6 Here are some notes on configuring Perl's malloc. (For non-perl
9 There are two macros which serve as bulk disablers of advanced
10 features of this malloc: NO_FANCY_MALLOC, PLAIN_MALLOC (undef by
11 default). Look in the list of default values below to understand
12 their exact effect. Defining NO_FANCY_MALLOC returns malloc.c to the
13 state of the malloc in Perl 5.004. Additionally defining PLAIN_MALLOC
14 returns it to the state as of Perl 5.000.
16 Note that some of the settings below may be ignored in the code based
17 on values of other macros. The PERL_CORE symbol is only defined when
18 perl itself is being compiled (so malloc can make some assumptions
19 about perl's facilities being available to it).
21 Each config option has a short description, followed by its name,
22 default value, and a comment about the default (if applicable). Some
23 options take a precise value, while the others are just boolean.
24 The boolean ones are listed first.
26 # Enable code for an emergency memory pool in $^M. See perlvar.pod
27 # for a description of $^M.
28 PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK (!PLAIN_MALLOC && PERL_CORE)
30 # Enable code for printing memory statistics.
31 DEBUGGING_MSTATS (!PLAIN_MALLOC && PERL_CORE)
33 # Move allocation info for small buckets into separate areas.
34 # Memory optimization (especially for small allocations, of the
35 # less than 64 bytes). Since perl usually makes a large number
36 # of small allocations, this is usually a win.
37 PACK_MALLOC (!PLAIN_MALLOC && !RCHECK)
39 # Add one page to big powers of two when calculating bucket size.
40 # This is targeted at big allocations, as are common in image
42 TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE !PLAIN_MALLOC
44 # Use intermediate bucket sizes between powers-of-two. This is
45 # generally a memory optimization, and a (small) speed pessimization.
46 BUCKETS_ROOT2 !NO_FANCY_MALLOC
48 # Do not check small deallocations for bad free(). Memory
49 # and speed optimization, error reporting pessimization.
50 IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE (!NO_FANCY_MALLOC && !RCHECK)
52 # Use table lookup to decide in which bucket a given allocation will go.
53 SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE !NO_FANCY_MALLOC
55 # Use a perl-defined sbrk() instead of the (presumably broken or
56 # missing) system-supplied sbrk().
59 # Use system malloc() (or calloc() etc.) to emulate sbrk(). Normally
60 # only used with broken sbrk()s.
61 PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC undef
63 # Which allocator to use if PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC
64 SYSTEM_ALLOC(a) malloc(a)
66 # Minimal alignment (in bytes, should be a power of 2) of SYSTEM_ALLOC
67 SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT MEM_ALIGNBYTES
69 # Disable memory overwrite checking with DEBUGGING. Memory and speed
70 # optimization, error reporting pessimization.
73 # Enable memory overwrite checking with DEBUGGING. Memory and speed
74 # pessimization, error reporting optimization
75 RCHECK (DEBUGGING && !NO_RCHECK)
77 # Failed allocations bigger than this size croak (if
78 # PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK is enabled) without touching $^M. See
79 # perlvar.pod for a description of $^M.
80 BIG_SIZE (1<<16) # 64K
82 # Starting from this power of two, add an extra page to the
83 # size of the bucket. This enables optimized allocations of sizes
84 # close to powers of 2. Note that the value is indexed at 0.
85 FIRST_BIG_POW2 15 # 32K, 16K is used too often
87 # Estimate of minimal memory footprint. malloc uses this value to
88 # request the most reasonable largest blocks of memory from the system.
91 # Round up sbrk()s to multiples of this.
94 # Round up sbrk()s to multiples of this percent of footprint.
97 # Add this much memory to big powers of two to get the bucket size.
100 # This many sbrk() discontinuities should be tolerated even
101 # from the start without deciding that sbrk() is usually
103 SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES 3
105 # This many continuous sbrk()s compensate for one discontinuous one.
106 SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE 50
108 # Some configurations may ask for 12-byte-or-so allocations which
109 # require 8-byte alignment (?!). In such situation one needs to
110 # define this to disable 12-byte bucket (will increase memory footprint)
111 STRICT_ALIGNMENT undef
113 This implementation assumes that calling PerlIO_printf() does not
114 result in any memory allocation calls (used during a panic).
119 If used outside of Perl environment, it may be useful to redefine
120 the following macros (listed below with defaults):
122 # Type of address returned by allocation functions
125 # Type of size argument for allocation functions
126 MEM_SIZE unsigned long
131 # Maximal value in LONG
134 # Unsigned integer type big enough to keep a pointer
137 # Type of pointer with 1-byte granularity
140 # Type returned by free()
143 # Very fatal condition reporting function (cannot call any )
144 fatalcroak(arg) write(2,arg,strlen(arg)) + exit(2)
146 # Fatal error reporting function
147 croak(format, arg) warn(idem) + exit(1)
149 # Fatal error reporting function
150 croak2(format, arg1, arg2) warn2(idem) + exit(1)
152 # Error reporting function
153 warn(format, arg) fprintf(stderr, idem)
155 # Error reporting function
156 warn2(format, arg1, arg2) fprintf(stderr, idem)
158 # Locking/unlocking for MT operation
159 MALLOC_LOCK MUTEX_LOCK(&PL_malloc_mutex)
160 MALLOC_UNLOCK MUTEX_UNLOCK(&PL_malloc_mutex)
162 # Locking/unlocking mutex for MT operation
167 #ifndef NO_FANCY_MALLOC
168 # ifndef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
169 # define SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
171 # ifndef BUCKETS_ROOT2
172 # define BUCKETS_ROOT2
174 # ifndef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
175 # define IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
179 #ifndef PLAIN_MALLOC /* Bulk enable features */
183 # ifndef TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
184 # define TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
186 # if defined(PERL_CORE) && !defined(PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK)
187 # define PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK
189 # if defined(PERL_CORE) && !defined(DEBUGGING_MSTATS)
190 # define DEBUGGING_MSTATS
194 #define MIN_BUC_POW2 (sizeof(void*) > 4 ? 3 : 2) /* Allow for 4-byte arena. */
195 #define MIN_BUCKET (MIN_BUC_POW2 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
197 #if !(defined(I286) || defined(atarist) || defined(__MINT__))
198 /* take 2k unless the block is bigger than that */
199 # define LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA 11
201 /* take 16k unless the block is bigger than that
202 (80286s like large segments!), probably good on the atari too */
203 # define LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA 14
207 # if defined(DEBUGGING) && !defined(NO_RCHECK)
210 # if defined(RCHECK) && defined(IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE)
211 # undef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
214 * malloc.c (Caltech) 2/21/82
215 * Chris Kingsley, kingsley@cit-20.
217 * This is a very fast storage allocator. It allocates blocks of a small
218 * number of different sizes, and keeps free lists of each size. Blocks that
219 * don't exactly fit are passed up to the next larger size. In this
220 * implementation, the available sizes are 2^n-4 (or 2^n-12) bytes long.
221 * If PACK_MALLOC is defined, small blocks are 2^n bytes long.
222 * This is designed for use in a program that uses vast quantities of memory,
223 * but bombs when it runs out.
225 * Modifications Copyright Ilya Zakharevich 1996-99.
227 * Still very quick, but much more thrifty. (Std config is 10% slower
228 * than it was, and takes 67% of old heap size for typical usage.)
230 * Allocations of small blocks are now table-driven to many different
231 * buckets. Sizes of really big buckets are increased to accomodata
232 * common size=power-of-2 blocks. Running-out-of-memory is made into
233 * an exception. Deeply configurable and thread-safe.
239 # define PERL_IN_MALLOC_C
241 # if defined(PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT)
242 # define croak Perl_croak_nocontext
243 # define croak2 Perl_croak_nocontext
244 # define warn Perl_warn_nocontext
245 # define warn2 Perl_warn_nocontext
247 # define croak2 croak
252 # include "../EXTERN.h"
253 # include "../perl.h"
260 # define Malloc_t void *
266 # define MEM_SIZE unsigned long
269 # define LONG_MAX 0x7FFFFFFF
272 # define UV unsigned long
275 # define caddr_t char *
280 # define Copy(s,d,n,t) (void)memcpy((char*)(d),(char*)(s), (n) * sizeof(t))
281 # define PerlEnv_getenv getenv
282 # define PerlIO_printf fprintf
283 # define PerlIO_stderr() stderr
285 # ifndef croak /* make depend */
286 # define croak(mess, arg) (warn((mess), (arg)), exit(1))
288 # ifndef croak2 /* make depend */
289 # define croak2(mess, arg1, arg2) (warn2((mess), (arg1), (arg2)), exit(1))
292 # define warn(mess, arg) fprintf(stderr, (mess), (arg))
295 # define warn2(mess, arg1) fprintf(stderr, (mess), (arg1), (arg2))
308 # define dTHX extern int Perl___notused PERL_UNUSED_DECL
310 # define dTHX extern int Perl___notused
312 # define WITH_THX(s) s
314 # ifndef PERL_GET_INTERP
315 # define PERL_GET_INTERP PL_curinterp
318 # define Perl_malloc malloc
321 # define Perl_mfree free
323 # ifndef Perl_realloc
324 # define Perl_realloc realloc
327 # define Perl_calloc calloc
330 # define Perl_strdup strdup
335 # define MUTEX_LOCK(l)
339 # define MUTEX_UNLOCK(l)
343 # define MALLOC_LOCK MUTEX_LOCK(&PL_malloc_mutex)
346 #ifndef MALLOC_UNLOCK
347 # define MALLOC_UNLOCK MUTEX_UNLOCK(&PL_malloc_mutex)
350 # ifndef fatalcroak /* make depend */
351 # define fatalcroak(mess) (write(2, (mess), strlen(mess)), exit(2))
356 # define DEBUG_m(a) \
358 if (PERL_GET_INTERP) { dTHX; if (DEBUG_m_TEST) { a; } } \
362 #ifdef PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT
363 # define PERL_IS_ALIVE aTHX
365 # define PERL_IS_ALIVE TRUE
372 * The memory is broken into "blocks" which occupy multiples of 2K (and
373 * generally speaking, have size "close" to a power of 2). The addresses
374 * of such *unused* blocks are kept in nextf[i] with big enough i. (nextf
375 * is an array of linked lists.) (Addresses of used blocks are not known.)
377 * Moreover, since the algorithm may try to "bite" smaller blocks out
378 * of unused bigger ones, there are also regions of "irregular" size,
379 * managed separately, by a linked list chunk_chain.
381 * The third type of storage is the sbrk()ed-but-not-yet-used space, its
382 * end and size are kept in last_sbrk_top and sbrked_remains.
384 * Growing blocks "in place":
385 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
386 * The address of the block with the greatest address is kept in last_op
387 * (if not known, last_op is 0). If it is known that the memory above
388 * last_op is not continuous, or contains a chunk from chunk_chain,
389 * last_op is set to 0.
391 * The chunk with address last_op may be grown by expanding into
392 * sbrk()ed-but-not-yet-used space, or trying to sbrk() more continuous
395 * Management of last_op:
396 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
398 * free() never changes the boundaries of blocks, so is not relevant.
400 * The only way realloc() may change the boundaries of blocks is if it
401 * grows a block "in place". However, in the case of success such a
402 * chunk is automatically last_op, and it remains last_op. In the case
403 * of failure getpages_adjacent() clears last_op.
405 * malloc() may change blocks by calling morecore() only.
407 * morecore() may create new blocks by:
408 * a) biting pieces from chunk_chain (cannot create one above last_op);
409 * b) biting a piece from an unused block (if block was last_op, this
410 * may create a chunk from chain above last_op, thus last_op is
411 * invalidated in such a case).
412 * c) biting of sbrk()ed-but-not-yet-used space. This creates
413 * a block which is last_op.
414 * d) Allocating new pages by calling getpages();
416 * getpages() creates a new block. It marks last_op at the bottom of
417 * the chunk of memory it returns.
419 * Active pages footprint:
420 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
421 * Note that we do not need to traverse the lists in nextf[i], just take
422 * the first element of this list. However, we *need* to traverse the
423 * list in chunk_chain, but most the time it should be a very short one,
424 * so we do not step on a lot of pages we are not going to use.
428 * get_from_bigger_buckets(): forget to increment price => Quite
432 /* I don't much care whether these are defined in sys/types.h--LAW */
434 #define u_char unsigned char
435 #define u_int unsigned int
437 * I removed the definition of u_bigint which appeared to be u_bigint = UV
438 * u_bigint was only used in TWOK_MASKED and TWOK_SHIFT
439 * where I have used PTR2UV. RMB
441 #define u_short unsigned short
443 /* 286 and atarist like big chunks, which gives too much overhead. */
444 #if (defined(RCHECK) || defined(I286) || defined(atarist) || defined(__MINT__)) && defined(PACK_MALLOC)
449 * The description below is applicable if PACK_MALLOC is not defined.
451 * The overhead on a block is at least 4 bytes. When free, this space
452 * contains a pointer to the next free block, and the bottom two bits must
453 * be zero. When in use, the first byte is set to MAGIC, and the second
454 * byte is the size index. The remaining bytes are for alignment.
455 * If range checking is enabled and the size of the block fits
456 * in two bytes, then the top two bytes hold the size of the requested block
457 * plus the range checking words, and the header word MINUS ONE.
460 union overhead *ov_next; /* when free */
461 #if MEM_ALIGNBYTES > 4
462 double strut; /* alignment problems */
466 * Keep the ovu_index and ovu_magic in this order, having a char
467 * field first gives alignment indigestion in some systems, such as
470 u_char ovu_index; /* bucket # */
471 u_char ovu_magic; /* magic number */
473 u_short ovu_size; /* actual block size */
474 u_int ovu_rmagic; /* range magic number */
477 #define ov_magic ovu.ovu_magic
478 #define ov_index ovu.ovu_index
479 #define ov_size ovu.ovu_size
480 #define ov_rmagic ovu.ovu_rmagic
483 #define MAGIC 0xff /* magic # on accounting info */
484 #define RMAGIC 0x55555555 /* magic # on range info */
485 #define RMAGIC_C 0x55 /* magic # on range info */
488 # define RSLOP sizeof (u_int)
489 # ifdef TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
490 # define MAX_SHORT_BUCKET (12 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
492 # define MAX_SHORT_BUCKET (13 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
498 #if !defined(PACK_MALLOC) && defined(BUCKETS_ROOT2)
499 # undef BUCKETS_ROOT2
503 # define BUCKET_TABLE_SHIFT 2
504 # define BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT 1
505 # define BUCKETS_PER_POW2 2
507 # define BUCKET_TABLE_SHIFT MIN_BUC_POW2
508 # define BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT 0
509 # define BUCKETS_PER_POW2 1
512 #if !defined(MEM_ALIGNBYTES) || ((MEM_ALIGNBYTES > 4) && !defined(STRICT_ALIGNMENT))
513 /* Figure out the alignment of void*. */
518 # define ALIGN_SMALL ((int)((caddr_t)&(((struct aligner*)0)->p)))
520 # define ALIGN_SMALL MEM_ALIGNBYTES
523 #define IF_ALIGN_8(yes,no) ((ALIGN_SMALL>4) ? (yes) : (no))
526 # define MAX_BUCKET_BY_TABLE 13
527 static u_short buck_size[MAX_BUCKET_BY_TABLE + 1] =
529 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, 64, 80,
531 # define BUCKET_SIZE(i) ((i) % 2 ? buck_size[i] : (1 << ((i) >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)))
532 # define BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i) ((i) <= MAX_BUCKET_BY_TABLE \
534 : ((1 << ((i) >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)) \
536 + POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(i)))
538 # define BUCKET_SIZE(i) (1 << ((i) >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT))
539 # define BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i) (BUCKET_SIZE(i) - MEM_OVERHEAD(i) + POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(i))
544 /* In this case there are several possible layout of arenas depending
545 * on the size. Arenas are of sizes multiple to 2K, 2K-aligned, and
546 * have a size close to a power of 2.
548 * Arenas of the size >= 4K keep one chunk only. Arenas of size 2K
549 * may keep one chunk or multiple chunks. Here are the possible
552 * # One chunk only, chunksize 2^k + SOMETHING - ALIGN, k >= 11
554 * INDEX MAGIC1 UNUSED CHUNK1
556 * # Multichunk with sanity checking and chunksize 2^k-ALIGN, k>7
558 * INDEX MAGIC1 MAGIC2 MAGIC3 UNUSED CHUNK1 CHUNK2 CHUNK3 ...
560 * # Multichunk with sanity checking and size 2^k-ALIGN, k=7
562 * INDEX MAGIC1 MAGIC2 MAGIC3 UNUSED CHUNK1 UNUSED CHUNK2 CHUNK3 ...
564 * # Multichunk with sanity checking and size up to 80
566 * INDEX UNUSED MAGIC1 UNUSED MAGIC2 UNUSED ... CHUNK1 CHUNK2 CHUNK3 ...
568 * # No sanity check (usually up to 48=byte-long buckets)
569 * INDEX UNUSED CHUNK1 CHUNK2 ...
571 * Above INDEX and MAGIC are one-byte-long. Sizes of UNUSED are
572 * appropriate to keep algorithms simple and memory aligned. INDEX
573 * encodes the size of the chunk, while MAGICn encodes state (used,
574 * free or non-managed-by-us-so-it-indicates-a-bug) of CHUNKn. MAGIC
575 * is used for sanity checking purposes only. SOMETHING is 0 or 4K
576 * (to make size of big CHUNK accomodate allocations for powers of two
579 * [There is no need to alignment between chunks, since C rules ensure
580 * that structs which need 2^k alignment have sizeof which is
581 * divisible by 2^k. Thus as far as the last chunk is aligned at the
582 * end of the arena, and 2K-alignment does not contradict things,
583 * everything is going to be OK for sizes of chunks 2^n and 2^n +
584 * 2^k. Say, 80-bit buckets will be 16-bit aligned, and as far as we
585 * put allocations for requests in 65..80 range, all is fine.
587 * Note, however, that standard malloc() puts more strict
588 * requirements than the above C rules. Moreover, our algorithms of
589 * realloc() may break this idyll, but we suppose that realloc() does
590 * need not change alignment.]
592 * Is very important to make calculation of the offset of MAGICm as
593 * quick as possible, since it is done on each malloc()/free(). In
594 * fact it is so quick that it has quite little effect on the speed of
595 * doing malloc()/free(). [By default] We forego such calculations
596 * for small chunks, but only to save extra 3% of memory, not because
597 * of speed considerations.
599 * Here is the algorithm [which is the same for all the allocations
600 * schemes above], see OV_MAGIC(block,bucket). Let OFFSETm be the
601 * offset of the CHUNKm from the start of ARENA. Then offset of
602 * MAGICm is (OFFSET1 >> SHIFT) + ADDOFFSET. Here SHIFT and ADDOFFSET
603 * are numbers which depend on the size of the chunks only.
605 * Let as check some sanity conditions. Numbers OFFSETm>>SHIFT are
606 * different for all the chunks in the arena if 2^SHIFT is not greater
607 * than size of the chunks in the arena. MAGIC1 will not overwrite
608 * INDEX provided ADDOFFSET is >0 if OFFSET1 < 2^SHIFT. MAGIClast
609 * will not overwrite CHUNK1 if OFFSET1 > (OFFSETlast >> SHIFT) +
612 * Make SHIFT the maximal possible (there is no point in making it
613 * smaller). Since OFFSETlast is 2K - CHUNKSIZE, above restrictions
614 * give restrictions on OFFSET1 and on ADDOFFSET.
616 * In particular, for chunks of size 2^k with k>=6 we can put
617 * ADDOFFSET to be from 0 to 2^k - 2^(11-k), and have
618 * OFFSET1==chunksize. For chunks of size 80 OFFSET1 of 2K%80=48 is
619 * large enough to have ADDOFFSET between 1 and 16 (similarly for 96,
620 * when ADDOFFSET should be 1). In particular, keeping MAGICs for
621 * these sizes gives no additional size penalty.
623 * However, for chunks of size 2^k with k<=5 this gives OFFSET1 >=
624 * ADDOFSET + 2^(11-k). Keeping ADDOFFSET 0 allows for 2^(11-k)-2^(11-2k)
625 * chunks per arena. This is smaller than 2^(11-k) - 1 which are
626 * needed if no MAGIC is kept. [In fact, having a negative ADDOFFSET
627 * would allow for slightly more buckets per arena for k=2,3.]
629 * Similarly, for chunks of size 3/2*2^k with k<=5 MAGICs would span
630 * the area up to 2^(11-k)+ADDOFFSET. For k=4 this give optimal
631 * ADDOFFSET as -7..0. For k=3 ADDOFFSET can go up to 4 (with tiny
632 * savings for negative ADDOFFSET). For k=5 ADDOFFSET can go -1..16
633 * (with no savings for negative values).
635 * In particular, keeping ADDOFFSET 0 for sizes of chunks up to 2^6
636 * leads to tiny pessimizations in case of sizes 4, 8, 12, 24, and
637 * leads to no contradictions except for size=80 (or 96.)
639 * However, it also makes sense to keep no magic for sizes 48 or less.
640 * This is what we do. In this case one needs ADDOFFSET>=1 also for
641 * chunksizes 12, 24, and 48, unless one gets one less chunk per
644 * The algo of OV_MAGIC(block,bucket) keeps ADDOFFSET 0 until
645 * chunksize of 64, then makes it 1.
647 * This allows for an additional optimization: the above scheme leads
648 * to giant overheads for sizes 128 or more (one whole chunk needs to
649 * be sacrifised to keep INDEX). Instead we use chunks not of size
650 * 2^k, but of size 2^k-ALIGN. If we pack these chunks at the end of
651 * the arena, then the beginnings are still in different 2^k-long
652 * sections of the arena if k>=7 for ALIGN==4, and k>=8 if ALIGN=8.
653 * Thus for k>7 the above algo of calculating the offset of the magic
654 * will still give different answers for different chunks. And to
655 * avoid the overrun of MAGIC1 into INDEX, one needs ADDOFFSET of >=1.
656 * In the case k=7 we just move the first chunk an extra ALIGN
657 * backward inside the ARENA (this is done once per arena lifetime,
658 * thus is not a big overhead). */
659 # define MAX_PACKED_POW2 6
660 # define MAX_PACKED (MAX_PACKED_POW2 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2 + BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)
661 # define MAX_POW2_ALGO ((1<<(MAX_PACKED_POW2 + 1)) - M_OVERHEAD)
662 # define TWOK_MASK ((1<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) - 1)
663 # define TWOK_MASKED(x) (PTR2UV(x) & ~TWOK_MASK)
664 # define TWOK_SHIFT(x) (PTR2UV(x) & TWOK_MASK)
665 # define OV_INDEXp(block) (INT2PTR(u_char*,TWOK_MASKED(block)))
666 # define OV_INDEX(block) (*OV_INDEXp(block))
667 # define OV_MAGIC(block,bucket) (*(OV_INDEXp(block) + \
668 (TWOK_SHIFT(block)>> \
669 (bucket>>BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)) + \
670 (bucket >= MIN_NEEDS_SHIFT ? 1 : 0)))
671 /* A bucket can have a shift smaller than it size, we need to
672 shift its magic number so it will not overwrite index: */
673 # ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2
674 # define MIN_NEEDS_SHIFT (7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 - 1) /* Shift 80 greater than chunk 64. */
676 # define MIN_NEEDS_SHIFT (7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) /* Shift 128 greater than chunk 32. */
678 # define CHUNK_SHIFT 0
680 /* Number of active buckets of given ordinal. */
681 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
682 #define FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK (6 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2) /* 64 */
683 # define N_BLKS(bucket) ( (bucket) < FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK \
684 ? ((1<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) - 1)/BUCKET_SIZE(bucket) \
687 # define N_BLKS(bucket) n_blks[bucket]
690 static u_short n_blks[LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA * BUCKETS_PER_POW2] =
692 # if BUCKETS_PER_POW2==1
694 (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 384 : 0),
695 224, 120, 62, 31, 16, 8, 4, 2
698 (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 384 : 0), (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 384 : 0), /* 4, 4 */
699 224, 149, 120, 80, 62, 41, 31, 25, 16, 16, 8, 8, 4, 4, 2, 2
703 /* Shift of the first bucket with the given ordinal inside 2K chunk. */
704 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
705 # define BLK_SHIFT(bucket) ( (bucket) < FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK \
706 ? ((1<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) \
707 - BUCKET_SIZE(bucket) * N_BLKS(bucket)) \
710 # define BLK_SHIFT(bucket) blk_shift[bucket]
713 static u_short blk_shift[LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA * BUCKETS_PER_POW2] =
715 # if BUCKETS_PER_POW2==1
717 (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 512 : 0),
718 256, 128, 64, 64, /* 8 to 64 */
719 16*sizeof(union overhead),
720 8*sizeof(union overhead),
721 4*sizeof(union overhead),
722 2*sizeof(union overhead),
725 (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 512 : 0), (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 512 : 0),
726 256, 260, 128, 128, 64, 80, 64, 48, /* 8 to 96 */
727 16*sizeof(union overhead), 16*sizeof(union overhead),
728 8*sizeof(union overhead), 8*sizeof(union overhead),
729 4*sizeof(union overhead), 4*sizeof(union overhead),
730 2*sizeof(union overhead), 2*sizeof(union overhead),
734 # define NEEDED_ALIGNMENT 0x800 /* 2k boundaries */
735 # define WANTED_ALIGNMENT 0x800 /* 2k boundaries */
737 #else /* !PACK_MALLOC */
739 # define OV_MAGIC(block,bucket) (block)->ov_magic
740 # define OV_INDEX(block) (block)->ov_index
741 # define CHUNK_SHIFT 1
742 # define MAX_PACKED -1
743 # define NEEDED_ALIGNMENT MEM_ALIGNBYTES
744 # define WANTED_ALIGNMENT 0x400 /* 1k boundaries */
746 #endif /* !PACK_MALLOC */
748 #define M_OVERHEAD (sizeof(union overhead) + RSLOP)
751 # define MEM_OVERHEAD(bucket) \
752 (bucket <= MAX_PACKED ? 0 : M_OVERHEAD)
753 # ifdef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
754 # define START_SHIFTS_BUCKET ((MAX_PACKED_POW2 + 1) * BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
755 # define START_SHIFT MAX_PACKED_POW2
756 # ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2 /* Chunks of size 3*2^n. */
757 # define SIZE_TABLE_MAX 80
759 # define SIZE_TABLE_MAX 64
761 static char bucket_of[] =
763 # ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2 /* Chunks of size 3*2^n. */
764 /* 0 to 15 in 4-byte increments. */
765 (sizeof(void*) > 4 ? 6 : 5), /* 4/8, 5-th bucket for better reports */
767 IF_ALIGN_8(8,7), 8, /* 16/12, 16 */
768 9, 9, 10, 10, /* 24, 32 */
769 11, 11, 11, 11, /* 48 */
770 12, 12, 12, 12, /* 64 */
771 13, 13, 13, 13, /* 80 */
772 13, 13, 13, 13 /* 80 */
773 # else /* !BUCKETS_ROOT2 */
774 /* 0 to 15 in 4-byte increments. */
775 (sizeof(void*) > 4 ? 3 : 2),
781 # endif /* !BUCKETS_ROOT2 */
783 # else /* !SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE */
784 # define START_SHIFTS_BUCKET MIN_BUCKET
785 # define START_SHIFT (MIN_BUC_POW2 - 1)
786 # endif /* !SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE */
787 #else /* !PACK_MALLOC */
788 # define MEM_OVERHEAD(bucket) M_OVERHEAD
789 # ifdef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
790 # undef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
792 # define START_SHIFTS_BUCKET MIN_BUCKET
793 # define START_SHIFT (MIN_BUC_POW2 - 1)
794 #endif /* !PACK_MALLOC */
797 * Big allocations are often of the size 2^n bytes. To make them a
798 * little bit better, make blocks of size 2^n+pagesize for big n.
801 #ifdef TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
803 # ifndef PERL_PAGESIZE
804 # define PERL_PAGESIZE 4096
806 # ifndef FIRST_BIG_POW2
807 # define FIRST_BIG_POW2 15 /* 32K, 16K is used too often. */
809 # define FIRST_BIG_BLOCK (1<<FIRST_BIG_POW2)
810 /* If this value or more, check against bigger blocks. */
811 # define FIRST_BIG_BOUND (FIRST_BIG_BLOCK - M_OVERHEAD)
812 /* If less than this value, goes into 2^n-overhead-block. */
813 # define LAST_SMALL_BOUND ((FIRST_BIG_BLOCK>>1) - M_OVERHEAD)
815 # define POW2_OPTIMIZE_ADJUST(nbytes) \
816 ((nbytes >= FIRST_BIG_BOUND) ? nbytes -= PERL_PAGESIZE : 0)
817 # define POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(bucket) \
818 ((bucket >= FIRST_BIG_POW2 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? PERL_PAGESIZE : 0)
820 #else /* !TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE */
821 # define POW2_OPTIMIZE_ADJUST(nbytes)
822 # define POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(bucket) 0
823 #endif /* !TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE */
825 #if defined(HAS_64K_LIMIT) && defined(PERL_CORE)
826 # define BARK_64K_LIMIT(what,nbytes,size) \
827 if (nbytes > 0xffff) { \
828 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), \
829 "%s too large: %lx\n", what, size); \
832 #else /* !HAS_64K_LIMIT || !PERL_CORE */
833 # define BARK_64K_LIMIT(what,nbytes,size)
834 #endif /* !HAS_64K_LIMIT || !PERL_CORE */
837 # define MIN_SBRK 2048
841 # define FIRST_SBRK (48*1024)
844 /* Minimal sbrk in percents of what is already alloced. */
845 #ifndef MIN_SBRK_FRAC
846 # define MIN_SBRK_FRAC 3
849 #ifndef SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES
850 # define SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES 3
853 #ifndef SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE
854 # define SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE 50
857 static void morecore (register int bucket);
858 # if defined(DEBUGGING)
859 static void botch (char *diag, char *s);
861 static void add_to_chain (void *p, MEM_SIZE size, MEM_SIZE chip);
862 static void* get_from_chain (MEM_SIZE size);
863 static void* get_from_bigger_buckets(int bucket, MEM_SIZE size);
864 static union overhead *getpages (MEM_SIZE needed, int *nblksp, int bucket);
865 static int getpages_adjacent(MEM_SIZE require);
869 #ifdef I_MACH_CTHREADS
871 # define MUTEX_LOCK(m) STMT_START { if (*m) mutex_lock(*m); } STMT_END
873 # define MUTEX_UNLOCK(m) STMT_START { if (*m) mutex_unlock(*m); } STMT_END
877 # define BITS_IN_PTR (8*PTRSIZE)
881 * nextf[i] is the pointer to the next free block of size 2^i. The
882 * smallest allocatable block is 8 bytes. The overhead information
883 * precedes the data area returned to the user.
885 #define NBUCKETS (BITS_IN_PTR*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 + 1)
886 static union overhead *nextf[NBUCKETS];
888 #if defined(PURIFY) && !defined(USE_PERL_SBRK)
889 # define USE_PERL_SBRK
893 # define sbrk(a) Perl_sbrk(a)
894 Malloc_t Perl_sbrk (int size);
896 # ifndef HAS_SBRK_PROTO /* <unistd.h> usually takes care of this */
897 extern Malloc_t sbrk(int);
901 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
903 * nmalloc[i] is the difference between the number of mallocs and frees
904 * for a given block size.
906 static u_int nmalloc[NBUCKETS];
907 static u_int sbrk_slack;
908 static u_int start_slack;
909 #else /* !( defined DEBUGGING_MSTATS ) */
910 # define sbrk_slack 0
913 static u_int goodsbrk;
915 # ifdef PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK
918 # define BIG_SIZE (1<<16) /* 64K */
921 static char *emergency_buffer;
922 static MEM_SIZE emergency_buffer_size;
923 static int no_mem; /* 0 if the last request for more memory succeeded.
924 Otherwise the size of the failing request. */
927 emergency_sbrk(MEM_SIZE size)
929 MEM_SIZE rsize = (((size - 1)>>LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) + 1)<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA;
931 if (size >= BIG_SIZE && (!no_mem || (size < no_mem))) {
932 /* Give the possibility to recover, but avoid an infinite cycle. */
935 croak2("Out of memory during \"large\" request for %"UVuf" bytes, total sbrk() is %"UVuf" bytes", (UV)size, (UV)(goodsbrk + sbrk_slack));
938 if (emergency_buffer_size >= rsize) {
939 char *old = emergency_buffer;
941 emergency_buffer_size -= rsize;
942 emergency_buffer += rsize;
946 /* First offense, give a possibility to recover by dieing. */
947 /* No malloc involved here: */
948 GV **gvp = (GV**)hv_fetch(PL_defstash, "^M", 2, 0);
954 if (emergency_buffer_size) {
955 add_to_chain(emergency_buffer, emergency_buffer_size, 0);
956 emergency_buffer_size = 0;
957 emergency_buffer = Nullch;
960 if (!gvp) gvp = (GV**)hv_fetch(PL_defstash, "\015", 1, 0);
961 if (!gvp || !(sv = GvSV(*gvp)) || !SvPOK(sv)
962 || (SvLEN(sv) < (1<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) - M_OVERHEAD)) {
965 return (char *)-1; /* Now die die die... */
967 /* Got it, now detach SvPV: */
969 /* Check alignment: */
970 if ((PTR2UV(pv) - sizeof(union overhead)) & (NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - 1)) {
971 PerlIO_puts(PerlIO_stderr(),"Bad alignment of $^M!\n");
972 return (char *)-1; /* die die die */
975 emergency_buffer = pv - sizeof(union overhead);
976 emergency_buffer_size = malloced_size(pv) + M_OVERHEAD;
979 SvCUR(sv) = SvLEN(sv) = 0;
983 croak("Out of memory during request for %"UVuf" bytes, total sbrk() is %"UVuf" bytes", (UV)size, (UV)(goodsbrk + sbrk_slack));
988 # else /* !defined(PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK) */
989 # define emergency_sbrk(size) -1
991 #endif /* ifdef PERL_CORE */
995 #define ASSERT(p,diag) if (!(p)) botch(diag,STRINGIFY(p)); else
997 botch(char *diag, char *s)
1000 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), "assertion botched (%s?): %s\n", diag, s);
1004 #define ASSERT(p, diag)
1008 Perl_malloc(register size_t nbytes)
1010 register union overhead *p;
1011 register int bucket;
1012 register MEM_SIZE shiftr;
1014 #if defined(DEBUGGING) || defined(RCHECK)
1015 MEM_SIZE size = nbytes;
1018 BARK_64K_LIMIT("Allocation",nbytes,nbytes);
1020 if ((long)nbytes < 0)
1021 croak("%s", "panic: malloc");
1025 * Convert amount of memory requested into
1026 * closest block size stored in hash buckets
1027 * which satisfies request. Account for
1028 * space used per block for accounting.
1031 # ifdef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
1033 bucket = MIN_BUCKET;
1034 else if (nbytes <= SIZE_TABLE_MAX) {
1035 bucket = bucket_of[(nbytes - 1) >> BUCKET_TABLE_SHIFT];
1040 if (nbytes <= MAX_POW2_ALGO) goto do_shifts;
1045 POW2_OPTIMIZE_ADJUST(nbytes);
1046 nbytes += M_OVERHEAD;
1047 nbytes = (nbytes + 3) &~ 3;
1048 #if defined(PACK_MALLOC) && !defined(SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE)
1051 shiftr = (nbytes - 1) >> START_SHIFT;
1052 bucket = START_SHIFTS_BUCKET;
1053 /* apart from this loop, this is O(1) */
1054 while (shiftr >>= 1)
1055 bucket += BUCKETS_PER_POW2;
1059 * If nothing in hash bucket right now,
1060 * request more memory from the system.
1062 if (nextf[bucket] == NULL)
1064 if ((p = nextf[bucket]) == NULL) {
1070 #if defined(PLAIN_MALLOC) && defined(NO_FANCY_MALLOC)
1071 PerlIO_puts(PerlIO_stderr(),"Out of memory!\n");
1074 char *eb = buff + sizeof(buff) - 1;
1078 PerlIO_puts(PerlIO_stderr(),"Out of memory during request for ");
1079 #if defined(DEBUGGING) || defined(RCHECK)
1084 *--s = '0' + (n % 10);
1086 PerlIO_puts(PerlIO_stderr(),s);
1087 PerlIO_puts(PerlIO_stderr()," bytes, total sbrk() is ");
1089 n = goodsbrk + sbrk_slack;
1091 *--s = '0' + (n % 10);
1093 PerlIO_puts(PerlIO_stderr(),s);
1094 PerlIO_puts(PerlIO_stderr()," bytes!\n");
1095 #endif /* defined(PLAIN_MALLOC) && defined(NO_FANCY_MALLOC) */
1103 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1104 "0x%"UVxf": (%05lu) malloc %ld bytes\n",
1105 PTR2UV(p), (unsigned long)(PL_an++),
1108 /* remove from linked list */
1110 if ((PTR2UV(p)) & (MEM_ALIGNBYTES - 1)) {
1112 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(),
1113 "Unaligned pointer in the free chain 0x%"UVxf"\n",
1116 if ((PTR2UV(p->ov_next)) & (MEM_ALIGNBYTES - 1)) {
1118 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(),
1119 "Unaligned `next' pointer in the free "
1120 "chain 0x%"UVxf" at 0x%"UVxf"\n",
1121 PTR2UV(p->ov_next), PTR2UV(p));
1124 nextf[bucket] = p->ov_next;
1128 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
1129 if (bucket >= FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK)
1131 OV_MAGIC(p, bucket) = MAGIC;
1133 OV_INDEX(p) = bucket;
1137 * Record allocated size of block and
1138 * bound space with magic numbers.
1140 p->ov_rmagic = RMAGIC;
1141 if (bucket <= MAX_SHORT_BUCKET) {
1144 nbytes = size + M_OVERHEAD;
1145 p->ov_size = nbytes - 1;
1146 if ((i = nbytes & 3)) {
1149 *((char *)((caddr_t)p + nbytes - RSLOP + i)) = RMAGIC_C;
1151 nbytes = (nbytes + 3) &~ 3;
1152 *((u_int *)((caddr_t)p + nbytes - RSLOP)) = RMAGIC;
1155 return ((Malloc_t)(p + CHUNK_SHIFT));
1158 static char *last_sbrk_top;
1159 static char *last_op; /* This arena can be easily extended. */
1160 static int sbrked_remains;
1161 static int sbrk_good = SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES * SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE;
1163 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1167 struct chunk_chain_s {
1168 struct chunk_chain_s *next;
1171 static struct chunk_chain_s *chunk_chain;
1172 static int n_chunks;
1173 static char max_bucket;
1175 /* Cutoff a piece of one of the chunks in the chain. Prefer smaller chunk. */
1177 get_from_chain(MEM_SIZE size)
1179 struct chunk_chain_s *elt = chunk_chain, **oldp = &chunk_chain;
1180 struct chunk_chain_s **oldgoodp = NULL;
1181 long min_remain = LONG_MAX;
1184 if (elt->size >= size) {
1185 long remains = elt->size - size;
1186 if (remains >= 0 && remains < min_remain) {
1188 min_remain = remains;
1194 oldp = &( elt->next );
1197 if (!oldgoodp) return NULL;
1199 void *ret = *oldgoodp;
1200 struct chunk_chain_s *next = (*oldgoodp)->next;
1202 *oldgoodp = (struct chunk_chain_s *)((char*)ret + size);
1203 (*oldgoodp)->size = min_remain;
1204 (*oldgoodp)->next = next;
1207 void *ret = *oldgoodp;
1208 *oldgoodp = (*oldgoodp)->next;
1215 add_to_chain(void *p, MEM_SIZE size, MEM_SIZE chip)
1217 struct chunk_chain_s *next = chunk_chain;
1218 char *cp = (char*)p;
1221 chunk_chain = (struct chunk_chain_s *)cp;
1222 chunk_chain->size = size - chip;
1223 chunk_chain->next = next;
1228 get_from_bigger_buckets(int bucket, MEM_SIZE size)
1231 static int bucketprice[NBUCKETS];
1232 while (bucket <= max_bucket) {
1233 /* We postpone stealing from bigger buckets until we want it
1235 if (nextf[bucket] && bucketprice[bucket]++ >= price) {
1237 void *ret = (void*)(nextf[bucket] - 1 + CHUNK_SHIFT);
1238 bucketprice[bucket] = 0;
1239 if (((char*)nextf[bucket]) - M_OVERHEAD == last_op) {
1240 last_op = NULL; /* Disable optimization */
1242 nextf[bucket] = nextf[bucket]->ov_next;
1243 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1245 start_slack -= M_OVERHEAD;
1247 add_to_chain(ret, (BUCKET_SIZE(bucket) +
1248 POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(bucket)),
1257 static union overhead *
1258 getpages(MEM_SIZE needed, int *nblksp, int bucket)
1260 /* Need to do (possibly expensive) system call. Try to
1261 optimize it for rare calling. */
1262 MEM_SIZE require = needed - sbrked_remains;
1264 union overhead *ovp;
1267 if (sbrk_good > 0) {
1268 if (!last_sbrk_top && require < FIRST_SBRK)
1269 require = FIRST_SBRK;
1270 else if (require < MIN_SBRK) require = MIN_SBRK;
1272 if (require < goodsbrk * MIN_SBRK_FRAC / 100)
1273 require = goodsbrk * MIN_SBRK_FRAC / 100;
1274 require = ((require - 1 + MIN_SBRK) / MIN_SBRK) * MIN_SBRK;
1281 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1282 "sbrk(%ld) for %ld-byte-long arena\n",
1283 (long)require, (long) needed));
1284 cp = (char *)sbrk(require);
1285 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1288 if (cp == last_sbrk_top) {
1289 /* Common case, anything is fine. */
1291 ovp = (union overhead *) (cp - sbrked_remains);
1292 last_op = cp - sbrked_remains;
1293 sbrked_remains = require - (needed - sbrked_remains);
1294 } else if (cp == (char *)-1) { /* no more room! */
1295 ovp = (union overhead *)emergency_sbrk(needed);
1296 if (ovp == (union overhead *)-1)
1298 if (((char*)ovp) > last_op) { /* Cannot happen with current emergency_sbrk() */
1302 } else { /* Non-continuous or first sbrk(). */
1303 long add = sbrked_remains;
1306 if (sbrked_remains) { /* Put rest into chain, we
1307 cannot use it right now. */
1308 add_to_chain((void*)(last_sbrk_top - sbrked_remains),
1312 /* Second, check alignment. */
1315 #if !defined(atarist) && !defined(__MINT__) /* on the atari we dont have to worry about this */
1316 # ifndef I286 /* The sbrk(0) call on the I286 always returns the next segment */
1317 /* WANTED_ALIGNMENT may be more than NEEDED_ALIGNMENT, but this may
1318 improve performance of memory access. */
1319 if (PTR2UV(cp) & (WANTED_ALIGNMENT - 1)) { /* Not aligned. */
1320 slack = WANTED_ALIGNMENT - (PTR2UV(cp) & (WANTED_ALIGNMENT - 1));
1324 #endif /* !atarist && !MINT */
1327 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1328 "sbrk(%ld) to fix non-continuous/off-page sbrk:\n\t%ld for alignement,\t%ld were assumed to come from the tail of the previous sbrk\n",
1329 (long)add, (long) slack,
1330 (long) sbrked_remains));
1331 newcp = (char *)sbrk(add);
1332 #if defined(DEBUGGING_MSTATS)
1336 if (newcp != cp + require) {
1337 /* Too bad: even rounding sbrk() is not continuous.*/
1338 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1339 "failed to fix bad sbrk()\n"));
1343 fatalcroak("panic: Off-page sbrk\n");
1346 if (sbrked_remains) {
1348 #if defined(DEBUGGING_MSTATS)
1349 sbrk_slack += require;
1352 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1353 "straight sbrk(%ld)\n",
1355 cp = (char *)sbrk(require);
1356 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1359 if (cp == (char *)-1)
1362 sbrk_good = -1; /* Disable optimization!
1363 Continue with not-aligned... */
1366 require += sbrked_remains;
1370 if (last_sbrk_top) {
1371 sbrk_good -= SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE;
1374 ovp = (union overhead *) cp;
1376 * Round up to minimum allocation size boundary
1377 * and deduct from block count to reflect.
1380 # if NEEDED_ALIGNMENT > MEM_ALIGNBYTES
1381 if (PTR2UV(ovp) & (NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - 1))
1382 fatalcroak("Misalignment of sbrk()\n");
1385 #ifndef I286 /* Again, this should always be ok on an 80286 */
1386 if (PTR2UV(ovp) & (MEM_ALIGNBYTES - 1)) {
1387 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1388 "fixing sbrk(): %d bytes off machine alignement\n",
1389 (int)(PTR2UV(ovp) & (MEM_ALIGNBYTES - 1))));
1390 ovp = INT2PTR(union overhead *,(PTR2UV(ovp) + MEM_ALIGNBYTES) &
1391 (MEM_ALIGNBYTES - 1));
1393 # if defined(DEBUGGING_MSTATS)
1394 /* This is only approx. if TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE: */
1395 sbrk_slack += (1 << (bucket >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT));
1399 ; /* Finish `else' */
1400 sbrked_remains = require - needed;
1403 #if !defined(PLAIN_MALLOC) && !defined(NO_FANCY_MALLOC)
1406 last_sbrk_top = cp + require;
1407 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1408 goodsbrk += require;
1414 getpages_adjacent(MEM_SIZE require)
1416 if (require <= sbrked_remains) {
1417 sbrked_remains -= require;
1421 require -= sbrked_remains;
1422 /* We do not try to optimize sbrks here, we go for place. */
1423 cp = (char*) sbrk(require);
1424 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1426 goodsbrk += require;
1428 if (cp == last_sbrk_top) {
1430 last_sbrk_top = cp + require;
1432 if (cp == (char*)-1) { /* Out of memory */
1433 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1434 goodsbrk -= require;
1438 /* Report the failure: */
1440 add_to_chain((void*)(last_sbrk_top - sbrked_remains),
1442 add_to_chain((void*)cp, require, 0);
1443 sbrk_good -= SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE;
1455 * Allocate more memory to the indicated bucket.
1458 morecore(register int bucket)
1460 register union overhead *ovp;
1461 register int rnu; /* 2^rnu bytes will be requested */
1462 int nblks; /* become nblks blocks of the desired size */
1463 register MEM_SIZE siz, needed;
1467 if (bucket == sizeof(MEM_SIZE)*8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
1469 croak("%s", "Out of memory during ridiculously large request");
1471 if (bucket > max_bucket)
1472 max_bucket = bucket;
1474 rnu = ( (bucket <= (LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT))
1476 : (bucket >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT) );
1477 /* This may be overwritten later: */
1478 nblks = 1 << (rnu - (bucket >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)); /* how many blocks to get */
1479 needed = ((MEM_SIZE)1 << rnu) + POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(bucket);
1480 if (nextf[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT]) { /* 2048b bucket. */
1481 ovp = nextf[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT] - 1 + CHUNK_SHIFT;
1482 nextf[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT]
1483 = nextf[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT]->ov_next;
1484 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1485 nmalloc[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT]--;
1486 start_slack -= M_OVERHEAD;
1488 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1489 "stealing %ld bytes from %ld arena\n",
1490 (long) needed, (long) rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT));
1491 } else if (chunk_chain
1492 && (ovp = (union overhead*) get_from_chain(needed))) {
1493 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1494 "stealing %ld bytes from chain\n",
1496 } else if ( (ovp = (union overhead*)
1497 get_from_bigger_buckets((rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT) + 1,
1499 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1500 "stealing %ld bytes from bigger buckets\n",
1502 } else if (needed <= sbrked_remains) {
1503 ovp = (union overhead *)(last_sbrk_top - sbrked_remains);
1504 sbrked_remains -= needed;
1505 last_op = (char*)ovp;
1507 ovp = getpages(needed, &nblks, bucket);
1513 * Add new memory allocated to that on
1514 * free list for this hash bucket.
1516 siz = BUCKET_SIZE(bucket);
1518 *(u_char*)ovp = bucket; /* Fill index. */
1519 if (bucket <= MAX_PACKED) {
1520 ovp = (union overhead *) ((char*)ovp + BLK_SHIFT(bucket));
1521 nblks = N_BLKS(bucket);
1522 # ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1523 start_slack += BLK_SHIFT(bucket);
1525 } else if (bucket < LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA * BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
1526 ovp = (union overhead *) ((char*)ovp + BLK_SHIFT(bucket));
1527 siz -= sizeof(union overhead);
1528 } else ovp++; /* One chunk per block. */
1529 #endif /* PACK_MALLOC */
1530 nextf[bucket] = ovp;
1531 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1532 nmalloc[bucket] += nblks;
1533 if (bucket > MAX_PACKED) {
1534 start_slack += M_OVERHEAD * nblks;
1537 while (--nblks > 0) {
1538 ovp->ov_next = (union overhead *)((caddr_t)ovp + siz);
1539 ovp = (union overhead *)((caddr_t)ovp + siz);
1541 /* Not all sbrks return zeroed memory.*/
1542 ovp->ov_next = (union overhead *)NULL;
1544 if (bucket == 7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) { /* Special case, explanation is above. */
1545 union overhead *n_op = nextf[7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2]->ov_next;
1546 nextf[7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2] =
1547 (union overhead *)((caddr_t)nextf[7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2]
1548 - sizeof(union overhead));
1549 nextf[7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2]->ov_next = n_op;
1551 #endif /* !PACK_MALLOC */
1555 Perl_mfree(void *mp)
1557 register MEM_SIZE size;
1558 register union overhead *ovp;
1559 char *cp = (char*)mp;
1564 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1565 "0x%"UVxf": (%05lu) free\n",
1566 PTR2UV(cp), (unsigned long)(PL_an++)));
1570 ovp = (union overhead *)((caddr_t)cp
1571 - sizeof (union overhead) * CHUNK_SHIFT);
1573 bucket = OV_INDEX(ovp);
1575 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
1576 if ((bucket >= FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK)
1577 && (OV_MAGIC(ovp, bucket) != MAGIC))
1579 if (OV_MAGIC(ovp, bucket) != MAGIC)
1582 static int bad_free_warn = -1;
1583 if (bad_free_warn == -1) {
1585 char *pbf = PerlEnv_getenv("PERL_BADFREE");
1586 bad_free_warn = (pbf) ? atoi(pbf) : 1;
1594 if (!PERL_IS_ALIVE || !PL_curcop || ckWARN_d(WARN_MALLOC))
1595 Perl_warner(aTHX_ WARN_MALLOC, "%s free() ignored (RMAGIC, PERL_CORE)",
1596 ovp->ov_rmagic == RMAGIC - 1 ?
1597 "Duplicate" : "Bad");
1600 warn("%s free() ignored (RMAGIC)",
1601 ovp->ov_rmagic == RMAGIC - 1 ? "Duplicate" : "Bad");
1607 if (!PERL_IS_ALIVE || !PL_curcop || ckWARN_d(WARN_MALLOC))
1608 Perl_warner(aTHX_ WARN_MALLOC, "%s", "Bad free() ignored (PERL_CORE)");
1611 warn("%s", "Bad free() ignored");
1614 return; /* sanity */
1617 ASSERT(ovp->ov_rmagic == RMAGIC, "chunk's head overwrite");
1618 if (OV_INDEX(ovp) <= MAX_SHORT_BUCKET) {
1620 MEM_SIZE nbytes = ovp->ov_size + 1;
1622 if ((i = nbytes & 3)) {
1625 ASSERT(*((char *)((caddr_t)ovp + nbytes - RSLOP + i))
1626 == RMAGIC_C, "chunk's tail overwrite");
1629 nbytes = (nbytes + 3) &~ 3;
1630 ASSERT(*(u_int *)((caddr_t)ovp + nbytes - RSLOP) == RMAGIC, "chunk's tail overwrite");
1632 ovp->ov_rmagic = RMAGIC - 1;
1634 ASSERT(OV_INDEX(ovp) < NBUCKETS, "chunk's head overwrite");
1635 size = OV_INDEX(ovp);
1638 ovp->ov_next = nextf[size];
1643 /* There is no need to do any locking in realloc (with an exception of
1644 trying to grow in place if we are at the end of the chain).
1645 If somebody calls us from a different thread with the same address,
1646 we are sole anyway. */
1649 Perl_realloc(void *mp, size_t nbytes)
1651 register MEM_SIZE onb;
1652 union overhead *ovp;
1655 register int bucket;
1656 int incr; /* 1 if does not fit, -1 if "easily" fits in a
1657 smaller bucket, otherwise 0. */
1658 char *cp = (char*)mp;
1660 #if defined(DEBUGGING) || !defined(PERL_CORE)
1661 MEM_SIZE size = nbytes;
1663 if ((long)nbytes < 0)
1664 croak("%s", "panic: realloc");
1667 BARK_64K_LIMIT("Reallocation",nbytes,size);
1669 return Perl_malloc(nbytes);
1671 ovp = (union overhead *)((caddr_t)cp
1672 - sizeof (union overhead) * CHUNK_SHIFT);
1673 bucket = OV_INDEX(ovp);
1675 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
1676 if ((bucket >= FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK)
1677 && (OV_MAGIC(ovp, bucket) != MAGIC))
1679 if (OV_MAGIC(ovp, bucket) != MAGIC)
1682 static int bad_free_warn = -1;
1683 if (bad_free_warn == -1) {
1685 char *pbf = PerlEnv_getenv("PERL_BADFREE");
1686 bad_free_warn = (pbf) ? atoi(pbf) : 1;
1694 if (!PERL_IS_ALIVE || !PL_curcop || ckWARN_d(WARN_MALLOC))
1695 Perl_warner(aTHX_ WARN_MALLOC, "%srealloc() %signored",
1696 (ovp->ov_rmagic == RMAGIC - 1 ? "" : "Bad "),
1697 ovp->ov_rmagic == RMAGIC - 1
1698 ? "of freed memory " : "");
1701 warn("%srealloc() %signored",
1702 (ovp->ov_rmagic == RMAGIC - 1 ? "" : "Bad "),
1703 ovp->ov_rmagic == RMAGIC - 1 ? "of freed memory " : "");
1709 if (!PERL_IS_ALIVE || !PL_curcop || ckWARN_d(WARN_MALLOC))
1710 Perl_warner(aTHX_ WARN_MALLOC, "%s",
1711 "Bad realloc() ignored");
1714 warn("%s", "Bad realloc() ignored");
1717 return Nullch; /* sanity */
1720 onb = BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(bucket);
1722 * avoid the copy if same size block.
1723 * We are not agressive with boundary cases. Note that it might
1724 * (for a small number of cases) give false negative if
1725 * both new size and old one are in the bucket for
1726 * FIRST_BIG_POW2, but the new one is near the lower end.
1728 * We do not try to go to 1.5 times smaller bucket so far.
1730 if (nbytes > onb) incr = 1;
1732 #ifdef DO_NOT_TRY_HARDER_WHEN_SHRINKING
1733 if ( /* This is a little bit pessimal if PACK_MALLOC: */
1734 nbytes > ( (onb >> 1) - M_OVERHEAD )
1735 # ifdef TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
1736 || (bucket == FIRST_BIG_POW2 && nbytes >= LAST_SMALL_BOUND )
1739 #else /* !DO_NOT_TRY_HARDER_WHEN_SHRINKING */
1740 prev_bucket = ( (bucket > MAX_PACKED + 1)
1741 ? bucket - BUCKETS_PER_POW2
1743 if (nbytes > BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(prev_bucket))
1744 #endif /* !DO_NOT_TRY_HARDER_WHEN_SHRINKING */
1748 #ifdef STRESS_REALLOC
1755 * Record new allocated size of block and
1756 * bound space with magic numbers.
1758 if (OV_INDEX(ovp) <= MAX_SHORT_BUCKET) {
1759 int i, nb = ovp->ov_size + 1;
1764 ASSERT(*((char *)((caddr_t)ovp + nb - RSLOP + i)) == RMAGIC_C, "chunk's tail overwrite");
1768 ASSERT(*(u_int *)((caddr_t)ovp + nb - RSLOP) == RMAGIC, "chunk's tail overwrite");
1770 * Convert amount of memory requested into
1771 * closest block size stored in hash buckets
1772 * which satisfies request. Account for
1773 * space used per block for accounting.
1775 nbytes += M_OVERHEAD;
1776 ovp->ov_size = nbytes - 1;
1777 if ((i = nbytes & 3)) {
1780 *((char *)((caddr_t)ovp + nbytes - RSLOP + i))
1783 nbytes = (nbytes + 3) &~ 3;
1784 *((u_int *)((caddr_t)ovp + nbytes - RSLOP)) = RMAGIC;
1788 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1789 "0x%"UVxf": (%05lu) realloc %ld bytes inplace\n",
1790 PTR2UV(res),(unsigned long)(PL_an++),
1792 } else if (incr == 1 && (cp - M_OVERHEAD == last_op)
1793 && (onb > (1 << LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA))) {
1794 MEM_SIZE require, newarena = nbytes, pow;
1797 POW2_OPTIMIZE_ADJUST(newarena);
1798 newarena = newarena + M_OVERHEAD;
1799 /* newarena = (newarena + 3) &~ 3; */
1800 shiftr = (newarena - 1) >> LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA;
1801 pow = LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA + 1;
1802 /* apart from this loop, this is O(1) */
1803 while (shiftr >>= 1)
1805 newarena = (1 << pow) + POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(pow * BUCKETS_PER_POW2);
1806 require = newarena - onb - M_OVERHEAD;
1809 if (cp - M_OVERHEAD == last_op /* We *still* are the last chunk */
1810 && getpages_adjacent(require)) {
1811 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1813 nmalloc[pow * BUCKETS_PER_POW2]++;
1815 *(cp - M_OVERHEAD) = pow * BUCKETS_PER_POW2; /* Fill index. */
1824 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1825 "0x%"UVxf": (%05lu) realloc %ld bytes the hard way\n",
1826 PTR2UV(cp),(unsigned long)(PL_an++),
1828 if ((res = (char*)Perl_malloc(nbytes)) == NULL)
1830 if (cp != res) /* common optimization */
1831 Copy(cp, res, (MEM_SIZE)(nbytes<onb?nbytes:onb), char);
1834 return ((Malloc_t)res);
1838 Perl_calloc(register size_t elements, register size_t size)
1840 long sz = elements * size;
1841 Malloc_t p = Perl_malloc(sz);
1844 memset((void*)p, 0, sz);
1850 Perl_strdup(const char *s)
1852 MEM_SIZE l = strlen(s);
1853 char *s1 = (char *)Perl_malloc(l+1);
1855 Copy(s, s1, (MEM_SIZE)(l+1), char);
1861 Perl_putenv(char *a)
1863 /* Sometimes system's putenv conflicts with my_setenv() - this is system
1864 malloc vs Perl's free(). */
1871 while (*val && *val != '=')
1876 if (l < sizeof(buf))
1879 var = Perl_malloc(l + 1);
1880 Copy(a, var, l, char);
1882 my_setenv(var, val+1);
1890 Perl_malloced_size(void *p)
1892 union overhead *ovp = (union overhead *)
1893 ((caddr_t)p - sizeof (union overhead) * CHUNK_SHIFT);
1894 int bucket = OV_INDEX(ovp);
1896 /* The caller wants to have a complete control over the chunk,
1897 disable the memory checking inside the chunk. */
1898 if (bucket <= MAX_SHORT_BUCKET) {
1899 MEM_SIZE size = BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(bucket);
1900 ovp->ov_size = size + M_OVERHEAD - 1;
1901 *((u_int *)((caddr_t)ovp + size + M_OVERHEAD - RSLOP)) = RMAGIC;
1904 return BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(bucket);
1907 # ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2
1908 # define MIN_EVEN_REPORT 6
1910 # define MIN_EVEN_REPORT MIN_BUCKET
1914 Perl_get_mstats(pTHX_ perl_mstats_t *buf, int buflen, int level)
1916 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1918 register union overhead *p;
1919 struct chunk_chain_s* nextchain;
1921 buf->topbucket = buf->topbucket_ev = buf->topbucket_odd
1922 = buf->totfree = buf->total = buf->total_chain = 0;
1924 buf->minbucket = MIN_BUCKET;
1926 for (i = MIN_BUCKET ; i < NBUCKETS; i++) {
1927 for (j = 0, p = nextf[i]; p; p = p->ov_next, j++)
1931 buf->ntotal[i] = nmalloc[i];
1933 buf->totfree += j * BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i);
1934 buf->total += nmalloc[i] * BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i);
1936 i % 2 ? (buf->topbucket_odd = i) : (buf->topbucket_ev = i);
1940 nextchain = chunk_chain;
1942 buf->total_chain += nextchain->size;
1943 nextchain = nextchain->next;
1945 buf->total_sbrk = goodsbrk + sbrk_slack;
1947 buf->sbrk_good = sbrk_good;
1948 buf->sbrk_slack = sbrk_slack;
1949 buf->start_slack = start_slack;
1950 buf->sbrked_remains = sbrked_remains;
1952 buf->nbuckets = NBUCKETS;
1954 for (i = MIN_BUCKET ; i < NBUCKETS; i++) {
1957 buf->bucket_mem_size[i] = BUCKET_SIZE(i);
1958 buf->bucket_available_size[i] = BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i);
1961 #endif /* defined DEBUGGING_MSTATS */
1962 return 0; /* XXX unused */
1965 * mstats - print out statistics about malloc
1967 * Prints two lines of numbers, one showing the length of the free list
1968 * for each size category, the second showing the number of mallocs -
1969 * frees for each size category.
1972 Perl_dump_mstats(pTHX_ char *s)
1974 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1976 perl_mstats_t buffer;
1982 get_mstats(&buffer, NBUCKETS, 0);
1985 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log,
1986 "Memory allocation statistics %s (buckets %"IVdf"(%"IVdf")..%"IVdf"(%"IVdf")\n",
1988 (IV)BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(MIN_BUCKET),
1989 (IV)BUCKET_SIZE(MIN_BUCKET),
1990 (IV)BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(buffer.topbucket),
1991 (IV)BUCKET_SIZE(buffer.topbucket));
1992 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log, "%8"IVdf" free:", buffer.totfree);
1993 for (i = MIN_EVEN_REPORT; i <= buffer.topbucket; i += BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
1994 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log,
1995 ((i < 8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 || i == 10*BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
1997 : ((i < 12*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? " %3"UVuf : " %"UVuf)),
2000 #ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2
2001 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log, "\n\t ");
2002 for (i = MIN_BUCKET + 1; i <= buffer.topbucket_odd; i += BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
2003 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log,
2004 ((i < 8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 || i == 10*BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
2006 : ((i < 12*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? " %3"UVuf : " %"UVuf)),
2010 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log, "\n%8"IVdf" used:", buffer.total - buffer.totfree);
2011 for (i = MIN_EVEN_REPORT; i <= buffer.topbucket; i += BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
2012 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log,
2013 ((i < 8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 || i == 10*BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
2015 : ((i < 12*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? " %3"IVdf : " %"IVdf)),
2016 buffer.ntotal[i] - buffer.nfree[i]);
2018 #ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2
2019 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log, "\n\t ");
2020 for (i = MIN_BUCKET + 1; i <= buffer.topbucket_odd; i += BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
2021 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log,
2022 ((i < 8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 || i == 10*BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
2024 : ((i < 12*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? " %3"IVdf : " %"IVdf)),
2025 buffer.ntotal[i] - buffer.nfree[i]);
2028 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log, "\nTotal sbrk(): %"IVdf"/%"IVdf":%"IVdf". Odd ends: pad+heads+chain+tail: %"IVdf"+%"IVdf"+%"IVdf"+%"IVdf".\n",
2029 buffer.total_sbrk, buffer.sbrks, buffer.sbrk_good,
2030 buffer.sbrk_slack, buffer.start_slack,
2031 buffer.total_chain, buffer.sbrked_remains);
2032 #endif /* DEBUGGING_MSTATS */
2036 #ifdef USE_PERL_SBRK
2038 # if defined(__MACHTEN_PPC__) || defined(NeXT) || defined(__NeXT__) || defined(PURIFY)
2039 # define PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC
2042 # ifdef PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC
2044 /* it may seem schizophrenic to use perl's malloc and let it call system */
2045 /* malloc, the reason for that is only the 3.2 version of the OS that had */
2046 /* frequent core dumps within nxzonefreenolock. This sbrk routine put an */
2047 /* end to the cores */
2049 # ifndef SYSTEM_ALLOC
2050 # define SYSTEM_ALLOC(a) malloc(a)
2052 # ifndef SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT
2053 # define SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT MEM_ALIGNBYTES
2056 # endif /* PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC */
2058 static IV Perl_sbrk_oldchunk;
2059 static long Perl_sbrk_oldsize;
2061 # define PERLSBRK_32_K (1<<15)
2062 # define PERLSBRK_64_K (1<<16)
2070 if (!size) return 0;
2072 reqsize = size; /* just for the DEBUG_m statement */
2075 size = (size + 0x7ff) & ~0x7ff;
2077 if (size <= Perl_sbrk_oldsize) {
2078 got = Perl_sbrk_oldchunk;
2079 Perl_sbrk_oldchunk += size;
2080 Perl_sbrk_oldsize -= size;
2082 if (size >= PERLSBRK_32_K) {
2085 size = PERLSBRK_64_K;
2088 # if NEEDED_ALIGNMENT > SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT
2089 size += NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT;
2091 got = (IV)SYSTEM_ALLOC(size);
2092 # if NEEDED_ALIGNMENT > SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT
2093 got = (got + NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - 1) & ~(NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - 1);
2096 /* Chunk is small, register the rest for future allocs. */
2097 Perl_sbrk_oldchunk = got + reqsize;
2098 Perl_sbrk_oldsize = size - reqsize;
2102 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "sbrk malloc size %ld (reqsize %ld), left size %ld, give addr 0x%"UVxf"\n",
2103 size, reqsize, Perl_sbrk_oldsize, PTR2UV(got)));
2108 #endif /* ! defined USE_PERL_SBRK */