6 * "'The Chamber of Records,' said Gimli. 'I guess that is where we now stand.'"
10 Here are some notes on configuring Perl's malloc. (For non-perl
13 There are two macros which serve as bulk disablers of advanced
14 features of this malloc: NO_FANCY_MALLOC, PLAIN_MALLOC (undef by
15 default). Look in the list of default values below to understand
16 their exact effect. Defining NO_FANCY_MALLOC returns malloc.c to the
17 state of the malloc in Perl 5.004. Additionally defining PLAIN_MALLOC
18 returns it to the state as of Perl 5.000.
20 Note that some of the settings below may be ignored in the code based
21 on values of other macros. The PERL_CORE symbol is only defined when
22 perl itself is being compiled (so malloc can make some assumptions
23 about perl's facilities being available to it).
25 Each config option has a short description, followed by its name,
26 default value, and a comment about the default (if applicable). Some
27 options take a precise value, while the others are just boolean.
28 The boolean ones are listed first.
30 # Read configuration settings from malloc_cfg.h
31 HAVE_MALLOC_CFG_H undef
33 # Enable code for an emergency memory pool in $^M. See perlvar.pod
34 # for a description of $^M.
35 PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK (!PLAIN_MALLOC && (PERL_CORE || !NO_MALLOC_DYNAMIC_CFG))
37 # Enable code for printing memory statistics.
38 DEBUGGING_MSTATS (!PLAIN_MALLOC && PERL_CORE)
40 # Move allocation info for small buckets into separate areas.
41 # Memory optimization (especially for small allocations, of the
42 # less than 64 bytes). Since perl usually makes a large number
43 # of small allocations, this is usually a win.
44 PACK_MALLOC (!PLAIN_MALLOC && !RCHECK)
46 # Add one page to big powers of two when calculating bucket size.
47 # This is targeted at big allocations, as are common in image
49 TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE !PLAIN_MALLOC
51 # Use intermediate bucket sizes between powers-of-two. This is
52 # generally a memory optimization, and a (small) speed pessimization.
53 BUCKETS_ROOT2 !NO_FANCY_MALLOC
55 # Do not check small deallocations for bad free(). Memory
56 # and speed optimization, error reporting pessimization.
57 IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE (!NO_FANCY_MALLOC && !RCHECK)
59 # Use table lookup to decide in which bucket a given allocation will go.
60 SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE !NO_FANCY_MALLOC
62 # Use a perl-defined sbrk() instead of the (presumably broken or
63 # missing) system-supplied sbrk().
66 # Use system malloc() (or calloc() etc.) to emulate sbrk(). Normally
67 # only used with broken sbrk()s.
68 PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC undef
70 # Which allocator to use if PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC
71 SYSTEM_ALLOC(a) malloc(a)
73 # Minimal alignment (in bytes, should be a power of 2) of SYSTEM_ALLOC
74 SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT MEM_ALIGNBYTES
76 # Disable memory overwrite checking with DEBUGGING. Memory and speed
77 # optimization, error reporting pessimization.
80 # Enable memory overwrite checking with DEBUGGING. Memory and speed
81 # pessimization, error reporting optimization
82 RCHECK (DEBUGGING && !NO_RCHECK)
84 # Do not overwrite uninit areas with DEBUGGING. Speed
85 # optimization, error reporting pessimization
88 # Overwrite uninit areas with DEBUGGING. Speed
89 # pessimization, error reporting optimization
90 MALLOC_FILL (DEBUGGING && !NO_RCHECK && !NO_MFILL)
92 # Do not check overwritten uninit areas with DEBUGGING. Speed
93 # optimization, error reporting pessimization
96 # Check overwritten uninit areas with DEBUGGING. Speed
97 # pessimization, error reporting optimization
98 MALLOC_FILL_CHECK (DEBUGGING && !NO_RCHECK && !NO_FILL_CHECK)
100 # Failed allocations bigger than this size croak (if
101 # PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK is enabled) without touching $^M. See
102 # perlvar.pod for a description of $^M.
103 BIG_SIZE (1<<16) # 64K
105 # Starting from this power of two, add an extra page to the
106 # size of the bucket. This enables optimized allocations of sizes
107 # close to powers of 2. Note that the value is indexed at 0.
108 FIRST_BIG_POW2 15 # 32K, 16K is used too often
110 # Estimate of minimal memory footprint. malloc uses this value to
111 # request the most reasonable largest blocks of memory from the system.
114 # Round up sbrk()s to multiples of this.
117 # Round up sbrk()s to multiples of this percent of footprint.
120 # Round up sbrk()s to multiples of this multiple of 1/1000 of footprint.
121 MIN_SBRK_FRAC1000 (10 * MIN_SBRK_FRAC)
123 # Add this much memory to big powers of two to get the bucket size.
126 # This many sbrk() discontinuities should be tolerated even
127 # from the start without deciding that sbrk() is usually
129 SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES 3
131 # This many continuous sbrk()s compensate for one discontinuous one.
132 SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE 50
134 # Some configurations may ask for 12-byte-or-so allocations which
135 # require 8-byte alignment (?!). In such situation one needs to
136 # define this to disable 12-byte bucket (will increase memory footprint)
137 STRICT_ALIGNMENT undef
139 # Do not allow configuration of runtime options at runtime
140 NO_MALLOC_DYNAMIC_CFG undef
142 # Do not allow configuration of runtime options via $ENV{PERL_MALLOC_OPT}
143 NO_PERL_MALLOC_ENV undef
145 [The variable consists of ;-separated parts of the form CODE=VALUE
146 with 1-character codes F, M, f, A, P, G, d, a, c for runtime
147 configuration of FIRST_SBRK, MIN_SBRK, MIN_SBRK_FRAC1000,
148 SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES, SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE, sbrk_goodness,
149 filldead, fillalive, fillcheck. The last 3 are for DEBUGGING
150 build, and allow switching the tests for free()ed memory read,
151 uninit memory reads, and free()ed memory write.]
153 This implementation assumes that calling PerlIO_printf() does not
154 result in any memory allocation calls (used during a panic).
159 If used outside of Perl environment, it may be useful to redefine
160 the following macros (listed below with defaults):
162 # Type of address returned by allocation functions
165 # Type of size argument for allocation functions
166 MEM_SIZE unsigned long
171 # Maximal value in LONG
174 # Unsigned integer type big enough to keep a pointer
177 # Signed integer of the same sizeof() as UV
180 # Type of pointer with 1-byte granularity
183 # Type returned by free()
186 # Conversion of pointer to integer
187 PTR2UV(ptr) ((UV)(ptr))
189 # Conversion of integer to pointer
190 INT2PTR(type, i) ((type)(i))
192 # printf()-%-Conversion of UV to pointer
195 # printf()-%-Conversion of UV to hex pointer
201 # Very fatal condition reporting function (cannot call any )
202 fatalcroak(arg) write(2,arg,strlen(arg)) + exit(2)
204 # Fatal error reporting function
205 croak(format, arg) warn(idem) + exit(1)
207 # Fatal error reporting function
208 croak2(format, arg1, arg2) warn2(idem) + exit(1)
210 # Error reporting function
211 warn(format, arg) fprintf(stderr, idem)
213 # Error reporting function
214 warn2(format, arg1, arg2) fprintf(stderr, idem)
216 # Locking/unlocking for MT operation
217 MALLOC_LOCK MUTEX_LOCK(&PL_malloc_mutex)
218 MALLOC_UNLOCK MUTEX_UNLOCK(&PL_malloc_mutex)
220 # Locking/unlocking mutex for MT operation
225 #ifdef HAVE_MALLOC_CFG_H
226 # include "malloc_cfg.h"
229 #ifndef NO_FANCY_MALLOC
230 # ifndef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
231 # define SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
233 # ifndef BUCKETS_ROOT2
234 # define BUCKETS_ROOT2
236 # ifndef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
237 # define IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
241 #ifndef PLAIN_MALLOC /* Bulk enable features */
245 # ifndef TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
246 # define TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
248 # if (defined(PERL_CORE) || !defined(NO_MALLOC_DYNAMIC_CFG)) && !defined(PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK)
249 # define PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK
251 # if defined(PERL_CORE) && !defined(DEBUGGING_MSTATS)
252 # define DEBUGGING_MSTATS
256 #define MIN_BUC_POW2 (sizeof(void*) > 4 ? 3 : 2) /* Allow for 4-byte arena. */
257 #define MIN_BUCKET (MIN_BUC_POW2 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
259 #if !(defined(I286) || defined(atarist) || defined(__MINT__))
260 /* take 2k unless the block is bigger than that */
261 # define LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA 11
263 /* take 16k unless the block is bigger than that
264 (80286s like large segments!), probably good on the atari too */
265 # define LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA 14
269 # if defined(DEBUGGING) && !defined(NO_RCHECK)
272 # if defined(DEBUGGING) && !defined(NO_RCHECK) && !defined(NO_MFILL) && !defined(MALLOC_FILL)
275 # if defined(DEBUGGING) && !defined(NO_RCHECK) && !defined(NO_FILL_CHECK) && !defined(MALLOC_FILL_CHECK)
276 # define MALLOC_FILL_CHECK
278 # if defined(RCHECK) && defined(IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE)
279 # undef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
282 * malloc.c (Caltech) 2/21/82
283 * Chris Kingsley, kingsley@cit-20.
285 * This is a very fast storage allocator. It allocates blocks of a small
286 * number of different sizes, and keeps free lists of each size. Blocks that
287 * don't exactly fit are passed up to the next larger size. In this
288 * implementation, the available sizes are 2^n-4 (or 2^n-12) bytes long.
289 * If PACK_MALLOC is defined, small blocks are 2^n bytes long.
290 * This is designed for use in a program that uses vast quantities of memory,
291 * but bombs when it runs out.
293 * Modifications Copyright Ilya Zakharevich 1996-99.
295 * Still very quick, but much more thrifty. (Std config is 10% slower
296 * than it was, and takes 67% of old heap size for typical usage.)
298 * Allocations of small blocks are now table-driven to many different
299 * buckets. Sizes of really big buckets are increased to accomodata
300 * common size=power-of-2 blocks. Running-out-of-memory is made into
301 * an exception. Deeply configurable and thread-safe.
307 # define PERL_IN_MALLOC_C
309 # if defined(PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT)
310 # define croak Perl_croak_nocontext
311 # define croak2 Perl_croak_nocontext
312 # define warn Perl_warn_nocontext
313 # define warn2 Perl_warn_nocontext
315 # define croak2 croak
318 # if defined(USE_5005THREADS) || defined(USE_ITHREADS)
319 # define PERL_MAYBE_ALIVE PL_thr_key
321 # define PERL_MAYBE_ALIVE 1
325 # include "../EXTERN.h"
326 # include "../perl.h"
336 # define Malloc_t void *
342 # define MEM_SIZE unsigned long
345 # define LONG_MAX 0x7FFFFFFF
348 # define UV unsigned long
354 # define caddr_t char *
359 # define Copy(s,d,n,t) (void)memcpy((char*)(d),(char*)(s), (n) * sizeof(t))
360 # define PerlEnv_getenv getenv
361 # define PerlIO_printf fprintf
362 # define PerlIO_stderr() stderr
363 # define PerlIO_puts(f,s) fputs(s,f)
365 # define INT2PTR(t,i) ((t)(i))
368 # define PTR2UV(p) ((UV)(p))
379 # ifndef MEM_ALIGNBYTES
380 # define MEM_ALIGNBYTES 4
383 # ifndef croak /* make depend */
384 # define croak(mess, arg) (warn((mess), (arg)), exit(1))
386 # ifndef croak2 /* make depend */
387 # define croak2(mess, arg1, arg2) (warn2((mess), (arg1), (arg2)), exit(1))
390 # define warn(mess, arg) fprintf(stderr, (mess), (arg))
393 # define warn2(mess, arg1, arg2) fprintf(stderr, (mess), (arg1), (arg2))
406 # define dTHX extern int Perl___notused PERL_UNUSED_DECL
408 # define dTHX extern int Perl___notused
410 # define WITH_THX(s) s
412 # ifndef PERL_GET_INTERP
413 # define PERL_GET_INTERP PL_curinterp
415 # define PERL_MAYBE_ALIVE 1
417 # define Perl_malloc malloc
420 # define Perl_mfree free
422 # ifndef Perl_realloc
423 # define Perl_realloc realloc
426 # define Perl_calloc calloc
429 # define Perl_strdup strdup
431 #endif /* defined PERL_CORE */
434 # define MUTEX_LOCK(l)
438 # define MUTEX_UNLOCK(l)
442 # define MALLOC_LOCK MUTEX_LOCK(&PL_malloc_mutex)
445 #ifndef MALLOC_UNLOCK
446 # define MALLOC_UNLOCK MUTEX_UNLOCK(&PL_malloc_mutex)
449 # ifndef fatalcroak /* make depend */
450 # define fatalcroak(mess) (write(2, (mess), strlen(mess)), exit(2))
455 # define DEBUG_m(a) \
457 if (PERL_MAYBE_ALIVE && PERL_GET_THX) { \
459 if (DEBUG_m_TEST) { \
460 PL_debug &= ~DEBUG_m_FLAG; \
462 PL_debug |= DEBUG_m_FLAG; \
468 #ifdef PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT
469 # define PERL_IS_ALIVE aTHX
471 # define PERL_IS_ALIVE TRUE
478 * The memory is broken into "blocks" which occupy multiples of 2K (and
479 * generally speaking, have size "close" to a power of 2). The addresses
480 * of such *unused* blocks are kept in nextf[i] with big enough i. (nextf
481 * is an array of linked lists.) (Addresses of used blocks are not known.)
483 * Moreover, since the algorithm may try to "bite" smaller blocks out
484 * of unused bigger ones, there are also regions of "irregular" size,
485 * managed separately, by a linked list chunk_chain.
487 * The third type of storage is the sbrk()ed-but-not-yet-used space, its
488 * end and size are kept in last_sbrk_top and sbrked_remains.
490 * Growing blocks "in place":
491 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
492 * The address of the block with the greatest address is kept in last_op
493 * (if not known, last_op is 0). If it is known that the memory above
494 * last_op is not continuous, or contains a chunk from chunk_chain,
495 * last_op is set to 0.
497 * The chunk with address last_op may be grown by expanding into
498 * sbrk()ed-but-not-yet-used space, or trying to sbrk() more continuous
501 * Management of last_op:
502 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
504 * free() never changes the boundaries of blocks, so is not relevant.
506 * The only way realloc() may change the boundaries of blocks is if it
507 * grows a block "in place". However, in the case of success such a
508 * chunk is automatically last_op, and it remains last_op. In the case
509 * of failure getpages_adjacent() clears last_op.
511 * malloc() may change blocks by calling morecore() only.
513 * morecore() may create new blocks by:
514 * a) biting pieces from chunk_chain (cannot create one above last_op);
515 * b) biting a piece from an unused block (if block was last_op, this
516 * may create a chunk from chain above last_op, thus last_op is
517 * invalidated in such a case).
518 * c) biting of sbrk()ed-but-not-yet-used space. This creates
519 * a block which is last_op.
520 * d) Allocating new pages by calling getpages();
522 * getpages() creates a new block. It marks last_op at the bottom of
523 * the chunk of memory it returns.
525 * Active pages footprint:
526 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
527 * Note that we do not need to traverse the lists in nextf[i], just take
528 * the first element of this list. However, we *need* to traverse the
529 * list in chunk_chain, but most the time it should be a very short one,
530 * so we do not step on a lot of pages we are not going to use.
534 * get_from_bigger_buckets(): forget to increment price => Quite
538 /* I don't much care whether these are defined in sys/types.h--LAW */
540 #define u_char unsigned char
541 #define u_int unsigned int
543 * I removed the definition of u_bigint which appeared to be u_bigint = UV
544 * u_bigint was only used in TWOK_MASKED and TWOK_SHIFT
545 * where I have used PTR2UV. RMB
547 #define u_short unsigned short
549 /* 286 and atarist like big chunks, which gives too much overhead. */
550 #if (defined(RCHECK) || defined(I286) || defined(atarist) || defined(__MINT__)) && defined(PACK_MALLOC)
555 * The description below is applicable if PACK_MALLOC is not defined.
557 * The overhead on a block is at least 4 bytes. When free, this space
558 * contains a pointer to the next free block, and the bottom two bits must
559 * be zero. When in use, the first byte is set to MAGIC, and the second
560 * byte is the size index. The remaining bytes are for alignment.
561 * If range checking is enabled and the size of the block fits
562 * in two bytes, then the top two bytes hold the size of the requested block
563 * plus the range checking words, and the header word MINUS ONE.
566 union overhead *ov_next; /* when free */
567 #if MEM_ALIGNBYTES > 4
568 double strut; /* alignment problems */
569 # if MEM_ALIGNBYTES > 8
570 char sstrut[MEM_ALIGNBYTES]; /* for the sizing */
575 * Keep the ovu_index and ovu_magic in this order, having a char
576 * field first gives alignment indigestion in some systems, such as
579 u_char ovu_index; /* bucket # */
580 u_char ovu_magic; /* magic number */
582 /* Subtract one to fit into u_short for an extra bucket */
583 u_short ovu_size; /* block size (requested + overhead - 1) */
584 u_int ovu_rmagic; /* range magic number */
587 #define ov_magic ovu.ovu_magic
588 #define ov_index ovu.ovu_index
589 #define ov_size ovu.ovu_size
590 #define ov_rmagic ovu.ovu_rmagic
593 #define MAGIC 0xff /* magic # on accounting info */
594 #define RMAGIC 0x55555555 /* magic # on range info */
595 #define RMAGIC_C 0x55 /* magic # on range info */
598 # define RMAGIC_SZ sizeof (u_int) /* Overhead at end of bucket */
599 # ifdef TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
600 # define MAX_SHORT_BUCKET (12 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2) /* size-1 fits in short */
602 # define MAX_SHORT_BUCKET (13 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
608 #if !defined(PACK_MALLOC) && defined(BUCKETS_ROOT2)
609 # undef BUCKETS_ROOT2
613 # define BUCKET_TABLE_SHIFT 2
614 # define BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT 1
615 # define BUCKETS_PER_POW2 2
617 # define BUCKET_TABLE_SHIFT MIN_BUC_POW2
618 # define BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT 0
619 # define BUCKETS_PER_POW2 1
622 #if !defined(MEM_ALIGNBYTES) || ((MEM_ALIGNBYTES > 4) && !defined(STRICT_ALIGNMENT))
623 /* Figure out the alignment of void*. */
628 # define ALIGN_SMALL ((int)((caddr_t)&(((struct aligner*)0)->p)))
630 # define ALIGN_SMALL MEM_ALIGNBYTES
633 #define IF_ALIGN_8(yes,no) ((ALIGN_SMALL>4) ? (yes) : (no))
636 # define MAX_BUCKET_BY_TABLE 13
637 static u_short buck_size[MAX_BUCKET_BY_TABLE + 1] =
639 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, 64, 80,
641 # define BUCKET_SIZE_NO_SURPLUS(i) ((i) % 2 ? buck_size[i] : (1 << ((i) >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)))
642 # define BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i) ((i) <= MAX_BUCKET_BY_TABLE \
644 : ((1 << ((i) >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)) \
646 + POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(i)))
648 # define BUCKET_SIZE_NO_SURPLUS(i) (1 << ((i) >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT))
649 # define BUCKET_SIZE(i) (BUCKET_SIZE_NO_SURPLUS(i) + POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(i))
650 # define BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i) (BUCKET_SIZE(i) - MEM_OVERHEAD(i))
655 /* In this case there are several possible layout of arenas depending
656 * on the size. Arenas are of sizes multiple to 2K, 2K-aligned, and
657 * have a size close to a power of 2.
659 * Arenas of the size >= 4K keep one chunk only. Arenas of size 2K
660 * may keep one chunk or multiple chunks. Here are the possible
663 * # One chunk only, chunksize 2^k + SOMETHING - ALIGN, k >= 11
665 * INDEX MAGIC1 UNUSED CHUNK1
667 * # Multichunk with sanity checking and chunksize 2^k-ALIGN, k>7
669 * INDEX MAGIC1 MAGIC2 MAGIC3 UNUSED CHUNK1 CHUNK2 CHUNK3 ...
671 * # Multichunk with sanity checking and size 2^k-ALIGN, k=7
673 * INDEX MAGIC1 MAGIC2 MAGIC3 UNUSED CHUNK1 UNUSED CHUNK2 CHUNK3 ...
675 * # Multichunk with sanity checking and size up to 80
677 * INDEX UNUSED MAGIC1 UNUSED MAGIC2 UNUSED ... CHUNK1 CHUNK2 CHUNK3 ...
679 * # No sanity check (usually up to 48=byte-long buckets)
680 * INDEX UNUSED CHUNK1 CHUNK2 ...
682 * Above INDEX and MAGIC are one-byte-long. Sizes of UNUSED are
683 * appropriate to keep algorithms simple and memory aligned. INDEX
684 * encodes the size of the chunk, while MAGICn encodes state (used,
685 * free or non-managed-by-us-so-it-indicates-a-bug) of CHUNKn. MAGIC
686 * is used for sanity checking purposes only. SOMETHING is 0 or 4K
687 * (to make size of big CHUNK accomodate allocations for powers of two
690 * [There is no need to alignment between chunks, since C rules ensure
691 * that structs which need 2^k alignment have sizeof which is
692 * divisible by 2^k. Thus as far as the last chunk is aligned at the
693 * end of the arena, and 2K-alignment does not contradict things,
694 * everything is going to be OK for sizes of chunks 2^n and 2^n +
695 * 2^k. Say, 80-bit buckets will be 16-bit aligned, and as far as we
696 * put allocations for requests in 65..80 range, all is fine.
698 * Note, however, that standard malloc() puts more strict
699 * requirements than the above C rules. Moreover, our algorithms of
700 * realloc() may break this idyll, but we suppose that realloc() does
701 * need not change alignment.]
703 * Is very important to make calculation of the offset of MAGICm as
704 * quick as possible, since it is done on each malloc()/free(). In
705 * fact it is so quick that it has quite little effect on the speed of
706 * doing malloc()/free(). [By default] We forego such calculations
707 * for small chunks, but only to save extra 3% of memory, not because
708 * of speed considerations.
710 * Here is the algorithm [which is the same for all the allocations
711 * schemes above], see OV_MAGIC(block,bucket). Let OFFSETm be the
712 * offset of the CHUNKm from the start of ARENA. Then offset of
713 * MAGICm is (OFFSET1 >> SHIFT) + ADDOFFSET. Here SHIFT and ADDOFFSET
714 * are numbers which depend on the size of the chunks only.
716 * Let as check some sanity conditions. Numbers OFFSETm>>SHIFT are
717 * different for all the chunks in the arena if 2^SHIFT is not greater
718 * than size of the chunks in the arena. MAGIC1 will not overwrite
719 * INDEX provided ADDOFFSET is >0 if OFFSET1 < 2^SHIFT. MAGIClast
720 * will not overwrite CHUNK1 if OFFSET1 > (OFFSETlast >> SHIFT) +
723 * Make SHIFT the maximal possible (there is no point in making it
724 * smaller). Since OFFSETlast is 2K - CHUNKSIZE, above restrictions
725 * give restrictions on OFFSET1 and on ADDOFFSET.
727 * In particular, for chunks of size 2^k with k>=6 we can put
728 * ADDOFFSET to be from 0 to 2^k - 2^(11-k), and have
729 * OFFSET1==chunksize. For chunks of size 80 OFFSET1 of 2K%80=48 is
730 * large enough to have ADDOFFSET between 1 and 16 (similarly for 96,
731 * when ADDOFFSET should be 1). In particular, keeping MAGICs for
732 * these sizes gives no additional size penalty.
734 * However, for chunks of size 2^k with k<=5 this gives OFFSET1 >=
735 * ADDOFSET + 2^(11-k). Keeping ADDOFFSET 0 allows for 2^(11-k)-2^(11-2k)
736 * chunks per arena. This is smaller than 2^(11-k) - 1 which are
737 * needed if no MAGIC is kept. [In fact, having a negative ADDOFFSET
738 * would allow for slightly more buckets per arena for k=2,3.]
740 * Similarly, for chunks of size 3/2*2^k with k<=5 MAGICs would span
741 * the area up to 2^(11-k)+ADDOFFSET. For k=4 this give optimal
742 * ADDOFFSET as -7..0. For k=3 ADDOFFSET can go up to 4 (with tiny
743 * savings for negative ADDOFFSET). For k=5 ADDOFFSET can go -1..16
744 * (with no savings for negative values).
746 * In particular, keeping ADDOFFSET 0 for sizes of chunks up to 2^6
747 * leads to tiny pessimizations in case of sizes 4, 8, 12, 24, and
748 * leads to no contradictions except for size=80 (or 96.)
750 * However, it also makes sense to keep no magic for sizes 48 or less.
751 * This is what we do. In this case one needs ADDOFFSET>=1 also for
752 * chunksizes 12, 24, and 48, unless one gets one less chunk per
755 * The algo of OV_MAGIC(block,bucket) keeps ADDOFFSET 0 until
756 * chunksize of 64, then makes it 1.
758 * This allows for an additional optimization: the above scheme leads
759 * to giant overheads for sizes 128 or more (one whole chunk needs to
760 * be sacrifised to keep INDEX). Instead we use chunks not of size
761 * 2^k, but of size 2^k-ALIGN. If we pack these chunks at the end of
762 * the arena, then the beginnings are still in different 2^k-long
763 * sections of the arena if k>=7 for ALIGN==4, and k>=8 if ALIGN=8.
764 * Thus for k>7 the above algo of calculating the offset of the magic
765 * will still give different answers for different chunks. And to
766 * avoid the overrun of MAGIC1 into INDEX, one needs ADDOFFSET of >=1.
767 * In the case k=7 we just move the first chunk an extra ALIGN
768 * backward inside the ARENA (this is done once per arena lifetime,
769 * thus is not a big overhead). */
770 # define MAX_PACKED_POW2 6
771 # define MAX_PACKED (MAX_PACKED_POW2 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2 + BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)
772 # define MAX_POW2_ALGO ((1<<(MAX_PACKED_POW2 + 1)) - M_OVERHEAD)
773 # define TWOK_MASK ((1<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) - 1)
774 # define TWOK_MASKED(x) (PTR2UV(x) & ~TWOK_MASK)
775 # define TWOK_SHIFT(x) (PTR2UV(x) & TWOK_MASK)
776 # define OV_INDEXp(block) (INT2PTR(u_char*,TWOK_MASKED(block)))
777 # define OV_INDEX(block) (*OV_INDEXp(block))
778 # define OV_MAGIC(block,bucket) (*(OV_INDEXp(block) + \
779 (TWOK_SHIFT(block)>> \
780 (bucket>>BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)) + \
781 (bucket >= MIN_NEEDS_SHIFT ? 1 : 0)))
782 /* A bucket can have a shift smaller than it size, we need to
783 shift its magic number so it will not overwrite index: */
784 # ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2
785 # define MIN_NEEDS_SHIFT (7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 - 1) /* Shift 80 greater than chunk 64. */
787 # define MIN_NEEDS_SHIFT (7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) /* Shift 128 greater than chunk 32. */
789 # define CHUNK_SHIFT 0
791 /* Number of active buckets of given ordinal. */
792 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
793 #define FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK (6 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2) /* 64 */
794 # define N_BLKS(bucket) ( (bucket) < FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK \
795 ? ((1<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) - 1)/BUCKET_SIZE_NO_SURPLUS(bucket) \
798 # define N_BLKS(bucket) n_blks[bucket]
801 static u_short n_blks[LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA * BUCKETS_PER_POW2] =
803 # if BUCKETS_PER_POW2==1
805 (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 384 : 0),
806 224, 120, 62, 31, 16, 8, 4, 2
809 (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 384 : 0), (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 384 : 0), /* 4, 4 */
810 224, 149, 120, 80, 62, 41, 31, 25, 16, 16, 8, 8, 4, 4, 2, 2
814 /* Shift of the first bucket with the given ordinal inside 2K chunk. */
815 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
816 # define BLK_SHIFT(bucket) ( (bucket) < FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK \
817 ? ((1<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) \
818 - BUCKET_SIZE_NO_SURPLUS(bucket) * N_BLKS(bucket)) \
821 # define BLK_SHIFT(bucket) blk_shift[bucket]
824 static u_short blk_shift[LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA * BUCKETS_PER_POW2] =
826 # if BUCKETS_PER_POW2==1
828 (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 512 : 0),
829 256, 128, 64, 64, /* 8 to 64 */
830 16*sizeof(union overhead),
831 8*sizeof(union overhead),
832 4*sizeof(union overhead),
833 2*sizeof(union overhead),
836 (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 512 : 0), (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 512 : 0),
837 256, 260, 128, 128, 64, 80, 64, 48, /* 8 to 96 */
838 16*sizeof(union overhead), 16*sizeof(union overhead),
839 8*sizeof(union overhead), 8*sizeof(union overhead),
840 4*sizeof(union overhead), 4*sizeof(union overhead),
841 2*sizeof(union overhead), 2*sizeof(union overhead),
845 # define NEEDED_ALIGNMENT 0x800 /* 2k boundaries */
846 # define WANTED_ALIGNMENT 0x800 /* 2k boundaries */
848 #else /* !PACK_MALLOC */
850 # define OV_MAGIC(block,bucket) (block)->ov_magic
851 # define OV_INDEX(block) (block)->ov_index
852 # define CHUNK_SHIFT 1
853 # define MAX_PACKED -1
854 # define NEEDED_ALIGNMENT MEM_ALIGNBYTES
855 # define WANTED_ALIGNMENT 0x400 /* 1k boundaries */
857 #endif /* !PACK_MALLOC */
859 #define M_OVERHEAD (sizeof(union overhead) + RMAGIC_SZ) /* overhead at start+end */
862 # define MEM_OVERHEAD(bucket) \
863 (bucket <= MAX_PACKED ? 0 : M_OVERHEAD)
864 # ifdef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
865 # define START_SHIFTS_BUCKET ((MAX_PACKED_POW2 + 1) * BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
866 # define START_SHIFT MAX_PACKED_POW2
867 # ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2 /* Chunks of size 3*2^n. */
868 # define SIZE_TABLE_MAX 80
870 # define SIZE_TABLE_MAX 64
872 static char bucket_of[] =
874 # ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2 /* Chunks of size 3*2^n. */
875 /* 0 to 15 in 4-byte increments. */
876 (sizeof(void*) > 4 ? 6 : 5), /* 4/8, 5-th bucket for better reports */
878 IF_ALIGN_8(8,7), 8, /* 16/12, 16 */
879 9, 9, 10, 10, /* 24, 32 */
880 11, 11, 11, 11, /* 48 */
881 12, 12, 12, 12, /* 64 */
882 13, 13, 13, 13, /* 80 */
883 13, 13, 13, 13 /* 80 */
884 # else /* !BUCKETS_ROOT2 */
885 /* 0 to 15 in 4-byte increments. */
886 (sizeof(void*) > 4 ? 3 : 2),
892 # endif /* !BUCKETS_ROOT2 */
894 # else /* !SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE */
895 # define START_SHIFTS_BUCKET MIN_BUCKET
896 # define START_SHIFT (MIN_BUC_POW2 - 1)
897 # endif /* !SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE */
898 #else /* !PACK_MALLOC */
899 # define MEM_OVERHEAD(bucket) M_OVERHEAD
900 # ifdef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
901 # undef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
903 # define START_SHIFTS_BUCKET MIN_BUCKET
904 # define START_SHIFT (MIN_BUC_POW2 - 1)
905 #endif /* !PACK_MALLOC */
908 * Big allocations are often of the size 2^n bytes. To make them a
909 * little bit better, make blocks of size 2^n+pagesize for big n.
912 #ifdef TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
914 # ifndef PERL_PAGESIZE
915 # define PERL_PAGESIZE 4096
917 # ifndef FIRST_BIG_POW2
918 # define FIRST_BIG_POW2 15 /* 32K, 16K is used too often. */
920 # define FIRST_BIG_BLOCK (1<<FIRST_BIG_POW2)
921 /* If this value or more, check against bigger blocks. */
922 # define FIRST_BIG_BOUND (FIRST_BIG_BLOCK - M_OVERHEAD)
923 /* If less than this value, goes into 2^n-overhead-block. */
924 # define LAST_SMALL_BOUND ((FIRST_BIG_BLOCK>>1) - M_OVERHEAD)
926 # define POW2_OPTIMIZE_ADJUST(nbytes) \
927 ((nbytes >= FIRST_BIG_BOUND) ? nbytes -= PERL_PAGESIZE : 0)
928 # define POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(bucket) \
929 ((bucket >= FIRST_BIG_POW2 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? PERL_PAGESIZE : 0)
931 #else /* !TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE */
932 # define POW2_OPTIMIZE_ADJUST(nbytes)
933 # define POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(bucket) 0
934 #endif /* !TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE */
936 #if defined(HAS_64K_LIMIT) && defined(PERL_CORE)
937 # define BARK_64K_LIMIT(what,nbytes,size) \
938 if (nbytes > 0xffff) { \
939 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), \
940 "%s too large: %lx\n", what, size); \
943 #else /* !HAS_64K_LIMIT || !PERL_CORE */
944 # define BARK_64K_LIMIT(what,nbytes,size)
945 #endif /* !HAS_64K_LIMIT || !PERL_CORE */
948 # define MIN_SBRK 2048
952 # define FIRST_SBRK (48*1024)
955 /* Minimal sbrk in percents of what is already alloced. */
956 #ifndef MIN_SBRK_FRAC
957 # define MIN_SBRK_FRAC 3
960 #ifndef SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES
961 # define SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES 3
964 #ifndef SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE
965 # define SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE 50
968 static void morecore (register int bucket);
969 # if defined(DEBUGGING)
970 static void botch (char *diag, char *s, char *file, int line);
972 static void add_to_chain (void *p, MEM_SIZE size, MEM_SIZE chip);
973 static void* get_from_chain (MEM_SIZE size);
974 static void* get_from_bigger_buckets(int bucket, MEM_SIZE size);
975 static union overhead *getpages (MEM_SIZE needed, int *nblksp, int bucket);
976 static int getpages_adjacent(MEM_SIZE require);
980 #ifdef I_MACH_CTHREADS
982 # define MUTEX_LOCK(m) STMT_START { if (*m) mutex_lock(*m); } STMT_END
984 # define MUTEX_UNLOCK(m) STMT_START { if (*m) mutex_unlock(*m); } STMT_END
987 #endif /* defined PERL_CORE */
990 # define PTRSIZE sizeof(void*)
994 # define BITS_IN_PTR (8*PTRSIZE)
998 * nextf[i] is the pointer to the next free block of size 2^i. The
999 * smallest allocatable block is 8 bytes. The overhead information
1000 * precedes the data area returned to the user.
1002 #define NBUCKETS (BITS_IN_PTR*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 + 1)
1003 static union overhead *nextf[NBUCKETS];
1005 #if defined(PURIFY) && !defined(USE_PERL_SBRK)
1006 # define USE_PERL_SBRK
1009 #ifdef USE_PERL_SBRK
1010 # define sbrk(a) Perl_sbrk(a)
1011 Malloc_t Perl_sbrk (int size);
1013 # ifndef HAS_SBRK_PROTO /* <unistd.h> usually takes care of this */
1014 extern Malloc_t sbrk(int);
1018 #ifndef MIN_SBRK_FRAC1000 /* Backward compatibility */
1019 # define MIN_SBRK_FRAC1000 (MIN_SBRK_FRAC * 10)
1022 #ifndef START_EXTERN_C
1024 # define START_EXTERN_C extern "C" {
1026 # define START_EXTERN_C
1030 #ifndef END_EXTERN_C
1032 # define END_EXTERN_C };
1034 # define END_EXTERN_C
1038 #include "malloc_ctl.h"
1040 #ifndef NO_MALLOC_DYNAMIC_CFG
1041 # define PERL_MALLOC_OPT_CHARS "FMfAPGdac"
1043 # ifndef FILL_DEAD_DEFAULT
1044 # define FILL_DEAD_DEFAULT 1
1046 # ifndef FILL_ALIVE_DEFAULT
1047 # define FILL_ALIVE_DEFAULT 1
1049 # ifndef FILL_CHECK_DEFAULT
1050 # define FILL_CHECK_DEFAULT 1
1053 static IV MallocCfg[MallocCfg_last] = {
1057 SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES,
1059 SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES * SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE, /* sbrk_goodness */
1060 FILL_DEAD_DEFAULT, /* FILL_DEAD */
1061 FILL_ALIVE_DEFAULT, /* FILL_ALIVE */
1062 FILL_CHECK_DEFAULT, /* FILL_CHECK */
1063 0, /* MallocCfg_skip_cfg_env */
1064 0, /* MallocCfg_cfg_env_read */
1065 0, /* MallocCfg_emergency_buffer_size */
1066 0, /* MallocCfg_emergency_buffer_prepared_size */
1067 0 /* MallocCfg_emergency_buffer_last_req */
1069 IV *MallocCfg_ptr = MallocCfg;
1071 static char* MallocCfgP[MallocCfg_last] = {
1072 0, /* MallocCfgP_emergency_buffer */
1073 0, /* MallocCfgP_emergency_buffer_prepared */
1075 char **MallocCfgP_ptr = MallocCfgP;
1079 # undef MIN_SBRK_FRAC1000
1080 # undef SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES
1081 # undef SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE
1083 # define MIN_SBRK MallocCfg[MallocCfg_MIN_SBRK]
1084 # define FIRST_SBRK MallocCfg[MallocCfg_FIRST_SBRK]
1085 # define MIN_SBRK_FRAC1000 MallocCfg[MallocCfg_MIN_SBRK_FRAC1000]
1086 # define SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES MallocCfg[MallocCfg_SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES]
1087 # define SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE MallocCfg[MallocCfg_SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE]
1089 # define sbrk_goodness MallocCfg[MallocCfg_sbrk_goodness]
1091 # define emergency_buffer_size MallocCfg[MallocCfg_emergency_buffer_size]
1092 # define emergency_buffer_last_req MallocCfg[MallocCfg_emergency_buffer_last_req]
1094 # define FILL_DEAD MallocCfg[MallocCfg_filldead]
1095 # define FILL_ALIVE MallocCfg[MallocCfg_fillalive]
1096 # define FILL_CHECK_CFG MallocCfg[MallocCfg_fillcheck]
1097 # define FILL_CHECK (FILL_DEAD && FILL_CHECK_CFG)
1099 # define emergency_buffer MallocCfgP[MallocCfgP_emergency_buffer]
1100 # define emergency_buffer_prepared MallocCfgP[MallocCfgP_emergency_buffer_prepared]
1102 #else /* defined(NO_MALLOC_DYNAMIC_CFG) */
1104 # define FILL_DEAD 1
1105 # define FILL_ALIVE 1
1106 # define FILL_CHECK 1
1107 static int sbrk_goodness = SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES * SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE;
1109 # define NO_PERL_MALLOC_ENV
1113 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1115 * nmalloc[i] is the difference between the number of mallocs and frees
1116 * for a given block size.
1118 static u_int nmalloc[NBUCKETS];
1119 static u_int sbrk_slack;
1120 static u_int start_slack;
1121 #else /* !( defined DEBUGGING_MSTATS ) */
1122 # define sbrk_slack 0
1125 static u_int goodsbrk;
1127 #ifdef PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK
1130 # define BIG_SIZE (1<<16) /* 64K */
1133 # ifdef NO_MALLOC_DYNAMIC_CFG
1134 static MEM_SIZE emergency_buffer_size;
1135 /* 0 if the last request for more memory succeeded.
1136 Otherwise the size of the failing request. */
1137 static MEM_SIZE emergency_buffer_last_req;
1138 static char *emergency_buffer;
1139 static char *emergency_buffer_prepared;
1142 # ifndef emergency_sbrk_croak
1143 # define emergency_sbrk_croak croak2
1148 perl_get_emergency_buffer(IV *size)
1151 /* First offense, give a possibility to recover by dieing. */
1152 /* No malloc involved here: */
1153 GV **gvp = (GV**)hv_fetch(PL_defstash, "^M", 2, 0);
1158 if (!gvp) gvp = (GV**)hv_fetch(PL_defstash, "\015", 1, 0);
1159 if (!gvp || !(sv = GvSV(*gvp)) || !SvPOK(sv)
1160 || (SvLEN(sv) < (1<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) - M_OVERHEAD))
1161 return NULL; /* Now die die die... */
1162 /* Got it, now detach SvPV: */
1164 /* Check alignment: */
1165 if ((PTR2UV(pv) - sizeof(union overhead)) & (NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - 1)) {
1166 PerlIO_puts(PerlIO_stderr(),"Bad alignment of $^M!\n");
1167 return NULL; /* die die die */
1172 SvCUR(sv) = SvLEN(sv) = 0;
1173 *size = malloced_size(pv) + M_OVERHEAD;
1174 return pv - sizeof(union overhead);
1176 # define PERL_GET_EMERGENCY_BUFFER(p) perl_get_emergency_buffer(p)
1178 # define PERL_GET_EMERGENCY_BUFFER(p) NULL
1179 # endif /* defined PERL_CORE */
1181 # ifndef NO_MALLOC_DYNAMIC_CFG
1183 get_emergency_buffer(IV *size)
1185 char *pv = emergency_buffer_prepared;
1187 *size = MallocCfg[MallocCfg_emergency_buffer_prepared_size];
1188 emergency_buffer_prepared = 0;
1189 MallocCfg[MallocCfg_emergency_buffer_prepared_size] = 0;
1193 /* Returns 0 on success, -1 on bad alignment, -2 if not implemented */
1195 set_emergency_buffer(char *b, IV size)
1197 if (PTR2UV(b) & (NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - 1))
1199 if (MallocCfg[MallocCfg_emergency_buffer_prepared_size])
1200 add_to_chain((void*)emergency_buffer_prepared,
1201 MallocCfg[MallocCfg_emergency_buffer_prepared_size], 0);
1202 emergency_buffer_prepared = b;
1203 MallocCfg[MallocCfg_emergency_buffer_prepared_size] = size;
1206 # define GET_EMERGENCY_BUFFER(p) get_emergency_buffer(p)
1207 # else /* NO_MALLOC_DYNAMIC_CFG */
1208 # define GET_EMERGENCY_BUFFER(p) NULL
1210 set_emergency_buffer(char *b, IV size)
1217 emergency_sbrk(MEM_SIZE size)
1219 MEM_SIZE rsize = (((size - 1)>>LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) + 1)<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA;
1221 if (size >= BIG_SIZE
1222 && (!emergency_buffer_last_req || (size < emergency_buffer_last_req))) {
1223 /* Give the possibility to recover, but avoid an infinite cycle. */
1225 emergency_buffer_last_req = size;
1226 emergency_sbrk_croak("Out of memory during \"large\" request for %"UVuf" bytes, total sbrk() is %"UVuf" bytes", (UV)size, (UV)(goodsbrk + sbrk_slack));
1229 if (emergency_buffer_size >= rsize) {
1230 char *old = emergency_buffer;
1232 emergency_buffer_size -= rsize;
1233 emergency_buffer += rsize;
1236 /* First offense, give a possibility to recover by dieing. */
1237 /* No malloc involved here: */
1239 char *pv = GET_EMERGENCY_BUFFER(&Size);
1242 if (emergency_buffer_size) {
1243 add_to_chain(emergency_buffer, emergency_buffer_size, 0);
1244 emergency_buffer_size = 0;
1245 emergency_buffer = Nullch;
1250 pv = PERL_GET_EMERGENCY_BUFFER(&Size);
1254 return (char *)-1; /* Now die die die... */
1257 /* Check alignment: */
1258 if (PTR2UV(pv) & (NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - 1)) {
1261 PerlIO_puts(PerlIO_stderr(),"Bad alignment of $^M!\n");
1262 return (char *)-1; /* die die die */
1265 emergency_buffer = pv;
1266 emergency_buffer_size = Size;
1270 emergency_sbrk_croak("Out of memory during request for %"UVuf" bytes, total sbrk() is %"UVuf" bytes", (UV)size, (UV)(goodsbrk + sbrk_slack));
1275 #else /* !defined(PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK) */
1276 # define emergency_sbrk(size) -1
1277 #endif /* defined PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK */
1282 write(2, mess, strlen(mess));
1287 #define ASSERT(p,diag) if (!(p)) botch(diag,STRINGIFY(p),__FILE__,__LINE__); else
1289 botch(char *diag, char *s, char *file, int line)
1291 if (!(PERL_MAYBE_ALIVE && PERL_GET_THX))
1295 if (PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(),
1296 "assertion botched (%s?): %s %s:%d\n",
1297 diag, s, file, line) != 0) {
1298 do_write: /* Can be initializing interpreter */
1299 write2("assertion botched (");
1308 char *s = linebuf + sizeof(linebuf) - 1;
1312 *--s = '0' + (n % 10);
1322 #define ASSERT(p, diag)
1326 /* Fill should be long enough to cover long */
1328 fill_pat_4bytes(unsigned char *s, size_t nbytes, const unsigned char *fill)
1330 unsigned char *e = s + nbytes;
1332 long lfill = *(long*)fill;
1334 if (PTR2UV(s) & (sizeof(long)-1)) { /* Align the pattern */
1335 int shift = sizeof(long) - (PTR2UV(s) & (sizeof(long)-1));
1336 unsigned const char *f = fill + sizeof(long) - shift;
1337 unsigned char *e1 = s + shift;
1343 while ((unsigned char*)(lp + 1) <= e)
1345 s = (unsigned char*)lp;
1349 /* Just malloc()ed */
1350 static const unsigned char fill_feedadad[] =
1351 {0xFE, 0xED, 0xAD, 0xAD, 0xFE, 0xED, 0xAD, 0xAD,
1352 0xFE, 0xED, 0xAD, 0xAD, 0xFE, 0xED, 0xAD, 0xAD};
1354 static const unsigned char fill_deadbeef[] =
1355 {0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF, 0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF,
1356 0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF, 0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF};
1357 # define FILL_DEADBEEF(s, n) \
1358 (void)(FILL_DEAD? (fill_pat_4bytes((s), (n), fill_deadbeef), 0) : 0)
1359 # define FILL_FEEDADAD(s, n) \
1360 (void)(FILL_ALIVE? (fill_pat_4bytes((s), (n), fill_feedadad), 0) : 0)
1362 # define FILL_DEADBEEF(s, n) ((void)0)
1363 # define FILL_FEEDADAD(s, n) ((void)0)
1364 # undef MALLOC_FILL_CHECK
1367 #ifdef MALLOC_FILL_CHECK
1369 cmp_pat_4bytes(unsigned char *s, size_t nbytes, const unsigned char *fill)
1371 unsigned char *e = s + nbytes;
1373 long lfill = *(long*)fill;
1375 if (PTR2UV(s) & (sizeof(long)-1)) { /* Align the pattern */
1376 int shift = sizeof(long) - (PTR2UV(s) & (sizeof(long)-1));
1377 unsigned const char *f = fill + sizeof(long) - shift;
1378 unsigned char *e1 = s + shift;
1385 while ((unsigned char*)(lp + 1) <= e)
1388 s = (unsigned char*)lp;
1390 if (*s++ != *fill++)
1394 # define FILLCHECK_DEADBEEF(s, n) \
1395 ASSERT(!FILL_CHECK || !cmp_pat_4bytes(s, n, fill_deadbeef), \
1396 "free()ed/realloc()ed-away memory was overwritten")
1398 # define FILLCHECK_DEADBEEF(s, n) ((void)0)
1402 Perl_malloc(register size_t nbytes)
1404 register union overhead *p;
1405 register int bucket;
1406 register MEM_SIZE shiftr;
1408 #if defined(DEBUGGING) || defined(RCHECK)
1409 MEM_SIZE size = nbytes;
1412 BARK_64K_LIMIT("Allocation",nbytes,nbytes);
1414 if ((long)nbytes < 0)
1415 croak("%s", "panic: malloc");
1419 * Convert amount of memory requested into
1420 * closest block size stored in hash buckets
1421 * which satisfies request. Account for
1422 * space used per block for accounting.
1425 # ifdef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
1427 bucket = MIN_BUCKET;
1428 else if (nbytes <= SIZE_TABLE_MAX) {
1429 bucket = bucket_of[(nbytes - 1) >> BUCKET_TABLE_SHIFT];
1434 if (nbytes <= MAX_POW2_ALGO) goto do_shifts;
1439 POW2_OPTIMIZE_ADJUST(nbytes);
1440 nbytes += M_OVERHEAD;
1441 nbytes = (nbytes + 3) &~ 3;
1442 #if defined(PACK_MALLOC) && !defined(SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE)
1445 shiftr = (nbytes - 1) >> START_SHIFT;
1446 bucket = START_SHIFTS_BUCKET;
1447 /* apart from this loop, this is O(1) */
1448 while (shiftr >>= 1)
1449 bucket += BUCKETS_PER_POW2;
1453 * If nothing in hash bucket right now,
1454 * request more memory from the system.
1456 if (nextf[bucket] == NULL)
1458 if ((p = nextf[bucket]) == NULL) {
1464 #if defined(PLAIN_MALLOC) && defined(NO_FANCY_MALLOC)
1465 PerlIO_puts(PerlIO_stderr(),"Out of memory!\n");
1468 char *eb = buff + sizeof(buff) - 1;
1472 PerlIO_puts(PerlIO_stderr(),"Out of memory during request for ");
1473 #if defined(DEBUGGING) || defined(RCHECK)
1478 *--s = '0' + (n % 10);
1480 PerlIO_puts(PerlIO_stderr(),s);
1481 PerlIO_puts(PerlIO_stderr()," bytes, total sbrk() is ");
1483 n = goodsbrk + sbrk_slack;
1485 *--s = '0' + (n % 10);
1487 PerlIO_puts(PerlIO_stderr(),s);
1488 PerlIO_puts(PerlIO_stderr()," bytes!\n");
1489 #endif /* defined(PLAIN_MALLOC) && defined(NO_FANCY_MALLOC) */
1497 /* remove from linked list */
1499 if ( (PTR2UV(p) & (MEM_ALIGNBYTES - 1))
1500 /* Can't get this low */
1501 || (p && PTR2UV(p) < (1<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA)) ) {
1503 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(),
1504 "Unaligned pointer in the free chain 0x%"UVxf"\n",
1507 if ( (PTR2UV(p->ov_next) & (MEM_ALIGNBYTES - 1))
1508 || (p->ov_next && PTR2UV(p->ov_next) < (1<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA)) ) {
1510 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(),
1511 "Unaligned `next' pointer in the free "
1512 "chain 0x%"UVxf" at 0x%"UVxf"\n",
1513 PTR2UV(p->ov_next), PTR2UV(p));
1516 nextf[bucket] = p->ov_next;
1520 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1521 "0x%"UVxf": (%05lu) malloc %ld bytes\n",
1522 PTR2UV((Malloc_t)(p + CHUNK_SHIFT)), (unsigned long)(PL_an++),
1525 FILLCHECK_DEADBEEF((unsigned char*)(p + CHUNK_SHIFT),
1526 BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(bucket) + RMAGIC_SZ);
1528 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
1529 if (bucket >= FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK)
1531 OV_MAGIC(p, bucket) = MAGIC;
1533 OV_INDEX(p) = bucket;
1537 * Record allocated size of block and
1538 * bound space with magic numbers.
1540 p->ov_rmagic = RMAGIC;
1541 if (bucket <= MAX_SHORT_BUCKET) {
1544 nbytes = size + M_OVERHEAD;
1545 p->ov_size = nbytes - 1;
1546 if ((i = nbytes & (RMAGIC_SZ-1))) {
1548 while (i--) /* nbytes - RMAGIC_SZ is end of alloced area */
1549 ((caddr_t)p + nbytes - RMAGIC_SZ)[i] = RMAGIC_C;
1551 /* Same at RMAGIC_SZ-aligned RMAGIC */
1552 nbytes = (nbytes + RMAGIC_SZ - 1) & ~(RMAGIC_SZ - 1);
1553 ((u_int *)((caddr_t)p + nbytes))[-1] = RMAGIC;
1555 FILL_FEEDADAD((unsigned char *)(p + CHUNK_SHIFT), size);
1557 return ((Malloc_t)(p + CHUNK_SHIFT));
1560 static char *last_sbrk_top;
1561 static char *last_op; /* This arena can be easily extended. */
1562 static MEM_SIZE sbrked_remains;
1564 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1568 struct chunk_chain_s {
1569 struct chunk_chain_s *next;
1572 static struct chunk_chain_s *chunk_chain;
1573 static int n_chunks;
1574 static char max_bucket;
1576 /* Cutoff a piece of one of the chunks in the chain. Prefer smaller chunk. */
1578 get_from_chain(MEM_SIZE size)
1580 struct chunk_chain_s *elt = chunk_chain, **oldp = &chunk_chain;
1581 struct chunk_chain_s **oldgoodp = NULL;
1582 long min_remain = LONG_MAX;
1585 if (elt->size >= size) {
1586 long remains = elt->size - size;
1587 if (remains >= 0 && remains < min_remain) {
1589 min_remain = remains;
1595 oldp = &( elt->next );
1598 if (!oldgoodp) return NULL;
1600 void *ret = *oldgoodp;
1601 struct chunk_chain_s *next = (*oldgoodp)->next;
1603 *oldgoodp = (struct chunk_chain_s *)((char*)ret + size);
1604 (*oldgoodp)->size = min_remain;
1605 (*oldgoodp)->next = next;
1608 void *ret = *oldgoodp;
1609 *oldgoodp = (*oldgoodp)->next;
1616 add_to_chain(void *p, MEM_SIZE size, MEM_SIZE chip)
1618 struct chunk_chain_s *next = chunk_chain;
1619 char *cp = (char*)p;
1622 chunk_chain = (struct chunk_chain_s *)cp;
1623 chunk_chain->size = size - chip;
1624 chunk_chain->next = next;
1629 get_from_bigger_buckets(int bucket, MEM_SIZE size)
1632 static int bucketprice[NBUCKETS];
1633 while (bucket <= max_bucket) {
1634 /* We postpone stealing from bigger buckets until we want it
1636 if (nextf[bucket] && bucketprice[bucket]++ >= price) {
1638 void *ret = (void*)(nextf[bucket] - 1 + CHUNK_SHIFT);
1639 bucketprice[bucket] = 0;
1640 if (((char*)nextf[bucket]) - M_OVERHEAD == last_op) {
1641 last_op = NULL; /* Disable optimization */
1643 nextf[bucket] = nextf[bucket]->ov_next;
1644 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1646 start_slack -= M_OVERHEAD;
1648 add_to_chain(ret, (BUCKET_SIZE_NO_SURPLUS(bucket) +
1649 POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(bucket)),
1658 static union overhead *
1659 getpages(MEM_SIZE needed, int *nblksp, int bucket)
1661 /* Need to do (possibly expensive) system call. Try to
1662 optimize it for rare calling. */
1663 MEM_SIZE require = needed - sbrked_remains;
1665 union overhead *ovp;
1668 if (sbrk_goodness > 0) {
1669 if (!last_sbrk_top && require < FIRST_SBRK)
1670 require = FIRST_SBRK;
1671 else if (require < MIN_SBRK) require = MIN_SBRK;
1673 if (require < goodsbrk * MIN_SBRK_FRAC1000 / 1000)
1674 require = goodsbrk * MIN_SBRK_FRAC1000 / 1000;
1675 require = ((require - 1 + MIN_SBRK) / MIN_SBRK) * MIN_SBRK;
1682 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1683 "sbrk(%ld) for %ld-byte-long arena\n",
1684 (long)require, (long) needed));
1685 cp = (char *)sbrk(require);
1686 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1689 if (cp == last_sbrk_top) {
1690 /* Common case, anything is fine. */
1692 ovp = (union overhead *) (cp - sbrked_remains);
1693 last_op = cp - sbrked_remains;
1694 sbrked_remains = require - (needed - sbrked_remains);
1695 } else if (cp == (char *)-1) { /* no more room! */
1696 ovp = (union overhead *)emergency_sbrk(needed);
1697 if (ovp == (union overhead *)-1)
1699 if (((char*)ovp) > last_op) { /* Cannot happen with current emergency_sbrk() */
1703 } else { /* Non-continuous or first sbrk(). */
1704 long add = sbrked_remains;
1707 if (sbrked_remains) { /* Put rest into chain, we
1708 cannot use it right now. */
1709 add_to_chain((void*)(last_sbrk_top - sbrked_remains),
1713 /* Second, check alignment. */
1716 #if !defined(atarist) && !defined(__MINT__) /* on the atari we dont have to worry about this */
1717 # ifndef I286 /* The sbrk(0) call on the I286 always returns the next segment */
1718 /* WANTED_ALIGNMENT may be more than NEEDED_ALIGNMENT, but this may
1719 improve performance of memory access. */
1720 if (PTR2UV(cp) & (WANTED_ALIGNMENT - 1)) { /* Not aligned. */
1721 slack = WANTED_ALIGNMENT - (PTR2UV(cp) & (WANTED_ALIGNMENT - 1));
1725 #endif /* !atarist && !MINT */
1728 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1729 "sbrk(%ld) to fix non-continuous/off-page sbrk:\n\t%ld for alignement,\t%ld were assumed to come from the tail of the previous sbrk\n",
1730 (long)add, (long) slack,
1731 (long) sbrked_remains));
1732 newcp = (char *)sbrk(add);
1733 #if defined(DEBUGGING_MSTATS)
1737 if (newcp != cp + require) {
1738 /* Too bad: even rounding sbrk() is not continuous.*/
1739 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1740 "failed to fix bad sbrk()\n"));
1744 fatalcroak("panic: Off-page sbrk\n");
1747 if (sbrked_remains) {
1749 #if defined(DEBUGGING_MSTATS)
1750 sbrk_slack += require;
1753 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1754 "straight sbrk(%ld)\n",
1756 cp = (char *)sbrk(require);
1757 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1760 if (cp == (char *)-1)
1763 sbrk_goodness = -1; /* Disable optimization!
1764 Continue with not-aligned... */
1767 require += sbrked_remains;
1771 if (last_sbrk_top) {
1772 sbrk_goodness -= SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE;
1775 ovp = (union overhead *) cp;
1777 * Round up to minimum allocation size boundary
1778 * and deduct from block count to reflect.
1781 # if NEEDED_ALIGNMENT > MEM_ALIGNBYTES
1782 if (PTR2UV(ovp) & (NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - 1))
1783 fatalcroak("Misalignment of sbrk()\n");
1786 #ifndef I286 /* Again, this should always be ok on an 80286 */
1787 if (PTR2UV(ovp) & (MEM_ALIGNBYTES - 1)) {
1788 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1789 "fixing sbrk(): %d bytes off machine alignement\n",
1790 (int)(PTR2UV(ovp) & (MEM_ALIGNBYTES - 1))));
1791 ovp = INT2PTR(union overhead *,(PTR2UV(ovp) + MEM_ALIGNBYTES) &
1792 (MEM_ALIGNBYTES - 1));
1794 # if defined(DEBUGGING_MSTATS)
1795 /* This is only approx. if TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE: */
1796 sbrk_slack += (1 << (bucket >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT));
1800 ; /* Finish `else' */
1801 sbrked_remains = require - needed;
1804 #if !defined(PLAIN_MALLOC) && !defined(NO_FANCY_MALLOC)
1805 emergency_buffer_last_req = 0;
1807 last_sbrk_top = cp + require;
1808 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1809 goodsbrk += require;
1815 getpages_adjacent(MEM_SIZE require)
1817 if (require <= sbrked_remains) {
1818 sbrked_remains -= require;
1822 require -= sbrked_remains;
1823 /* We do not try to optimize sbrks here, we go for place. */
1824 cp = (char*) sbrk(require);
1825 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1827 goodsbrk += require;
1829 if (cp == last_sbrk_top) {
1831 last_sbrk_top = cp + require;
1833 if (cp == (char*)-1) { /* Out of memory */
1834 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1835 goodsbrk -= require;
1839 /* Report the failure: */
1841 add_to_chain((void*)(last_sbrk_top - sbrked_remains),
1843 add_to_chain((void*)cp, require, 0);
1844 sbrk_goodness -= SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE;
1856 * Allocate more memory to the indicated bucket.
1859 morecore(register int bucket)
1861 register union overhead *ovp;
1862 register int rnu; /* 2^rnu bytes will be requested */
1863 int nblks; /* become nblks blocks of the desired size */
1864 register MEM_SIZE siz, needed;
1865 static int were_called = 0;
1869 #ifndef NO_PERL_MALLOC_ENV
1871 /* It's the our first time. Initialize ourselves */
1872 were_called = 1; /* Avoid a loop */
1873 if (!MallocCfg[MallocCfg_skip_cfg_env]) {
1874 char *s = getenv("PERL_MALLOC_OPT"), *t = s, *off;
1875 const char *opts = PERL_MALLOC_OPT_CHARS;
1878 while ( t && t[0] && t[1] == '='
1879 && ((off = strchr(opts, *t))) ) {
1883 while (*t <= '9' && *t >= '0')
1884 val = 10*val + *t++ - '0';
1885 if (!*t || *t == ';') {
1886 if (MallocCfg[off - opts] != val)
1888 MallocCfg[off - opts] = val;
1894 write2("Unrecognized part of PERL_MALLOC_OPT: `");
1899 MallocCfg[MallocCfg_cfg_env_read] = 1;
1903 if (bucket == sizeof(MEM_SIZE)*8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
1905 croak("%s", "Out of memory during ridiculously large request");
1907 if (bucket > max_bucket)
1908 max_bucket = bucket;
1910 rnu = ( (bucket <= (LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT))
1912 : (bucket >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT) );
1913 /* This may be overwritten later: */
1914 nblks = 1 << (rnu - (bucket >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)); /* how many blocks to get */
1915 needed = ((MEM_SIZE)1 << rnu) + POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(bucket);
1916 if (nextf[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT]) { /* 2048b bucket. */
1917 ovp = nextf[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT] - 1 + CHUNK_SHIFT;
1918 nextf[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT]
1919 = nextf[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT]->ov_next;
1920 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1921 nmalloc[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT]--;
1922 start_slack -= M_OVERHEAD;
1924 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1925 "stealing %ld bytes from %ld arena\n",
1926 (long) needed, (long) rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT));
1927 } else if (chunk_chain
1928 && (ovp = (union overhead*) get_from_chain(needed))) {
1929 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1930 "stealing %ld bytes from chain\n",
1932 } else if ( (ovp = (union overhead*)
1933 get_from_bigger_buckets((rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT) + 1,
1935 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1936 "stealing %ld bytes from bigger buckets\n",
1938 } else if (needed <= sbrked_remains) {
1939 ovp = (union overhead *)(last_sbrk_top - sbrked_remains);
1940 sbrked_remains -= needed;
1941 last_op = (char*)ovp;
1943 ovp = getpages(needed, &nblks, bucket);
1947 FILL_DEADBEEF((unsigned char*)ovp, needed);
1950 * Add new memory allocated to that on
1951 * free list for this hash bucket.
1953 siz = BUCKET_SIZE_NO_SURPLUS(bucket); /* No surplus if nblks > 1 */
1955 *(u_char*)ovp = bucket; /* Fill index. */
1956 if (bucket <= MAX_PACKED) {
1957 ovp = (union overhead *) ((char*)ovp + BLK_SHIFT(bucket));
1958 nblks = N_BLKS(bucket);
1959 # ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1960 start_slack += BLK_SHIFT(bucket);
1962 } else if (bucket < LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA * BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
1963 ovp = (union overhead *) ((char*)ovp + BLK_SHIFT(bucket));
1964 siz -= sizeof(union overhead);
1965 } else ovp++; /* One chunk per block. */
1966 #endif /* PACK_MALLOC */
1967 nextf[bucket] = ovp;
1968 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1969 nmalloc[bucket] += nblks;
1970 if (bucket > MAX_PACKED) {
1971 start_slack += M_OVERHEAD * nblks;
1975 while (--nblks > 0) {
1976 ovp->ov_next = (union overhead *)((caddr_t)ovp + siz);
1977 ovp = (union overhead *)((caddr_t)ovp + siz);
1979 /* Not all sbrks return zeroed memory.*/
1980 ovp->ov_next = (union overhead *)NULL;
1982 if (bucket == 7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) { /* Special case, explanation is above. */
1983 union overhead *n_op = nextf[7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2]->ov_next;
1984 nextf[7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2] =
1985 (union overhead *)((caddr_t)nextf[7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2]
1986 - sizeof(union overhead));
1987 nextf[7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2]->ov_next = n_op;
1989 #endif /* !PACK_MALLOC */
1993 Perl_mfree(void *mp)
1995 register MEM_SIZE size;
1996 register union overhead *ovp;
1997 char *cp = (char*)mp;
2002 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
2003 "0x%"UVxf": (%05lu) free\n",
2004 PTR2UV(cp), (unsigned long)(PL_an++)));
2009 if (PTR2UV(cp) & (MEM_ALIGNBYTES - 1))
2010 croak("%s", "wrong alignment in free()");
2012 ovp = (union overhead *)((caddr_t)cp
2013 - sizeof (union overhead) * CHUNK_SHIFT);
2015 bucket = OV_INDEX(ovp);
2017 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
2018 if ((bucket >= FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK)
2019 && (OV_MAGIC(ovp, bucket) != MAGIC))
2021 if (OV_MAGIC(ovp, bucket) != MAGIC)
2024 static int bad_free_warn = -1;
2025 if (bad_free_warn == -1) {
2027 char *pbf = PerlEnv_getenv("PERL_BADFREE");
2028 bad_free_warn = (pbf) ? atoi(pbf) : 1;
2036 if (!PERL_IS_ALIVE || !PL_curcop || ckWARN_d(WARN_MALLOC))
2037 Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_MALLOC), "%s free() ignored (RMAGIC, PERL_CORE)",
2038 ovp->ov_rmagic == RMAGIC - 1 ?
2039 "Duplicate" : "Bad");
2042 warn("%s free() ignored (RMAGIC)",
2043 ovp->ov_rmagic == RMAGIC - 1 ? "Duplicate" : "Bad");
2049 if (!PERL_IS_ALIVE || !PL_curcop || ckWARN_d(WARN_MALLOC))
2050 Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_MALLOC), "%s", "Bad free() ignored (PERL_CORE)");
2053 warn("%s", "Bad free() ignored");
2056 return; /* sanity */
2059 ASSERT(ovp->ov_rmagic == RMAGIC, "chunk's head overwrite");
2060 if (OV_INDEX(ovp) <= MAX_SHORT_BUCKET) {
2062 MEM_SIZE nbytes = ovp->ov_size + 1;
2064 if ((i = nbytes & (RMAGIC_SZ-1))) {
2066 while (i--) { /* nbytes - RMAGIC_SZ is end of alloced area */
2067 ASSERT(((caddr_t)ovp + nbytes - RMAGIC_SZ)[i] == RMAGIC_C,
2068 "chunk's tail overwrite");
2071 /* Same at RMAGIC_SZ-aligned RMAGIC */
2072 nbytes = (nbytes + (RMAGIC_SZ-1)) & ~(RMAGIC_SZ-1);
2073 ASSERT(((u_int *)((caddr_t)ovp + nbytes))[-1] == RMAGIC,
2074 "chunk's tail overwrite");
2075 FILLCHECK_DEADBEEF((unsigned char*)((caddr_t)ovp + nbytes),
2076 BUCKET_SIZE(OV_INDEX(ovp)) - nbytes);
2078 FILL_DEADBEEF((unsigned char*)(ovp+CHUNK_SHIFT),
2079 BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(OV_INDEX(ovp)) + RMAGIC_SZ);
2080 ovp->ov_rmagic = RMAGIC - 1;
2082 ASSERT(OV_INDEX(ovp) < NBUCKETS, "chunk's head overwrite");
2083 size = OV_INDEX(ovp);
2086 ovp->ov_next = nextf[size];
2091 /* There is no need to do any locking in realloc (with an exception of
2092 trying to grow in place if we are at the end of the chain).
2093 If somebody calls us from a different thread with the same address,
2094 we are sole anyway. */
2097 Perl_realloc(void *mp, size_t nbytes)
2099 register MEM_SIZE onb;
2100 union overhead *ovp;
2103 register int bucket;
2104 int incr; /* 1 if does not fit, -1 if "easily" fits in a
2105 smaller bucket, otherwise 0. */
2106 char *cp = (char*)mp;
2108 #if defined(DEBUGGING) || !defined(PERL_CORE)
2109 MEM_SIZE size = nbytes;
2111 if ((long)nbytes < 0)
2112 croak("%s", "panic: realloc");
2115 BARK_64K_LIMIT("Reallocation",nbytes,size);
2117 return Perl_malloc(nbytes);
2119 ovp = (union overhead *)((caddr_t)cp
2120 - sizeof (union overhead) * CHUNK_SHIFT);
2121 bucket = OV_INDEX(ovp);
2123 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
2124 if ((bucket >= FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK)
2125 && (OV_MAGIC(ovp, bucket) != MAGIC))
2127 if (OV_MAGIC(ovp, bucket) != MAGIC)
2130 static int bad_free_warn = -1;
2131 if (bad_free_warn == -1) {
2133 char *pbf = PerlEnv_getenv("PERL_BADFREE");
2134 bad_free_warn = (pbf) ? atoi(pbf) : 1;
2142 if (!PERL_IS_ALIVE || !PL_curcop || ckWARN_d(WARN_MALLOC))
2143 Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_MALLOC), "%srealloc() %signored",
2144 (ovp->ov_rmagic == RMAGIC - 1 ? "" : "Bad "),
2145 ovp->ov_rmagic == RMAGIC - 1
2146 ? "of freed memory " : "");
2149 warn2("%srealloc() %signored",
2150 (ovp->ov_rmagic == RMAGIC - 1 ? "" : "Bad "),
2151 ovp->ov_rmagic == RMAGIC - 1 ? "of freed memory " : "");
2157 if (!PERL_IS_ALIVE || !PL_curcop || ckWARN_d(WARN_MALLOC))
2158 Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_MALLOC), "%s",
2159 "Bad realloc() ignored");
2162 warn("%s", "Bad realloc() ignored");
2165 return Nullch; /* sanity */
2168 onb = BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(bucket);
2170 * avoid the copy if same size block.
2171 * We are not agressive with boundary cases. Note that it might
2172 * (for a small number of cases) give false negative if
2173 * both new size and old one are in the bucket for
2174 * FIRST_BIG_POW2, but the new one is near the lower end.
2176 * We do not try to go to 1.5 times smaller bucket so far.
2178 if (nbytes > onb) incr = 1;
2180 #ifdef DO_NOT_TRY_HARDER_WHEN_SHRINKING
2181 if ( /* This is a little bit pessimal if PACK_MALLOC: */
2182 nbytes > ( (onb >> 1) - M_OVERHEAD )
2183 # ifdef TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
2184 || (bucket == FIRST_BIG_POW2 && nbytes >= LAST_SMALL_BOUND )
2187 #else /* !DO_NOT_TRY_HARDER_WHEN_SHRINKING */
2188 prev_bucket = ( (bucket > MAX_PACKED + 1)
2189 ? bucket - BUCKETS_PER_POW2
2191 if (nbytes > BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(prev_bucket))
2192 #endif /* !DO_NOT_TRY_HARDER_WHEN_SHRINKING */
2196 #ifdef STRESS_REALLOC
2203 * Record new allocated size of block and
2204 * bound space with magic numbers.
2206 if (OV_INDEX(ovp) <= MAX_SHORT_BUCKET) {
2207 int i, nb = ovp->ov_size + 1;
2209 if ((i = nb & (RMAGIC_SZ-1))) {
2211 while (i--) { /* nb - RMAGIC_SZ is end of alloced area */
2212 ASSERT(((caddr_t)ovp + nb - RMAGIC_SZ)[i] == RMAGIC_C, "chunk's tail overwrite");
2215 /* Same at RMAGIC_SZ-aligned RMAGIC */
2216 nb = (nb + (RMAGIC_SZ-1)) & ~(RMAGIC_SZ-1);
2217 ASSERT(((u_int *)((caddr_t)ovp + nb))[-1] == RMAGIC,
2218 "chunk's tail overwrite");
2219 FILLCHECK_DEADBEEF((unsigned char*)((caddr_t)ovp + nb),
2220 BUCKET_SIZE(OV_INDEX(ovp)) - nb);
2221 if (nbytes > ovp->ov_size + 1 - M_OVERHEAD)
2222 FILL_FEEDADAD((unsigned char*)cp + ovp->ov_size + 1 - M_OVERHEAD,
2223 nbytes - (ovp->ov_size + 1 - M_OVERHEAD));
2225 FILL_DEADBEEF((unsigned char*)cp + nbytes,
2226 nb - M_OVERHEAD + RMAGIC_SZ - nbytes);
2228 * Convert amount of memory requested into
2229 * closest block size stored in hash buckets
2230 * which satisfies request. Account for
2231 * space used per block for accounting.
2233 nbytes += M_OVERHEAD;
2234 ovp->ov_size = nbytes - 1;
2235 if ((i = nbytes & (RMAGIC_SZ-1))) {
2237 while (i--) /* nbytes - RMAGIC_SZ is end of alloced area */
2238 ((caddr_t)ovp + nbytes - RMAGIC_SZ)[i]
2241 /* Same at RMAGIC_SZ-aligned RMAGIC */
2242 nbytes = (nbytes + (RMAGIC_SZ-1)) & ~(RMAGIC_SZ - 1);
2243 ((u_int *)((caddr_t)ovp + nbytes))[-1] = RMAGIC;
2247 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
2248 "0x%"UVxf": (%05lu) realloc %ld bytes inplace\n",
2249 PTR2UV(res),(unsigned long)(PL_an++),
2251 } else if (incr == 1 && (cp - M_OVERHEAD == last_op)
2252 && (onb > (1 << LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA))) {
2253 MEM_SIZE require, newarena = nbytes, pow;
2256 POW2_OPTIMIZE_ADJUST(newarena);
2257 newarena = newarena + M_OVERHEAD;
2258 /* newarena = (newarena + 3) &~ 3; */
2259 shiftr = (newarena - 1) >> LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA;
2260 pow = LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA + 1;
2261 /* apart from this loop, this is O(1) */
2262 while (shiftr >>= 1)
2264 newarena = (1 << pow) + POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(pow * BUCKETS_PER_POW2);
2265 require = newarena - onb - M_OVERHEAD;
2268 if (cp - M_OVERHEAD == last_op /* We *still* are the last chunk */
2269 && getpages_adjacent(require)) {
2270 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
2272 nmalloc[pow * BUCKETS_PER_POW2]++;
2274 *(cp - M_OVERHEAD) = pow * BUCKETS_PER_POW2; /* Fill index. */
2283 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
2284 "0x%"UVxf": (%05lu) realloc %ld bytes the hard way\n",
2285 PTR2UV(cp),(unsigned long)(PL_an++),
2287 if ((res = (char*)Perl_malloc(nbytes)) == NULL)
2289 if (cp != res) /* common optimization */
2290 Copy(cp, res, (MEM_SIZE)(nbytes<onb?nbytes:onb), char);
2293 return ((Malloc_t)res);
2297 Perl_calloc(register size_t elements, register size_t size)
2299 long sz = elements * size;
2300 Malloc_t p = Perl_malloc(sz);
2303 memset((void*)p, 0, sz);
2309 Perl_strdup(const char *s)
2311 MEM_SIZE l = strlen(s);
2312 char *s1 = (char *)Perl_malloc(l+1);
2314 Copy(s, s1, (MEM_SIZE)(l+1), char);
2320 Perl_putenv(char *a)
2322 /* Sometimes system's putenv conflicts with my_setenv() - this is system
2323 malloc vs Perl's free(). */
2330 while (*val && *val != '=')
2335 if (l < sizeof(buf))
2338 var = Perl_malloc(l + 1);
2339 Copy(a, var, l, char);
2341 my_setenv(var, val+1);
2349 Perl_malloced_size(void *p)
2351 union overhead *ovp = (union overhead *)
2352 ((caddr_t)p - sizeof (union overhead) * CHUNK_SHIFT);
2353 int bucket = OV_INDEX(ovp);
2355 /* The caller wants to have a complete control over the chunk,
2356 disable the memory checking inside the chunk. */
2357 if (bucket <= MAX_SHORT_BUCKET) {
2358 MEM_SIZE size = BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(bucket);
2359 ovp->ov_size = size + M_OVERHEAD - 1;
2360 *((u_int *)((caddr_t)ovp + size + M_OVERHEAD - RMAGIC_SZ)) = RMAGIC;
2363 return BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(bucket);
2366 # ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2
2367 # define MIN_EVEN_REPORT 6
2369 # define MIN_EVEN_REPORT MIN_BUCKET
2373 Perl_get_mstats(pTHX_ perl_mstats_t *buf, int buflen, int level)
2375 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
2377 register union overhead *p;
2378 struct chunk_chain_s* nextchain;
2380 buf->topbucket = buf->topbucket_ev = buf->topbucket_odd
2381 = buf->totfree = buf->total = buf->total_chain = 0;
2383 buf->minbucket = MIN_BUCKET;
2385 for (i = MIN_BUCKET ; i < NBUCKETS; i++) {
2386 for (j = 0, p = nextf[i]; p; p = p->ov_next, j++)
2390 buf->ntotal[i] = nmalloc[i];
2392 buf->totfree += j * BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i);
2393 buf->total += nmalloc[i] * BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i);
2395 i % 2 ? (buf->topbucket_odd = i) : (buf->topbucket_ev = i);
2399 nextchain = chunk_chain;
2401 buf->total_chain += nextchain->size;
2402 nextchain = nextchain->next;
2404 buf->total_sbrk = goodsbrk + sbrk_slack;
2406 buf->sbrk_good = sbrk_goodness;
2407 buf->sbrk_slack = sbrk_slack;
2408 buf->start_slack = start_slack;
2409 buf->sbrked_remains = sbrked_remains;
2411 buf->nbuckets = NBUCKETS;
2413 for (i = MIN_BUCKET ; i < NBUCKETS; i++) {
2416 buf->bucket_mem_size[i] = BUCKET_SIZE_NO_SURPLUS(i);
2417 buf->bucket_available_size[i] = BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i);
2420 #endif /* defined DEBUGGING_MSTATS */
2421 return 0; /* XXX unused */
2424 * mstats - print out statistics about malloc
2426 * Prints two lines of numbers, one showing the length of the free list
2427 * for each size category, the second showing the number of mallocs -
2428 * frees for each size category.
2431 Perl_dump_mstats(pTHX_ char *s)
2433 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
2435 perl_mstats_t buffer;
2441 get_mstats(&buffer, NBUCKETS, 0);
2444 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log,
2445 "Memory allocation statistics %s (buckets %"IVdf"(%"IVdf")..%"IVdf"(%"IVdf")\n",
2447 (IV)BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(MIN_BUCKET),
2448 (IV)BUCKET_SIZE_NO_SURPLUS(MIN_BUCKET),
2449 (IV)BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(buffer.topbucket),
2450 (IV)BUCKET_SIZE_NO_SURPLUS(buffer.topbucket));
2451 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log, "%8"IVdf" free:", buffer.totfree);
2452 for (i = MIN_EVEN_REPORT; i <= buffer.topbucket; i += BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
2453 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log,
2454 ((i < 8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 || i == 10*BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
2456 : ((i < 12*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? " %3"UVuf : " %"UVuf)),
2459 #ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2
2460 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log, "\n\t ");
2461 for (i = MIN_BUCKET + 1; i <= buffer.topbucket_odd; i += BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
2462 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log,
2463 ((i < 8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 || i == 10*BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
2465 : ((i < 12*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? " %3"UVuf : " %"UVuf)),
2469 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log, "\n%8"IVdf" used:", buffer.total - buffer.totfree);
2470 for (i = MIN_EVEN_REPORT; i <= buffer.topbucket; i += BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
2471 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log,
2472 ((i < 8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 || i == 10*BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
2474 : ((i < 12*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? " %3"IVdf : " %"IVdf)),
2475 buffer.ntotal[i] - buffer.nfree[i]);
2477 #ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2
2478 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log, "\n\t ");
2479 for (i = MIN_BUCKET + 1; i <= buffer.topbucket_odd; i += BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
2480 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log,
2481 ((i < 8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 || i == 10*BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
2483 : ((i < 12*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? " %3"IVdf : " %"IVdf)),
2484 buffer.ntotal[i] - buffer.nfree[i]);
2487 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log, "\nTotal sbrk(): %"IVdf"/%"IVdf":%"IVdf". Odd ends: pad+heads+chain+tail: %"IVdf"+%"IVdf"+%"IVdf"+%"IVdf".\n",
2488 buffer.total_sbrk, buffer.sbrks, buffer.sbrk_good,
2489 buffer.sbrk_slack, buffer.start_slack,
2490 buffer.total_chain, buffer.sbrked_remains);
2491 #endif /* DEBUGGING_MSTATS */
2495 #ifdef USE_PERL_SBRK
2497 # if defined(__MACHTEN_PPC__) || defined(NeXT) || defined(__NeXT__) || defined(PURIFY)
2498 # define PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC
2501 # ifdef PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC
2503 /* it may seem schizophrenic to use perl's malloc and let it call system */
2504 /* malloc, the reason for that is only the 3.2 version of the OS that had */
2505 /* frequent core dumps within nxzonefreenolock. This sbrk routine put an */
2506 /* end to the cores */
2508 # ifndef SYSTEM_ALLOC
2509 # define SYSTEM_ALLOC(a) malloc(a)
2511 # ifndef SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT
2512 # define SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT MEM_ALIGNBYTES
2515 # endif /* PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC */
2517 static IV Perl_sbrk_oldchunk;
2518 static long Perl_sbrk_oldsize;
2520 # define PERLSBRK_32_K (1<<15)
2521 # define PERLSBRK_64_K (1<<16)
2529 if (!size) return 0;
2531 reqsize = size; /* just for the DEBUG_m statement */
2534 size = (size + 0x7ff) & ~0x7ff;
2536 if (size <= Perl_sbrk_oldsize) {
2537 got = Perl_sbrk_oldchunk;
2538 Perl_sbrk_oldchunk += size;
2539 Perl_sbrk_oldsize -= size;
2541 if (size >= PERLSBRK_32_K) {
2544 size = PERLSBRK_64_K;
2547 # if NEEDED_ALIGNMENT > SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT
2548 size += NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT;
2550 got = (IV)SYSTEM_ALLOC(size);
2551 # if NEEDED_ALIGNMENT > SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT
2552 got = (got + NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - 1) & ~(NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - 1);
2555 /* Chunk is small, register the rest for future allocs. */
2556 Perl_sbrk_oldchunk = got + reqsize;
2557 Perl_sbrk_oldsize = size - reqsize;
2561 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "sbrk malloc size %ld (reqsize %ld), left size %ld, give addr 0x%"UVxf"\n",
2562 size, reqsize, Perl_sbrk_oldsize, PTR2UV(got)));
2567 #endif /* ! defined USE_PERL_SBRK */