6 Here are some notes on configuring Perl's malloc. (For non-perl
9 There are two macros which serve as bulk disablers of advanced
10 features of this malloc: NO_FANCY_MALLOC, PLAIN_MALLOC (undef by
11 default). Look in the list of default values below to understand
12 their exact effect. Defining NO_FANCY_MALLOC returns malloc.c to the
13 state of the malloc in Perl 5.004. Additionally defining PLAIN_MALLOC
14 returns it to the state as of Perl 5.000.
16 Note that some of the settings below may be ignored in the code based
17 on values of other macros. The PERL_CORE symbol is only defined when
18 perl itself is being compiled (so malloc can make some assumptions
19 about perl's facilities being available to it).
21 Each config option has a short description, followed by its name,
22 default value, and a comment about the default (if applicable). Some
23 options take a precise value, while the others are just boolean.
24 The boolean ones are listed first.
26 # Enable code for an emergency memory pool in $^M. See perlvar.pod
27 # for a description of $^M.
28 PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK (!PLAIN_MALLOC && PERL_CORE)
30 # Enable code for printing memory statistics.
31 DEBUGGING_MSTATS (!PLAIN_MALLOC && PERL_CORE)
33 # Move allocation info for small buckets into separate areas.
34 # Memory optimization (especially for small allocations, of the
35 # less than 64 bytes). Since perl usually makes a large number
36 # of small allocations, this is usually a win.
37 PACK_MALLOC (!PLAIN_MALLOC && !RCHECK)
39 # Add one page to big powers of two when calculating bucket size.
40 # This is targeted at big allocations, as are common in image
42 TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE !PLAIN_MALLOC
44 # Use intermediate bucket sizes between powers-of-two. This is
45 # generally a memory optimization, and a (small) speed pessimization.
46 BUCKETS_ROOT2 !NO_FANCY_MALLOC
48 # Do not check small deallocations for bad free(). Memory
49 # and speed optimization, error reporting pessimization.
50 IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE (!NO_FANCY_MALLOC && !RCHECK)
52 # Use table lookup to decide in which bucket a given allocation will go.
53 SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE !NO_FANCY_MALLOC
55 # Use a perl-defined sbrk() instead of the (presumably broken or
56 # missing) system-supplied sbrk().
59 # Use system malloc() (or calloc() etc.) to emulate sbrk(). Normally
60 # only used with broken sbrk()s.
61 PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC undef
63 # Which allocator to use if PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC
64 SYSTEM_ALLOC(a) malloc(a)
66 # Minimal alignment (in bytes, should be a power of 2) of SYSTEM_ALLOC
67 SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT MEM_ALIGNBYTES
69 # Disable memory overwrite checking with DEBUGGING. Memory and speed
70 # optimization, error reporting pessimization.
73 # Enable memory overwrite checking with DEBUGGING. Memory and speed
74 # pessimization, error reporting optimization
75 RCHECK (DEBUGGING && !NO_RCHECK)
77 # Failed allocations bigger than this size croak (if
78 # PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK is enabled) without touching $^M. See
79 # perlvar.pod for a description of $^M.
80 BIG_SIZE (1<<16) # 64K
82 # Starting from this power of two, add an extra page to the
83 # size of the bucket. This enables optimized allocations of sizes
84 # close to powers of 2. Note that the value is indexed at 0.
85 FIRST_BIG_POW2 15 # 32K, 16K is used too often
87 # Estimate of minimal memory footprint. malloc uses this value to
88 # request the most reasonable largest blocks of memory from the system.
91 # Round up sbrk()s to multiples of this.
94 # Round up sbrk()s to multiples of this percent of footprint.
97 # Add this much memory to big powers of two to get the bucket size.
100 # This many sbrk() discontinuities should be tolerated even
101 # from the start without deciding that sbrk() is usually
103 SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES 3
105 # This many continuous sbrk()s compensate for one discontinuous one.
106 SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE 50
108 # Some configurations may ask for 12-byte-or-so allocations which
109 # require 8-byte alignment (?!). In such situation one needs to
110 # define this to disable 12-byte bucket (will increase memory footprint)
111 STRICT_ALIGNMENT undef
113 This implementation assumes that calling PerlIO_printf() does not
114 result in any memory allocation calls (used during a panic).
119 If used outside of Perl environment, it may be useful to redefine
120 the following macros (listed below with defaults):
122 # Type of address returned by allocation functions
125 # Type of size argument for allocation functions
126 MEM_SIZE unsigned long
128 # Maximal value in LONG
131 # Unsigned integer type big enough to keep a pointer
134 # Type of pointer with 1-byte granularity
137 # Type returned by free()
140 # Very fatal condition reporting function (cannot call any )
141 fatalcroak(arg) write(2,arg,strlen(arg)) + exit(2)
143 # Fatal error reporting function
144 croak(format, arg) warn(idem) + exit(1)
146 # Error reporting function
147 warn(format, arg) fprintf(stderr, idem)
149 # Locking/unlocking for MT operation
150 MALLOC_LOCK MUTEX_LOCK_NOCONTEXT(&PL_malloc_mutex)
151 MALLOC_UNLOCK MUTEX_UNLOCK_NOCONTEXT(&PL_malloc_mutex)
153 # Locking/unlocking mutex for MT operation
158 #ifndef NO_FANCY_MALLOC
159 # ifndef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
160 # define SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
162 # ifndef BUCKETS_ROOT2
163 # define BUCKETS_ROOT2
165 # ifndef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
166 # define IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
170 #ifndef PLAIN_MALLOC /* Bulk enable features */
174 # ifndef TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
175 # define TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
177 # if defined(PERL_CORE) && !defined(PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK)
178 # define PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK
180 # if defined(PERL_CORE) && !defined(DEBUGGING_MSTATS)
181 # define DEBUGGING_MSTATS
185 #define MIN_BUC_POW2 (sizeof(void*) > 4 ? 3 : 2) /* Allow for 4-byte arena. */
186 #define MIN_BUCKET (MIN_BUC_POW2 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
188 #if !(defined(I286) || defined(atarist) || defined(__MINT__))
189 /* take 2k unless the block is bigger than that */
190 # define LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA 11
192 /* take 16k unless the block is bigger than that
193 (80286s like large segments!), probably good on the atari too */
194 # define LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA 14
198 # if defined(DEBUGGING) && !defined(NO_RCHECK)
201 # if defined(RCHECK) && defined(IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE)
202 # undef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
205 * malloc.c (Caltech) 2/21/82
206 * Chris Kingsley, kingsley@cit-20.
208 * This is a very fast storage allocator. It allocates blocks of a small
209 * number of different sizes, and keeps free lists of each size. Blocks that
210 * don't exactly fit are passed up to the next larger size. In this
211 * implementation, the available sizes are 2^n-4 (or 2^n-12) bytes long.
212 * If PACK_MALLOC is defined, small blocks are 2^n bytes long.
213 * This is designed for use in a program that uses vast quantities of memory,
214 * but bombs when it runs out.
216 * Modifications Copyright Ilya Zakharevich 1996-99.
218 * Still very quick, but much more thrifty. (Std config is 10% slower
219 * than it was, and takes 67% of old heap size for typical usage.)
221 * Allocations of small blocks are now table-driven to many different
222 * buckets. Sizes of really big buckets are increased to accomodata
223 * common size=power-of-2 blocks. Running-out-of-memory is made into
224 * an exception. Deeply configurable and thread-safe.
230 #define PERL_IN_MALLOC_C
232 # if defined(PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT)
233 # define croak Perl_croak_nocontext
234 # define warn Perl_warn_nocontext
238 # include "../EXTERN.h"
239 # include "../perl.h"
246 # define Malloc_t void *
249 # define MEM_SIZE unsigned long
252 # define LONG_MAX 0x7FFFFFFF
255 # define UV unsigned long
258 # define caddr_t char *
263 # define Copy(s,d,n,t) (void)memcpy((char*)(d),(char*)(s), (n) * sizeof(t))
264 # define PerlEnv_getenv getenv
265 # define PerlIO_printf fprintf
266 # define PerlIO_stderr() stderr
268 # ifndef croak /* make depend */
269 # define croak(mess, arg) (warn((mess), (arg)), exit(1))
272 # define warn(mess, arg) fprintf(stderr, (mess), (arg))
284 # define dTHX extern int Perl___notused
285 # define WITH_THX(s) s
287 # ifndef PERL_GET_INTERP
288 # define PERL_GET_INTERP PL_curinterp
293 # define MUTEX_LOCK(l)
297 # define MUTEX_UNLOCK(l)
301 # define MALLOC_LOCK MUTEX_LOCK_NOCONTEXT(&PL_malloc_mutex)
304 #ifndef MALLOC_UNLOCK
305 # define MALLOC_UNLOCK MUTEX_UNLOCK_NOCONTEXT(&PL_malloc_mutex)
308 # ifndef fatalcroak /* make depend */
309 # define fatalcroak(mess) (write(2, (mess), strlen(mess)), exit(2))
314 # define DEBUG_m(a) \
316 if (PERL_GET_INTERP) { dTHX; if (PL_debug & 128) { a; } } \
323 * The memory is broken into "blocks" which occupy multiples of 2K (and
324 * generally speaking, have size "close" to a power of 2). The addresses
325 * of such *unused* blocks are kept in nextf[i] with big enough i. (nextf
326 * is an array of linked lists.) (Addresses of used blocks are not known.)
328 * Moreover, since the algorithm may try to "bite" smaller blocks of out
329 * of unused bigger ones, there are also regions of "irregular" size,
330 * managed separately, by a linked list chunk_chain.
332 * The third type of storage is the sbrk()ed-but-not-yet-used space, its
333 * end and size are kept in last_sbrk_top and sbrked_remains.
335 * Growing blocks "in place":
336 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
337 * The address of the block with the greatest address is kept in last_op
338 * (if not known, last_op is 0). If it is known that the memory above
339 * last_op is not continuous, or contains a chunk from chunk_chain,
340 * last_op is set to 0.
342 * The chunk with address last_op may be grown by expanding into
343 * sbrk()ed-but-not-yet-used space, or trying to sbrk() more continuous
346 * Management of last_op:
347 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
349 * free() never changes the boundaries of blocks, so is not relevant.
351 * The only way realloc() may change the boundaries of blocks is if it
352 * grows a block "in place". However, in the case of success such a
353 * chunk is automatically last_op, and it remains last_op. In the case
354 * of failure getpages_adjacent() clears last_op.
356 * malloc() may change blocks by calling morecore() only.
358 * morecore() may create new blocks by:
359 * a) biting pieces from chunk_chain (cannot create one above last_op);
360 * b) biting a piece from an unused block (if block was last_op, this
361 * may create a chunk from chain above last_op, thus last_op is
362 * invalidated in such a case).
363 * c) biting of sbrk()ed-but-not-yet-used space. This creates
364 * a block which is last_op.
365 * d) Allocating new pages by calling getpages();
367 * getpages() creates a new block. It marks last_op at the bottom of
368 * the chunk of memory it returns.
370 * Active pages footprint:
371 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
372 * Note that we do not need to traverse the lists in nextf[i], just take
373 * the first element of this list. However, we *need* to traverse the
374 * list in chunk_chain, but most the time it should be a very short one,
375 * so we do not step on a lot of pages we are not going to use.
379 * get_from_bigger_buckets(): forget to increment price => Quite
383 /* I don't much care whether these are defined in sys/types.h--LAW */
385 #define u_char unsigned char
386 #define u_int unsigned int
388 * I removed the definition of u_bigint which appeared to be u_bigint = UV
389 * u_bigint was only used in TWOK_MASKED and TWOK_SHIFT
390 * where I have used PTR2UV. RMB
392 #define u_short unsigned short
394 /* 286 and atarist like big chunks, which gives too much overhead. */
395 #if (defined(RCHECK) || defined(I286) || defined(atarist) || defined(__MINT__)) && defined(PACK_MALLOC)
400 * The description below is applicable if PACK_MALLOC is not defined.
402 * The overhead on a block is at least 4 bytes. When free, this space
403 * contains a pointer to the next free block, and the bottom two bits must
404 * be zero. When in use, the first byte is set to MAGIC, and the second
405 * byte is the size index. The remaining bytes are for alignment.
406 * If range checking is enabled and the size of the block fits
407 * in two bytes, then the top two bytes hold the size of the requested block
408 * plus the range checking words, and the header word MINUS ONE.
411 union overhead *ov_next; /* when free */
412 #if MEM_ALIGNBYTES > 4
413 double strut; /* alignment problems */
416 u_char ovu_magic; /* magic number */
417 u_char ovu_index; /* bucket # */
419 u_short ovu_size; /* actual block size */
420 u_int ovu_rmagic; /* range magic number */
423 #define ov_magic ovu.ovu_magic
424 #define ov_index ovu.ovu_index
425 #define ov_size ovu.ovu_size
426 #define ov_rmagic ovu.ovu_rmagic
429 #define MAGIC 0xff /* magic # on accounting info */
430 #define RMAGIC 0x55555555 /* magic # on range info */
431 #define RMAGIC_C 0x55 /* magic # on range info */
434 # define RSLOP sizeof (u_int)
435 # ifdef TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
436 # define MAX_SHORT_BUCKET (12 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
438 # define MAX_SHORT_BUCKET (13 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
444 #if !defined(PACK_MALLOC) && defined(BUCKETS_ROOT2)
445 # undef BUCKETS_ROOT2
449 # define BUCKET_TABLE_SHIFT 2
450 # define BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT 1
451 # define BUCKETS_PER_POW2 2
453 # define BUCKET_TABLE_SHIFT MIN_BUC_POW2
454 # define BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT 0
455 # define BUCKETS_PER_POW2 1
458 #if !defined(MEM_ALIGNBYTES) || ((MEM_ALIGNBYTES > 4) && !defined(STRICT_ALIGNMENT))
459 /* Figure out the alignment of void*. */
464 # define ALIGN_SMALL ((int)((caddr_t)&(((struct aligner*)0)->p)))
466 # define ALIGN_SMALL MEM_ALIGNBYTES
469 #define IF_ALIGN_8(yes,no) ((ALIGN_SMALL>4) ? (yes) : (no))
472 # define MAX_BUCKET_BY_TABLE 13
473 static u_short buck_size[MAX_BUCKET_BY_TABLE + 1] =
475 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, 64, 80,
477 # define BUCKET_SIZE(i) ((i) % 2 ? buck_size[i] : (1 << ((i) >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)))
478 # define BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i) ((i) <= MAX_BUCKET_BY_TABLE \
480 : ((1 << ((i) >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)) \
482 + POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(i)))
484 # define BUCKET_SIZE(i) (1 << ((i) >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT))
485 # define BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i) (BUCKET_SIZE(i) - MEM_OVERHEAD(i) + POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(i))
490 /* In this case it is assumed that if we do sbrk() in 2K units, we
491 * will get 2K aligned arenas (at least after some initial
492 * alignment). The bucket number of the given subblock is on the start
493 * of 2K arena which contains the subblock. Several following bytes
494 * contain the magic numbers for the subblocks in the block.
496 * Sizes of chunks are powers of 2 for chunks in buckets <=
497 * MAX_PACKED, after this they are (2^n - sizeof(union overhead)) (to
498 * get alignment right).
500 * Consider an arena for 2^n with n>MAX_PACKED. We suppose that
501 * starts of all the chunks in a 2K arena are in different
502 * 2^n-byte-long chunks. If the top of the last chunk is aligned on a
503 * boundary of 2K block, this means that sizeof(union
504 * overhead)*"number of chunks" < 2^n, or sizeof(union overhead)*2K <
505 * 4^n, or n > 6 + log2(sizeof()/2)/2, since a chunk of size 2^n -
506 * overhead is used. Since this rules out n = 7 for 8 byte alignment,
507 * we specialcase allocation of the first of 16 128-byte-long chunks.
509 * Note that with the above assumption we automatically have enough
510 * place for MAGIC at the start of 2K block. Note also that we
511 * overlay union overhead over the chunk, thus the start of small chunks
512 * is immediately overwritten after freeing. */
513 # define MAX_PACKED_POW2 6
514 # define MAX_PACKED (MAX_PACKED_POW2 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2 + BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)
515 # define MAX_POW2_ALGO ((1<<(MAX_PACKED_POW2 + 1)) - M_OVERHEAD)
516 # define TWOK_MASK ((1<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) - 1)
517 # define TWOK_MASKED(x) (PTR2UV(x) & ~TWOK_MASK)
518 # define TWOK_SHIFT(x) (PTR2UV(x) & TWOK_MASK)
519 # define OV_INDEXp(block) (INT2PTR(u_char*,TWOK_MASKED(block)))
520 # define OV_INDEX(block) (*OV_INDEXp(block))
521 # define OV_MAGIC(block,bucket) (*(OV_INDEXp(block) + \
522 (TWOK_SHIFT(block)>> \
523 (bucket>>BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)) + \
524 (bucket >= MIN_NEEDS_SHIFT ? 1 : 0)))
525 /* A bucket can have a shift smaller than it size, we need to
526 shift its magic number so it will not overwrite index: */
527 # ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2
528 # define MIN_NEEDS_SHIFT (7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 - 1) /* Shift 80 greater than chunk 64. */
530 # define MIN_NEEDS_SHIFT (7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) /* Shift 128 greater than chunk 32. */
532 # define CHUNK_SHIFT 0
534 /* Number of active buckets of given ordinal. */
535 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
536 #define FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK (6 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2) /* 64 */
537 # define N_BLKS(bucket) ( (bucket) < FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK \
538 ? ((1<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) - 1)/BUCKET_SIZE(bucket) \
541 # define N_BLKS(bucket) n_blks[bucket]
544 static u_short n_blks[LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA * BUCKETS_PER_POW2] =
546 # if BUCKETS_PER_POW2==1
548 (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 384 : 0),
549 224, 120, 62, 31, 16, 8, 4, 2
552 (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 384 : 0), (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 384 : 0), /* 4, 4 */
553 224, 149, 120, 80, 62, 41, 31, 25, 16, 16, 8, 8, 4, 4, 2, 2
557 /* Shift of the first bucket with the given ordinal inside 2K chunk. */
558 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
559 # define BLK_SHIFT(bucket) ( (bucket) < FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK \
560 ? ((1<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) \
561 - BUCKET_SIZE(bucket) * N_BLKS(bucket)) \
564 # define BLK_SHIFT(bucket) blk_shift[bucket]
567 static u_short blk_shift[LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA * BUCKETS_PER_POW2] =
569 # if BUCKETS_PER_POW2==1
571 (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 512 : 0),
572 256, 128, 64, 64, /* 8 to 64 */
573 16*sizeof(union overhead),
574 8*sizeof(union overhead),
575 4*sizeof(union overhead),
576 2*sizeof(union overhead),
579 (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 512 : 0), (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 512 : 0),
580 256, 260, 128, 128, 64, 80, 64, 48, /* 8 to 96 */
581 16*sizeof(union overhead), 16*sizeof(union overhead),
582 8*sizeof(union overhead), 8*sizeof(union overhead),
583 4*sizeof(union overhead), 4*sizeof(union overhead),
584 2*sizeof(union overhead), 2*sizeof(union overhead),
588 # define NEEDED_ALIGNMENT 0x800 /* 2k boundaries */
589 # define WANTED_ALIGNMENT 0x800 /* 2k boundaries */
591 #else /* !PACK_MALLOC */
593 # define OV_MAGIC(block,bucket) (block)->ov_magic
594 # define OV_INDEX(block) (block)->ov_index
595 # define CHUNK_SHIFT 1
596 # define MAX_PACKED -1
597 # define NEEDED_ALIGNMENT MEM_ALIGNBYTES
598 # define WANTED_ALIGNMENT 0x400 /* 1k boundaries */
600 #endif /* !PACK_MALLOC */
602 #define M_OVERHEAD (sizeof(union overhead) + RSLOP)
605 # define MEM_OVERHEAD(bucket) \
606 (bucket <= MAX_PACKED ? 0 : M_OVERHEAD)
607 # ifdef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
608 # define START_SHIFTS_BUCKET ((MAX_PACKED_POW2 + 1) * BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
609 # define START_SHIFT MAX_PACKED_POW2
610 # ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2 /* Chunks of size 3*2^n. */
611 # define SIZE_TABLE_MAX 80
613 # define SIZE_TABLE_MAX 64
615 static char bucket_of[] =
617 # ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2 /* Chunks of size 3*2^n. */
618 /* 0 to 15 in 4-byte increments. */
619 (sizeof(void*) > 4 ? 6 : 5), /* 4/8, 5-th bucket for better reports */
621 IF_ALIGN_8(8,7), 8, /* 16/12, 16 */
622 9, 9, 10, 10, /* 24, 32 */
623 11, 11, 11, 11, /* 48 */
624 12, 12, 12, 12, /* 64 */
625 13, 13, 13, 13, /* 80 */
626 13, 13, 13, 13 /* 80 */
627 # else /* !BUCKETS_ROOT2 */
628 /* 0 to 15 in 4-byte increments. */
629 (sizeof(void*) > 4 ? 3 : 2),
635 # endif /* !BUCKETS_ROOT2 */
637 # else /* !SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE */
638 # define START_SHIFTS_BUCKET MIN_BUCKET
639 # define START_SHIFT (MIN_BUC_POW2 - 1)
640 # endif /* !SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE */
641 #else /* !PACK_MALLOC */
642 # define MEM_OVERHEAD(bucket) M_OVERHEAD
643 # ifdef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
644 # undef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
646 # define START_SHIFTS_BUCKET MIN_BUCKET
647 # define START_SHIFT (MIN_BUC_POW2 - 1)
648 #endif /* !PACK_MALLOC */
651 * Big allocations are often of the size 2^n bytes. To make them a
652 * little bit better, make blocks of size 2^n+pagesize for big n.
655 #ifdef TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
657 # ifndef PERL_PAGESIZE
658 # define PERL_PAGESIZE 4096
660 # ifndef FIRST_BIG_POW2
661 # define FIRST_BIG_POW2 15 /* 32K, 16K is used too often. */
663 # define FIRST_BIG_BLOCK (1<<FIRST_BIG_POW2)
664 /* If this value or more, check against bigger blocks. */
665 # define FIRST_BIG_BOUND (FIRST_BIG_BLOCK - M_OVERHEAD)
666 /* If less than this value, goes into 2^n-overhead-block. */
667 # define LAST_SMALL_BOUND ((FIRST_BIG_BLOCK>>1) - M_OVERHEAD)
669 # define POW2_OPTIMIZE_ADJUST(nbytes) \
670 ((nbytes >= FIRST_BIG_BOUND) ? nbytes -= PERL_PAGESIZE : 0)
671 # define POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(bucket) \
672 ((bucket >= FIRST_BIG_POW2 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? PERL_PAGESIZE : 0)
674 #else /* !TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE */
675 # define POW2_OPTIMIZE_ADJUST(nbytes)
676 # define POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(bucket) 0
677 #endif /* !TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE */
679 #if defined(HAS_64K_LIMIT) && defined(PERL_CORE)
680 # define BARK_64K_LIMIT(what,nbytes,size) \
681 if (nbytes > 0xffff) { \
682 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), \
683 "%s too large: %lx\n", what, size); \
686 #else /* !HAS_64K_LIMIT || !PERL_CORE */
687 # define BARK_64K_LIMIT(what,nbytes,size)
688 #endif /* !HAS_64K_LIMIT || !PERL_CORE */
691 # define MIN_SBRK 2048
695 # define FIRST_SBRK (48*1024)
698 /* Minimal sbrk in percents of what is already alloced. */
699 #ifndef MIN_SBRK_FRAC
700 # define MIN_SBRK_FRAC 3
703 #ifndef SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES
704 # define SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES 3
707 #ifndef SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE
708 # define SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE 50
711 #if defined(PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK) && defined(PERL_CORE)
714 # define BIG_SIZE (1<<16) /* 64K */
717 #ifdef I_MACH_CTHREADS
719 # define MUTEX_LOCK(m) STMT_START { if (*m) mutex_lock(*m); } STMT_END
721 # define MUTEX_UNLOCK(m) STMT_START { if (*m) mutex_unlock(*m); } STMT_END
724 static char *emergency_buffer;
725 static MEM_SIZE emergency_buffer_size;
727 static int findbucket (union overhead *freep, int srchlen);
728 static void morecore (register int bucket);
729 # if defined(DEBUGGING)
730 static void botch (char *diag, char *s);
732 static void add_to_chain (void *p, MEM_SIZE size, MEM_SIZE chip);
733 static Malloc_t emergency_sbrk (MEM_SIZE size);
734 static void* get_from_chain (MEM_SIZE size);
735 static void* get_from_bigger_buckets(int bucket, MEM_SIZE size);
736 static union overhead *getpages (int needed, int *nblksp, int bucket);
737 static int getpages_adjacent(int require);
740 emergency_sbrk(MEM_SIZE size)
742 MEM_SIZE rsize = (((size - 1)>>LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) + 1)<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA;
744 if (size >= BIG_SIZE) {
745 /* Give the possibility to recover: */
747 croak("Out of memory during \"large\" request for %i bytes", size);
750 if (emergency_buffer_size >= rsize) {
751 char *old = emergency_buffer;
753 emergency_buffer_size -= rsize;
754 emergency_buffer += rsize;
758 /* First offense, give a possibility to recover by dieing. */
759 /* No malloc involved here: */
760 GV **gvp = (GV**)hv_fetch(PL_defstash, "^M", 2, 0);
766 if (emergency_buffer_size) {
767 add_to_chain(emergency_buffer, emergency_buffer_size, 0);
768 emergency_buffer_size = 0;
769 emergency_buffer = Nullch;
772 if (!gvp) gvp = (GV**)hv_fetch(PL_defstash, "\015", 1, 0);
773 if (!gvp || !(sv = GvSV(*gvp)) || !SvPOK(sv)
774 || (SvLEN(sv) < (1<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) - M_OVERHEAD)) {
777 return (char *)-1; /* Now die die die... */
779 /* Got it, now detach SvPV: */
781 /* Check alignment: */
782 if ((PTR2UV(pv) - sizeof(union overhead)) & (NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - 1)) {
783 PerlIO_puts(PerlIO_stderr(),"Bad alignment of $^M!\n");
784 return (char *)-1; /* die die die */
787 emergency_buffer = pv - sizeof(union overhead);
788 emergency_buffer_size = malloced_size(pv) + M_OVERHEAD;
791 SvCUR(sv) = SvLEN(sv) = 0;
795 croak("Out of memory during request for %i bytes", size);
798 #else /* !(defined(PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK) && defined(PERL_CORE)) */
799 # define emergency_sbrk(size) -1
800 #endif /* !(defined(PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK) && defined(PERL_CORE)) */
803 * nextf[i] is the pointer to the next free block of size 2^i. The
804 * smallest allocatable block is 8 bytes. The overhead information
805 * precedes the data area returned to the user.
807 #define NBUCKETS (32*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 + 1)
808 static union overhead *nextf[NBUCKETS];
811 #define sbrk(a) Perl_sbrk(a)
812 Malloc_t Perl_sbrk (int size);
814 #ifdef DONT_DECLARE_STD
819 extern Malloc_t sbrk(int);
823 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
825 * nmalloc[i] is the difference between the number of mallocs and frees
826 * for a given block size.
828 static u_int nmalloc[NBUCKETS];
829 static u_int sbrk_slack;
830 static u_int start_slack;
833 static u_int goodsbrk;
837 #define ASSERT(p,diag) if (!(p)) botch(diag,STRINGIFY(p)); else
839 botch(char *diag, char *s)
841 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), "assertion botched (%s?): %s\n", diag, s);
845 #define ASSERT(p, diag)
849 Perl_malloc(register size_t nbytes)
851 register union overhead *p;
853 register MEM_SIZE shiftr;
855 #if defined(DEBUGGING) || defined(RCHECK)
856 MEM_SIZE size = nbytes;
859 BARK_64K_LIMIT("Allocation",nbytes,nbytes);
861 if ((long)nbytes < 0)
862 croak("%s", "panic: malloc");
867 * Convert amount of memory requested into
868 * closest block size stored in hash buckets
869 * which satisfies request. Account for
870 * space used per block for accounting.
873 # ifdef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
876 else if (nbytes <= SIZE_TABLE_MAX) {
877 bucket = bucket_of[(nbytes - 1) >> BUCKET_TABLE_SHIFT];
882 if (nbytes <= MAX_POW2_ALGO) goto do_shifts;
887 POW2_OPTIMIZE_ADJUST(nbytes);
888 nbytes += M_OVERHEAD;
889 nbytes = (nbytes + 3) &~ 3;
891 shiftr = (nbytes - 1) >> START_SHIFT;
892 bucket = START_SHIFTS_BUCKET;
893 /* apart from this loop, this is O(1) */
895 bucket += BUCKETS_PER_POW2;
898 * If nothing in hash bucket right now,
899 * request more memory from the system.
901 if (nextf[bucket] == NULL)
903 if ((p = nextf[bucket]) == NULL) {
909 PerlIO_puts(PerlIO_stderr(),"Out of memory!\n");
918 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
919 "0x%lx: (%05lu) malloc %ld bytes\n",
920 (unsigned long)(p+1), (unsigned long)(PL_an++),
923 /* remove from linked list */
925 if ((PTR2UV(p)) & (MEM_ALIGNBYTES - 1))
926 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), "Corrupt malloc ptr 0x%lx at 0x%lx\n",
927 (unsigned long)*((int*)p),(unsigned long)p);
929 nextf[bucket] = p->ov_next;
930 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
931 if (bucket >= FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK)
933 OV_MAGIC(p, bucket) = MAGIC;
935 OV_INDEX(p) = bucket;
939 * Record allocated size of block and
940 * bound space with magic numbers.
942 p->ov_rmagic = RMAGIC;
943 if (bucket <= MAX_SHORT_BUCKET) {
946 nbytes = size + M_OVERHEAD;
947 p->ov_size = nbytes - 1;
948 if ((i = nbytes & 3)) {
951 *((char *)((caddr_t)p + nbytes - RSLOP + i)) = RMAGIC_C;
953 nbytes = (nbytes + 3) &~ 3;
954 *((u_int *)((caddr_t)p + nbytes - RSLOP)) = RMAGIC;
958 return ((Malloc_t)(p + CHUNK_SHIFT));
961 static char *last_sbrk_top;
962 static char *last_op; /* This arena can be easily extended. */
963 static int sbrked_remains;
964 static int sbrk_good = SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES * SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE;
966 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
970 struct chunk_chain_s {
971 struct chunk_chain_s *next;
974 static struct chunk_chain_s *chunk_chain;
976 static char max_bucket;
978 /* Cutoff a piece of one of the chunks in the chain. Prefer smaller chunk. */
980 get_from_chain(MEM_SIZE size)
982 struct chunk_chain_s *elt = chunk_chain, **oldp = &chunk_chain;
983 struct chunk_chain_s **oldgoodp = NULL;
984 long min_remain = LONG_MAX;
987 if (elt->size >= size) {
988 long remains = elt->size - size;
989 if (remains >= 0 && remains < min_remain) {
991 min_remain = remains;
997 oldp = &( elt->next );
1000 if (!oldgoodp) return NULL;
1002 void *ret = *oldgoodp;
1003 struct chunk_chain_s *next = (*oldgoodp)->next;
1005 *oldgoodp = (struct chunk_chain_s *)((char*)ret + size);
1006 (*oldgoodp)->size = min_remain;
1007 (*oldgoodp)->next = next;
1010 void *ret = *oldgoodp;
1011 *oldgoodp = (*oldgoodp)->next;
1018 add_to_chain(void *p, MEM_SIZE size, MEM_SIZE chip)
1020 struct chunk_chain_s *next = chunk_chain;
1021 char *cp = (char*)p;
1024 chunk_chain = (struct chunk_chain_s *)cp;
1025 chunk_chain->size = size - chip;
1026 chunk_chain->next = next;
1031 get_from_bigger_buckets(int bucket, MEM_SIZE size)
1034 static int bucketprice[NBUCKETS];
1035 while (bucket <= max_bucket) {
1036 /* We postpone stealing from bigger buckets until we want it
1038 if (nextf[bucket] && bucketprice[bucket]++ >= price) {
1040 void *ret = (void*)(nextf[bucket] - 1 + CHUNK_SHIFT);
1041 bucketprice[bucket] = 0;
1042 if (((char*)nextf[bucket]) - M_OVERHEAD == last_op) {
1043 last_op = NULL; /* Disable optimization */
1045 nextf[bucket] = nextf[bucket]->ov_next;
1046 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1048 start_slack -= M_OVERHEAD;
1050 add_to_chain(ret, (BUCKET_SIZE(bucket) +
1051 POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(bucket)),
1060 static union overhead *
1061 getpages(int needed, int *nblksp, int bucket)
1063 /* Need to do (possibly expensive) system call. Try to
1064 optimize it for rare calling. */
1065 MEM_SIZE require = needed - sbrked_remains;
1067 union overhead *ovp;
1070 if (sbrk_good > 0) {
1071 if (!last_sbrk_top && require < FIRST_SBRK)
1072 require = FIRST_SBRK;
1073 else if (require < MIN_SBRK) require = MIN_SBRK;
1075 if (require < goodsbrk * MIN_SBRK_FRAC / 100)
1076 require = goodsbrk * MIN_SBRK_FRAC / 100;
1077 require = ((require - 1 + MIN_SBRK) / MIN_SBRK) * MIN_SBRK;
1084 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1085 "sbrk(%ld) for %ld-byte-long arena\n",
1086 (long)require, (long) needed));
1087 cp = (char *)sbrk(require);
1088 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1091 if (cp == last_sbrk_top) {
1092 /* Common case, anything is fine. */
1094 ovp = (union overhead *) (cp - sbrked_remains);
1095 last_op = cp - sbrked_remains;
1096 sbrked_remains = require - (needed - sbrked_remains);
1097 } else if (cp == (char *)-1) { /* no more room! */
1098 ovp = (union overhead *)emergency_sbrk(needed);
1099 if (ovp == (union overhead *)-1)
1101 if (((char*)ovp) > last_op) { /* Cannot happen with current emergency_sbrk() */
1105 } else { /* Non-continuous or first sbrk(). */
1106 long add = sbrked_remains;
1109 if (sbrked_remains) { /* Put rest into chain, we
1110 cannot use it right now. */
1111 add_to_chain((void*)(last_sbrk_top - sbrked_remains),
1115 /* Second, check alignment. */
1118 #if !defined(atarist) && !defined(__MINT__) /* on the atari we dont have to worry about this */
1119 # ifndef I286 /* The sbrk(0) call on the I286 always returns the next segment */
1120 /* WANTED_ALIGNMENT may be more than NEEDED_ALIGNMENT, but this may
1121 improve performance of memory access. */
1122 if (PTR2UV(cp) & (WANTED_ALIGNMENT - 1)) { /* Not aligned. */
1123 slack = WANTED_ALIGNMENT - (PTR2UV(cp) & (WANTED_ALIGNMENT - 1));
1127 #endif /* !atarist && !MINT */
1130 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1131 "sbrk(%ld) to fix non-continuous/off-page sbrk:\n\t%ld for alignement,\t%ld were assumed to come from the tail of the previous sbrk\n",
1132 (long)add, (long) slack,
1133 (long) sbrked_remains));
1134 newcp = (char *)sbrk(add);
1135 #if defined(DEBUGGING_MSTATS)
1139 if (newcp != cp + require) {
1140 /* Too bad: even rounding sbrk() is not continuous.*/
1141 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1142 "failed to fix bad sbrk()\n"));
1146 fatalcroak("panic: Off-page sbrk\n");
1149 if (sbrked_remains) {
1151 #if defined(DEBUGGING_MSTATS)
1152 sbrk_slack += require;
1155 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1156 "straight sbrk(%ld)\n",
1158 cp = (char *)sbrk(require);
1159 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1162 if (cp == (char *)-1)
1165 sbrk_good = -1; /* Disable optimization!
1166 Continue with not-aligned... */
1169 require += sbrked_remains;
1173 if (last_sbrk_top) {
1174 sbrk_good -= SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE;
1177 ovp = (union overhead *) cp;
1179 * Round up to minimum allocation size boundary
1180 * and deduct from block count to reflect.
1183 # if NEEDED_ALIGNMENT > MEM_ALIGNBYTES
1184 if (PTR2UV(ovp) & (NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - 1))
1185 fatalcroak("Misalignment of sbrk()\n");
1188 #ifndef I286 /* Again, this should always be ok on an 80286 */
1189 if (PTR2UV(ovp) & (MEM_ALIGNBYTES - 1)) {
1190 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1191 "fixing sbrk(): %d bytes off machine alignement\n",
1192 (int)(PTR2UV(ovp) & (MEM_ALIGNBYTES - 1))));
1193 ovp = INT2PTR(union overhead *,(PTR2UV(ovp) + MEM_ALIGNBYTES) &
1194 (MEM_ALIGNBYTES - 1));
1196 # if defined(DEBUGGING_MSTATS)
1197 /* This is only approx. if TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE: */
1198 sbrk_slack += (1 << (bucket >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT));
1202 ; /* Finish `else' */
1203 sbrked_remains = require - needed;
1206 last_sbrk_top = cp + require;
1207 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1208 goodsbrk += require;
1214 getpages_adjacent(int require)
1216 if (require <= sbrked_remains) {
1217 sbrked_remains -= require;
1221 require -= sbrked_remains;
1222 /* We do not try to optimize sbrks here, we go for place. */
1223 cp = (char*) sbrk(require);
1224 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1226 goodsbrk += require;
1228 if (cp == last_sbrk_top) {
1230 last_sbrk_top = cp + require;
1232 if (cp == (char*)-1) { /* Out of memory */
1233 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1234 goodsbrk -= require;
1238 /* Report the failure: */
1240 add_to_chain((void*)(last_sbrk_top - sbrked_remains),
1242 add_to_chain((void*)cp, require, 0);
1243 sbrk_good -= SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE;
1255 * Allocate more memory to the indicated bucket.
1258 morecore(register int bucket)
1260 register union overhead *ovp;
1261 register int rnu; /* 2^rnu bytes will be requested */
1262 int nblks; /* become nblks blocks of the desired size */
1263 register MEM_SIZE siz, needed;
1267 if (bucket == sizeof(MEM_SIZE)*8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
1269 croak("%s", "Out of memory during ridiculously large request");
1271 if (bucket > max_bucket)
1272 max_bucket = bucket;
1274 rnu = ( (bucket <= (LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT))
1276 : (bucket >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT) );
1277 /* This may be overwritten later: */
1278 nblks = 1 << (rnu - (bucket >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)); /* how many blocks to get */
1279 needed = ((MEM_SIZE)1 << rnu) + POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(bucket);
1280 if (nextf[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT]) { /* 2048b bucket. */
1281 ovp = nextf[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT] - 1 + CHUNK_SHIFT;
1282 nextf[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT]
1283 = nextf[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT]->ov_next;
1284 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1285 nmalloc[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT]--;
1286 start_slack -= M_OVERHEAD;
1288 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1289 "stealing %ld bytes from %ld arena\n",
1290 (long) needed, (long) rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT));
1291 } else if (chunk_chain
1292 && (ovp = (union overhead*) get_from_chain(needed))) {
1293 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1294 "stealing %ld bytes from chain\n",
1296 } else if ( (ovp = (union overhead*)
1297 get_from_bigger_buckets((rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT) + 1,
1299 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1300 "stealing %ld bytes from bigger buckets\n",
1302 } else if (needed <= sbrked_remains) {
1303 ovp = (union overhead *)(last_sbrk_top - sbrked_remains);
1304 sbrked_remains -= needed;
1305 last_op = (char*)ovp;
1307 ovp = getpages(needed, &nblks, bucket);
1313 * Add new memory allocated to that on
1314 * free list for this hash bucket.
1316 siz = BUCKET_SIZE(bucket);
1318 *(u_char*)ovp = bucket; /* Fill index. */
1319 if (bucket <= MAX_PACKED) {
1320 ovp = (union overhead *) ((char*)ovp + BLK_SHIFT(bucket));
1321 nblks = N_BLKS(bucket);
1322 # ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1323 start_slack += BLK_SHIFT(bucket);
1325 } else if (bucket < LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA * BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
1326 ovp = (union overhead *) ((char*)ovp + BLK_SHIFT(bucket));
1327 siz -= sizeof(union overhead);
1328 } else ovp++; /* One chunk per block. */
1329 #endif /* PACK_MALLOC */
1330 nextf[bucket] = ovp;
1331 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1332 nmalloc[bucket] += nblks;
1333 if (bucket > MAX_PACKED) {
1334 start_slack += M_OVERHEAD * nblks;
1337 while (--nblks > 0) {
1338 ovp->ov_next = (union overhead *)((caddr_t)ovp + siz);
1339 ovp = (union overhead *)((caddr_t)ovp + siz);
1341 /* Not all sbrks return zeroed memory.*/
1342 ovp->ov_next = (union overhead *)NULL;
1344 if (bucket == 7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) { /* Special case, explanation is above. */
1345 union overhead *n_op = nextf[7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2]->ov_next;
1346 nextf[7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2] =
1347 (union overhead *)((caddr_t)nextf[7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2]
1348 - sizeof(union overhead));
1349 nextf[7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2]->ov_next = n_op;
1351 #endif /* !PACK_MALLOC */
1355 Perl_mfree(void *mp)
1357 register MEM_SIZE size;
1358 register union overhead *ovp;
1359 char *cp = (char*)mp;
1364 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1365 "0x%lx: (%05lu) free\n",
1366 (unsigned long)cp, (unsigned long)(PL_an++)));
1370 ovp = (union overhead *)((caddr_t)cp
1371 - sizeof (union overhead) * CHUNK_SHIFT);
1373 bucket = OV_INDEX(ovp);
1375 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
1376 if ((bucket >= FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK)
1377 && (OV_MAGIC(ovp, bucket) != MAGIC))
1379 if (OV_MAGIC(ovp, bucket) != MAGIC)
1382 static int bad_free_warn = -1;
1383 if (bad_free_warn == -1) {
1384 char *pbf = PerlEnv_getenv("PERL_BADFREE");
1385 bad_free_warn = (pbf) ? atoi(pbf) : 1;
1390 warn("%s free() ignored",
1391 ovp->ov_rmagic == RMAGIC - 1 ? "Duplicate" : "Bad");
1393 warn("%s", "Bad free() ignored");
1395 return; /* sanity */
1399 ASSERT(ovp->ov_rmagic == RMAGIC, "chunk's head overwrite");
1400 if (OV_INDEX(ovp) <= MAX_SHORT_BUCKET) {
1402 MEM_SIZE nbytes = ovp->ov_size + 1;
1404 if ((i = nbytes & 3)) {
1407 ASSERT(*((char *)((caddr_t)ovp + nbytes - RSLOP + i))
1408 == RMAGIC_C, "chunk's tail overwrite");
1411 nbytes = (nbytes + 3) &~ 3;
1412 ASSERT(*(u_int *)((caddr_t)ovp + nbytes - RSLOP) == RMAGIC, "chunk's tail overwrite");
1414 ovp->ov_rmagic = RMAGIC - 1;
1416 ASSERT(OV_INDEX(ovp) < NBUCKETS, "chunk's head overwrite");
1417 size = OV_INDEX(ovp);
1418 ovp->ov_next = nextf[size];
1424 * When a program attempts "storage compaction" as mentioned in the
1425 * old malloc man page, it realloc's an already freed block. Usually
1426 * this is the last block it freed; occasionally it might be farther
1427 * back. We have to search all the free lists for the block in order
1428 * to determine its bucket: 1st we make one pass thru the lists
1429 * checking only the first block in each; if that fails we search
1430 * ``reall_srchlen'' blocks in each list for a match (the variable
1431 * is extern so the caller can modify it). If that fails we just copy
1432 * however many bytes was given to realloc() and hope it's not huge.
1434 #define reall_srchlen 4 /* 4 should be plenty, -1 =>'s whole list */
1437 Perl_realloc(void *mp, size_t nbytes)
1439 register MEM_SIZE onb;
1440 union overhead *ovp;
1443 register int bucket;
1444 int was_alloced = 0, incr;
1445 char *cp = (char*)mp;
1447 #if defined(DEBUGGING) || !defined(PERL_CORE)
1448 MEM_SIZE size = nbytes;
1450 if ((long)nbytes < 0)
1451 croak("%s", "panic: realloc");
1454 BARK_64K_LIMIT("Reallocation",nbytes,size);
1456 return Perl_malloc(nbytes);
1459 ovp = (union overhead *)((caddr_t)cp
1460 - sizeof (union overhead) * CHUNK_SHIFT);
1461 bucket = OV_INDEX(ovp);
1462 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
1463 if ((bucket < FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK)
1464 || (OV_MAGIC(ovp, bucket) == MAGIC))
1466 if (OV_MAGIC(ovp, bucket) == MAGIC)
1472 * Already free, doing "compaction".
1474 * Search for the old block of memory on the
1475 * free list. First, check the most common
1476 * case (last element free'd), then (this failing)
1477 * the last ``reall_srchlen'' items free'd.
1478 * If all lookups fail, then assume the size of
1479 * the memory block being realloc'd is the
1480 * smallest possible.
1482 if ((bucket = findbucket(ovp, 1)) < 0 &&
1483 (bucket = findbucket(ovp, reall_srchlen)) < 0)
1486 onb = BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(bucket);
1488 * avoid the copy if same size block.
1489 * We are not agressive with boundary cases. Note that it might
1490 * (for a small number of cases) give false negative if
1491 * both new size and old one are in the bucket for
1492 * FIRST_BIG_POW2, but the new one is near the lower end.
1494 * We do not try to go to 1.5 times smaller bucket so far.
1496 if (nbytes > onb) incr = 1;
1498 #ifdef DO_NOT_TRY_HARDER_WHEN_SHRINKING
1499 if ( /* This is a little bit pessimal if PACK_MALLOC: */
1500 nbytes > ( (onb >> 1) - M_OVERHEAD )
1501 # ifdef TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
1502 || (bucket == FIRST_BIG_POW2 && nbytes >= LAST_SMALL_BOUND )
1505 #else /* !DO_NOT_TRY_HARDER_WHEN_SHRINKING */
1506 prev_bucket = ( (bucket > MAX_PACKED + 1)
1507 ? bucket - BUCKETS_PER_POW2
1509 if (nbytes > BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(prev_bucket))
1510 #endif /* !DO_NOT_TRY_HARDER_WHEN_SHRINKING */
1515 #ifdef STRESS_REALLOC
1516 || 1 /* always do it the hard way */
1519 else if (incr == 0) {
1523 * Record new allocated size of block and
1524 * bound space with magic numbers.
1526 if (OV_INDEX(ovp) <= MAX_SHORT_BUCKET) {
1527 int i, nb = ovp->ov_size + 1;
1532 ASSERT(*((char *)((caddr_t)ovp + nb - RSLOP + i)) == RMAGIC_C, "chunk's tail overwrite");
1536 ASSERT(*(u_int *)((caddr_t)ovp + nb - RSLOP) == RMAGIC, "chunk's tail overwrite");
1538 * Convert amount of memory requested into
1539 * closest block size stored in hash buckets
1540 * which satisfies request. Account for
1541 * space used per block for accounting.
1543 nbytes += M_OVERHEAD;
1544 ovp->ov_size = nbytes - 1;
1545 if ((i = nbytes & 3)) {
1548 *((char *)((caddr_t)ovp + nbytes - RSLOP + i))
1551 nbytes = (nbytes + 3) &~ 3;
1552 *((u_int *)((caddr_t)ovp + nbytes - RSLOP)) = RMAGIC;
1557 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1558 "0x%lx: (%05lu) realloc %ld bytes inplace\n",
1559 (unsigned long)res,(unsigned long)(PL_an++),
1561 } else if (incr == 1 && (cp - M_OVERHEAD == last_op)
1562 && (onb > (1 << LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA))) {
1563 MEM_SIZE require, newarena = nbytes, pow;
1566 POW2_OPTIMIZE_ADJUST(newarena);
1567 newarena = newarena + M_OVERHEAD;
1568 /* newarena = (newarena + 3) &~ 3; */
1569 shiftr = (newarena - 1) >> LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA;
1570 pow = LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA + 1;
1571 /* apart from this loop, this is O(1) */
1572 while (shiftr >>= 1)
1574 newarena = (1 << pow) + POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(pow * BUCKETS_PER_POW2);
1575 require = newarena - onb - M_OVERHEAD;
1577 if (getpages_adjacent(require)) {
1578 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1580 nmalloc[pow * BUCKETS_PER_POW2]++;
1582 *(cp - M_OVERHEAD) = pow * BUCKETS_PER_POW2; /* Fill index. */
1589 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1590 "0x%lx: (%05lu) realloc %ld bytes the hard way\n",
1591 (unsigned long)cp,(unsigned long)(PL_an++),
1593 if ((res = (char*)Perl_malloc(nbytes)) == NULL)
1595 if (cp != res) /* common optimization */
1596 Copy(cp, res, (MEM_SIZE)(nbytes<onb?nbytes:onb), char);
1600 return ((Malloc_t)res);
1604 * Search ``srchlen'' elements of each free list for a block whose
1605 * header starts at ``freep''. If srchlen is -1 search the whole list.
1606 * Return bucket number, or -1 if not found.
1609 findbucket(union overhead *freep, int srchlen)
1611 register union overhead *p;
1614 for (i = 0; i < NBUCKETS; i++) {
1616 for (p = nextf[i]; p && j != srchlen; p = p->ov_next) {
1626 Perl_calloc(register size_t elements, register size_t size)
1628 long sz = elements * size;
1629 Malloc_t p = Perl_malloc(sz);
1632 memset((void*)p, 0, sz);
1638 Perl_malloced_size(void *p)
1640 union overhead *ovp = (union overhead *)
1641 ((caddr_t)p - sizeof (union overhead) * CHUNK_SHIFT);
1642 int bucket = OV_INDEX(ovp);
1644 /* The caller wants to have a complete control over the chunk,
1645 disable the memory checking inside the chunk. */
1646 if (bucket <= MAX_SHORT_BUCKET) {
1647 MEM_SIZE size = BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(bucket);
1648 ovp->ov_size = size + M_OVERHEAD - 1;
1649 *((u_int *)((caddr_t)ovp + size + M_OVERHEAD - RSLOP)) = RMAGIC;
1652 return BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(bucket);
1655 # ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2
1656 # define MIN_EVEN_REPORT 6
1658 # define MIN_EVEN_REPORT MIN_BUCKET
1661 * mstats - print out statistics about malloc
1663 * Prints two lines of numbers, one showing the length of the free list
1664 * for each size category, the second showing the number of mallocs -
1665 * frees for each size category.
1668 Perl_dump_mstats(pTHX_ char *s)
1670 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1672 register union overhead *p;
1673 int topbucket=0, topbucket_ev=0, topbucket_odd=0, totfree=0, total=0;
1674 u_int nfree[NBUCKETS];
1675 int total_chain = 0;
1676 struct chunk_chain_s* nextchain = chunk_chain;
1678 for (i = MIN_BUCKET ; i < NBUCKETS; i++) {
1679 for (j = 0, p = nextf[i]; p; p = p->ov_next, j++)
1682 totfree += nfree[i] * BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i);
1683 total += nmalloc[i] * BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i);
1685 i % 2 ? (topbucket_odd = i) : (topbucket_ev = i);
1690 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(),
1691 "Memory allocation statistics %s (buckets %ld(%ld)..%ld(%ld)\n",
1693 (long)BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(MIN_BUCKET),
1694 (long)BUCKET_SIZE(MIN_BUCKET),
1695 (long)BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(topbucket), (long)BUCKET_SIZE(topbucket));
1696 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), "%8d free:", totfree);
1697 for (i = MIN_EVEN_REPORT; i <= topbucket; i += BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
1698 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(),
1699 ((i < 8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 || i == 10*BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
1701 : ((i < 12*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? " %3d" : " %d")),
1704 #ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2
1705 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), "\n\t ");
1706 for (i = MIN_BUCKET + 1; i <= topbucket_odd; i += BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
1707 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(),
1708 ((i < 8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 || i == 10*BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
1710 : ((i < 12*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? " %3d" : " %d")),
1714 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), "\n%8d used:", total - totfree);
1715 for (i = MIN_EVEN_REPORT; i <= topbucket; i += BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
1716 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(),
1717 ((i < 8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 || i == 10*BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
1719 : ((i < 12*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? " %3d" : " %d")),
1720 nmalloc[i] - nfree[i]);
1722 #ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2
1723 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), "\n\t ");
1724 for (i = MIN_BUCKET + 1; i <= topbucket_odd; i += BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
1725 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(),
1726 ((i < 8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 || i == 10*BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
1728 : ((i < 12*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? " %3d" : " %d")),
1729 nmalloc[i] - nfree[i]);
1733 total_chain += nextchain->size;
1734 nextchain = nextchain->next;
1736 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), "\nTotal sbrk(): %d/%d:%d. Odd ends: pad+heads+chain+tail: %d+%d+%d+%d.\n",
1737 goodsbrk + sbrk_slack, sbrks, sbrk_good, sbrk_slack,
1738 start_slack, total_chain, sbrked_remains);
1739 #endif /* DEBUGGING_MSTATS */
1743 #ifdef USE_PERL_SBRK
1745 # if defined(__MACHTEN_PPC__) || defined(NeXT) || defined(__NeXT__)
1746 # define PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC
1748 * MachTen's malloc() returns a buffer aligned on a two-byte boundary.
1749 * While this is adequate, it may slow down access to longer data
1750 * types by forcing multiple memory accesses. It also causes
1751 * complaints when RCHECK is in force. So we allocate six bytes
1752 * more than we need to, and return an address rounded up to an
1753 * eight-byte boundary.
1755 * 980701 Dominic Dunlop <domo@computer.org>
1757 # define SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT 2
1760 # ifdef PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC
1762 /* it may seem schizophrenic to use perl's malloc and let it call system */
1763 /* malloc, the reason for that is only the 3.2 version of the OS that had */
1764 /* frequent core dumps within nxzonefreenolock. This sbrk routine put an */
1765 /* end to the cores */
1767 # ifndef SYSTEM_ALLOC
1768 # define SYSTEM_ALLOC(a) malloc(a)
1770 # ifndef SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT
1771 # define SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT MEM_ALIGNBYTES
1774 # endif /* PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC */
1776 static IV Perl_sbrk_oldchunk;
1777 static long Perl_sbrk_oldsize;
1779 # define PERLSBRK_32_K (1<<15)
1780 # define PERLSBRK_64_K (1<<16)
1788 if (!size) return 0;
1790 reqsize = size; /* just for the DEBUG_m statement */
1793 size = (size + 0x7ff) & ~0x7ff;
1795 if (size <= Perl_sbrk_oldsize) {
1796 got = Perl_sbrk_oldchunk;
1797 Perl_sbrk_oldchunk += size;
1798 Perl_sbrk_oldsize -= size;
1800 if (size >= PERLSBRK_32_K) {
1803 size = PERLSBRK_64_K;
1806 # if NEEDED_ALIGNMENT > SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT
1807 size += NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT;
1809 got = (IV)SYSTEM_ALLOC(size);
1810 # if NEEDED_ALIGNMENT > SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT
1811 got = (got + NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - 1) & ~(NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - 1);
1814 /* Chunk is small, register the rest for future allocs. */
1815 Perl_sbrk_oldchunk = got + reqsize;
1816 Perl_sbrk_oldsize = size - reqsize;
1820 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "sbrk malloc size %ld (reqsize %ld), left size %ld, give addr 0x%lx\n",
1821 size, reqsize, Perl_sbrk_oldsize, got));
1826 #endif /* ! defined USE_PERL_SBRK */