6 Here are some notes on configuring Perl's malloc. (For non-perl
9 There are two macros which serve as bulk disablers of advanced
10 features of this malloc: NO_FANCY_MALLOC, PLAIN_MALLOC (undef by
11 default). Look in the list of default values below to understand
12 their exact effect. Defining NO_FANCY_MALLOC returns malloc.c to the
13 state of the malloc in Perl 5.004. Additionally defining PLAIN_MALLOC
14 returns it to the state as of Perl 5.000.
16 Note that some of the settings below may be ignored in the code based
17 on values of other macros. The PERL_CORE symbol is only defined when
18 perl itself is being compiled (so malloc can make some assumptions
19 about perl's facilities being available to it).
21 Each config option has a short description, followed by its name,
22 default value, and a comment about the default (if applicable). Some
23 options take a precise value, while the others are just boolean.
24 The boolean ones are listed first.
26 # Enable code for an emergency memory pool in $^M. See perlvar.pod
27 # for a description of $^M.
28 PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK (!PLAIN_MALLOC && PERL_CORE)
30 # Enable code for printing memory statistics.
31 DEBUGGING_MSTATS (!PLAIN_MALLOC && PERL_CORE)
33 # Move allocation info for small buckets into separate areas.
34 # Memory optimization (especially for small allocations, of the
35 # less than 64 bytes). Since perl usually makes a large number
36 # of small allocations, this is usually a win.
37 PACK_MALLOC (!PLAIN_MALLOC && !RCHECK)
39 # Add one page to big powers of two when calculating bucket size.
40 # This is targeted at big allocations, as are common in image
42 TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE !PLAIN_MALLOC
44 # Use intermediate bucket sizes between powers-of-two. This is
45 # generally a memory optimization, and a (small) speed pessimization.
46 BUCKETS_ROOT2 !NO_FANCY_MALLOC
48 # Do not check small deallocations for bad free(). Memory
49 # and speed optimization, error reporting pessimization.
50 IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE (!NO_FANCY_MALLOC && !RCHECK)
52 # Use table lookup to decide in which bucket a given allocation will go.
53 SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE !NO_FANCY_MALLOC
55 # Use a perl-defined sbrk() instead of the (presumably broken or
56 # missing) system-supplied sbrk().
59 # Use system malloc() (or calloc() etc.) to emulate sbrk(). Normally
60 # only used with broken sbrk()s.
61 PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC undef
63 # Which allocator to use if PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC
64 SYSTEM_ALLOC(a) malloc(a)
66 # Minimal alignment (in bytes, should be a power of 2) of SYSTEM_ALLOC
67 SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT MEM_ALIGNBYTES
69 # Disable memory overwrite checking with DEBUGGING. Memory and speed
70 # optimization, error reporting pessimization.
73 # Enable memory overwrite checking with DEBUGGING. Memory and speed
74 # pessimization, error reporting optimization
75 RCHECK (DEBUGGING && !NO_RCHECK)
77 # Failed allocations bigger than this size croak (if
78 # PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK is enabled) without touching $^M. See
79 # perlvar.pod for a description of $^M.
80 BIG_SIZE (1<<16) # 64K
82 # Starting from this power of two, add an extra page to the
83 # size of the bucket. This enables optimized allocations of sizes
84 # close to powers of 2. Note that the value is indexed at 0.
85 FIRST_BIG_POW2 15 # 32K, 16K is used too often
87 # Estimate of minimal memory footprint. malloc uses this value to
88 # request the most reasonable largest blocks of memory from the system.
91 # Round up sbrk()s to multiples of this.
94 # Round up sbrk()s to multiples of this percent of footprint.
97 # Add this much memory to big powers of two to get the bucket size.
100 # This many sbrk() discontinuities should be tolerated even
101 # from the start without deciding that sbrk() is usually
103 SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES 3
105 # This many continuous sbrk()s compensate for one discontinuous one.
106 SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE 50
108 # Some configurations may ask for 12-byte-or-so allocations which
109 # require 8-byte alignment (?!). In such situation one needs to
110 # define this to disable 12-byte bucket (will increase memory footprint)
111 STRICT_ALIGNMENT undef
113 This implementation assumes that calling PerlIO_printf() does not
114 result in any memory allocation calls (used during a panic).
119 If used outside of Perl environment, it may be useful to redefine
120 the following macros (listed below with defaults):
122 # Type of address returned by allocation functions
125 # Type of size argument for allocation functions
126 MEM_SIZE unsigned long
131 # Maximal value in LONG
134 # Unsigned integer type big enough to keep a pointer
137 # Type of pointer with 1-byte granularity
140 # Type returned by free()
143 # Very fatal condition reporting function (cannot call any )
144 fatalcroak(arg) write(2,arg,strlen(arg)) + exit(2)
146 # Fatal error reporting function
147 croak(format, arg) warn(idem) + exit(1)
149 # Fatal error reporting function
150 croak2(format, arg1, arg2) warn2(idem) + exit(1)
152 # Error reporting function
153 warn(format, arg) fprintf(stderr, idem)
155 # Error reporting function
156 warn2(format, arg1, arg2) fprintf(stderr, idem)
158 # Locking/unlocking for MT operation
159 MALLOC_LOCK MUTEX_LOCK(&PL_malloc_mutex)
160 MALLOC_UNLOCK MUTEX_UNLOCK(&PL_malloc_mutex)
162 # Locking/unlocking mutex for MT operation
167 #ifndef NO_FANCY_MALLOC
168 # ifndef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
169 # define SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
171 # ifndef BUCKETS_ROOT2
172 # define BUCKETS_ROOT2
174 # ifndef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
175 # define IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
179 #ifndef PLAIN_MALLOC /* Bulk enable features */
183 # ifndef TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
184 # define TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
186 # if defined(PERL_CORE) && !defined(PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK)
187 # define PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK
189 # if defined(PERL_CORE) && !defined(DEBUGGING_MSTATS)
190 # define DEBUGGING_MSTATS
194 #define MIN_BUC_POW2 (sizeof(void*) > 4 ? 3 : 2) /* Allow for 4-byte arena. */
195 #define MIN_BUCKET (MIN_BUC_POW2 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
197 #if !(defined(I286) || defined(atarist) || defined(__MINT__))
198 /* take 2k unless the block is bigger than that */
199 # define LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA 11
201 /* take 16k unless the block is bigger than that
202 (80286s like large segments!), probably good on the atari too */
203 # define LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA 14
207 # if defined(DEBUGGING) && !defined(NO_RCHECK)
210 # if defined(RCHECK) && defined(IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE)
211 # undef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
214 * malloc.c (Caltech) 2/21/82
215 * Chris Kingsley, kingsley@cit-20.
217 * This is a very fast storage allocator. It allocates blocks of a small
218 * number of different sizes, and keeps free lists of each size. Blocks that
219 * don't exactly fit are passed up to the next larger size. In this
220 * implementation, the available sizes are 2^n-4 (or 2^n-12) bytes long.
221 * If PACK_MALLOC is defined, small blocks are 2^n bytes long.
222 * This is designed for use in a program that uses vast quantities of memory,
223 * but bombs when it runs out.
225 * Modifications Copyright Ilya Zakharevich 1996-99.
227 * Still very quick, but much more thrifty. (Std config is 10% slower
228 * than it was, and takes 67% of old heap size for typical usage.)
230 * Allocations of small blocks are now table-driven to many different
231 * buckets. Sizes of really big buckets are increased to accomodata
232 * common size=power-of-2 blocks. Running-out-of-memory is made into
233 * an exception. Deeply configurable and thread-safe.
239 # define PERL_IN_MALLOC_C
241 # if defined(PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT)
242 # define croak Perl_croak_nocontext
243 # define croak2 Perl_croak_nocontext
244 # define warn Perl_warn_nocontext
245 # define warn2 Perl_warn_nocontext
247 # define croak2 croak
252 # include "../EXTERN.h"
253 # include "../perl.h"
260 # define Malloc_t void *
266 # define MEM_SIZE unsigned long
269 # define LONG_MAX 0x7FFFFFFF
272 # define UV unsigned long
275 # define caddr_t char *
280 # define Copy(s,d,n,t) (void)memcpy((char*)(d),(char*)(s), (n) * sizeof(t))
281 # define PerlEnv_getenv getenv
282 # define PerlIO_printf fprintf
283 # define PerlIO_stderr() stderr
285 # ifndef croak /* make depend */
286 # define croak(mess, arg) (warn((mess), (arg)), exit(1))
288 # ifndef croak2 /* make depend */
289 # define croak2(mess, arg1, arg2) (warn2((mess), (arg1), (arg2)), exit(1))
292 # define warn(mess, arg) fprintf(stderr, (mess), (arg))
295 # define warn2(mess, arg1) fprintf(stderr, (mess), (arg1), (arg2))
307 # define dTHX extern int Perl___notused
308 # define WITH_THX(s) s
310 # ifndef PERL_GET_INTERP
311 # define PERL_GET_INTERP PL_curinterp
314 # define Perl_malloc malloc
317 # define Perl_mfree free
319 # ifndef Perl_realloc
320 # define Perl_realloc realloc
323 # define Perl_calloc calloc
326 # define Perl_strdup strdup
331 # define MUTEX_LOCK(l)
335 # define MUTEX_UNLOCK(l)
339 # define MALLOC_LOCK MUTEX_LOCK(&PL_malloc_mutex)
342 #ifndef MALLOC_UNLOCK
343 # define MALLOC_UNLOCK MUTEX_UNLOCK(&PL_malloc_mutex)
346 # ifndef fatalcroak /* make depend */
347 # define fatalcroak(mess) (write(2, (mess), strlen(mess)), exit(2))
352 # define DEBUG_m(a) \
354 if (PERL_GET_INTERP) { dTHX; if (PL_debug & 128) { a; } } \
358 #ifdef PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT
359 # define PERL_IS_ALIVE aTHX
361 # define PERL_IS_ALIVE TRUE
368 * The memory is broken into "blocks" which occupy multiples of 2K (and
369 * generally speaking, have size "close" to a power of 2). The addresses
370 * of such *unused* blocks are kept in nextf[i] with big enough i. (nextf
371 * is an array of linked lists.) (Addresses of used blocks are not known.)
373 * Moreover, since the algorithm may try to "bite" smaller blocks out
374 * of unused bigger ones, there are also regions of "irregular" size,
375 * managed separately, by a linked list chunk_chain.
377 * The third type of storage is the sbrk()ed-but-not-yet-used space, its
378 * end and size are kept in last_sbrk_top and sbrked_remains.
380 * Growing blocks "in place":
381 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
382 * The address of the block with the greatest address is kept in last_op
383 * (if not known, last_op is 0). If it is known that the memory above
384 * last_op is not continuous, or contains a chunk from chunk_chain,
385 * last_op is set to 0.
387 * The chunk with address last_op may be grown by expanding into
388 * sbrk()ed-but-not-yet-used space, or trying to sbrk() more continuous
391 * Management of last_op:
392 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
394 * free() never changes the boundaries of blocks, so is not relevant.
396 * The only way realloc() may change the boundaries of blocks is if it
397 * grows a block "in place". However, in the case of success such a
398 * chunk is automatically last_op, and it remains last_op. In the case
399 * of failure getpages_adjacent() clears last_op.
401 * malloc() may change blocks by calling morecore() only.
403 * morecore() may create new blocks by:
404 * a) biting pieces from chunk_chain (cannot create one above last_op);
405 * b) biting a piece from an unused block (if block was last_op, this
406 * may create a chunk from chain above last_op, thus last_op is
407 * invalidated in such a case).
408 * c) biting of sbrk()ed-but-not-yet-used space. This creates
409 * a block which is last_op.
410 * d) Allocating new pages by calling getpages();
412 * getpages() creates a new block. It marks last_op at the bottom of
413 * the chunk of memory it returns.
415 * Active pages footprint:
416 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
417 * Note that we do not need to traverse the lists in nextf[i], just take
418 * the first element of this list. However, we *need* to traverse the
419 * list in chunk_chain, but most the time it should be a very short one,
420 * so we do not step on a lot of pages we are not going to use.
424 * get_from_bigger_buckets(): forget to increment price => Quite
428 /* I don't much care whether these are defined in sys/types.h--LAW */
430 #define u_char unsigned char
431 #define u_int unsigned int
433 * I removed the definition of u_bigint which appeared to be u_bigint = UV
434 * u_bigint was only used in TWOK_MASKED and TWOK_SHIFT
435 * where I have used PTR2UV. RMB
437 #define u_short unsigned short
439 /* 286 and atarist like big chunks, which gives too much overhead. */
440 #if (defined(RCHECK) || defined(I286) || defined(atarist) || defined(__MINT__)) && defined(PACK_MALLOC)
445 * The description below is applicable if PACK_MALLOC is not defined.
447 * The overhead on a block is at least 4 bytes. When free, this space
448 * contains a pointer to the next free block, and the bottom two bits must
449 * be zero. When in use, the first byte is set to MAGIC, and the second
450 * byte is the size index. The remaining bytes are for alignment.
451 * If range checking is enabled and the size of the block fits
452 * in two bytes, then the top two bytes hold the size of the requested block
453 * plus the range checking words, and the header word MINUS ONE.
456 union overhead *ov_next; /* when free */
457 #if MEM_ALIGNBYTES > 4
458 double strut; /* alignment problems */
462 * Keep the ovu_index and ovu_magic in this order, having a char
463 * field first gives alignment indigestion in some systems, such as
466 u_char ovu_index; /* bucket # */
467 u_char ovu_magic; /* magic number */
469 u_short ovu_size; /* actual block size */
470 u_int ovu_rmagic; /* range magic number */
473 #define ov_magic ovu.ovu_magic
474 #define ov_index ovu.ovu_index
475 #define ov_size ovu.ovu_size
476 #define ov_rmagic ovu.ovu_rmagic
479 #define MAGIC 0xff /* magic # on accounting info */
480 #define RMAGIC 0x55555555 /* magic # on range info */
481 #define RMAGIC_C 0x55 /* magic # on range info */
484 # define RSLOP sizeof (u_int)
485 # ifdef TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
486 # define MAX_SHORT_BUCKET (12 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
488 # define MAX_SHORT_BUCKET (13 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
494 #if !defined(PACK_MALLOC) && defined(BUCKETS_ROOT2)
495 # undef BUCKETS_ROOT2
499 # define BUCKET_TABLE_SHIFT 2
500 # define BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT 1
501 # define BUCKETS_PER_POW2 2
503 # define BUCKET_TABLE_SHIFT MIN_BUC_POW2
504 # define BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT 0
505 # define BUCKETS_PER_POW2 1
508 #if !defined(MEM_ALIGNBYTES) || ((MEM_ALIGNBYTES > 4) && !defined(STRICT_ALIGNMENT))
509 /* Figure out the alignment of void*. */
514 # define ALIGN_SMALL ((int)((caddr_t)&(((struct aligner*)0)->p)))
516 # define ALIGN_SMALL MEM_ALIGNBYTES
519 #define IF_ALIGN_8(yes,no) ((ALIGN_SMALL>4) ? (yes) : (no))
522 # define MAX_BUCKET_BY_TABLE 13
523 static u_short buck_size[MAX_BUCKET_BY_TABLE + 1] =
525 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, 64, 80,
527 # define BUCKET_SIZE(i) ((i) % 2 ? buck_size[i] : (1 << ((i) >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)))
528 # define BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i) ((i) <= MAX_BUCKET_BY_TABLE \
530 : ((1 << ((i) >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)) \
532 + POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(i)))
534 # define BUCKET_SIZE(i) (1 << ((i) >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT))
535 # define BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i) (BUCKET_SIZE(i) - MEM_OVERHEAD(i) + POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(i))
540 /* In this case there are several possible layout of arenas depending
541 * on the size. Arenas are of sizes multiple to 2K, 2K-aligned, and
542 * have a size close to a power of 2.
544 * Arenas of the size >= 4K keep one chunk only. Arenas of size 2K
545 * may keep one chunk or multiple chunks. Here are the possible
548 * # One chunk only, chunksize 2^k + SOMETHING - ALIGN, k >= 11
550 * INDEX MAGIC1 UNUSED CHUNK1
552 * # Multichunk with sanity checking and chunksize 2^k-ALIGN, k>7
554 * INDEX MAGIC1 MAGIC2 MAGIC3 UNUSED CHUNK1 CHUNK2 CHUNK3 ...
556 * # Multichunk with sanity checking and size 2^k-ALIGN, k=7
558 * INDEX MAGIC1 MAGIC2 MAGIC3 UNUSED CHUNK1 UNUSED CHUNK2 CHUNK3 ...
560 * # Multichunk with sanity checking and size up to 80
562 * INDEX UNUSED MAGIC1 UNUSED MAGIC2 UNUSED ... CHUNK1 CHUNK2 CHUNK3 ...
564 * # No sanity check (usually up to 48=byte-long buckets)
565 * INDEX UNUSED CHUNK1 CHUNK2 ...
567 * Above INDEX and MAGIC are one-byte-long. Sizes of UNUSED are
568 * appropriate to keep algorithms simple and memory aligned. INDEX
569 * encodes the size of the chunk, while MAGICn encodes state (used,
570 * free or non-managed-by-us-so-it-indicates-a-bug) of CHUNKn. MAGIC
571 * is used for sanity checking purposes only. SOMETHING is 0 or 4K
572 * (to make size of big CHUNK accomodate allocations for powers of two
575 * [There is no need to alignment between chunks, since C rules ensure
576 * that structs which need 2^k alignment have sizeof which is
577 * divisible by 2^k. Thus as far as the last chunk is aligned at the
578 * end of the arena, and 2K-alignment does not contradict things,
579 * everything is going to be OK for sizes of chunks 2^n and 2^n +
580 * 2^k. Say, 80-bit buckets will be 16-bit aligned, and as far as we
581 * put allocations for requests in 65..80 range, all is fine.
583 * Note, however, that standard malloc() puts more strict
584 * requirements than the above C rules. Moreover, our algorithms of
585 * realloc() may break this idyll, but we suppose that realloc() does
586 * need not change alignment.]
588 * Is very important to make calculation of the offset of MAGICm as
589 * quick as possible, since it is done on each malloc()/free(). In
590 * fact it is so quick that it has quite little effect on the speed of
591 * doing malloc()/free(). [By default] We forego such calculations
592 * for small chunks, but only to save extra 3% of memory, not because
593 * of speed considerations.
595 * Here is the algorithm [which is the same for all the allocations
596 * schemes above], see OV_MAGIC(block,bucket). Let OFFSETm be the
597 * offset of the CHUNKm from the start of ARENA. Then offset of
598 * MAGICm is (OFFSET1 >> SHIFT) + ADDOFFSET. Here SHIFT and ADDOFFSET
599 * are numbers which depend on the size of the chunks only.
601 * Let as check some sanity conditions. Numbers OFFSETm>>SHIFT are
602 * different for all the chunks in the arena if 2^SHIFT is not greater
603 * than size of the chunks in the arena. MAGIC1 will not overwrite
604 * INDEX provided ADDOFFSET is >0 if OFFSET1 < 2^SHIFT. MAGIClast
605 * will not overwrite CHUNK1 if OFFSET1 > (OFFSETlast >> SHIFT) +
608 * Make SHIFT the maximal possible (there is no point in making it
609 * smaller). Since OFFSETlast is 2K - CHUNKSIZE, above restrictions
610 * give restrictions on OFFSET1 and on ADDOFFSET.
612 * In particular, for chunks of size 2^k with k>=6 we can put
613 * ADDOFFSET to be from 0 to 2^k - 2^(11-k), and have
614 * OFFSET1==chunksize. For chunks of size 80 OFFSET1 of 2K%80=48 is
615 * large enough to have ADDOFFSET between 1 and 16 (similarly for 96,
616 * when ADDOFFSET should be 1). In particular, keeping MAGICs for
617 * these sizes gives no additional size penalty.
619 * However, for chunks of size 2^k with k<=5 this gives OFFSET1 >=
620 * ADDOFSET + 2^(11-k). Keeping ADDOFFSET 0 allows for 2^(11-k)-2^(11-2k)
621 * chunks per arena. This is smaller than 2^(11-k) - 1 which are
622 * needed if no MAGIC is kept. [In fact, having a negative ADDOFFSET
623 * would allow for slightly more buckets per arena for k=2,3.]
625 * Similarly, for chunks of size 3/2*2^k with k<=5 MAGICs would span
626 * the area up to 2^(11-k)+ADDOFFSET. For k=4 this give optimal
627 * ADDOFFSET as -7..0. For k=3 ADDOFFSET can go up to 4 (with tiny
628 * savings for negative ADDOFFSET). For k=5 ADDOFFSET can go -1..16
629 * (with no savings for negative values).
631 * In particular, keeping ADDOFFSET 0 for sizes of chunks up to 2^6
632 * leads to tiny pessimizations in case of sizes 4, 8, 12, 24, and
633 * leads to no contradictions except for size=80 (or 96.)
635 * However, it also makes sense to keep no magic for sizes 48 or less.
636 * This is what we do. In this case one needs ADDOFFSET>=1 also for
637 * chunksizes 12, 24, and 48, unless one gets one less chunk per
640 * The algo of OV_MAGIC(block,bucket) keeps ADDOFFSET 0 until
641 * chunksize of 64, then makes it 1.
643 * This allows for an additional optimization: the above scheme leads
644 * to giant overheads for sizes 128 or more (one whole chunk needs to
645 * be sacrifised to keep INDEX). Instead we use chunks not of size
646 * 2^k, but of size 2^k-ALIGN. If we pack these chunks at the end of
647 * the arena, then the beginnings are still in different 2^k-long
648 * sections of the arena if k>=7 for ALIGN==4, and k>=8 if ALIGN=8.
649 * Thus for k>7 the above algo of calculating the offset of the magic
650 * will still give different answers for different chunks. And to
651 * avoid the overrun of MAGIC1 into INDEX, one needs ADDOFFSET of >=1.
652 * In the case k=7 we just move the first chunk an extra ALIGN
653 * backward inside the ARENA (this is done once per arena lifetime,
654 * thus is not a big overhead). */
655 # define MAX_PACKED_POW2 6
656 # define MAX_PACKED (MAX_PACKED_POW2 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2 + BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)
657 # define MAX_POW2_ALGO ((1<<(MAX_PACKED_POW2 + 1)) - M_OVERHEAD)
658 # define TWOK_MASK ((1<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) - 1)
659 # define TWOK_MASKED(x) (PTR2UV(x) & ~TWOK_MASK)
660 # define TWOK_SHIFT(x) (PTR2UV(x) & TWOK_MASK)
661 # define OV_INDEXp(block) (INT2PTR(u_char*,TWOK_MASKED(block)))
662 # define OV_INDEX(block) (*OV_INDEXp(block))
663 # define OV_MAGIC(block,bucket) (*(OV_INDEXp(block) + \
664 (TWOK_SHIFT(block)>> \
665 (bucket>>BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)) + \
666 (bucket >= MIN_NEEDS_SHIFT ? 1 : 0)))
667 /* A bucket can have a shift smaller than it size, we need to
668 shift its magic number so it will not overwrite index: */
669 # ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2
670 # define MIN_NEEDS_SHIFT (7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 - 1) /* Shift 80 greater than chunk 64. */
672 # define MIN_NEEDS_SHIFT (7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) /* Shift 128 greater than chunk 32. */
674 # define CHUNK_SHIFT 0
676 /* Number of active buckets of given ordinal. */
677 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
678 #define FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK (6 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2) /* 64 */
679 # define N_BLKS(bucket) ( (bucket) < FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK \
680 ? ((1<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) - 1)/BUCKET_SIZE(bucket) \
683 # define N_BLKS(bucket) n_blks[bucket]
686 static u_short n_blks[LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA * BUCKETS_PER_POW2] =
688 # if BUCKETS_PER_POW2==1
690 (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 384 : 0),
691 224, 120, 62, 31, 16, 8, 4, 2
694 (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 384 : 0), (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 384 : 0), /* 4, 4 */
695 224, 149, 120, 80, 62, 41, 31, 25, 16, 16, 8, 8, 4, 4, 2, 2
699 /* Shift of the first bucket with the given ordinal inside 2K chunk. */
700 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
701 # define BLK_SHIFT(bucket) ( (bucket) < FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK \
702 ? ((1<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) \
703 - BUCKET_SIZE(bucket) * N_BLKS(bucket)) \
706 # define BLK_SHIFT(bucket) blk_shift[bucket]
709 static u_short blk_shift[LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA * BUCKETS_PER_POW2] =
711 # if BUCKETS_PER_POW2==1
713 (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 512 : 0),
714 256, 128, 64, 64, /* 8 to 64 */
715 16*sizeof(union overhead),
716 8*sizeof(union overhead),
717 4*sizeof(union overhead),
718 2*sizeof(union overhead),
721 (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 512 : 0), (MIN_BUC_POW2==2 ? 512 : 0),
722 256, 260, 128, 128, 64, 80, 64, 48, /* 8 to 96 */
723 16*sizeof(union overhead), 16*sizeof(union overhead),
724 8*sizeof(union overhead), 8*sizeof(union overhead),
725 4*sizeof(union overhead), 4*sizeof(union overhead),
726 2*sizeof(union overhead), 2*sizeof(union overhead),
730 # define NEEDED_ALIGNMENT 0x800 /* 2k boundaries */
731 # define WANTED_ALIGNMENT 0x800 /* 2k boundaries */
733 #else /* !PACK_MALLOC */
735 # define OV_MAGIC(block,bucket) (block)->ov_magic
736 # define OV_INDEX(block) (block)->ov_index
737 # define CHUNK_SHIFT 1
738 # define MAX_PACKED -1
739 # define NEEDED_ALIGNMENT MEM_ALIGNBYTES
740 # define WANTED_ALIGNMENT 0x400 /* 1k boundaries */
742 #endif /* !PACK_MALLOC */
744 #define M_OVERHEAD (sizeof(union overhead) + RSLOP)
747 # define MEM_OVERHEAD(bucket) \
748 (bucket <= MAX_PACKED ? 0 : M_OVERHEAD)
749 # ifdef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
750 # define START_SHIFTS_BUCKET ((MAX_PACKED_POW2 + 1) * BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
751 # define START_SHIFT MAX_PACKED_POW2
752 # ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2 /* Chunks of size 3*2^n. */
753 # define SIZE_TABLE_MAX 80
755 # define SIZE_TABLE_MAX 64
757 static char bucket_of[] =
759 # ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2 /* Chunks of size 3*2^n. */
760 /* 0 to 15 in 4-byte increments. */
761 (sizeof(void*) > 4 ? 6 : 5), /* 4/8, 5-th bucket for better reports */
763 IF_ALIGN_8(8,7), 8, /* 16/12, 16 */
764 9, 9, 10, 10, /* 24, 32 */
765 11, 11, 11, 11, /* 48 */
766 12, 12, 12, 12, /* 64 */
767 13, 13, 13, 13, /* 80 */
768 13, 13, 13, 13 /* 80 */
769 # else /* !BUCKETS_ROOT2 */
770 /* 0 to 15 in 4-byte increments. */
771 (sizeof(void*) > 4 ? 3 : 2),
777 # endif /* !BUCKETS_ROOT2 */
779 # else /* !SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE */
780 # define START_SHIFTS_BUCKET MIN_BUCKET
781 # define START_SHIFT (MIN_BUC_POW2 - 1)
782 # endif /* !SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE */
783 #else /* !PACK_MALLOC */
784 # define MEM_OVERHEAD(bucket) M_OVERHEAD
785 # ifdef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
786 # undef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
788 # define START_SHIFTS_BUCKET MIN_BUCKET
789 # define START_SHIFT (MIN_BUC_POW2 - 1)
790 #endif /* !PACK_MALLOC */
793 * Big allocations are often of the size 2^n bytes. To make them a
794 * little bit better, make blocks of size 2^n+pagesize for big n.
797 #ifdef TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
799 # ifndef PERL_PAGESIZE
800 # define PERL_PAGESIZE 4096
802 # ifndef FIRST_BIG_POW2
803 # define FIRST_BIG_POW2 15 /* 32K, 16K is used too often. */
805 # define FIRST_BIG_BLOCK (1<<FIRST_BIG_POW2)
806 /* If this value or more, check against bigger blocks. */
807 # define FIRST_BIG_BOUND (FIRST_BIG_BLOCK - M_OVERHEAD)
808 /* If less than this value, goes into 2^n-overhead-block. */
809 # define LAST_SMALL_BOUND ((FIRST_BIG_BLOCK>>1) - M_OVERHEAD)
811 # define POW2_OPTIMIZE_ADJUST(nbytes) \
812 ((nbytes >= FIRST_BIG_BOUND) ? nbytes -= PERL_PAGESIZE : 0)
813 # define POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(bucket) \
814 ((bucket >= FIRST_BIG_POW2 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? PERL_PAGESIZE : 0)
816 #else /* !TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE */
817 # define POW2_OPTIMIZE_ADJUST(nbytes)
818 # define POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(bucket) 0
819 #endif /* !TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE */
821 #if defined(HAS_64K_LIMIT) && defined(PERL_CORE)
822 # define BARK_64K_LIMIT(what,nbytes,size) \
823 if (nbytes > 0xffff) { \
824 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), \
825 "%s too large: %lx\n", what, size); \
828 #else /* !HAS_64K_LIMIT || !PERL_CORE */
829 # define BARK_64K_LIMIT(what,nbytes,size)
830 #endif /* !HAS_64K_LIMIT || !PERL_CORE */
833 # define MIN_SBRK 2048
837 # define FIRST_SBRK (48*1024)
840 /* Minimal sbrk in percents of what is already alloced. */
841 #ifndef MIN_SBRK_FRAC
842 # define MIN_SBRK_FRAC 3
845 #ifndef SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES
846 # define SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES 3
849 #ifndef SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE
850 # define SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE 50
853 static void morecore (register int bucket);
854 # if defined(DEBUGGING)
855 static void botch (char *diag, char *s);
857 static void add_to_chain (void *p, MEM_SIZE size, MEM_SIZE chip);
858 static void* get_from_chain (MEM_SIZE size);
859 static void* get_from_bigger_buckets(int bucket, MEM_SIZE size);
860 static union overhead *getpages (MEM_SIZE needed, int *nblksp, int bucket);
861 static int getpages_adjacent(MEM_SIZE require);
865 #ifdef I_MACH_CTHREADS
867 # define MUTEX_LOCK(m) STMT_START { if (*m) mutex_lock(*m); } STMT_END
869 # define MUTEX_UNLOCK(m) STMT_START { if (*m) mutex_unlock(*m); } STMT_END
873 # define BITS_IN_PTR (8*PTRSIZE)
877 * nextf[i] is the pointer to the next free block of size 2^i. The
878 * smallest allocatable block is 8 bytes. The overhead information
879 * precedes the data area returned to the user.
881 #define NBUCKETS (BITS_IN_PTR*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 + 1)
882 static union overhead *nextf[NBUCKETS];
884 #if defined(PURIFY) && !defined(USE_PERL_SBRK)
885 # define USE_PERL_SBRK
889 # define sbrk(a) Perl_sbrk(a)
890 Malloc_t Perl_sbrk (int size);
892 # ifndef HAS_SBRK_PROTO /* <unistd.h> usually takes care of this */
893 extern Malloc_t sbrk(int);
897 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
899 * nmalloc[i] is the difference between the number of mallocs and frees
900 * for a given block size.
902 static u_int nmalloc[NBUCKETS];
903 static u_int sbrk_slack;
904 static u_int start_slack;
905 #else /* !( defined DEBUGGING_MSTATS ) */
906 # define sbrk_slack 0
909 static u_int goodsbrk;
911 # ifdef PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK
914 # define BIG_SIZE (1<<16) /* 64K */
917 static char *emergency_buffer;
918 static MEM_SIZE emergency_buffer_size;
919 static int no_mem; /* 0 if the last request for more memory succeeded.
920 Otherwise the size of the failing request. */
923 emergency_sbrk(MEM_SIZE size)
925 MEM_SIZE rsize = (((size - 1)>>LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) + 1)<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA;
927 if (size >= BIG_SIZE && (!no_mem || (size < no_mem))) {
928 /* Give the possibility to recover, but avoid an infinite cycle. */
931 croak2("Out of memory during \"large\" request for %"UVuf" bytes, total sbrk() is %"UVuf" bytes", (UV)size, (UV)(goodsbrk + sbrk_slack));
934 if (emergency_buffer_size >= rsize) {
935 char *old = emergency_buffer;
937 emergency_buffer_size -= rsize;
938 emergency_buffer += rsize;
942 /* First offense, give a possibility to recover by dieing. */
943 /* No malloc involved here: */
944 GV **gvp = (GV**)hv_fetch(PL_defstash, "^M", 2, 0);
950 if (emergency_buffer_size) {
951 add_to_chain(emergency_buffer, emergency_buffer_size, 0);
952 emergency_buffer_size = 0;
953 emergency_buffer = Nullch;
956 if (!gvp) gvp = (GV**)hv_fetch(PL_defstash, "\015", 1, 0);
957 if (!gvp || !(sv = GvSV(*gvp)) || !SvPOK(sv)
958 || (SvLEN(sv) < (1<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) - M_OVERHEAD)) {
961 return (char *)-1; /* Now die die die... */
963 /* Got it, now detach SvPV: */
965 /* Check alignment: */
966 if ((PTR2UV(pv) - sizeof(union overhead)) & (NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - 1)) {
967 PerlIO_puts(PerlIO_stderr(),"Bad alignment of $^M!\n");
968 return (char *)-1; /* die die die */
971 emergency_buffer = pv - sizeof(union overhead);
972 emergency_buffer_size = malloced_size(pv) + M_OVERHEAD;
975 SvCUR(sv) = SvLEN(sv) = 0;
979 croak("Out of memory during request for %"UVuf" bytes, total sbrk() is %"UVuf" bytes", (UV)size, (UV)(goodsbrk + sbrk_slack));
984 # else /* !defined(PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK) */
985 # define emergency_sbrk(size) -1
987 #endif /* ifdef PERL_CORE */
991 #define ASSERT(p,diag) if (!(p)) botch(diag,STRINGIFY(p)); else
993 botch(char *diag, char *s)
996 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), "assertion botched (%s?): %s\n", diag, s);
1000 #define ASSERT(p, diag)
1004 Perl_malloc(register size_t nbytes)
1006 register union overhead *p;
1007 register int bucket;
1008 register MEM_SIZE shiftr;
1010 #if defined(DEBUGGING) || defined(RCHECK)
1011 MEM_SIZE size = nbytes;
1014 BARK_64K_LIMIT("Allocation",nbytes,nbytes);
1016 if ((long)nbytes < 0)
1017 croak("%s", "panic: malloc");
1021 * Convert amount of memory requested into
1022 * closest block size stored in hash buckets
1023 * which satisfies request. Account for
1024 * space used per block for accounting.
1027 # ifdef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
1029 bucket = MIN_BUCKET;
1030 else if (nbytes <= SIZE_TABLE_MAX) {
1031 bucket = bucket_of[(nbytes - 1) >> BUCKET_TABLE_SHIFT];
1036 if (nbytes <= MAX_POW2_ALGO) goto do_shifts;
1041 POW2_OPTIMIZE_ADJUST(nbytes);
1042 nbytes += M_OVERHEAD;
1043 nbytes = (nbytes + 3) &~ 3;
1045 shiftr = (nbytes - 1) >> START_SHIFT;
1046 bucket = START_SHIFTS_BUCKET;
1047 /* apart from this loop, this is O(1) */
1048 while (shiftr >>= 1)
1049 bucket += BUCKETS_PER_POW2;
1053 * If nothing in hash bucket right now,
1054 * request more memory from the system.
1056 if (nextf[bucket] == NULL)
1058 if ((p = nextf[bucket]) == NULL) {
1064 #if defined(PLAIN_MALLOC) && defined(NO_FANCY_MALLOC)
1065 PerlIO_puts(PerlIO_stderr(),"Out of memory!\n");
1068 char *eb = buff + sizeof(buff) - 1;
1072 PerlIO_puts(PerlIO_stderr(),"Out of memory during request for ");
1073 #if defined(DEBUGGING) || defined(RCHECK)
1078 *--s = '0' + (n % 10);
1080 PerlIO_puts(PerlIO_stderr(),s);
1081 PerlIO_puts(PerlIO_stderr()," bytes, total sbrk() is ");
1083 n = goodsbrk + sbrk_slack;
1085 *--s = '0' + (n % 10);
1087 PerlIO_puts(PerlIO_stderr(),s);
1088 PerlIO_puts(PerlIO_stderr()," bytes!\n");
1089 #endif /* defined(PLAIN_MALLOC) && defined(NO_FANCY_MALLOC) */
1097 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1098 "0x%"UVxf": (%05lu) malloc %ld bytes\n",
1099 PTR2UV(p+1), (unsigned long)(PL_an++),
1102 /* remove from linked list */
1104 if ((PTR2UV(p)) & (MEM_ALIGNBYTES - 1)) {
1106 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(),
1107 "Unaligned pointer in the free chain 0x%"UVxf"\n",
1110 if ((PTR2UV(p->ov_next)) & (MEM_ALIGNBYTES - 1)) {
1112 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(),
1113 "Unaligned `next' pointer in the free "
1114 "chain 0x%"UVxf" at 0x%"UVxf"\n",
1115 PTR2UV(p->ov_next), PTR2UV(p));
1118 nextf[bucket] = p->ov_next;
1122 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
1123 if (bucket >= FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK)
1125 OV_MAGIC(p, bucket) = MAGIC;
1127 OV_INDEX(p) = bucket;
1131 * Record allocated size of block and
1132 * bound space with magic numbers.
1134 p->ov_rmagic = RMAGIC;
1135 if (bucket <= MAX_SHORT_BUCKET) {
1138 nbytes = size + M_OVERHEAD;
1139 p->ov_size = nbytes - 1;
1140 if ((i = nbytes & 3)) {
1143 *((char *)((caddr_t)p + nbytes - RSLOP + i)) = RMAGIC_C;
1145 nbytes = (nbytes + 3) &~ 3;
1146 *((u_int *)((caddr_t)p + nbytes - RSLOP)) = RMAGIC;
1149 return ((Malloc_t)(p + CHUNK_SHIFT));
1152 static char *last_sbrk_top;
1153 static char *last_op; /* This arena can be easily extended. */
1154 static int sbrked_remains;
1155 static int sbrk_good = SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES * SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE;
1157 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1161 struct chunk_chain_s {
1162 struct chunk_chain_s *next;
1165 static struct chunk_chain_s *chunk_chain;
1166 static int n_chunks;
1167 static char max_bucket;
1169 /* Cutoff a piece of one of the chunks in the chain. Prefer smaller chunk. */
1171 get_from_chain(MEM_SIZE size)
1173 struct chunk_chain_s *elt = chunk_chain, **oldp = &chunk_chain;
1174 struct chunk_chain_s **oldgoodp = NULL;
1175 long min_remain = LONG_MAX;
1178 if (elt->size >= size) {
1179 long remains = elt->size - size;
1180 if (remains >= 0 && remains < min_remain) {
1182 min_remain = remains;
1188 oldp = &( elt->next );
1191 if (!oldgoodp) return NULL;
1193 void *ret = *oldgoodp;
1194 struct chunk_chain_s *next = (*oldgoodp)->next;
1196 *oldgoodp = (struct chunk_chain_s *)((char*)ret + size);
1197 (*oldgoodp)->size = min_remain;
1198 (*oldgoodp)->next = next;
1201 void *ret = *oldgoodp;
1202 *oldgoodp = (*oldgoodp)->next;
1209 add_to_chain(void *p, MEM_SIZE size, MEM_SIZE chip)
1211 struct chunk_chain_s *next = chunk_chain;
1212 char *cp = (char*)p;
1215 chunk_chain = (struct chunk_chain_s *)cp;
1216 chunk_chain->size = size - chip;
1217 chunk_chain->next = next;
1222 get_from_bigger_buckets(int bucket, MEM_SIZE size)
1225 static int bucketprice[NBUCKETS];
1226 while (bucket <= max_bucket) {
1227 /* We postpone stealing from bigger buckets until we want it
1229 if (nextf[bucket] && bucketprice[bucket]++ >= price) {
1231 void *ret = (void*)(nextf[bucket] - 1 + CHUNK_SHIFT);
1232 bucketprice[bucket] = 0;
1233 if (((char*)nextf[bucket]) - M_OVERHEAD == last_op) {
1234 last_op = NULL; /* Disable optimization */
1236 nextf[bucket] = nextf[bucket]->ov_next;
1237 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1239 start_slack -= M_OVERHEAD;
1241 add_to_chain(ret, (BUCKET_SIZE(bucket) +
1242 POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(bucket)),
1251 static union overhead *
1252 getpages(MEM_SIZE needed, int *nblksp, int bucket)
1254 /* Need to do (possibly expensive) system call. Try to
1255 optimize it for rare calling. */
1256 MEM_SIZE require = needed - sbrked_remains;
1258 union overhead *ovp;
1261 if (sbrk_good > 0) {
1262 if (!last_sbrk_top && require < FIRST_SBRK)
1263 require = FIRST_SBRK;
1264 else if (require < MIN_SBRK) require = MIN_SBRK;
1266 if (require < goodsbrk * MIN_SBRK_FRAC / 100)
1267 require = goodsbrk * MIN_SBRK_FRAC / 100;
1268 require = ((require - 1 + MIN_SBRK) / MIN_SBRK) * MIN_SBRK;
1275 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1276 "sbrk(%ld) for %ld-byte-long arena\n",
1277 (long)require, (long) needed));
1278 cp = (char *)sbrk(require);
1279 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1282 if (cp == last_sbrk_top) {
1283 /* Common case, anything is fine. */
1285 ovp = (union overhead *) (cp - sbrked_remains);
1286 last_op = cp - sbrked_remains;
1287 sbrked_remains = require - (needed - sbrked_remains);
1288 } else if (cp == (char *)-1) { /* no more room! */
1289 ovp = (union overhead *)emergency_sbrk(needed);
1290 if (ovp == (union overhead *)-1)
1292 if (((char*)ovp) > last_op) { /* Cannot happen with current emergency_sbrk() */
1296 } else { /* Non-continuous or first sbrk(). */
1297 long add = sbrked_remains;
1300 if (sbrked_remains) { /* Put rest into chain, we
1301 cannot use it right now. */
1302 add_to_chain((void*)(last_sbrk_top - sbrked_remains),
1306 /* Second, check alignment. */
1309 #if !defined(atarist) && !defined(__MINT__) /* on the atari we dont have to worry about this */
1310 # ifndef I286 /* The sbrk(0) call on the I286 always returns the next segment */
1311 /* WANTED_ALIGNMENT may be more than NEEDED_ALIGNMENT, but this may
1312 improve performance of memory access. */
1313 if (PTR2UV(cp) & (WANTED_ALIGNMENT - 1)) { /* Not aligned. */
1314 slack = WANTED_ALIGNMENT - (PTR2UV(cp) & (WANTED_ALIGNMENT - 1));
1318 #endif /* !atarist && !MINT */
1321 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1322 "sbrk(%ld) to fix non-continuous/off-page sbrk:\n\t%ld for alignement,\t%ld were assumed to come from the tail of the previous sbrk\n",
1323 (long)add, (long) slack,
1324 (long) sbrked_remains));
1325 newcp = (char *)sbrk(add);
1326 #if defined(DEBUGGING_MSTATS)
1330 if (newcp != cp + require) {
1331 /* Too bad: even rounding sbrk() is not continuous.*/
1332 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1333 "failed to fix bad sbrk()\n"));
1337 fatalcroak("panic: Off-page sbrk\n");
1340 if (sbrked_remains) {
1342 #if defined(DEBUGGING_MSTATS)
1343 sbrk_slack += require;
1346 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1347 "straight sbrk(%ld)\n",
1349 cp = (char *)sbrk(require);
1350 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1353 if (cp == (char *)-1)
1356 sbrk_good = -1; /* Disable optimization!
1357 Continue with not-aligned... */
1360 require += sbrked_remains;
1364 if (last_sbrk_top) {
1365 sbrk_good -= SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE;
1368 ovp = (union overhead *) cp;
1370 * Round up to minimum allocation size boundary
1371 * and deduct from block count to reflect.
1374 # if NEEDED_ALIGNMENT > MEM_ALIGNBYTES
1375 if (PTR2UV(ovp) & (NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - 1))
1376 fatalcroak("Misalignment of sbrk()\n");
1379 #ifndef I286 /* Again, this should always be ok on an 80286 */
1380 if (PTR2UV(ovp) & (MEM_ALIGNBYTES - 1)) {
1381 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1382 "fixing sbrk(): %d bytes off machine alignement\n",
1383 (int)(PTR2UV(ovp) & (MEM_ALIGNBYTES - 1))));
1384 ovp = INT2PTR(union overhead *,(PTR2UV(ovp) + MEM_ALIGNBYTES) &
1385 (MEM_ALIGNBYTES - 1));
1387 # if defined(DEBUGGING_MSTATS)
1388 /* This is only approx. if TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE: */
1389 sbrk_slack += (1 << (bucket >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT));
1393 ; /* Finish `else' */
1394 sbrked_remains = require - needed;
1397 #if !defined(PLAIN_MALLOC) && !defined(NO_FANCY_MALLOC)
1400 last_sbrk_top = cp + require;
1401 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1402 goodsbrk += require;
1408 getpages_adjacent(MEM_SIZE require)
1410 if (require <= sbrked_remains) {
1411 sbrked_remains -= require;
1415 require -= sbrked_remains;
1416 /* We do not try to optimize sbrks here, we go for place. */
1417 cp = (char*) sbrk(require);
1418 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1420 goodsbrk += require;
1422 if (cp == last_sbrk_top) {
1424 last_sbrk_top = cp + require;
1426 if (cp == (char*)-1) { /* Out of memory */
1427 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1428 goodsbrk -= require;
1432 /* Report the failure: */
1434 add_to_chain((void*)(last_sbrk_top - sbrked_remains),
1436 add_to_chain((void*)cp, require, 0);
1437 sbrk_good -= SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE;
1449 * Allocate more memory to the indicated bucket.
1452 morecore(register int bucket)
1454 register union overhead *ovp;
1455 register int rnu; /* 2^rnu bytes will be requested */
1456 int nblks; /* become nblks blocks of the desired size */
1457 register MEM_SIZE siz, needed;
1461 if (bucket == sizeof(MEM_SIZE)*8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
1463 croak("%s", "Out of memory during ridiculously large request");
1465 if (bucket > max_bucket)
1466 max_bucket = bucket;
1468 rnu = ( (bucket <= (LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT))
1470 : (bucket >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT) );
1471 /* This may be overwritten later: */
1472 nblks = 1 << (rnu - (bucket >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)); /* how many blocks to get */
1473 needed = ((MEM_SIZE)1 << rnu) + POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(bucket);
1474 if (nextf[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT]) { /* 2048b bucket. */
1475 ovp = nextf[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT] - 1 + CHUNK_SHIFT;
1476 nextf[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT]
1477 = nextf[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT]->ov_next;
1478 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1479 nmalloc[rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT]--;
1480 start_slack -= M_OVERHEAD;
1482 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1483 "stealing %ld bytes from %ld arena\n",
1484 (long) needed, (long) rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT));
1485 } else if (chunk_chain
1486 && (ovp = (union overhead*) get_from_chain(needed))) {
1487 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1488 "stealing %ld bytes from chain\n",
1490 } else if ( (ovp = (union overhead*)
1491 get_from_bigger_buckets((rnu << BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT) + 1,
1493 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1494 "stealing %ld bytes from bigger buckets\n",
1496 } else if (needed <= sbrked_remains) {
1497 ovp = (union overhead *)(last_sbrk_top - sbrked_remains);
1498 sbrked_remains -= needed;
1499 last_op = (char*)ovp;
1501 ovp = getpages(needed, &nblks, bucket);
1507 * Add new memory allocated to that on
1508 * free list for this hash bucket.
1510 siz = BUCKET_SIZE(bucket);
1512 *(u_char*)ovp = bucket; /* Fill index. */
1513 if (bucket <= MAX_PACKED) {
1514 ovp = (union overhead *) ((char*)ovp + BLK_SHIFT(bucket));
1515 nblks = N_BLKS(bucket);
1516 # ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1517 start_slack += BLK_SHIFT(bucket);
1519 } else if (bucket < LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA * BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
1520 ovp = (union overhead *) ((char*)ovp + BLK_SHIFT(bucket));
1521 siz -= sizeof(union overhead);
1522 } else ovp++; /* One chunk per block. */
1523 #endif /* PACK_MALLOC */
1524 nextf[bucket] = ovp;
1525 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1526 nmalloc[bucket] += nblks;
1527 if (bucket > MAX_PACKED) {
1528 start_slack += M_OVERHEAD * nblks;
1531 while (--nblks > 0) {
1532 ovp->ov_next = (union overhead *)((caddr_t)ovp + siz);
1533 ovp = (union overhead *)((caddr_t)ovp + siz);
1535 /* Not all sbrks return zeroed memory.*/
1536 ovp->ov_next = (union overhead *)NULL;
1538 if (bucket == 7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) { /* Special case, explanation is above. */
1539 union overhead *n_op = nextf[7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2]->ov_next;
1540 nextf[7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2] =
1541 (union overhead *)((caddr_t)nextf[7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2]
1542 - sizeof(union overhead));
1543 nextf[7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2]->ov_next = n_op;
1545 #endif /* !PACK_MALLOC */
1549 Perl_mfree(void *mp)
1551 register MEM_SIZE size;
1552 register union overhead *ovp;
1553 char *cp = (char*)mp;
1558 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1559 "0x%"UVxf": (%05lu) free\n",
1560 PTR2UV(cp), (unsigned long)(PL_an++)));
1564 ovp = (union overhead *)((caddr_t)cp
1565 - sizeof (union overhead) * CHUNK_SHIFT);
1567 bucket = OV_INDEX(ovp);
1569 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
1570 if ((bucket >= FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK)
1571 && (OV_MAGIC(ovp, bucket) != MAGIC))
1573 if (OV_MAGIC(ovp, bucket) != MAGIC)
1576 static int bad_free_warn = -1;
1577 if (bad_free_warn == -1) {
1579 char *pbf = PerlEnv_getenv("PERL_BADFREE");
1580 bad_free_warn = (pbf) ? atoi(pbf) : 1;
1588 if (!PERL_IS_ALIVE || !PL_curcop || ckWARN_d(WARN_MALLOC))
1589 Perl_warner(aTHX_ WARN_MALLOC, "%s free() ignored",
1590 ovp->ov_rmagic == RMAGIC - 1 ?
1591 "Duplicate" : "Bad");
1594 warn("%s free() ignored",
1595 ovp->ov_rmagic == RMAGIC - 1 ? "Duplicate" : "Bad");
1601 if (!PERL_IS_ALIVE || !PL_curcop || ckWARN_d(WARN_MALLOC))
1602 Perl_warner(aTHX_ WARN_MALLOC, "%s", "Bad free() ignored");
1605 warn("%s", "Bad free() ignored");
1608 return; /* sanity */
1611 ASSERT(ovp->ov_rmagic == RMAGIC, "chunk's head overwrite");
1612 if (OV_INDEX(ovp) <= MAX_SHORT_BUCKET) {
1614 MEM_SIZE nbytes = ovp->ov_size + 1;
1616 if ((i = nbytes & 3)) {
1619 ASSERT(*((char *)((caddr_t)ovp + nbytes - RSLOP + i))
1620 == RMAGIC_C, "chunk's tail overwrite");
1623 nbytes = (nbytes + 3) &~ 3;
1624 ASSERT(*(u_int *)((caddr_t)ovp + nbytes - RSLOP) == RMAGIC, "chunk's tail overwrite");
1626 ovp->ov_rmagic = RMAGIC - 1;
1628 ASSERT(OV_INDEX(ovp) < NBUCKETS, "chunk's head overwrite");
1629 size = OV_INDEX(ovp);
1632 ovp->ov_next = nextf[size];
1637 /* There is no need to do any locking in realloc (with an exception of
1638 trying to grow in place if we are at the end of the chain).
1639 If somebody calls us from a different thread with the same address,
1640 we are sole anyway. */
1643 Perl_realloc(void *mp, size_t nbytes)
1645 register MEM_SIZE onb;
1646 union overhead *ovp;
1649 register int bucket;
1650 int incr; /* 1 if does not fit, -1 if "easily" fits in a
1651 smaller bucket, otherwise 0. */
1652 char *cp = (char*)mp;
1654 #if defined(DEBUGGING) || !defined(PERL_CORE)
1655 MEM_SIZE size = nbytes;
1657 if ((long)nbytes < 0)
1658 croak("%s", "panic: realloc");
1661 BARK_64K_LIMIT("Reallocation",nbytes,size);
1663 return Perl_malloc(nbytes);
1665 ovp = (union overhead *)((caddr_t)cp
1666 - sizeof (union overhead) * CHUNK_SHIFT);
1667 bucket = OV_INDEX(ovp);
1669 #ifdef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
1670 if ((bucket >= FIRST_BUCKET_WITH_CHECK)
1671 && (OV_MAGIC(ovp, bucket) != MAGIC))
1673 if (OV_MAGIC(ovp, bucket) != MAGIC)
1676 static int bad_free_warn = -1;
1677 if (bad_free_warn == -1) {
1679 char *pbf = PerlEnv_getenv("PERL_BADFREE");
1680 bad_free_warn = (pbf) ? atoi(pbf) : 1;
1688 if (!PERL_IS_ALIVE || !PL_curcop || ckWARN_d(WARN_MALLOC))
1689 Perl_warner(aTHX_ WARN_MALLOC, "%srealloc() %signored",
1690 (ovp->ov_rmagic == RMAGIC - 1 ? "" : "Bad "),
1691 ovp->ov_rmagic == RMAGIC - 1
1692 ? "of freed memory " : "");
1695 warn("%srealloc() %signored",
1696 (ovp->ov_rmagic == RMAGIC - 1 ? "" : "Bad "),
1697 ovp->ov_rmagic == RMAGIC - 1 ? "of freed memory " : "");
1703 if (!PERL_IS_ALIVE || !PL_curcop || ckWARN_d(WARN_MALLOC))
1704 Perl_warner(aTHX_ WARN_MALLOC, "%s",
1705 "Bad realloc() ignored");
1708 warn("%s", "Bad realloc() ignored");
1711 return Nullch; /* sanity */
1714 onb = BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(bucket);
1716 * avoid the copy if same size block.
1717 * We are not agressive with boundary cases. Note that it might
1718 * (for a small number of cases) give false negative if
1719 * both new size and old one are in the bucket for
1720 * FIRST_BIG_POW2, but the new one is near the lower end.
1722 * We do not try to go to 1.5 times smaller bucket so far.
1724 if (nbytes > onb) incr = 1;
1726 #ifdef DO_NOT_TRY_HARDER_WHEN_SHRINKING
1727 if ( /* This is a little bit pessimal if PACK_MALLOC: */
1728 nbytes > ( (onb >> 1) - M_OVERHEAD )
1729 # ifdef TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
1730 || (bucket == FIRST_BIG_POW2 && nbytes >= LAST_SMALL_BOUND )
1733 #else /* !DO_NOT_TRY_HARDER_WHEN_SHRINKING */
1734 prev_bucket = ( (bucket > MAX_PACKED + 1)
1735 ? bucket - BUCKETS_PER_POW2
1737 if (nbytes > BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(prev_bucket))
1738 #endif /* !DO_NOT_TRY_HARDER_WHEN_SHRINKING */
1742 #ifdef STRESS_REALLOC
1749 * Record new allocated size of block and
1750 * bound space with magic numbers.
1752 if (OV_INDEX(ovp) <= MAX_SHORT_BUCKET) {
1753 int i, nb = ovp->ov_size + 1;
1758 ASSERT(*((char *)((caddr_t)ovp + nb - RSLOP + i)) == RMAGIC_C, "chunk's tail overwrite");
1762 ASSERT(*(u_int *)((caddr_t)ovp + nb - RSLOP) == RMAGIC, "chunk's tail overwrite");
1764 * Convert amount of memory requested into
1765 * closest block size stored in hash buckets
1766 * which satisfies request. Account for
1767 * space used per block for accounting.
1769 nbytes += M_OVERHEAD;
1770 ovp->ov_size = nbytes - 1;
1771 if ((i = nbytes & 3)) {
1774 *((char *)((caddr_t)ovp + nbytes - RSLOP + i))
1777 nbytes = (nbytes + 3) &~ 3;
1778 *((u_int *)((caddr_t)ovp + nbytes - RSLOP)) = RMAGIC;
1782 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1783 "0x%"UVxf": (%05lu) realloc %ld bytes inplace\n",
1784 PTR2UV(res),(unsigned long)(PL_an++),
1786 } else if (incr == 1 && (cp - M_OVERHEAD == last_op)
1787 && (onb > (1 << LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA))) {
1788 MEM_SIZE require, newarena = nbytes, pow;
1791 POW2_OPTIMIZE_ADJUST(newarena);
1792 newarena = newarena + M_OVERHEAD;
1793 /* newarena = (newarena + 3) &~ 3; */
1794 shiftr = (newarena - 1) >> LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA;
1795 pow = LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA + 1;
1796 /* apart from this loop, this is O(1) */
1797 while (shiftr >>= 1)
1799 newarena = (1 << pow) + POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(pow * BUCKETS_PER_POW2);
1800 require = newarena - onb - M_OVERHEAD;
1803 if (cp - M_OVERHEAD == last_op /* We *still* are the last chunk */
1804 && getpages_adjacent(require)) {
1805 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1807 nmalloc[pow * BUCKETS_PER_POW2]++;
1809 *(cp - M_OVERHEAD) = pow * BUCKETS_PER_POW2; /* Fill index. */
1818 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
1819 "0x%"UVxf": (%05lu) realloc %ld bytes the hard way\n",
1820 PTR2UV(cp),(unsigned long)(PL_an++),
1822 if ((res = (char*)Perl_malloc(nbytes)) == NULL)
1824 if (cp != res) /* common optimization */
1825 Copy(cp, res, (MEM_SIZE)(nbytes<onb?nbytes:onb), char);
1828 return ((Malloc_t)res);
1832 Perl_calloc(register size_t elements, register size_t size)
1834 long sz = elements * size;
1835 Malloc_t p = Perl_malloc(sz);
1838 memset((void*)p, 0, sz);
1844 Perl_strdup(const char *s)
1846 MEM_SIZE l = strlen(s);
1847 char *s1 = (char *)Perl_malloc(l+1);
1849 Copy(s, s1, (MEM_SIZE)(l+1), char);
1855 Perl_putenv(char *a)
1857 /* Sometimes system's putenv conflicts with my_setenv() - this is system
1858 malloc vs Perl's free(). */
1865 while (*val && *val != '=')
1870 if (l < sizeof(buf))
1873 var = Perl_malloc(l + 1);
1874 Copy(a, var, l, char);
1876 my_setenv(var, val+1);
1884 Perl_malloced_size(void *p)
1886 union overhead *ovp = (union overhead *)
1887 ((caddr_t)p - sizeof (union overhead) * CHUNK_SHIFT);
1888 int bucket = OV_INDEX(ovp);
1890 /* The caller wants to have a complete control over the chunk,
1891 disable the memory checking inside the chunk. */
1892 if (bucket <= MAX_SHORT_BUCKET) {
1893 MEM_SIZE size = BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(bucket);
1894 ovp->ov_size = size + M_OVERHEAD - 1;
1895 *((u_int *)((caddr_t)ovp + size + M_OVERHEAD - RSLOP)) = RMAGIC;
1898 return BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(bucket);
1901 # ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2
1902 # define MIN_EVEN_REPORT 6
1904 # define MIN_EVEN_REPORT MIN_BUCKET
1908 Perl_get_mstats(pTHX_ perl_mstats_t *buf, int buflen, int level)
1910 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1912 register union overhead *p;
1913 struct chunk_chain_s* nextchain;
1915 buf->topbucket = buf->topbucket_ev = buf->topbucket_odd
1916 = buf->totfree = buf->total = buf->total_chain = 0;
1918 buf->minbucket = MIN_BUCKET;
1920 for (i = MIN_BUCKET ; i < NBUCKETS; i++) {
1921 for (j = 0, p = nextf[i]; p; p = p->ov_next, j++)
1925 buf->ntotal[i] = nmalloc[i];
1927 buf->totfree += j * BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i);
1928 buf->total += nmalloc[i] * BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i);
1930 i % 2 ? (buf->topbucket_odd = i) : (buf->topbucket_ev = i);
1934 nextchain = chunk_chain;
1936 buf->total_chain += nextchain->size;
1937 nextchain = nextchain->next;
1939 buf->total_sbrk = goodsbrk + sbrk_slack;
1941 buf->sbrk_good = sbrk_good;
1942 buf->sbrk_slack = sbrk_slack;
1943 buf->start_slack = start_slack;
1944 buf->sbrked_remains = sbrked_remains;
1946 buf->nbuckets = NBUCKETS;
1948 for (i = MIN_BUCKET ; i < NBUCKETS; i++) {
1951 buf->bucket_mem_size[i] = BUCKET_SIZE(i);
1952 buf->bucket_available_size[i] = BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i);
1955 #endif /* defined DEBUGGING_MSTATS */
1956 return 0; /* XXX unused */
1959 * mstats - print out statistics about malloc
1961 * Prints two lines of numbers, one showing the length of the free list
1962 * for each size category, the second showing the number of mallocs -
1963 * frees for each size category.
1966 Perl_dump_mstats(pTHX_ char *s)
1968 #ifdef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
1970 perl_mstats_t buffer;
1976 get_mstats(&buffer, NBUCKETS, 0);
1979 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log,
1980 "Memory allocation statistics %s (buckets %"IVdf"(%"IVdf")..%"IVdf"(%"IVdf")\n",
1982 (IV)BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(MIN_BUCKET),
1983 (IV)BUCKET_SIZE(MIN_BUCKET),
1984 (IV)BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(buffer.topbucket),
1985 (IV)BUCKET_SIZE(buffer.topbucket));
1986 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log, "%8"IVdf" free:", buffer.totfree);
1987 for (i = MIN_EVEN_REPORT; i <= buffer.topbucket; i += BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
1988 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log,
1989 ((i < 8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 || i == 10*BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
1991 : ((i < 12*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? " %3"UVuf : " %"UVuf)),
1994 #ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2
1995 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log, "\n\t ");
1996 for (i = MIN_BUCKET + 1; i <= buffer.topbucket_odd; i += BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
1997 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log,
1998 ((i < 8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 || i == 10*BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
2000 : ((i < 12*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? " %3"UVuf : " %"UVuf)),
2004 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log, "\n%8"IVdf" used:", buffer.total - buffer.totfree);
2005 for (i = MIN_EVEN_REPORT; i <= buffer.topbucket; i += BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
2006 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log,
2007 ((i < 8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 || i == 10*BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
2009 : ((i < 12*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? " %3"IVdf : " %"IVdf)),
2010 buffer.ntotal[i] - buffer.nfree[i]);
2012 #ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2
2013 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log, "\n\t ");
2014 for (i = MIN_BUCKET + 1; i <= buffer.topbucket_odd; i += BUCKETS_PER_POW2) {
2015 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log,
2016 ((i < 8*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 || i == 10*BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
2018 : ((i < 12*BUCKETS_PER_POW2) ? " %3"IVdf : " %"IVdf)),
2019 buffer.ntotal[i] - buffer.nfree[i]);
2022 PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log, "\nTotal sbrk(): %"IVdf"/%"IVdf":%"IVdf". Odd ends: pad+heads+chain+tail: %"IVdf"+%"IVdf"+%"IVdf"+%"IVdf".\n",
2023 buffer.total_sbrk, buffer.sbrks, buffer.sbrk_good,
2024 buffer.sbrk_slack, buffer.start_slack,
2025 buffer.total_chain, buffer.sbrked_remains);
2026 #endif /* DEBUGGING_MSTATS */
2030 #ifdef USE_PERL_SBRK
2032 # if defined(__MACHTEN_PPC__) || defined(NeXT) || defined(__NeXT__) || defined(PURIFY)
2033 # define PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC
2036 # ifdef PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC
2038 /* it may seem schizophrenic to use perl's malloc and let it call system */
2039 /* malloc, the reason for that is only the 3.2 version of the OS that had */
2040 /* frequent core dumps within nxzonefreenolock. This sbrk routine put an */
2041 /* end to the cores */
2043 # ifndef SYSTEM_ALLOC
2044 # define SYSTEM_ALLOC(a) malloc(a)
2046 # ifndef SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT
2047 # define SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT MEM_ALIGNBYTES
2050 # endif /* PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC */
2052 static IV Perl_sbrk_oldchunk;
2053 static long Perl_sbrk_oldsize;
2055 # define PERLSBRK_32_K (1<<15)
2056 # define PERLSBRK_64_K (1<<16)
2064 if (!size) return 0;
2066 reqsize = size; /* just for the DEBUG_m statement */
2069 size = (size + 0x7ff) & ~0x7ff;
2071 if (size <= Perl_sbrk_oldsize) {
2072 got = Perl_sbrk_oldchunk;
2073 Perl_sbrk_oldchunk += size;
2074 Perl_sbrk_oldsize -= size;
2076 if (size >= PERLSBRK_32_K) {
2079 size = PERLSBRK_64_K;
2082 # if NEEDED_ALIGNMENT > SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT
2083 size += NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT;
2085 got = (IV)SYSTEM_ALLOC(size);
2086 # if NEEDED_ALIGNMENT > SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT
2087 got = (got + NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - 1) & ~(NEEDED_ALIGNMENT - 1);
2090 /* Chunk is small, register the rest for future allocs. */
2091 Perl_sbrk_oldchunk = got + reqsize;
2092 Perl_sbrk_oldsize = size - reqsize;
2096 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "sbrk malloc size %ld (reqsize %ld), left size %ld, give addr 0x%"UVxf"\n",
2097 size, reqsize, Perl_sbrk_oldsize, PTR2UV(got)));
2102 #endif /* ! defined USE_PERL_SBRK */