk() is usually
103 SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES 3
105 # This many continuous sbrk()s compensate for one discontinuous one.
106 SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE 50
108 # Some configurations may ask for 12-byte-or-so allocations which
109 # require 8-byte alignment (?!). In such situation one needs to
110 # define this to disable 12-byte bucket (will increase memory footprint)
111 STRICT_ALIGNMENT undef
113 This implementation assumes that calling PerlIO_printf() does not
114 result in any memory allocation calls (used during a panic).
119 If used outside of Perl environment, it may be useful to redefine
120 the following macros (listed below with defaults):
122 # Type of address returned by allocation functions
125 # Type of size argument for allocation functions
126 MEM_SIZE unsigned long
128 # Maximal value in LONG
131 # Unsigned integer type big enough to keep a pointer
134 # Type of pointer with 1-byte granularity
137 # Type returned by free()
140 # Very fatal condition reporting function (cannot call any )
141 fatalcroak(arg) write(2,arg,strlen(arg)) + exit(2)
143 # Fatal error reporting function
144 croak(format, arg) warn(idem) + exit(1)
146 # Error reporting function
147 warn(format, arg) fprintf(stderr, idem)
149 # Locking/unlocking for MT operation
150 MALLOC_LOCK MUTEX_LOCK_NOCONTEXT(&PL_malloc_mutex)
151 MALLOC_UNLOCK MUTEX_UNLOCK_NOCONTEXT(&PL_malloc_mutex)
153 # Locking/unlocking mutex for MT operation
158 #ifndef NO_FANCY_MALLOC
159 # ifndef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
160 # define SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
162 # ifndef BUCKETS_ROOT2
163 # define BUCKETS_ROOT2
165 # ifndef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
166 # define IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
170 #ifndef PLAIN_MALLOC /* Bulk enable features */
174 # ifndef TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
175 # define TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
177 # if defined(PERL_CORE) && !defined(PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK)
178 # define PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK
180 # if defined(PERL_CORE) && !defined(DEBUGGING_MSTATS)
181 # define DEBUGGING_MSTATS
185 #define MIN_BUC_POW2 (sizeof(void*) > 4 ? 3 : 2) /* Allow for 4-byte arena. */
186 #define MIN_BUCKET (MIN_BUC_POW2 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
188 #if !(defined(I286) || defined(atarist) || defined(__MINT__))
189 /* take 2k unless the block is bigger than that */
190 # define LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA 11
192 /* take 16k unless the block is bigger than that
193 (80286s like large segments!), probably good on the atari too */
194 # define LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA 14
198 # if defined(DEBUGGING) && !defined(NO_RCHECK)
201 # if defined(RCHECK) && defined(IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE)
202 # undef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
205 * malloc.c (Caltech) 2/21/82
206 * Chris Kingsley, kingsley@cit-20.
208 * This is a very fast storage allocator. It allocates blocks of a small
209 * number of different sizes, and keeps free lists of each size. Blocks that
210 * don't exactly fit are passed up to the next larger size. In this
211 * implementation, the available sizes are 2^n-4 (or 2^n-12) bytes long.
212 * If PACK_MALLOC is defined, small blocks are 2^n bytes long.
213 * This is designed for use in a program that uses vast quantities of memory,
214 * but bombs when it runs out.
216 * Modifications Copyright Ilya Zakharevich 1996-99.
218 * Still very quick, but much more thrifty. (Std config is 10% slower
219 * than it was, and takes 67% of old heap size for typical usage.)
221 * Allocations of small blocks are now table-driven to many different
222 * buckets. Sizes of really big buckets are increased to accomodata
223 * common size=power-of-2 blocks. Running-out-of-memory is made into
224 * an exception. Deeply configurable and thread-safe.
230 #define PERL_IN_MALLOC_C
232 # if defined(PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT)
233 # define croak Perl_croak_nocontext
234 # define warn Perl_warn_nocontext
238 # include "../EXTERN.h"
239 # include "../perl.h"
246 # define Malloc_t void *
249 # define MEM_SIZE unsigned long
252 # define LONG_MAX 0x7FFFFFFF
255 # define UV unsigned long
258 # define caddr_t char *
263 # define Copy(s,d,n,t) (void)memcpy((char*)(d),(char*)(s), (n) * sizeof(t))
264 # define PerlEnv_getenv getenv
265 # define PerlIO_printf fprintf
266 # define PerlIO_stderr() stderr
268 # ifndef croak /* make depend */
269 # define croak(mess, arg) (warn((mess), (arg)), exit(1))
272 # define warn(mess, arg) fprintf(stderr, (mess), (arg))
284 # define dTHX extern int Perl___notused
285 # define WITH_THX(s) s
287 # ifndef PERL_GET_INTERP
288 # define PERL_GET_INTERP PL_curinterp
293 # define MUTEX_LOCK(l)
297 # define MUTEX_UNLOCK(l)
301 # define MALLOC_LOCK MUTEX_LOCK_NOCONTEXT(&PL_malloc_mutex)
304 #ifndef MALLOC_UNLOCK
305 # define MALLOC_UNLOCK MUTEX_UNLOCK_NOCONTEXT(&PL_malloc_mutex)
308 # ifndef fatalcroak /* make depend */
309 # define fatalcroak(mess) (write(2, (mess), strlen(mess)), exit(2))
314 # define DEBUG_m(a) \
316 if (PERL_GET_INTERP) { dTHX; if (PL_debug & 128) { a; } } \
323 * The memory is broken into "blocks" which occupy multiples of 2K (and
324 * generally speaking, have size "close" to a power of 2). The addresses
325 * of such *unused* blocks are kept in nextf[i] with big enough i. (nextf
326 * is an array of linked lists.) (Addresses of used blocks are not known.)
328 * Moreover, since the algorithm may try to "bite" smaller blocks of out
329 * of unused bigger ones, there are also regions of "irregular" size,
330 * managed separately, by a linked list chunk_chain.
332 * The third type of storage is the sbrk()ed-but-not-yet-used space, its
333 * end and size are kept in last_sbrk_top and sbrked_remains.
335 * Growing blocks "in place":
336 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
337 * The address of the block with the greatest address is kept in last_op
338 * (if not known, last_op is 0). If it is known that the memory above
339 * last_op is not continuous, or contains a chunk from chunk_chain,
340 * last_op is set to 0.
342 * The chunk with address last_op may be grown by expanding into
343 * sbrk()ed-but-not-yet-used space, or trying to sbrk() more continuous
346 * Management of last_op:
347 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
349 * free() never changes the boundaries of blocks, so is not relevant.
351 * The only way realloc() may change the boundaries of blocks is if it
352 * grows a block "in place". However, in the case of success such a
353 * chunk is automatically last_op, and it remains last_op. In the case
354 * of failure getpages_adjacent() clears last_op.
356 * malloc() may change blocks by calling morecore() only.
358 * morecore() may create new blocks by:
359 * a) biting pieces from chunk_chain (cannot create one above last_op);
360 * b) biting a piece from an unused block (if block was last_op, this
361 * may create a chunk from chain above last_op, thus last_op is
362 * invalidated in such a case).
363 * c) biting of sbrk()ed-but-not-yet-used space. This creates
364 * a block which is last_op.
365 * d) Allocating new pages by calling getpages();
367 * getpages() creates a new block. It marks last_op at the bottom of
368 * the chunk of memory it returns.
370 * Active pages footprint:
371 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
372 * Note that we do not need to traverse the lists in nextf[i], just take
373 * the first element of this list. However, we *need* to traverse the
374 * list in chunk_chain, but most the time it should be a very short one,
375 * so we do not step on a lot of pages we are not going to use.
379 * get_from_bigger_buckets(): forget to increment price => Quite
383 /* I don't much care whether these are defined in sys/types.h--LAW */
385 #define u_char unsigned char
386 #define u_int unsigned int
389 # define u_bigint UV /* Needs to eat *void. */
391 # define u_bigint unsigned long /* Needs to eat *void. */
394 #define u_short unsigned short
396 /* 286 and atarist like big chunks, which gives too much overhead. */
397 #if (defined(RCHECK) || defined(I286) || defined(atarist) || defined(__MINT__)) && defined(PACK_MALLOC)
402 * The description below is applicable if PACK_MALLOC is not defined.
404 * The overhead on a block is at least 4 bytes. When free, this space
405 * contains a pointer to the next free block, and the bottom two bits must
406 * be zero. When in use, the first byte is set to MAGIC, and the second
407 * byte is the size index. The remaining bytes are for alignment.
408 * If range checking is enabled and the size of the block fits
409 * in two bytes, then the top two bytes hold the size of the requested block
410 * plus the range checking words, and the header word MINUS ONE.
413 union overhead *ov_next; /* when free */
414 #if MEM_ALIGNBYTES > 4
415 double strut; /* alignment problems */
418 u_char ovu_magic; /* magic number */
419 u_char ovu_index; /* bucket # */
421 u_short ovu_size; /* actual block size */
422 u_int ovu_rmagic; /* range magic number */
425 #define ov_magic ovu.ovu_magic
426 #define ov_index ovu.ovu_index
427 #define ov_size ovu.ovu_size
428 #define ov_rmagic ovu.ovu_rmagic
431 #define MAGIC 0xff /* magic # on accounting info */
432 #define RMAGIC 0x55555555 /* magic # on range info */
433 #define RMAGIC_C 0x55 /* magic # on range info */
436 # define RSLOP sizeof (u_int)
437 # ifdef TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
438 # define MAX_SHORT_BUCKET (12 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
440 # define MAX_SHORT_BUCKET (13 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
446 #if !defined(PACK_MALLOC) && defined(BUCKETS_ROOT2)
447 # undef BUCKETS_ROOT2
451 # define BUCKET_TABLE_SHIFT 2
452 # define BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT 1
453 # define BUCKETS_PER_POW2 2
455 # define BUCKET_TABLE_SHIFT MIN_BUC_POW2
456 # define BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT 0
457 # define BUCKETS_PER_POW2 1
460 #if !defined(MEM_ALIGNBYTES) || ((MEM_ALIGNBYTES > 4) && !defined(STRICT_ALIGNMENT))
461 /* Figure out the alignment of void*. */
466 # define ALIGN_SMALL ((int)((caddr_t)&(((struct aligner*)0)->p)))
468 # define ALIGN_SMALL MEM_ALIGNBYTES
471 #define IF_ALIGN_8(yes,no) ((ALIGN_SMALL>4) ? (yes) : (no))
474 # define MAX_BUCKET_BY_TABLE 13
475 static u_short buck_size[MAX_BUCKET_BY_TABLE + 1] =
477 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, 64, 80,
479 # define BUCKET_SIZE(i) ((i) % 2 ? buck_size[i] : (1 << ((i) >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)))
480 # define BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i) ((i) <= MAX_BUCKET_BY_TABLE \
482 : ((1 << ((i) >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)) \
484 + POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(i)))
486 # define BUCKET_SIZE(i) (1 << ((i) >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT))
487 # define BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i) (BUCKET_SIZE(i) - MEM_OVERHEAD(i) + POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(i))
492 /* In this case it is assumed that if we do sbrk() in 2K units, we
493 * will get 2K aligned arenas (at least after some initial
494 * alignment). The bucket number of the given subblock is on the start
495 * of 2K arena which contains the subblock. Several following bytes
496 * contain the magic numbers for the subblocks in the block.
498 * Sizes of chunks are powers of 2 for chunks in buckets <=
499 * MAX_PACKED, after this they are (2^n - sizeof(union overhead)) (to
500 * get alignment right).
502 * Consider an arena for 2^n with n>MAX_PACKED. We suppose that
503 * starts of all the chunks in a 2K arena are in different
504 * 2^n-byte-long chunks. If the top of the last chunk is aligned on a
505 * boundary of 2K block, this means that sizeof(union
506 * overhead)*"number of chunks" < 2^n, or sizeof(union overhead)*2K <
507 * 4^n, or n > 6 + log2(sizeof()/2)/2, since a chunk of size 2^n -
508 * overhead is used. Since this rules out n = 7 for 8 byte alignment,
509 * we specialcase allocation of the first of 16 128-byte-long chunks.
511 * Note that with the above assumption we automatically have enough
512 * place for MAGIC at the start of 2K block. Note also that we
513 * overlay union overhead over the chunk, thus the start of small chunks
514 * is immediately overwritten after freeing. */
515 # define MAX_PACKED_POW2 6
516 # define MAX_PACKED (MAX_PACKED_POW2 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2 + BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)
517 # define MAX_POW2_ALGO ((1<<(MAX_PACKED_POW2 + 1)) - M_OVERHEAD)
518 # define TWOK_MASK ((1<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) - 1)
519 # define TWOK_MASKED(x) ((u_bigint)(x) & ~TWOK_MASK)
520 # define TWOK_SHIFT(x) ((u_bigint)(x) & TWOK_MASK)
521 # define OV_INDEXp(block) ((u_char*)(TWOK_MASKED(block)))
522 # define OV_INDEX(block) (*OV_INDEXp(block))
523 # define OV_MAGIC(block,bucket) (*(OV_INDEXp(block) + \
524 (TWOK_SHIFT(block)>> \
525 (bucket>>BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)) + \
526 (bucket >= MIN_NEEDS_SHIFT ? 1 : 0)))
527 /* A bucket can have a shift smaller than it size, we need to
528 shift its magic number so it will not overwrite index: */
529 # ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2
530 # define MIN_NEEDS_SHIFT (7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 - 1) /* Shift 80 greater than chunk 64. */
532 # define MIN_NEEDS_SHIFT (7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) /* Shift 128 greater than chunk 32. */
534 # define CHUNK_SHIFT 0
536 /* Number of active buckets of given ordinal. */
537 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
538 #define FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK (6 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2) /* 64 */
539 # define N_BLKS(bucket) ( (bucket) < FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK \
540 ? ((1<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) - 1)/BUCKET_SIZE(bucket) \
543 # define N_BLKS(bucket) n_blks[bucket]
546 static u_short n_blks[LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA * BUCKETS_PER_POW2] =
548 # if BUCKETS_PER_POW2==1
550 (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 384 : 0),
551 224, 120, 62, 31, 16, 8, 4, 2
554 (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 384 : 0), (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 384 : 0), /* 4, 4 */
555 224, 149, 120, 80, 62, 41, 31, 25, 16, 16, 8, 8, 4, 4, 2, 2
559 /* Shift of the first bucket with the given ordinal inside 2K chunk. */
560 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
561 # define BLK_SHIFT(bucket) ( (bucket) < FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK \
562 ? ((1<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) \
563 - BUCKET_SIZE(bucket) * N_BLKS(bucket)) \
566 # define BLK_SHIFT(bucket) blk_shift[bucket]
569 static u_short blk_shift[LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA * BUCKETS_PER_POW2] =
571 # if BUCKETS_PER_POW2==1
573 (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 512 : 0),
574 256, 128, 64, 64, /* 8 to 64 */
575 16*sizeof(union overhead),
576 8*sizeof(union overhead),
577 4*sizeof(union overhead),
578 2*sizeof(union overhead),
581 (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 512 : 0), (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 512 : 0),
582 256, 260, 128, 128, 64, 80, 64, 48, /* 8 to 96 */
583 16*sizeof(union overhead), 16*sizeof(union overhead),
584 8*sizeof(union overhead), 8*sizeof(union overhead),
585 4*sizeof(union overhead), 4*sizeof(union overhead),
586 2*sizeof(union overhead), 2*sizeof(union overhead),
590 # define NEEDED_ALIGNMENT 0x800 /* 2k boundaries */
591 # define WANTED_ALIGNMENT 0x800 /* 2k boundaries */
593 #else /* !PACK_MALLOC */
595 # define OV_MAGIC(block,bucket) (block)->ov_magic
596 # define OV_INDEX(block) (block)->ov_index
597 # define CHUNK_SHIFT 1
598 # define MAX_PACKED -1
599 # define NEEDED_ALIGNMENT MEM_ALIGNBYTES
600 # define WANTED_ALIGNMENT 0x400 /* 1k boundaries */
602 #endif /* !PACK_MALLOC */
604 #define M_OVERHEAD (sizeof(union overhead) + RSLOP)
607 # define MEM_OVERHEAD(bucket) \
608 (bucket <= MAX_PACKED ? 0 : M_OVERHEAD)
609 # ifdef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
610 # define START_SHIFTS_BUCKET ((MAX_PACKED_POW2 + 1) * BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
611 # define START_SHIFT MAX_PACKED_POW2
612 # ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2 /* Chunks of size 3*2^n. */
613 # define SIZE_TABLE_MAX 80
615 # define SIZE_TABLE_MAX 64
617 static char bucket_of[] =
619 # ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2 /* Chunks of size 3*2^n. */
620 /* 0 to 15 in 4-byte increments. */
621 (sizeof(void*) > 4 ? 6 : 5), /* 4/8, 5-th bucket for better reports */
623 IF_ALIGN_8(8,7), 8, /* 16/12, 16 */
624 9, 9, 10, 10, /* 24, 32 */
625 11, 11, 11, 11, /* 48 */
626 12, 12, 12, 12, /* 64 */
627 13, 13, 13, 13, /* 80 */
628 13, 13, 13, 13 /* 80 */
629 # else /* !BUCKETS_ROOT2 */
630 /* 0 to 15 in 4-byte increments. */
631 (sizeof(void*) > 4 ? 3 : 2),
637 # endif /* !BUCKETS_ROOT2 */
639 # else /* !SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE */
640 # define START_SHIFTS_BUCKET MIN_BUCKET
641 # define START_SHIFT (MIN_BUC_POW2 - 1)
642 # endif /* !SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE */
643 #else /* !PACK_MALLOC */
644 # define MEM_OVERHEAD(bucket) M_OVERHEAD
645 # ifdef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
646 # undef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
648 # define START_SHIFTS_BUCKET MIN_BUCKET
649 # define START_SHIFT (MIN_BUC_POW2 - 1)
650 #endif /* !PACK_MALLOC */
653 * Big allocations are often of the size 2^n bytes. To make them a
654 * little bit better, make blocks of size 2^n+pagesize for big n.
657 #ifdef TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
659 # ifndef PERL_PAGESIZE
660 # define PERL_PAGESIZE 4096
662 # ifndef FIRST_BIG_POW2
663 # define FIRST_BIG_POW2 15 /* 32K, 16K is used too often. */
665 # define FIRST_BIG_BLOCK (1<<FIRST_BIG_POW2)
666 /* If this value or more, check against bigger blocks. */
667 # define FIRST_BIG_BOUND (FIRST_BIG_BLOCK - M_OVERHEAD)
668 /* If less than this value, goes into 2^n-overhead-block. */
669 # define LAST_SMALL_BOUND ((FIRST_BIG_BLOCK>>1) - M_OVERHEAD)
671 # define POW2_OPTIMIZE_ADJUST(nbytes) \
672 ((nbytes >= FIRST_BIG_BOUND) ? nbytes -= PERL_PAGESIZE : 0)
673 # define POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(bucket) \
674 ((bucket >= FIRST_BIG_POW2 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? PERL_PAGESIZE : 0)
676 #else /* !TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE */
677 # define POW2_OPTIMIZE_ADJUST(nbytes)
678 # define POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(bucket) 0
679 #endif /* !TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE */
681 #if defined(HAS_64K_LIMIT) && defined(PERL_CORE)
682 # define BARK_64K_LIMIT(what,nbytes,size) \
683 if (nbytes > 0xffff) { \
684 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), \
685 "%s too large: %lx\n", what, size); \
688 #else /* !HAS_64K_LIMIT || !PERL_CORE */
689 # define BARK_64K_LIMIT(what,nbytes,size)
690 #endif /* !HAS_64K_LIMIT || !PERL_CORE */
693 # define MIN_SBRK 2048
697 # define FIRST_SBRK (48*1024)
700 /* Minimal sbrk in percents of what is already alloced. */
701 #ifndef MIN_SBRK_FRAC
702 # define MIN_SBRK_FRAC 3
705 #ifndef SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES
706 # define SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES 3
709 #ifndef SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE
710 # define SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE 50
713 #if defined(PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK) && defined(PERL_CORE)
716 # define BIG_SIZE (1<<16) /* 64K */
719 #ifdef I_MACH_CTHREADS
721 # define MUTEX_LOCK(m) STMT_START { if (*m) mutex_lock(*m); } STMT_END
723 # define MUTEX_UNLOCK(m) STMT_START { if (*m) mutex_unlock(*m); } STMT_END
726 static char *emergency_buffer;
727 static MEM_SIZE emergency_buffer_size;
729 static int findbucket (union overhead *freep, int srchlen);
730 static void morecore (register int bucket);
731 # if defined(DEBUGGING)
732 static void botch (char *diag, char *s);
734 static void add_to_chain (void *p, MEM_SIZE size, MEM_SIZE chip);
735 static Malloc_t emergency_sbrk (MEM_SIZE size);
736 static void* get_from_chain (MEM_SIZE size);
737 static void* get_from_bigger_buckets(int bucket, MEM_SIZE size);
738 static union overhead *getpages (int needed, int *nblksp, int bucket);
739 static int getpages_adjacent(int require);
742 emergency_sbrk(MEM_SIZE size)
744 MEM_SIZE rsize = (((size - 1)>>LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) + 1)<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA;
746 if (size >= BIG_SIZE) {
747 /* Give the possibility to recover: */
749 croak("Out of memory during \"large\" request for %i bytes", size);
752 if (emergency_buffer_size >= rsize) {
753 char *old = emergency_buffer;
755 emergency_buffer_size -= rsize;
756 emergency_buffer += rsize;
760 /* First offense, give a possibility to recover by dieing. */
761 /* No malloc involved here: */
762 GV **gvp = (GV**)hv_fetch(PL_defstash, "^M", 2, 0);
768 if (emergency_buffer_size) {
769 add_to_chain(emergency_buffer, emergency_buffer_size, 0);
770 emergency_buffer_size = 0;
771 emergency_buffer = Nullch;
774 if (!gvp) gvp = (GV**)hv_fetch(PL_defstash, "\015", 1, 0);
775 if (!gvp || !(sv = GvSV(*gvp)) || !SvPOK(sv)
776 || (SvLEN(sv) < (1<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) - M_OVERHEAD)) {
779 return (char *)-1; /* Now die die die... */
781 /* Got it, now detach SvPV: */
783 /* Check alignment: */
784 if (((UV)(pv - sizeof(union overhead))) & (NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - 1)) {
785 PerlIO_puts(PerlIO_stderr(),"Bad alignment of $^M!\n");
786 return (char *)-1; /* die die die */
789 emergency_buffer = pv - sizeof(union overhead);
790 emergency_buffer_size = malloced_size(pv) + M_OVERHEAD;
793 SvCUR(sv) = SvLEN(sv) = 0;
797 croak("Out of memory during request for %i bytes", size);
800 #else /* !(defined(PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK) && defined(PERL_CORE)) */
801 # define emergency_sbrk(size) -1
802 #endif /* !(defined(PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK) && defined(PERL_CORE)) */
805 * nextf[i] is the pointer to the next free block of size 2^i. The
806 * smallest allocatable block is 8 bytes. The overhead information
807 * precedes the data area returned to the user.
809 #define NBUCKETS (32*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 + 1)
810 static union overhead *nextf[NBUCKETS];
813 #define sbrk(a) Perl_sbrk(a)
814 Malloc_t Perl_sbrk (int size);
816 #ifdef DONT_DECLARE_STD
821 extern Malloc_t sbrk(int);
825 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
827 * nmalloc[i] is the difference between the number of mallocs and frees
828 * for a given block size.
830 static u_int nmalloc[NBUCKETS];
831 static u_int sbrk_slack;
832 static u_int start_slack;
835 static u_int goodsbrk;
839 #define ASSERT(p,diag) if (!(p)) botch(diag,STRINGIFY(p)); else
841 botch(char *diag, char *s)
843 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), "assertion botched (%s?): %s\n", diag, s);
847 #define ASSERT(p, diag)
851 Perl_malloc(register size_t nbytes)
853 register union overhead *p;
855 register MEM_SIZE shiftr;
857 #if defined(DEBUGGING) || defined(RCHECK)
858 MEM_SIZE size = nbytes;
861 BARK_64K_LIMIT("Allocation",nbytes,nbytes);
863 if ((long)nbytes < 0)
864 croak("%s", "panic: malloc");
869 * Convert amount of memory requested into
870 * closest block size stored in hash buckets
871 * which satisfies request. Account for
872 * space used per block for accounting.
875 # ifdef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
878 else if (nbytes <= SIZE_TABLE_MAX) {
879 bucket = bucket_of[(nbytes - 1) >> BUCKET_TABLE_SHIFT];
884 if (nbytes <= MAX_POW2_ALGO) goto do_shifts;
889 POW2_OPTIMIZE_ADJUST(nbytes);
890 nbytes += M_OVERHEAD;
891 nbytes = (nbytes + 3) &~ 3;
893 shiftr = (nbytes - 1) >> START_SHIFT;
894 bucket = START_SHIFTS_BUCKET;
895 /* apart from this loop, this is O(1) */
897 bucket += BUCKETS_PER_POW2;
900 * If nothing in hash bucket right now,
901 * request more memory from the system.
903 if (nextf[bucket] == NULL)
905 if ((p = nextf[bucket]) == NULL) {
911 PerlIO_puts(PerlIO_stderr(),"Out of memory!\n");
920 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
921 "0x%lx: (%05lu) malloc %ld bytes\n",
922 (unsigned long)(p+1), (unsigned long)(PL_an++),
925 /* remove from linked list */
927 if (((UV)p) & (MEM_ALIGNBYTES - 1))
928 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), "Corrupt malloc ptr 0x%lx at 0x%lx\n",
929 (unsigned long)*((int*)p),(unsigned long)p);
931 nextf[bucket] = p->ov_next;
932 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
933 if (bucket >= FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK)
935 OV_MAGIC(p, bucket) = MAGIC;
937 OV_INDEX(p) = bucket;
941 * Record allocated size of block and
942 * bound space with magic numbers.
944 p->ov_rmagic = RMAGIC;
945 if (bucket <= MAX_SHORT_BUCKET) {
948 nbytes = size + M_OVERHEAD;
949 p->ov_size = nbytes - 1;
950 if ((i = nbytes & 3)) {
953 *((char *)((caddr_t)p + nbytes - RSLOP + i)) = RMAGIC_C;
955 nbytes = (nbytes + 3) &~ 3;
956 *((u_int *)((caddr_t)p + nbytes - RSLOP)) = RMAGIC;
960 return ((Malloc_t)(p + CHUNK_SHIFT));
963 static char *last_sbrk_top;
964 static char *last_op; /* This arena can be easily extended. */
965 static int sbrked_remains;
966 static int sbrk_good = SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES * SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE;
968 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
972 struct chunk_chain_s {
973 struct chunk_chain_s *next;
976 static struct chunk_chain_s *chunk_chain;
978 static char max_bucket;
980 /* Cutoff a piece of one of the chunks in the chain. Prefer smaller chunk. */
982 get_from_chain(MEM_SIZE size)
984 struct chunk_chain_s *elt = chunk_chain, **oldp = &chunk_chain;
985 struct chunk_chain_s **oldgoodp = NULL;
986 long min_remain = LONG_MAX;
989 if (elt->size >= size) {
990 long remains = elt->size - size;
991 if (remains >= 0 && remains < min_remain) {
993 min_remain = remains;
999 oldp = &( elt->next );
1002 if (!oldgoodp) return NULL;
1004 void *ret = *oldgoodp;
1005 struct chunk_chain_s *next = (*oldgoodp)->next;
1007 *oldgoodp = (struct chunk_chain_s *)((char*)ret + size);
1008 (*oldgoodp)->size = min_remain;
1009 (*oldgoodp)->next = next;
1012 void *ret = *oldgoodp;
1013 *oldgoodp = (*oldgoodp)->next;
1020 add_to_chain(void *p, MEM_SIZE size, MEM_SIZE chip)
1022 struct chunk_chain_s *next = chunk_chain;
1023 char *cp = (char*)p;
1026 chunk_chain = (struct chunk_chain_s *)cp;
1027 chunk_chain->size = size - chip;
1028 chunk_chain->next = next;
1033 get_from_bigger_buckets(int bucket, MEM_SIZE size)
1036 static int bucketprice[NBUCKETS];
1037 while (bucket <= max_bucket) {
1038 /* We postpone stealing from bigger buckets until we want it
1040 if (nextf[bucket] && bucketprice[bucket]++ >= price) {
1042 void *ret = (void*)(nextf[bucket] - 1 + CHUNK_SHIFT);
1043 bucketprice[bucket] = 0;
1044 if (((char*)nextf[bucket]) - M_OVERHEAD == last_op) {
1045 last_op = NULL; /* Disable optimization */
1047 nextf[bucket] = nextf[bucket]->ov_next;
1048 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1050 start_slack -= M_OVERHEAD;
1052 add_to_chain(ret, (BUCKET_SIZE(bucket) +
1053 POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(bucket)),
1062 static union overhead *
1063 getpages(int needed, int *nblksp, int bucket)
1065 /* Need to do (possibly expensive) system call. Try to
1066 optimize it for rare calling. */
1067 MEM_SIZE require = needed - sbrked_remains;
1069 union overhead *ovp;
1072 if (sbrk_good > 0) {
1073 if (!last_sbrk_top && require < FIRST_SBRK)
1074 require = FIRST_SBRK;
1075 else if (require < MIN_SBRK) require = MIN_SBRK;
1077 if (require < goodsbrk * MIN_SBRK_FRAC / 100)
1078 require = goodsbrk * MIN_SBRK_FRAC / 100;
1079 require = ((require - 1 + MIN_SBRK) / MIN_SBRK) * MIN_SBRK;
1086 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1087 "sbrk(%ld) for %ld-byte-long arena\n",
1088 (long)require, (long) needed));
1089 cp = (char *)sbrk(require);
1090 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1093 if (cp == last_sbrk_top) {
1094 /* Common case, anything is fine. */
1096 ovp = (union overhead *) (cp - sbrked_remains);
1097 last_op = cp - sbrked_remains;
1098 sbrked_remains = require - (needed - sbrked_remains);
1099 } else if (cp == (char *)-1) { /* no more room! */
1100 ovp = (union overhead *)emergency_sbrk(needed);
1101 if (ovp == (union overhead *)-1)
1103 if (((char*)ovp) > last_op) { /* Cannot happen with current emergency_sbrk() */
1107 } else { /* Non-continuous or first sbrk(). */
1108 long add = sbrked_remains;
1111 if (sbrked_remains) { /* Put rest into chain, we
1112 cannot use it right now. */
1113 add_to_chain((void*)(last_sbrk_top - sbrked_remains),
1117 /* Second, check alignment. */
1120 #if !defined(atarist) && !defined(__MINT__) /* on the atari we dont have to worry about this */
1121 # ifndef I286 /* The sbrk(0) call on the I286 always returns the next segment */
1122 /* WANTED_ALIGNMENT may be more than NEEDED_ALIGNMENT, but this may
1123 improve performance of memory access. */
1124 if ((UV)cp & (WANTED_ALIGNMENT - 1)) { /* Not aligned. */
1125 slack = WANTED_ALIGNMENT - ((UV)cp & (WANTED_ALIGNMENT - 1));
1129 #endif /* !atarist && !MINT */
1132 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1133 "sbrk(%ld) to fix non-continuous/off-page sbrk:\n\t%ld for alignement,\t%ld were assumed to come from the tail of the previous sbrk\n",
1134 (long)add, (long) slack,
1135 (long) sbrked_remains));
1136 newcp = (char *)sbrk(add);
1137 #if defined(DEBUGGING_MSTATS)
1141 if (newcp != cp + require) {
1142 /* Too bad: even rounding sbrk() is not continuous.*/
1143 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1144 "failed to fix bad sbrk()\n"));
1148 fatalcroak("panic: Off-page sbrk\n");
1151 if (sbrked_remains) {
1153 #if defined(DEBUGGING_MSTATS)
1154 sbrk_slack += require;
1157 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1158 "straight sbrk(%ld)\n",
1160 cp = (char *)sbrk(require);
1161 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1164 if (cp == (char *)-1)
1167 sbrk_good = -1; /* Disable optimization!
1168 Continue with not-aligned... */
1171 require += sbrked_remains;
1175 if (last_sbrk_top) {
1176 sbrk_good -= SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE;
1179 ovp = (union overhead *) cp;
1181 * Round up to minimum allocation size boundary
1182 * and deduct from block count to reflect.
1185 # if NEEDED_ALIGNMENT > MEM_ALIGNBYTES
1186 if ((UV)ovp & (NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - 1))
1187 fatalcroak("Misalignment of sbrk()\n");
1190 #ifndef I286 /* Again, this should always be ok on an 80286 */
1191 if ((UV)ovp & (MEM_ALIGNBYTES - 1)) {
1192 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1193 "fixing sbrk(): %d bytes off machine alignement\n",
1194 (int)((UV)ovp & (MEM_ALIGNBYTES - 1))));
1195 ovp = (union overhead *)(((UV)ovp + MEM_ALIGNBYTES) &
1196 (MEM_ALIGNBYTES - 1));
1198 # if defined(DEBUGGING_MSTATS)
1199 /* This is only approx. if TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE: */
1200 sbrk_slack += (1 << (bucket >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT));
1204 ; /* Finish `else' */
1205 sbrked_remains = require - needed;
1208 last_sbrk_top = cp + require;
1209 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1210 goodsbrk += require;
1216 getpages_adjacent(int require)
1218 if (require <= sbrked_remains) {
1219 sbrked_remains -= require;
1223 require -= sbrked_remains;
1224 /* We do not try to optimize sbrks here, we go for place. */
1225 cp = (char*) sbrk(require);
1226 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1228 goodsbrk += require;
1230 if (cp == last_sbrk_top) {
1232 last_sbrk_top = cp + require;
1234 if (cp == (char*)-1) { /* Out of memory */
1235 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1236 goodsbrk -= require;
1240 /* Report the failure: */
1242 add_to_chain((void*)(last_sbrk_top - sbrked_remains),
1244 add_to_chain((void*)cp, require, 0);
1245 sbrk_good -= SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE;
1257 * Allocate more memory to the indicated bucket.
1260 morecore(register int bucket)
1262 register union overhead *ovp;
1263 register int rnu; /* 2^rnu bytes will be requested */
1264 int nblks; /* become nblks blocks of the desired size */
1265 register MEM_SIZE siz, needed;
1269 if (bucket == sizeof(MEM_SIZE)*8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
1271 croak("%s", "Out of memory during ridiculously large request");
1273 if (bucket > max_bucket)
1274 max_bucket = bucket;
1276 rnu = ( (bucket <= (LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT))
1278 : (bucket >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT) );
1279 /* This may be overwritten later: */
1280 nblks = 1 << (rnu - (bucket >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)); /* how many blocks to get */
1281 needed = ((MEM_SIZE)1 << rnu) + POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(bucket);
1282 if (nextf[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT]) { /* 2048b bucket. */
1283 ovp = nextf[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT] - 1 + CHUNK_SHIFT;
1284 nextf[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT]
1285 = nextf[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT]->ov_next;
1286 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1287 nmalloc[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT]--;
1288 start_slack -= M_OVERHEAD;
1290 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1291 "stealing %ld bytes from %ld arena\n",
1292 (long) needed, (long) rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT));
1293 } else if (chunk_chain
1294 && (ovp = (union overhead*) get_from_chain(needed))) {
1295 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1296 "stealing %ld bytes from chain\n",
1298 } else if ( (ovp = (union overhead*)
1299 get_from_bigger_buckets((rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT) + 1,
1301 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1302 "stealing %ld bytes from bigger buckets\n",
1304 } else if (needed <= sbrked_remains) {
1305 ovp = (union overhead *)(last_sbrk_top - sbrked_remains);
1306 sbrked_remains -= needed;
1307 last_op = (char*)ovp;
1309 ovp = getpages(needed, &nblks, bucket);
1315 * Add new memory allocated to that on
1316 * free list for this hash bucket.
1318 siz = BUCKET_SIZE(bucket);
1320 *(u_char*)ovp = bucket; /* Fill index. */
1321 if (bucket <= MAX_PACKED) {
1322 ovp = (union overhead *) ((char*)ovp + BLK_SHIFT(bucket));
1323 nblks = N_BLKS(bucket);
1324 # ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1325 start_slack += BLK_SHIFT(bucket);
1327 } else if (bucket < LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA * BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
1328 ovp = (union overhead *) ((char*)ovp + BLK_SHIFT(bucket));
1329 siz -= sizeof(union overhead);
1330 } else ovp++; /* One chunk per block. */
1331 #endif /* PACK_MALLOC */
1332 nextf[bucket] = ovp;
1333 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1334 nmalloc[bucket] += nblks;
1335 if (bucket > MAX_PACKED) {
1336 start_slack += M_OVERHEAD * nblks;
1339 while (--nblks > 0) {
1340 ovp->ov_next = (union overhead *)((caddr_t)ovp + siz);
1341 ovp = (union overhead *)((caddr_t)ovp + siz);
1343 /* Not all sbrks return zeroed memory.*/
1344 ovp->ov_next = (union overhead *)NULL;
1346 if (bucket == 7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) { /* Special case, explanation is above. */
1347 union overhead *n_op = nextf[7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2]->ov_next;
1348 nextf[7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2] =
1349 (union overhead *)((caddr_t)nextf[7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2]
1350 - sizeof(union overhead));
1351 nextf[7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2]->ov_next = n_op;
1353 #endif /* !PACK_MALLOC */
1357 Perl_mfree(void *mp)
1359 register MEM_SIZE size;
1360 register union overhead *ovp;
1361 char *cp = (char*)mp;
1366 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1367 "0x%lx: (%05lu) free\n",
1368 (unsigned long)cp, (unsigned long)(PL_an++)));
1372 ovp = (union overhead *)((caddr_t)cp
1373 - sizeof (union overhead) * CHUNK_SHIFT);
1375 bucket = OV_INDEX(ovp);
1377 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
1378 if ((bucket >= FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK)
1379 && (OV_MAGIC(ovp, bucket) != MAGIC))
1381 if (OV_MAGIC(ovp, bucket) != MAGIC)
1384 static int bad_free_warn = -1;
1385 if (bad_free_warn == -1) {
1386 char *pbf = PerlEnv_getenv("PERL_BADFREE");
1387 bad_free_warn = (pbf) ? atoi(pbf) : 1;
1392 warn("%s free() ignored",
1393 ovp->ov_rmagic == RMAGIC - 1 ? "Duplicate" : "Bad");
1395 warn("%s", "Bad free() ignored");
1397 return; /* sanity */
1401 ASSERT(ovp->ov_rmagic == RMAGIC, "chunk's head overwrite");
1402 if (OV_INDEX(ovp) <= MAX_SHORT_BUCKET) {
1404 MEM_SIZE nbytes = ovp->ov_size + 1;
1406 if ((i = nbytes & 3)) {
1409 ASSERT(*((char *)((caddr_t)ovp + nbytes - RSLOP + i))
1410 == RMAGIC_C, "chunk's tail overwrite");
1413 nbytes = (nbytes + 3) &~ 3;
1414 ASSERT(*(u_int *)((caddr_t)ovp + nbytes - RSLOP) == RMAGIC, "chunk's tail overwrite");
1416 ovp->ov_rmagic = RMAGIC - 1;
1418 ASSERT(OV_INDEX(ovp) < NBUCKETS, "chunk's head overwrite");
1419 size = OV_INDEX(ovp);
1420 ovp->ov_next = nextf[size];
1426 * When a program attempts "storage compaction" as mentioned in the
1427 * old malloc man page, it realloc's an already freed block. Usually
1428 * this is the last block it freed; occasionally it might be farther
1429 * back. We have to search all the free lists for the block in order
1430 * to determine its bucket: 1st we make one pass thru the lists
1431 * checking only the first block in each; if that fails we search
1432 * ``reall_srchlen'' blocks in each list for a match (the variable
1433 * is extern so the caller can modify it). If that fails we just copy
1434 * however many bytes was given to realloc() and hope it's not huge.
1436 #define reall_srchlen 4 /* 4 should be plenty, -1 =>'s whole list */
1439 Perl_realloc(void *mp, size_t nbytes)
1441 register MEM_SIZE onb;
1442 union overhead *ovp;
1445 register int bucket;
1446 int was_alloced = 0, incr;
1447 char *cp = (char*)mp;
1449 #if defined(DEBUGGING) || !defined(PERL_CORE)
1450 MEM_SIZE size = nbytes;
1452 if ((long)nbytes < 0)
1453 croak("%s", "panic: realloc");
1456 BARK_64K_LIMIT("Reallocation",nbytes,size);
1458 return Perl_malloc(nbytes);
1461 ovp = (union overhead *)((caddr_t)cp
1462 - sizeof (union overhead) * CHUNK_SHIFT);
1463 bucket = OV_INDEX(ovp);
1464 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
1465 if ((bucket < FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK)
1466 || (OV_MAGIC(ovp, bucket) == MAGIC))
1468 if (OV_MAGIC(ovp, bucket) == MAGIC)
1474 * Already free, doing "compaction".
1476 * Search for the old block of memory on the
1477 * free list. First, check the most common
1478 * case (last element free'd), then (this failing)
1479 * the last ``reall_srchlen'' items free'd.
1480 * If all lookups fail, then assume the size of
1481 * the memory block being realloc'd is the
1482 * smallest possible.
1484 if ((bucket = findbucket(ovp, 1)) < 0 &&
1485 (bucket = findbucket(ovp, reall_srchlen)) < 0)
1488 onb = BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(bucket);
1490 * avoid the copy if same size block.
1491 * We are not agressive with boundary cases. Note that it might
1492 * (for a small number of cases) give false negative if
1493 * both new size and old one are in the bucket for
1494 * FIRST_BIG_POW2, but the new one is near the lower end.
1496 * We do not try to go to 1.5 times smaller bucket so far.
1498 if (nbytes > onb) incr = 1;
1500 #ifdef DO_NOT_TRY_HARDER_WHEN_SHRINKING
1501 if ( /* This is a little bit pessimal if PACK_MALLOC: */
1502 nbytes > ( (onb >> 1) - M_OVERHEAD )
1503 # ifdef TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
1504 || (bucket == FIRST_BIG_POW2 && nbytes >= LAST_SMALL_BOUND )
1507 #else /* !DO_NOT_TRY_HARDER_WHEN_SHRINKING */
1508 prev_bucket = ( (bucket > MAX_PACKED + 1)
1509 ? bucket - BUCKETS_PER_POW2
1511 if (nbytes > BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(prev_bucket))
1512 #endif /* !DO_NOT_TRY_HARDER_WHEN_SHRINKING */
1517 #ifdef STRESS_REALLOC
1518 || 1 /* always do it the hard way */
1521 else if (incr == 0) {
1525 * Record new allocated size of block and
1526 * bound space with magic numbers.
1528 if (OV_INDEX(ovp) <= MAX_SHORT_BUCKET) {
1529 int i, nb = ovp->ov_size + 1;
1534 ASSERT(*((char *)((caddr_t)ovp + nb - RSLOP + i)) == RMAGIC_C, "chunk's tail overwrite");
1538 ASSERT(*(u_int *)((caddr_t)ovp + nb - RSLOP) == RMAGIC, "chunk's tail overwrite");
1540 * Convert amount of memory requested into
1541 * closest block size stored in hash buckets
1542 * which satisfies request. Account for
1543 * space used per block for accounting.
1545 nbytes += M_OVERHEAD;
1546 ovp->ov_size = nbytes - 1;
1547 if ((i = nbytes & 3)) {
1550 *((char *)((caddr_t)ovp + nbytes - RSLOP + i))
1553 nbytes = (nbytes + 3) &~ 3;
1554 *((u_int *)((caddr_t)ovp + nbytes - RSLOP)) = RMAGIC;
1559 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1560 "0x%lx: (%05lu) realloc %ld bytes inplace\n",
1561 (unsigned long)res,(unsigned long)(PL_an++),
1563 } else if (incr == 1 && (cp - M_OVERHEAD == last_op)
1564 && (onb > (1 << LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA))) {
1565 MEM_SIZE require, newarena = nbytes, pow;
1568 POW2_OPTIMIZE_ADJUST(newarena);
1569 newarena = newarena + M_OVERHEAD;
1570 /* newarena = (newarena + 3) &~ 3; */
1571 shiftr = (newarena - 1) >> LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA;
1572 pow = LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA + 1;
1573 /* apart from this loop, this is O(1) */
1574 while (shiftr >>= 1)
1576 newarena = (1 << pow) + POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(pow * BUCKETS_PER_POW2);
1577 require = newarena - onb - M_OVERHEAD;
1579 if (getpages_adjacent(require)) {
1580 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1582 nmalloc[pow * BUCKETS_PER_POW2]++;
1584 *(cp - M_OVERHEAD) = pow * BUCKETS_PER_POW2; /* Fill index. */
1591 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1592 "0x%lx: (%05lu) realloc %ld bytes the hard way\n",
1593 (unsigned long)cp,(unsigned long)(PL_an++),
1595 if ((res = (char*)Perl_malloc(nbytes)) == NULL)
1597 if (cp != res) /* common optimization */
1598 Copy(cp, res, (MEM_SIZE)(nbytes<onb?nbytes:onb), char);
1602 return ((Malloc_t)res);
1606 * Search ``srchlen'' elements of each free list for a block whose
1607 * header starts at ``freep''. If srchlen is -1 search the whole list.
1608 * Return bucket number, or -1 if not found.
1611 findbucket(union overhead *freep, int srchlen)
1613 register union overhead *p;
1616 for (i = 0; i < NBUCKETS; i++) {
1618 for (p = nextf[i]; p && j != srchlen; p = p->ov_next) {
1628 Perl_calloc(register size_t elements, register size_t size)
1630 long sz = elements * size;
1631 Malloc_t p = Perl_malloc(sz);
1634 memset((void*)p, 0, sz);
1640 Perl_malloced_size(void *p)
1642 union overhead *ovp = (union overhead *)
1643 ((caddr_t)p - sizeof (union overhead) * CHUNK_SHIFT);
1644 int bucket = OV_INDEX(ovp);
1646 /* The caller wants to have a complete control over the chunk,
1647 disable the memory checking inside the chunk. */
1648 if (bucket <= MAX_SHORT_BUCKET) {
1649 MEM_SIZE size = BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(bucket);
1650 ovp->ov_size = size + M_OVERHEAD - 1;
1651 *((u_int *)((caddr_t)ovp + size + M_OVERHEAD - RSLOP)) = RMAGIC;
1654 return BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(bucket);
1657 # ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2
1658 # define MIN_EVEN_REPORT 6
1660 # define MIN_EVEN_REPORT MIN_BUCKET
1663 * mstats - print out statistics about malloc
1665 * Prints two lines of numbers, one showing the length of the free list
1666 * for each size category, the second showing the number of mallocs -
1667 * frees for each size category.
1670 Perl_dump_mstats(pTHX_ char *s)
1672 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1674 register union overhead *p;
1675 int topbucket=0, topbucket_ev=0, topbucket_odd=0, totfree=0, total=0;
1676 u_int nfree[NBUCKETS];
1677 int total_chain = 0;
1678 struct chunk_chain_s* nextchain = chunk_chain;
1680 for (i = MIN_BUCKET ; i < NBUCKETS; i++) {
1681 for (j = 0, p = nextf[i]; p; p = p->ov_next, j++)
1684 totfree += nfree[i] * BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i);
1685 total += nmalloc[i] * BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i);
1687 i % 2 ? (topbucket_odd = i) : (topbucket_ev = i);
1692 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(),
1693 "Memory allocation statistics %s (buckets %ld(%ld)..%ld(%ld)\n",
1695 (long)BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(MIN_BUCKET),
1696 (long)BUCKET_SIZE(MIN_BUCKET),
1697 (long)BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(topbucket), (long)BUCKET_SIZE(topbucket));
1698 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), "%8d free:", totfree);
1699 for (i = MIN_EVEN_REPORT; i <= topbucket; i += BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
1700 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(),
1701 ((i < 8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 || i == 10*BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
1703 : ((i < 12*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? " %3d" : " %d")),
1706 #ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2
1707 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), "\n\t ");
1708 for (i = MIN_BUCKET + 1; i <= topbucket_odd; i += BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
1709 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(),
1710 ((i < 8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 || i == 10*BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
1712 : ((i < 12*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? " %3d" : " %d")),
1716 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), "\n%8d used:", total - totfree);
1717 for (i = MIN_EVEN_REPORT; i <= topbucket; i += BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
1718 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(),
1719 ((i < 8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 || i == 10*BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
1721 : ((i < 12*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? " %3d" : " %d")),
1722 nmalloc[i] - nfree[i]);
1724 #ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2
1725 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), "\n\t ");
1726 for (i = MIN_BUCKET + 1; i <= topbucket_odd; i += BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
1727 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(),
1728 ((i < 8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 || i == 10*BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
1730 : ((i < 12*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? " %3d" : " %d")),
1731 nmalloc[i] - nfree[i]);
1735 total_chain += nextchain->size;
1736 nextchain = nextchain->next;
1738 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), "\nTotal sbrk(): %d/%d:%d. Odd ends: pad+heads+chain+tail: %d+%d+%d+%d.\n",
1739 goodsbrk + sbrk_slack, sbrks, sbrk_good, sbrk_slack,
1740 start_slack, total_chain, sbrked_remains);
1741 #endif /* DEBUGGING_MSTATS */
1745 #ifdef USE_PERL_SBRK
1747 # if defined(__MACHTEN_PPC__) || defined(NeXT) || defined(__NeXT__)
1748 # define PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC
1750 * MachTen's malloc() returns a buffer aligned on a two-byte boundary.
1751 * While this is adequate, it may slow down access to longer data
1752 * types by forcing multiple memory accesses. It also causes
1753 * complaints when RCHECK is in force. So we allocate six bytes
1754 * more than we need to, and return an address rounded up to an
1755 * eight-byte boundary.
1757 * 980701 Dominic Dunlop <domo@computer.org>
1759 # define SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT 2
1762 # ifdef PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC
1764 /* it may seem schizophrenic to use perl's malloc and let it call system */
1765 /* malloc, the reason for that is only the 3.2 version of the OS that had */
1766 /* frequent core dumps within nxzonefreenolock. This sbrk routine put an */
1767 /* end to the cores */
1769 # ifndef SYSTEM_ALLOC
1770 # define SYSTEM_ALLOC(a) malloc(a)
1772 # ifndef SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT
1773 # define SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT MEM_ALIGNBYTES
1776 # endif /* PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC */
1778 static IV Perl_sbrk_oldchunk;
1779 static long Perl_sbrk_oldsize;
1781 # define PERLSBRK_32_K (1<<15)
1782 # define PERLSBRK_64_K (1<<16)
1790 if (!size) return 0;
1792 reqsize = size; /* just for the DEBUG_m statement */
1795 size = (size + 0x7ff) & ~0x7ff;
1797 if (size <= Perl_sbrk_oldsize) {
1798 got = Perl_sbrk_oldchunk;
1799 Perl_sbrk_oldchunk += size;
1800 Perl_sbrk_oldsize -= size;
1802 if (size >= PERLSBRK_32_K) {
1805 size = PERLSBRK_64_K;
1808 # if NEEDED_ALIGNMENT > SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT
1809 size += NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT;
1811 got = (IV)SYSTEM_ALLOC(size);
1812 # if NEEDED_ALIGNMENT > SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT
1813 got = (got + NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - 1) & ~(NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - 1);
1816 /* Chunk is small, register the rest for future allocs. */
1817 Perl_sbrk_oldchunk = got + reqsize;
1818 Perl_sbrk_oldsize = size - reqsize;
1822 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "sbrk malloc size %ld (reqsize %ld), left size %ld, give addr 0x%lx\n",
1823 size, reqsize, Perl_sbrk_oldsize, got));
1828 #endif /* ! defined USE_PERL_SBRK */