6 Here are some notes on configuring Perl's malloc. (For non-perl
9 There are two macros which serve as bulk disablers of advanced
10 features of this malloc: NO_FANCY_MALLOC, PLAIN_MALLOC (undef by
11 default). Look in the list of default values below to understand
12 their exact effect. Defining NO_FANCY_MALLOC returns malloc.c to the
13 state of the malloc in Perl 5.004. Additionally defining PLAIN_MALLOC
14 returns it to the state as of Perl 5.000.
16 Note that some of the settings below may be ignored in the code based
17 on values of other macros. The PERL_CORE symbol is only defined when
18 perl itself is being compiled (so malloc can make some assumptions
19 about perl's facilities being available to it).
21 Each config option has a short description, followed by its name,
22 default value, and a comment about the default (if applicable). Some
23 options take a precise value, while the others are just boolean.
24 The boolean ones are listed first.
26 # Enable code for an emergency memory pool in $^M. See perlvar.pod
27 # for a description of $^M.
28 PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK (!PLAIN_MALLOC && PERL_CORE)
30 # Enable code for printing memory statistics.
31 DEBUGGING_MSTATS (!PLAIN_MALLOC && PERL_CORE)
33 # Move allocation info for small buckets into separate areas.
34 # Memory optimization (especially for small allocations, of the
35 # less than 64 bytes). Since perl usually makes a large number
36 # of small allocations, this is usually a win.
37 PACK_MALLOC (!PLAIN_MALLOC && !RCHECK)
39 # Add one page to big powers of two when calculating bucket size.
40 # This is targeted at big allocations, as are common in image
42 TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE !PLAIN_MALLOC
44 # Use intermediate bucket sizes between powers-of-two. This is
45 # generally a memory optimization, and a (small) speed pessimization.
46 BUCKETS_ROOT2 !NO_FANCY_MALLOC
48 # Do not check small deallocations for bad free(). Memory
49 # and speed optimization, error reporting pessimization.
50 IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE (!NO_FANCY_MALLOC && !RCHECK)
52 # Use table lookup to decide in which bucket a given allocation will go.
53 SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE !NO_FANCY_MALLOC
55 # Use a perl-defined sbrk() instead of the (presumably broken or
56 # missing) system-supplied sbrk().
59 # Use system malloc() (or calloc() etc.) to emulate sbrk(). Normally
60 # only used with broken sbrk()s.
61 PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC undef
63 # Which allocator to use if PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC
64 SYSTEM_ALLOC(a) malloc(a)
66 # Minimal alignment (in bytes, should be a power of 2) of SYSTEM_ALLOC
67 SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT MEM_ALIGNBYTES
69 # Disable memory overwrite checking with DEBUGGING. Memory and speed
70 # optimization, error reporting pessimization.
73 # Enable memory overwrite checking with DEBUGGING. Memory and speed
74 # pessimization, error reporting optimization
75 RCHECK (DEBUGGING && !NO_RCHECK)
77 # Failed allocations bigger than this size croak (if
78 # PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK is enabled) without touching $^M. See
79 # perlvar.pod for a description of $^M.
80 BIG_SIZE (1<<16) # 64K
82 # Starting from this power of two, add an extra page to the
83 # size of the bucket. This enables optimized allocations of sizes
84 # close to powers of 2. Note that the value is indexed at 0.
85 FIRST_BIG_POW2 15 # 32K, 16K is used too often
87 # Estimate of minimal memory footprint. malloc uses this value to
88 # request the most reasonable largest blocks of memory from the system.
91 # Round up sbrk()s to multiples of this.
94 # Round up sbrk()s to multiples of this percent of footprint.
97 # Add this much memory to big powers of two to get the bucket size.
100 # This many sbrk() discontinuities should be tolerated even
101 # from the start without deciding that sbrk() is usually
103 SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES 3
105 # This many continuous sbrk()s compensate for one discontinuous one.
106 SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE 50
108 # Some configurations may ask for 12-byte-or-so allocations which
109 # require 8-byte alignment (?!). In such situation one needs to
110 # define this to disable 12-byte bucket (will increase memory footprint)
111 STRICT_ALIGNMENT undef
113 This implementation assumes that calling PerlIO_printf() does not
114 result in any memory allocation calls (used during a panic).
119 If used outside of Perl environment, it may be useful to redefine
120 the following macros (listed below with defaults):
122 # Type of address returned by allocation functions
125 # Type of size argument for allocation functions
126 MEM_SIZE unsigned long
128 # Maximal value in LONG
131 # Unsigned integer type big enough to keep a pointer
134 # Type of pointer with 1-byte granularity
137 # Type returned by free()
140 # Very fatal condition reporting function (cannot call any )
141 fatalcroak(arg) write(2,arg,strlen(arg)) + exit(2)
143 # Fatal error reporting function
144 croak(format, arg) warn(idem) + exit(1)
146 # Error reporting function
147 warn(format, arg) fprintf(stderr, idem)
149 # Locking/unlocking for MT operation
150 MALLOC_LOCK MUTEX_LOCK(&PL_malloc_mutex)
151 MALLOC_UNLOCK MUTEX_UNLOCK(&PL_malloc_mutex)
153 # Locking/unlocking mutex for MT operation
158 #ifndef NO_FANCY_MALLOC
159 # ifndef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
160 # define SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
162 # ifndef BUCKETS_ROOT2
163 # define BUCKETS_ROOT2
165 # ifndef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
166 # define IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
170 #ifndef PLAIN_MALLOC /* Bulk enable features */
174 # ifndef TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
175 # define TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
177 # if defined(PERL_CORE) && !defined(PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK)
178 # define PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK
180 # if defined(PERL_CORE) && !defined(DEBUGGING_MSTATS)
181 # define DEBUGGING_MSTATS
185 #define MIN_BUC_POW2 (sizeof(void*) > 4 ? 3 : 2) /* Allow for 4-byte arena. */
186 #define MIN_BUCKET (MIN_BUC_POW2 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
188 #if !(defined(I286) || defined(atarist) || defined(__MINT__))
189 /* take 2k unless the block is bigger than that */
190 # define LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA 11
192 /* take 16k unless the block is bigger than that
193 (80286s like large segments!), probably good on the atari too */
194 # define LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA 14
198 # if defined(DEBUGGING) && !defined(NO_RCHECK)
201 # if defined(RCHECK) && defined(IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE)
202 # undef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
205 * malloc.c (Caltech) 2/21/82
206 * Chris Kingsley, kingsley@cit-20.
208 * This is a very fast storage allocator. It allocates blocks of a small
209 * number of different sizes, and keeps free lists of each size. Blocks that
210 * don't exactly fit are passed up to the next larger size. In this
211 * implementation, the available sizes are 2^n-4 (or 2^n-12) bytes long.
212 * If PACK_MALLOC is defined, small blocks are 2^n bytes long.
213 * This is designed for use in a program that uses vast quantities of memory,
214 * but bombs when it runs out.
216 * Modifications Copyright Ilya Zakharevich 1996-99.
218 * Still very quick, but much more thrifty. (Std config is 10% slower
219 * than it was, and takes 67% of old heap size for typical usage.)
221 * Allocations of small blocks are now table-driven to many different
222 * buckets. Sizes of really big buckets are increased to accomodata
223 * common size=power-of-2 blocks. Running-out-of-memory is made into
224 * an exception. Deeply configurable and thread-safe.
233 # include "../EXTERN.h"
234 # include "../perl.h"
241 # define Malloc_t void *
244 # define MEM_SIZE unsigned long
247 # define LONG_MAX 0x7FFFFFFF
250 # define UV unsigned long
253 # define caddr_t char *
258 # define Copy(s,d,n,t) (void)memcpy((char*)(d),(char*)(s), (n) * sizeof(t))
259 # define PerlEnv_getenv getenv
260 # define PerlIO_printf fprintf
261 # define PerlIO_stderr() stderr
263 # ifndef croak /* make depend */
264 # define croak(mess, arg) (warn((mess), (arg)), exit(1))
267 # define warn(mess, arg) fprintf(stderr, (mess), (arg))
279 # define MUTEX_LOCK(l)
283 # define MUTEX_UNLOCK(l)
287 # define MALLOC_LOCK MUTEX_LOCK(&PL_malloc_mutex)
290 #ifndef MALLOC_UNLOCK
291 # define MALLOC_UNLOCK MUTEX_UNLOCK(&PL_malloc_mutex)
294 # ifndef fatalcroak /* make depend */
295 # define fatalcroak(mess) (write(2, (mess), strlen(mess)), exit(2))
300 # define DEBUG_m(a) if (PL_debug & 128) a
306 * The memory is broken into "blocks" which occupy multiples of 2K (and
307 * generally speaking, have size "close" to a power of 2). The addresses
308 * of such *unused* blocks are kept in nextf[i] with big enough i. (nextf
309 * is an array of linked lists.) (Addresses of used blocks are not known.)
311 * Moreover, since the algorithm may try to "bite" smaller blocks of out
312 * of unused bigger ones, there are also regions of "irregular" size,
313 * managed separately, by a linked list chunk_chain.
315 * The third type of storage is the sbrk()ed-but-not-yet-used space, its
316 * end and size are kept in last_sbrk_top and sbrked_remains.
318 * Growing blocks "in place":
319 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
320 * The address of the block with the greatest address is kept in last_op
321 * (if not known, last_op is 0). If it is known that the memory above
322 * last_op is not continuous, or contains a chunk from chunk_chain,
323 * last_op is set to 0.
325 * The chunk with address last_op may be grown by expanding into
326 * sbrk()ed-but-not-yet-used space, or trying to sbrk() more continuous
329 * Management of last_op:
330 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
332 * free() never changes the boundaries of blocks, so is not relevant.
334 * The only way realloc() may change the boundaries of blocks is if it
335 * grows a block "in place". However, in the case of success such a
336 * chunk is automatically last_op, and it remains last_op. In the case
337 * of failure getpages_adjacent() clears last_op.
339 * malloc() may change blocks by calling morecore() only.
341 * morecore() may create new blocks by:
342 * a) biting pieces from chunk_chain (cannot create one above last_op);
343 * b) biting a piece from an unused block (if block was last_op, this
344 * may create a chunk from chain above last_op, thus last_op is
345 * invalidated in such a case).
346 * c) biting of sbrk()ed-but-not-yet-used space. This creates
347 * a block which is last_op.
348 * d) Allocating new pages by calling getpages();
350 * getpages() creates a new block. It marks last_op at the bottom of
351 * the chunk of memory it returns.
353 * Active pages footprint:
354 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
355 * Note that we do not need to traverse the lists in nextf[i], just take
356 * the first element of this list. However, we *need* to traverse the
357 * list in chunk_chain, but most the time it should be a very short one,
358 * so we do not step on a lot of pages we are not going to use.
362 * get_from_bigger_buckets(): forget to increment price => Quite
366 /* I don't much care whether these are defined in sys/types.h--LAW */
368 #define u_char unsigned char
369 #define u_int unsigned int
372 # define u_bigint UV /* Needs to eat *void. */
374 # define u_bigint unsigned long /* Needs to eat *void. */
377 #define u_short unsigned short
379 /* 286 and atarist like big chunks, which gives too much overhead. */
380 #if (defined(RCHECK) || defined(I286) || defined(atarist) || defined(__MINT__)) && defined(PACK_MALLOC)
385 * The description below is applicable if PACK_MALLOC is not defined.
387 * The overhead on a block is at least 4 bytes. When free, this space
388 * contains a pointer to the next free block, and the bottom two bits must
389 * be zero. When in use, the first byte is set to MAGIC, and the second
390 * byte is the size index. The remaining bytes are for alignment.
391 * If range checking is enabled and the size of the block fits
392 * in two bytes, then the top two bytes hold the size of the requested block
393 * plus the range checking words, and the header word MINUS ONE.
396 union overhead *ov_next; /* when free */
397 #if MEM_ALIGNBYTES > 4
398 double strut; /* alignment problems */
401 u_char ovu_magic; /* magic number */
402 u_char ovu_index; /* bucket # */
404 u_short ovu_size; /* actual block size */
405 u_int ovu_rmagic; /* range magic number */
408 #define ov_magic ovu.ovu_magic
409 #define ov_index ovu.ovu_index
410 #define ov_size ovu.ovu_size
411 #define ov_rmagic ovu.ovu_rmagic
415 static void botch (char *diag, char *s);
417 static void morecore (int bucket);
418 static int findbucket (union overhead *freep, int srchlen);
419 static void add_to_chain(void *p, MEM_SIZE size, MEM_SIZE chip);
421 #define MAGIC 0xff /* magic # on accounting info */
422 #define RMAGIC 0x55555555 /* magic # on range info */
423 #define RMAGIC_C 0x55 /* magic # on range info */
426 # define RSLOP sizeof (u_int)
427 # ifdef TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
428 # define MAX_SHORT_BUCKET (12 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
430 # define MAX_SHORT_BUCKET (13 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
436 #if !defined(PACK_MALLOC) && defined(BUCKETS_ROOT2)
437 # undef BUCKETS_ROOT2
441 # define BUCKET_TABLE_SHIFT 2
442 # define BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT 1
443 # define BUCKETS_PER_POW2 2
445 # define BUCKET_TABLE_SHIFT MIN_BUC_POW2
446 # define BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT 0
447 # define BUCKETS_PER_POW2 1
450 #if !defined(MEM_ALIGNBYTES) || ((MEM_ALIGNBYTES > 4) && !defined(STRICT_ALIGNMENT))
451 /* Figure out the alignment of void*. */
456 # define ALIGN_SMALL ((int)((caddr_t)&(((struct aligner*)0)->p)))
458 # define ALIGN_SMALL MEM_ALIGNBYTES
461 #define IF_ALIGN_8(yes,no) ((ALIGN_SMALL>4) ? (yes) : (no))
464 # define MAX_BUCKET_BY_TABLE 13
465 static u_short buck_size[MAX_BUCKET_BY_TABLE + 1] =
467 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, 64, 80,
469 # define BUCKET_SIZE(i) ((i) % 2 ? buck_size[i] : (1 << ((i) >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)))
470 # define BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i) ((i) <= MAX_BUCKET_BY_TABLE \
472 : ((1 << ((i) >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)) \
474 + POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(i)))
476 # define BUCKET_SIZE(i) (1 << ((i) >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT))
477 # define BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i) (BUCKET_SIZE(i) - MEM_OVERHEAD(i) + POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(i))
482 /* In this case it is assumed that if we do sbrk() in 2K units, we
483 * will get 2K aligned arenas (at least after some initial
484 * alignment). The bucket number of the given subblock is on the start
485 * of 2K arena which contains the subblock. Several following bytes
486 * contain the magic numbers for the subblocks in the block.
488 * Sizes of chunks are powers of 2 for chunks in buckets <=
489 * MAX_PACKED, after this they are (2^n - sizeof(union overhead)) (to
490 * get alignment right).
492 * Consider an arena for 2^n with n>MAX_PACKED. We suppose that
493 * starts of all the chunks in a 2K arena are in different
494 * 2^n-byte-long chunks. If the top of the last chunk is aligned on a
495 * boundary of 2K block, this means that sizeof(union
496 * overhead)*"number of chunks" < 2^n, or sizeof(union overhead)*2K <
497 * 4^n, or n > 6 + log2(sizeof()/2)/2, since a chunk of size 2^n -
498 * overhead is used. Since this rules out n = 7 for 8 byte alignment,
499 * we specialcase allocation of the first of 16 128-byte-long chunks.
501 * Note that with the above assumption we automatically have enough
502 * place for MAGIC at the start of 2K block. Note also that we
503 * overlay union overhead over the chunk, thus the start of small chunks
504 * is immediately overwritten after freeing. */
505 # define MAX_PACKED_POW2 6
506 # define MAX_PACKED (MAX_PACKED_POW2 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2 + BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)
507 # define MAX_POW2_ALGO ((1<<(MAX_PACKED_POW2 + 1)) - M_OVERHEAD)
508 # define TWOK_MASK ((1<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) - 1)
509 # define TWOK_MASKED(x) ((u_bigint)(x) & ~TWOK_MASK)
510 # define TWOK_SHIFT(x) ((u_bigint)(x) & TWOK_MASK)
511 # define OV_INDEXp(block) ((u_char*)(TWOK_MASKED(block)))
512 # define OV_INDEX(block) (*OV_INDEXp(block))
513 # define OV_MAGIC(block,bucket) (*(OV_INDEXp(block) + \
514 (TWOK_SHIFT(block)>> \
515 (bucket>>BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)) + \
516 (bucket >= MIN_NEEDS_SHIFT ? 1 : 0)))
517 /* A bucket can have a shift smaller than it size, we need to
518 shift its magic number so it will not overwrite index: */
519 # ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2
520 # define MIN_NEEDS_SHIFT (7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 - 1) /* Shift 80 greater than chunk 64. */
522 # define MIN_NEEDS_SHIFT (7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) /* Shift 128 greater than chunk 32. */
524 # define CHUNK_SHIFT 0
526 /* Number of active buckets of given ordinal. */
527 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
528 #define FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK (6 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2) /* 64 */
529 # define N_BLKS(bucket) ( (bucket) < FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK \
530 ? ((1<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) - 1)/BUCKET_SIZE(bucket) \
533 # define N_BLKS(bucket) n_blks[bucket]
536 static u_short n_blks[LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA * BUCKETS_PER_POW2] =
538 # if BUCKETS_PER_POW2==1
540 (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 384 : 0),
541 224, 120, 62, 31, 16, 8, 4, 2
544 (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 384 : 0), (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 384 : 0), /* 4, 4 */
545 224, 149, 120, 80, 62, 41, 31, 25, 16, 16, 8, 8, 4, 4, 2, 2
549 /* Shift of the first bucket with the given ordinal inside 2K chunk. */
550 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
551 # define BLK_SHIFT(bucket) ( (bucket) < FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK \
552 ? ((1<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) \
553 - BUCKET_SIZE(bucket) * N_BLKS(bucket)) \
556 # define BLK_SHIFT(bucket) blk_shift[bucket]
559 static u_short blk_shift[LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA * BUCKETS_PER_POW2] =
561 # if BUCKETS_PER_POW2==1
563 (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 512 : 0),
564 256, 128, 64, 64, /* 8 to 64 */
565 16*sizeof(union overhead),
566 8*sizeof(union overhead),
567 4*sizeof(union overhead),
568 2*sizeof(union overhead),
571 (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 512 : 0), (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 512 : 0),
572 256, 260, 128, 128, 64, 80, 64, 48, /* 8 to 96 */
573 16*sizeof(union overhead), 16*sizeof(union overhead),
574 8*sizeof(union overhead), 8*sizeof(union overhead),
575 4*sizeof(union overhead), 4*sizeof(union overhead),
576 2*sizeof(union overhead), 2*sizeof(union overhead),
580 # define NEEDED_ALIGNMENT 0x800 /* 2k boundaries */
581 # define WANTED_ALIGNMENT 0x800 /* 2k boundaries */
583 #else /* !PACK_MALLOC */
585 # define OV_MAGIC(block,bucket) (block)->ov_magic
586 # define OV_INDEX(block) (block)->ov_index
587 # define CHUNK_SHIFT 1
588 # define MAX_PACKED -1
589 # define NEEDED_ALIGNMENT MEM_ALIGNBYTES
590 # define WANTED_ALIGNMENT 0x400 /* 1k boundaries */
592 #endif /* !PACK_MALLOC */
594 #define M_OVERHEAD (sizeof(union overhead) + RSLOP)
597 # define MEM_OVERHEAD(bucket) \
598 (bucket <= MAX_PACKED ? 0 : M_OVERHEAD)
599 # ifdef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
600 # define START_SHIFTS_BUCKET ((MAX_PACKED_POW2 + 1) * BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
601 # define START_SHIFT MAX_PACKED_POW2
602 # ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2 /* Chunks of size 3*2^n. */
603 # define SIZE_TABLE_MAX 80
605 # define SIZE_TABLE_MAX 64
607 static char bucket_of[] =
609 # ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2 /* Chunks of size 3*2^n. */
610 /* 0 to 15 in 4-byte increments. */
611 (sizeof(void*) > 4 ? 6 : 5), /* 4/8, 5-th bucket for better reports */
613 IF_ALIGN_8(8,7), 8, /* 16/12, 16 */
614 9, 9, 10, 10, /* 24, 32 */
615 11, 11, 11, 11, /* 48 */
616 12, 12, 12, 12, /* 64 */
617 13, 13, 13, 13, /* 80 */
618 13, 13, 13, 13 /* 80 */
619 # else /* !BUCKETS_ROOT2 */
620 /* 0 to 15 in 4-byte increments. */
621 (sizeof(void*) > 4 ? 3 : 2),
627 # endif /* !BUCKETS_ROOT2 */
629 # else /* !SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE */
630 # define START_SHIFTS_BUCKET MIN_BUCKET
631 # define START_SHIFT (MIN_BUC_POW2 - 1)
632 # endif /* !SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE */
633 #else /* !PACK_MALLOC */
634 # define MEM_OVERHEAD(bucket) M_OVERHEAD
635 # ifdef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
636 # undef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
638 # define START_SHIFTS_BUCKET MIN_BUCKET
639 # define START_SHIFT (MIN_BUC_POW2 - 1)
640 #endif /* !PACK_MALLOC */
643 * Big allocations are often of the size 2^n bytes. To make them a
644 * little bit better, make blocks of size 2^n+pagesize for big n.
647 #ifdef TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
649 # ifndef PERL_PAGESIZE
650 # define PERL_PAGESIZE 4096
652 # ifndef FIRST_BIG_POW2
653 # define FIRST_BIG_POW2 15 /* 32K, 16K is used too often. */
655 # define FIRST_BIG_BLOCK (1<<FIRST_BIG_POW2)
656 /* If this value or more, check against bigger blocks. */
657 # define FIRST_BIG_BOUND (FIRST_BIG_BLOCK - M_OVERHEAD)
658 /* If less than this value, goes into 2^n-overhead-block. */
659 # define LAST_SMALL_BOUND ((FIRST_BIG_BLOCK>>1) - M_OVERHEAD)
661 # define POW2_OPTIMIZE_ADJUST(nbytes) \
662 ((nbytes >= FIRST_BIG_BOUND) ? nbytes -= PERL_PAGESIZE : 0)
663 # define POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(bucket) \
664 ((bucket >= FIRST_BIG_POW2 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? PERL_PAGESIZE : 0)
666 #else /* !TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE */
667 # define POW2_OPTIMIZE_ADJUST(nbytes)
668 # define POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(bucket) 0
669 #endif /* !TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE */
671 #if defined(HAS_64K_LIMIT) && defined(PERL_CORE)
672 # define BARK_64K_LIMIT(what,nbytes,size) \
673 if (nbytes > 0xffff) { \
674 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), \
675 "%s too large: %lx\n", what, size); \
678 #else /* !HAS_64K_LIMIT || !PERL_CORE */
679 # define BARK_64K_LIMIT(what,nbytes,size)
680 #endif /* !HAS_64K_LIMIT || !PERL_CORE */
683 # define MIN_SBRK 2048
687 # define FIRST_SBRK (48*1024)
690 /* Minimal sbrk in percents of what is already alloced. */
691 #ifndef MIN_SBRK_FRAC
692 # define MIN_SBRK_FRAC 3
695 #ifndef SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES
696 # define SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES 3
699 #ifndef SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE
700 # define SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE 50
703 #if defined(PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK) && defined(PERL_CORE)
706 # define BIG_SIZE (1<<16) /* 64K */
709 #ifdef I_MACH_CTHREADS
711 # define MUTEX_LOCK(m) STMT_START { if (*m) mutex_lock(*m); } STMT_END
713 # define MUTEX_UNLOCK(m) STMT_START { if (*m) mutex_unlock(*m); } STMT_END
716 static char *emergency_buffer;
717 static MEM_SIZE emergency_buffer_size;
718 static Malloc_t emergency_sbrk(MEM_SIZE size);
721 emergency_sbrk(MEM_SIZE size)
723 MEM_SIZE rsize = (((size - 1)>>LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) + 1)<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA;
725 if (size >= BIG_SIZE) {
726 /* Give the possibility to recover: */
728 croak("Out of memory during \"large\" request for %i bytes", size);
731 if (emergency_buffer_size >= rsize) {
732 char *old = emergency_buffer;
734 emergency_buffer_size -= rsize;
735 emergency_buffer += rsize;
739 /* First offense, give a possibility to recover by dieing. */
740 /* No malloc involved here: */
741 GV **gvp = (GV**)hv_fetch(PL_defstash, "^M", 2, 0);
747 if (emergency_buffer_size) {
748 add_to_chain(emergency_buffer, emergency_buffer_size, 0);
749 emergency_buffer_size = 0;
750 emergency_buffer = Nullch;
753 if (!gvp) gvp = (GV**)hv_fetch(PL_defstash, "\015", 1, 0);
754 if (!gvp || !(sv = GvSV(*gvp)) || !SvPOK(sv)
755 || (SvLEN(sv) < (1<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) - M_OVERHEAD)) {
758 return (char *)-1; /* Now die die die... */
760 /* Got it, now detach SvPV: */
762 /* Check alignment: */
763 if (((UV)(pv - sizeof(union overhead))) & (NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - 1)) {
764 PerlIO_puts(PerlIO_stderr(),"Bad alignment of $^M!\n");
765 return (char *)-1; /* die die die */
768 emergency_buffer = pv - sizeof(union overhead);
769 emergency_buffer_size = malloced_size(pv) + M_OVERHEAD;
772 SvCUR(sv) = SvLEN(sv) = 0;
776 croak("Out of memory during request for %i bytes", size);
779 #else /* !(defined(PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK) && defined(PERL_CORE)) */
780 # define emergency_sbrk(size) -1
781 #endif /* !(defined(PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK) && defined(PERL_CORE)) */
784 * nextf[i] is the pointer to the next free block of size 2^i. The
785 * smallest allocatable block is 8 bytes. The overhead information
786 * precedes the data area returned to the user.
788 #define NBUCKETS (32*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 + 1)
789 static union overhead *nextf[NBUCKETS];
792 #define sbrk(a) Perl_sbrk(a)
793 Malloc_t Perl_sbrk (int size);
795 #ifdef DONT_DECLARE_STD
800 extern Malloc_t sbrk(int);
804 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
806 * nmalloc[i] is the difference between the number of mallocs and frees
807 * for a given block size.
809 static u_int nmalloc[NBUCKETS];
810 static u_int sbrk_slack;
811 static u_int start_slack;
814 static u_int goodsbrk;
818 #define ASSERT(p,diag) if (!(p)) botch(diag,STRINGIFY(p)); else
820 botch(char *diag, char *s)
822 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), "assertion botched (%s?): %s\n", diag, s);
826 #define ASSERT(p, diag)
830 Perl_malloc(register size_t nbytes)
832 register union overhead *p;
834 register MEM_SIZE shiftr;
836 #if defined(DEBUGGING) || defined(RCHECK)
837 MEM_SIZE size = nbytes;
840 BARK_64K_LIMIT("Allocation",nbytes,nbytes);
842 if ((long)nbytes < 0)
843 croak("%s", "panic: malloc");
848 * Convert amount of memory requested into
849 * closest block size stored in hash buckets
850 * which satisfies request. Account for
851 * space used per block for accounting.
854 # ifdef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
857 else if (nbytes <= SIZE_TABLE_MAX) {
858 bucket = bucket_of[(nbytes - 1) >> BUCKET_TABLE_SHIFT];
863 if (nbytes <= MAX_POW2_ALGO) goto do_shifts;
868 POW2_OPTIMIZE_ADJUST(nbytes);
869 nbytes += M_OVERHEAD;
870 nbytes = (nbytes + 3) &~ 3;
872 shiftr = (nbytes - 1) >> START_SHIFT;
873 bucket = START_SHIFTS_BUCKET;
874 /* apart from this loop, this is O(1) */
876 bucket += BUCKETS_PER_POW2;
879 * If nothing in hash bucket right now,
880 * request more memory from the system.
882 if (nextf[bucket] == NULL)
884 if ((p = nextf[bucket]) == NULL) {
888 PerlIO_puts(PerlIO_stderr(),"Out of memory!\n");
896 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
897 "0x%lx: (%05lu) malloc %ld bytes\n",
898 (unsigned long)(p+1), (unsigned long)(PL_an++),
901 /* remove from linked list */
903 if (((UV)p) & (MEM_ALIGNBYTES - 1))
904 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), "Corrupt malloc ptr 0x%lx at 0x%lx\n",
905 (unsigned long)*((int*)p),(unsigned long)p);
907 nextf[bucket] = p->ov_next;
908 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
909 if (bucket >= FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK)
911 OV_MAGIC(p, bucket) = MAGIC;
913 OV_INDEX(p) = bucket;
917 * Record allocated size of block and
918 * bound space with magic numbers.
920 p->ov_rmagic = RMAGIC;
921 if (bucket <= MAX_SHORT_BUCKET) {
924 nbytes = size + M_OVERHEAD;
925 p->ov_size = nbytes - 1;
926 if ((i = nbytes & 3)) {
929 *((char *)((caddr_t)p + nbytes - RSLOP + i)) = RMAGIC_C;
931 nbytes = (nbytes + 3) &~ 3;
932 *((u_int *)((caddr_t)p + nbytes - RSLOP)) = RMAGIC;
936 return ((Malloc_t)(p + CHUNK_SHIFT));
939 static char *last_sbrk_top;
940 static char *last_op; /* This arena can be easily extended. */
941 static int sbrked_remains;
942 static int sbrk_good = SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES * SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE;
944 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
948 struct chunk_chain_s {
949 struct chunk_chain_s *next;
952 static struct chunk_chain_s *chunk_chain;
954 static char max_bucket;
956 /* Cutoff a piece of one of the chunks in the chain. Prefer smaller chunk. */
958 get_from_chain(MEM_SIZE size)
960 struct chunk_chain_s *elt = chunk_chain, **oldp = &chunk_chain;
961 struct chunk_chain_s **oldgoodp = NULL;
962 long min_remain = LONG_MAX;
965 if (elt->size >= size) {
966 long remains = elt->size - size;
967 if (remains >= 0 && remains < min_remain) {
969 min_remain = remains;
975 oldp = &( elt->next );
978 if (!oldgoodp) return NULL;
980 void *ret = *oldgoodp;
981 struct chunk_chain_s *next = (*oldgoodp)->next;
983 *oldgoodp = (struct chunk_chain_s *)((char*)ret + size);
984 (*oldgoodp)->size = min_remain;
985 (*oldgoodp)->next = next;
988 void *ret = *oldgoodp;
989 *oldgoodp = (*oldgoodp)->next;
996 add_to_chain(void *p, MEM_SIZE size, MEM_SIZE chip)
998 struct chunk_chain_s *next = chunk_chain;
1002 chunk_chain = (struct chunk_chain_s *)cp;
1003 chunk_chain->size = size - chip;
1004 chunk_chain->next = next;
1009 get_from_bigger_buckets(int bucket, MEM_SIZE size)
1012 static int bucketprice[NBUCKETS];
1013 while (bucket <= max_bucket) {
1014 /* We postpone stealing from bigger buckets until we want it
1016 if (nextf[bucket] && bucketprice[bucket]++ >= price) {
1018 void *ret = (void*)(nextf[bucket] - 1 + CHUNK_SHIFT);
1019 bucketprice[bucket] = 0;
1020 if (((char*)nextf[bucket]) - M_OVERHEAD == last_op) {
1021 last_op = NULL; /* Disable optimization */
1023 nextf[bucket] = nextf[bucket]->ov_next;
1024 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1026 start_slack -= M_OVERHEAD;
1028 add_to_chain(ret, (BUCKET_SIZE(bucket) +
1029 POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(bucket)),
1038 static union overhead *
1039 getpages(int needed, int *nblksp, int bucket)
1041 /* Need to do (possibly expensive) system call. Try to
1042 optimize it for rare calling. */
1043 MEM_SIZE require = needed - sbrked_remains;
1045 union overhead *ovp;
1048 if (sbrk_good > 0) {
1049 if (!last_sbrk_top && require < FIRST_SBRK)
1050 require = FIRST_SBRK;
1051 else if (require < MIN_SBRK) require = MIN_SBRK;
1053 if (require < goodsbrk * MIN_SBRK_FRAC / 100)
1054 require = goodsbrk * MIN_SBRK_FRAC / 100;
1055 require = ((require - 1 + MIN_SBRK) / MIN_SBRK) * MIN_SBRK;
1062 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1063 "sbrk(%ld) for %ld-byte-long arena\n",
1064 (long)require, (long) needed));
1065 cp = (char *)sbrk(require);
1066 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1069 if (cp == last_sbrk_top) {
1070 /* Common case, anything is fine. */
1072 ovp = (union overhead *) (cp - sbrked_remains);
1073 last_op = cp - sbrked_remains;
1074 sbrked_remains = require - (needed - sbrked_remains);
1075 } else if (cp == (char *)-1) { /* no more room! */
1076 ovp = (union overhead *)emergency_sbrk(needed);
1077 if (ovp == (union overhead *)-1)
1079 if (((char*)ovp) > last_op) { /* Cannot happen with current emergency_sbrk() */
1083 } else { /* Non-continuous or first sbrk(). */
1084 long add = sbrked_remains;
1087 if (sbrked_remains) { /* Put rest into chain, we
1088 cannot use it right now. */
1089 add_to_chain((void*)(last_sbrk_top - sbrked_remains),
1093 /* Second, check alignment. */
1096 #if !defined(atarist) && !defined(__MINT__) /* on the atari we dont have to worry about this */
1097 # ifndef I286 /* The sbrk(0) call on the I286 always returns the next segment */
1098 /* WANTED_ALIGNMENT may be more than NEEDED_ALIGNMENT, but this may
1099 improve performance of memory access. */
1100 if ((UV)cp & (WANTED_ALIGNMENT - 1)) { /* Not aligned. */
1101 slack = WANTED_ALIGNMENT - ((UV)cp & (WANTED_ALIGNMENT - 1));
1105 #endif /* !atarist && !MINT */
1108 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1109 "sbrk(%ld) to fix non-continuous/off-page sbrk:\n\t%ld for alignement,\t%ld were assumed to come from the tail of the previous sbrk\n",
1110 (long)add, (long) slack,
1111 (long) sbrked_remains));
1112 newcp = (char *)sbrk(add);
1113 #if defined(DEBUGGING_MSTATS)
1117 if (newcp != cp + require) {
1118 /* Too bad: even rounding sbrk() is not continuous.*/
1119 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1120 "failed to fix bad sbrk()\n"));
1124 fatalcroak("panic: Off-page sbrk\n");
1127 if (sbrked_remains) {
1129 #if defined(DEBUGGING_MSTATS)
1130 sbrk_slack += require;
1133 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1134 "straight sbrk(%ld)\n",
1136 cp = (char *)sbrk(require);
1137 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1140 if (cp == (char *)-1)
1143 sbrk_good = -1; /* Disable optimization!
1144 Continue with not-aligned... */
1147 require += sbrked_remains;
1151 if (last_sbrk_top) {
1152 sbrk_good -= SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE;
1155 ovp = (union overhead *) cp;
1157 * Round up to minimum allocation size boundary
1158 * and deduct from block count to reflect.
1161 # if NEEDED_ALIGNMENT > MEM_ALIGNBYTES
1162 if ((UV)ovp & (NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - 1))
1163 fatalcroak("Misalignment of sbrk()\n");
1166 #ifndef I286 /* Again, this should always be ok on an 80286 */
1167 if ((UV)ovp & (MEM_ALIGNBYTES - 1)) {
1168 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1169 "fixing sbrk(): %d bytes off machine alignement\n",
1170 (int)((UV)ovp & (MEM_ALIGNBYTES - 1))));
1171 ovp = (union overhead *)(((UV)ovp + MEM_ALIGNBYTES) &
1172 (MEM_ALIGNBYTES - 1));
1174 # if defined(DEBUGGING_MSTATS)
1175 /* This is only approx. if TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE: */
1176 sbrk_slack += (1 << (bucket >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT));
1180 ; /* Finish `else' */
1181 sbrked_remains = require - needed;
1184 last_sbrk_top = cp + require;
1185 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1186 goodsbrk += require;
1192 getpages_adjacent(int require)
1194 if (require <= sbrked_remains) {
1195 sbrked_remains -= require;
1199 require -= sbrked_remains;
1200 /* We do not try to optimize sbrks here, we go for place. */
1201 cp = (char*) sbrk(require);
1202 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1204 goodsbrk += require;
1206 if (cp == last_sbrk_top) {
1208 last_sbrk_top = cp + require;
1210 if (cp == (char*)-1) { /* Out of memory */
1211 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1212 goodsbrk -= require;
1216 /* Report the failure: */
1218 add_to_chain((void*)(last_sbrk_top - sbrked_remains),
1220 add_to_chain((void*)cp, require, 0);
1221 sbrk_good -= SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE;
1233 * Allocate more memory to the indicated bucket.
1236 morecore(register int bucket)
1238 register union overhead *ovp;
1239 register int rnu; /* 2^rnu bytes will be requested */
1240 int nblks; /* become nblks blocks of the desired size */
1241 register MEM_SIZE siz, needed;
1245 if (bucket == sizeof(MEM_SIZE)*8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
1247 croak("%s", "Out of memory during ridiculously large request");
1249 if (bucket > max_bucket)
1250 max_bucket = bucket;
1252 rnu = ( (bucket <= (LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT))
1254 : (bucket >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT) );
1255 /* This may be overwritten later: */
1256 nblks = 1 << (rnu - (bucket >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)); /* how many blocks to get */
1257 needed = ((MEM_SIZE)1 << rnu) + POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(bucket);
1258 if (nextf[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT]) { /* 2048b bucket. */
1259 ovp = nextf[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT] - 1 + CHUNK_SHIFT;
1260 nextf[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT]
1261 = nextf[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT]->ov_next;
1262 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1263 nmalloc[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT]--;
1264 start_slack -= M_OVERHEAD;
1266 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1267 "stealing %ld bytes from %ld arena\n",
1268 (long) needed, (long) rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT));
1269 } else if (chunk_chain
1270 && (ovp = (union overhead*) get_from_chain(needed))) {
1271 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1272 "stealing %ld bytes from chain\n",
1274 } else if ( (ovp = (union overhead*)
1275 get_from_bigger_buckets((rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT) + 1,
1277 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1278 "stealing %ld bytes from bigger buckets\n",
1280 } else if (needed <= sbrked_remains) {
1281 ovp = (union overhead *)(last_sbrk_top - sbrked_remains);
1282 sbrked_remains -= needed;
1283 last_op = (char*)ovp;
1285 ovp = getpages(needed, &nblks, bucket);
1291 * Add new memory allocated to that on
1292 * free list for this hash bucket.
1294 siz = BUCKET_SIZE(bucket);
1296 *(u_char*)ovp = bucket; /* Fill index. */
1297 if (bucket <= MAX_PACKED) {
1298 ovp = (union overhead *) ((char*)ovp + BLK_SHIFT(bucket));
1299 nblks = N_BLKS(bucket);
1300 # ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1301 start_slack += BLK_SHIFT(bucket);
1303 } else if (bucket < LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA * BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
1304 ovp = (union overhead *) ((char*)ovp + BLK_SHIFT(bucket));
1305 siz -= sizeof(union overhead);
1306 } else ovp++; /* One chunk per block. */
1307 #endif /* PACK_MALLOC */
1308 nextf[bucket] = ovp;
1309 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1310 nmalloc[bucket] += nblks;
1311 if (bucket > MAX_PACKED) {
1312 start_slack += M_OVERHEAD * nblks;
1315 while (--nblks > 0) {
1316 ovp->ov_next = (union overhead *)((caddr_t)ovp + siz);
1317 ovp = (union overhead *)((caddr_t)ovp + siz);
1319 /* Not all sbrks return zeroed memory.*/
1320 ovp->ov_next = (union overhead *)NULL;
1322 if (bucket == 7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) { /* Special case, explanation is above. */
1323 union overhead *n_op = nextf[7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2]->ov_next;
1324 nextf[7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2] =
1325 (union overhead *)((caddr_t)nextf[7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2]
1326 - sizeof(union overhead));
1327 nextf[7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2]->ov_next = n_op;
1329 #endif /* !PACK_MALLOC */
1333 Perl_mfree(void *mp)
1335 register MEM_SIZE size;
1336 register union overhead *ovp;
1337 char *cp = (char*)mp;
1342 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1343 "0x%lx: (%05lu) free\n",
1344 (unsigned long)cp, (unsigned long)(PL_an++)));
1348 ovp = (union overhead *)((caddr_t)cp
1349 - sizeof (union overhead) * CHUNK_SHIFT);
1351 bucket = OV_INDEX(ovp);
1353 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
1354 if ((bucket >= FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK)
1355 && (OV_MAGIC(ovp, bucket) != MAGIC))
1357 if (OV_MAGIC(ovp, bucket) != MAGIC)
1360 static int bad_free_warn = -1;
1361 if (bad_free_warn == -1) {
1362 char *pbf = PerlEnv_getenv("PERL_BADFREE");
1363 bad_free_warn = (pbf) ? atoi(pbf) : 1;
1368 warn("%s free() ignored",
1369 ovp->ov_rmagic == RMAGIC - 1 ? "Duplicate" : "Bad");
1371 warn("%s", "Bad free() ignored");
1373 return; /* sanity */
1377 ASSERT(ovp->ov_rmagic == RMAGIC, "chunk's head overwrite");
1378 if (OV_INDEX(ovp) <= MAX_SHORT_BUCKET) {
1380 MEM_SIZE nbytes = ovp->ov_size + 1;
1382 if ((i = nbytes & 3)) {
1385 ASSERT(*((char *)((caddr_t)ovp + nbytes - RSLOP + i))
1386 == RMAGIC_C, "chunk's tail overwrite");
1389 nbytes = (nbytes + 3) &~ 3;
1390 ASSERT(*(u_int *)((caddr_t)ovp + nbytes - RSLOP) == RMAGIC, "chunk's tail overwrite");
1392 ovp->ov_rmagic = RMAGIC - 1;
1394 ASSERT(OV_INDEX(ovp) < NBUCKETS, "chunk's head overwrite");
1395 size = OV_INDEX(ovp);
1396 ovp->ov_next = nextf[size];
1402 * When a program attempts "storage compaction" as mentioned in the
1403 * old malloc man page, it realloc's an already freed block. Usually
1404 * this is the last block it freed; occasionally it might be farther
1405 * back. We have to search all the free lists for the block in order
1406 * to determine its bucket: 1st we make one pass thru the lists
1407 * checking only the first block in each; if that fails we search
1408 * ``reall_srchlen'' blocks in each list for a match (the variable
1409 * is extern so the caller can modify it). If that fails we just copy
1410 * however many bytes was given to realloc() and hope it's not huge.
1412 #define reall_srchlen 4 /* 4 should be plenty, -1 =>'s whole list */
1415 Perl_realloc(void *mp, size_t nbytes)
1417 register MEM_SIZE onb;
1418 union overhead *ovp;
1421 register int bucket;
1422 int was_alloced = 0, incr;
1423 char *cp = (char*)mp;
1425 #if defined(DEBUGGING) || !defined(PERL_CORE)
1426 MEM_SIZE size = nbytes;
1428 if ((long)nbytes < 0)
1429 croak("%s", "panic: realloc");
1432 BARK_64K_LIMIT("Reallocation",nbytes,size);
1434 return Perl_malloc(nbytes);
1437 ovp = (union overhead *)((caddr_t)cp
1438 - sizeof (union overhead) * CHUNK_SHIFT);
1439 bucket = OV_INDEX(ovp);
1440 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
1441 if ((bucket < FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK)
1442 || (OV_MAGIC(ovp, bucket) == MAGIC))
1444 if (OV_MAGIC(ovp, bucket) == MAGIC)
1450 * Already free, doing "compaction".
1452 * Search for the old block of memory on the
1453 * free list. First, check the most common
1454 * case (last element free'd), then (this failing)
1455 * the last ``reall_srchlen'' items free'd.
1456 * If all lookups fail, then assume the size of
1457 * the memory block being realloc'd is the
1458 * smallest possible.
1460 if ((bucket = findbucket(ovp, 1)) < 0 &&
1461 (bucket = findbucket(ovp, reall_srchlen)) < 0)
1464 onb = BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(bucket);
1466 * avoid the copy if same size block.
1467 * We are not agressive with boundary cases. Note that it might
1468 * (for a small number of cases) give false negative if
1469 * both new size and old one are in the bucket for
1470 * FIRST_BIG_POW2, but the new one is near the lower end.
1472 * We do not try to go to 1.5 times smaller bucket so far.
1474 if (nbytes > onb) incr = 1;
1476 #ifdef DO_NOT_TRY_HARDER_WHEN_SHRINKING
1477 if ( /* This is a little bit pessimal if PACK_MALLOC: */
1478 nbytes > ( (onb >> 1) - M_OVERHEAD )
1479 # ifdef TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
1480 || (bucket == FIRST_BIG_POW2 && nbytes >= LAST_SMALL_BOUND )
1483 #else /* !DO_NOT_TRY_HARDER_WHEN_SHRINKING */
1484 prev_bucket = ( (bucket > MAX_PACKED + 1)
1485 ? bucket - BUCKETS_PER_POW2
1487 if (nbytes > BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(prev_bucket))
1488 #endif /* !DO_NOT_TRY_HARDER_WHEN_SHRINKING */
1493 #ifdef STRESS_REALLOC
1494 || 1 /* always do it the hard way */
1497 else if (incr == 0) {
1501 * Record new allocated size of block and
1502 * bound space with magic numbers.
1504 if (OV_INDEX(ovp) <= MAX_SHORT_BUCKET) {
1505 int i, nb = ovp->ov_size + 1;
1510 ASSERT(*((char *)((caddr_t)ovp + nb - RSLOP + i)) == RMAGIC_C, "chunk's tail overwrite");
1514 ASSERT(*(u_int *)((caddr_t)ovp + nb - RSLOP) == RMAGIC, "chunk's tail overwrite");
1516 * Convert amount of memory requested into
1517 * closest block size stored in hash buckets
1518 * which satisfies request. Account for
1519 * space used per block for accounting.
1521 nbytes += M_OVERHEAD;
1522 ovp->ov_size = nbytes - 1;
1523 if ((i = nbytes & 3)) {
1526 *((char *)((caddr_t)ovp + nbytes - RSLOP + i))
1529 nbytes = (nbytes + 3) &~ 3;
1530 *((u_int *)((caddr_t)ovp + nbytes - RSLOP)) = RMAGIC;
1535 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1536 "0x%lx: (%05lu) realloc %ld bytes inplace\n",
1537 (unsigned long)res,(unsigned long)(PL_an++),
1539 } else if (incr == 1 && (cp - M_OVERHEAD == last_op)
1540 && (onb > (1 << LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA))) {
1541 MEM_SIZE require, newarena = nbytes, pow;
1544 POW2_OPTIMIZE_ADJUST(newarena);
1545 newarena = newarena + M_OVERHEAD;
1546 /* newarena = (newarena + 3) &~ 3; */
1547 shiftr = (newarena - 1) >> LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA;
1548 pow = LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA + 1;
1549 /* apart from this loop, this is O(1) */
1550 while (shiftr >>= 1)
1552 newarena = (1 << pow) + POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(pow * BUCKETS_PER_POW2);
1553 require = newarena - onb - M_OVERHEAD;
1555 if (getpages_adjacent(require)) {
1556 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1558 nmalloc[pow * BUCKETS_PER_POW2]++;
1560 *(cp - M_OVERHEAD) = pow * BUCKETS_PER_POW2; /* Fill index. */
1567 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1568 "0x%lx: (%05lu) realloc %ld bytes the hard way\n",
1569 (unsigned long)cp,(unsigned long)(PL_an++),
1571 if ((res = (char*)Perl_malloc(nbytes)) == NULL)
1573 if (cp != res) /* common optimization */
1574 Copy(cp, res, (MEM_SIZE)(nbytes<onb?nbytes:onb), char);
1578 return ((Malloc_t)res);
1582 * Search ``srchlen'' elements of each free list for a block whose
1583 * header starts at ``freep''. If srchlen is -1 search the whole list.
1584 * Return bucket number, or -1 if not found.
1587 findbucket(union overhead *freep, int srchlen)
1589 register union overhead *p;
1592 for (i = 0; i < NBUCKETS; i++) {
1594 for (p = nextf[i]; p && j != srchlen; p = p->ov_next) {
1604 Perl_calloc(register size_t elements, register size_t size)
1606 long sz = elements * size;
1607 Malloc_t p = Perl_malloc(sz);
1610 memset((void*)p, 0, sz);
1616 malloced_size(void *p)
1618 union overhead *ovp = (union overhead *)
1619 ((caddr_t)p - sizeof (union overhead) * CHUNK_SHIFT);
1620 int bucket = OV_INDEX(ovp);
1622 /* The caller wants to have a complete control over the chunk,
1623 disable the memory checking inside the chunk. */
1624 if (bucket <= MAX_SHORT_BUCKET) {
1625 MEM_SIZE size = BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(bucket);
1626 ovp->ov_size = size + M_OVERHEAD - 1;
1627 *((u_int *)((caddr_t)ovp + size + M_OVERHEAD - RSLOP)) = RMAGIC;
1630 return BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(bucket);
1633 # ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2
1634 # define MIN_EVEN_REPORT 6
1636 # define MIN_EVEN_REPORT MIN_BUCKET
1639 * mstats - print out statistics about malloc
1641 * Prints two lines of numbers, one showing the length of the free list
1642 * for each size category, the second showing the number of mallocs -
1643 * frees for each size category.
1646 dump_mstats(char *s)
1648 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1650 register union overhead *p;
1651 int topbucket=0, topbucket_ev=0, topbucket_odd=0, totfree=0, total=0;
1652 u_int nfree[NBUCKETS];
1653 int total_chain = 0;
1654 struct chunk_chain_s* nextchain = chunk_chain;
1656 for (i = MIN_BUCKET ; i < NBUCKETS; i++) {
1657 for (j = 0, p = nextf[i]; p; p = p->ov_next, j++)
1660 totfree += nfree[i] * BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i);
1661 total += nmalloc[i] * BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i);
1663 i % 2 ? (topbucket_odd = i) : (topbucket_ev = i);
1668 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(),
1669 "Memory allocation statistics %s (buckets %ld(%ld)..%ld(%ld)\n",
1671 (long)BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(MIN_BUCKET),
1672 (long)BUCKET_SIZE(MIN_BUCKET),
1673 (long)BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(topbucket), (long)BUCKET_SIZE(topbucket));
1674 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), "%8d free:", totfree);
1675 for (i = MIN_EVEN_REPORT; i <= topbucket; i += BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
1676 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(),
1677 ((i < 8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 || i == 10*BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
1679 : ((i < 12*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? " %3d" : " %d")),
1682 #ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2
1683 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), "\n\t ");
1684 for (i = MIN_BUCKET + 1; i <= topbucket_odd; i += BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
1685 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(),
1686 ((i < 8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 || i == 10*BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
1688 : ((i < 12*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? " %3d" : " %d")),
1692 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), "\n%8d used:", total - totfree);
1693 for (i = MIN_EVEN_REPORT; i <= topbucket; i += BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
1694 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(),
1695 ((i < 8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 || i == 10*BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
1697 : ((i < 12*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? " %3d" : " %d")),
1698 nmalloc[i] - nfree[i]);
1700 #ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2
1701 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), "\n\t ");
1702 for (i = MIN_BUCKET + 1; i <= topbucket_odd; i += BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
1703 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(),
1704 ((i < 8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 || i == 10*BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
1706 : ((i < 12*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? " %3d" : " %d")),
1707 nmalloc[i] - nfree[i]);
1711 total_chain += nextchain->size;
1712 nextchain = nextchain->next;
1714 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), "\nTotal sbrk(): %d/%d:%d. Odd ends: pad+heads+chain+tail: %d+%d+%d+%d.\n",
1715 goodsbrk + sbrk_slack, sbrks, sbrk_good, sbrk_slack,
1716 start_slack, total_chain, sbrked_remains);
1717 #endif /* DEBUGGING_MSTATS */
1721 #ifdef USE_PERL_SBRK
1723 # if defined(__MACHTEN_PPC__) || defined(NeXT) || defined(__NeXT__)
1724 # define PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC
1726 * MachTen's malloc() returns a buffer aligned on a two-byte boundary.
1727 * While this is adequate, it may slow down access to longer data
1728 * types by forcing multiple memory accesses. It also causes
1729 * complaints when RCHECK is in force. So we allocate six bytes
1730 * more than we need to, and return an address rounded up to an
1731 * eight-byte boundary.
1733 * 980701 Dominic Dunlop <domo@computer.org>
1735 # define SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT 2
1738 # ifdef PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC
1740 /* it may seem schizophrenic to use perl's malloc and let it call system */
1741 /* malloc, the reason for that is only the 3.2 version of the OS that had */
1742 /* frequent core dumps within nxzonefreenolock. This sbrk routine put an */
1743 /* end to the cores */
1745 # ifndef SYSTEM_ALLOC
1746 # define SYSTEM_ALLOC(a) malloc(a)
1748 # ifndef SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT
1749 # define SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT MEM_ALIGNBYTES
1752 # endif /* PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC */
1754 static IV Perl_sbrk_oldchunk;
1755 static long Perl_sbrk_oldsize;
1757 # define PERLSBRK_32_K (1<<15)
1758 # define PERLSBRK_64_K (1<<16)
1766 if (!size) return 0;
1768 reqsize = size; /* just for the DEBUG_m statement */
1771 size = (size + 0x7ff) & ~0x7ff;
1773 if (size <= Perl_sbrk_oldsize) {
1774 got = Perl_sbrk_oldchunk;
1775 Perl_sbrk_oldchunk += size;
1776 Perl_sbrk_oldsize -= size;
1778 if (size >= PERLSBRK_32_K) {
1781 size = PERLSBRK_64_K;
1784 # if NEEDED_ALIGNMENT > SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT
1785 size += NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT;
1787 got = (IV)SYSTEM_ALLOC(size);
1788 # if NEEDED_ALIGNMENT > SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT
1789 got = (got + NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - 1) & ~(NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - 1);
1792 /* Chunk is small, register the rest for future allocs. */
1793 Perl_sbrk_oldchunk = got + reqsize;
1794 Perl_sbrk_oldsize = size - reqsize;
1798 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "sbrk malloc size %ld (reqsize %ld), left size %ld, give addr 0x%lx\n",
1799 size, reqsize, Perl_sbrk_oldsize, got));
1804 #endif /* ! defined USE_PERL_SBRK */