9 use vars qw(@ISA $VERSION $CLASS @EXPORT);
11 @ISA = qw(Exporter DynaLoader);
19 local $^W; # shut up the 'redefined' warning for UNIVERSAL::VERSION
20 bootstrap version if $] < 5.009;
22 # Preloaded methods go here.
29 version - Perl extension for Version Objects
34 $version = version->new("12.2.1"); # must be quoted for Perl < 5.8.1
35 print $version; # 12.2.1
36 print $version->numify; # 12.002001
37 if ( $version gt "12.2" ) # true
39 $alphaver = version->new("1.02_03"); # must be quoted!
40 print $alphaver; # 1.02_030
41 print $alphaver->is_alpha(); # true
43 $ver = qv(1.2); # 1.2.0
44 $ver = qv("1.2"); # 1.2.0
46 $perlver = version->new(5.005_03); # must not be quoted!
47 print $perlver; # 5.005030
51 Overloaded version objects for all versions of Perl. This module
52 implements all of the features of version objects which will be part
53 of Perl 5.10.0 except automatic version object creation.
55 =head2 What IS a version
57 For the purposes of this module, a version "number" is a sequence of
58 positive integral values separated by decimal points and optionally a
59 single underscore. This corresponds to what Perl itself uses for a
60 version, as well as extending the "version as number" that is discussed
61 in the various editions of the Camel book.
63 There are actually two distinct ways to initialize versions:
67 =item * Numeric Versions
69 Any initial parameter which "looks like a number", see L<Numeric
70 Versions>. This also covers versions with a single decimal place and
71 a single embedded underscore, see L<Numeric Alpha Versions>, even though
72 these must be quoted to preserve the underscore formatting.
74 =item * Quoted Versions
76 Any initial parameter which contains more than one decimal point
77 and an optional embedded underscore, see L<Quoted Versions>.
81 Both of these methods will produce similar version objects, in that
82 the default stringification will yield the version L<Normal Form> only
85 $v = version->new(1.002); # 1.002, but compares like 1.2.0
86 $v = version->new(1.002003); # 1.002003
87 $v2 = version->new( "1.2.3"); # v1.2.3
88 $v3 = version->new( 1.2.3); # v1.2.3 for Perl >= 5.8.1
90 In specific, version numbers initialized as L<Numeric Versions> will
91 stringify in Numeric form. Version numbers initialized as L<Quoted Versions>
92 will be stringified as L<Normal Form>.
94 Please see L<Quoting> for more details on how Perl will parse various
97 Any value passed to the new() operator will be parsed only so far as it
98 contains a numeric, decimal, or underscore character. So, for example:
100 $v1 = version->new("99 and 94/100 percent pure"); # $v1 == 99.0
101 $v2 = version->new("something"); # $v2 == "" and $v2->numify == 0
103 However, see L<New Operator> for one case where non-numeric text is
104 acceptable when initializing version objects.
106 =head2 What about v-strings?
108 Beginning with Perl 5.6.0, an alternate method to code arbitrary strings
109 of bytes was introduced, called v-strings. They were intended to be an
110 easy way to enter, for example, Unicode strings (which contain two bytes
111 per character). Some programs have used them to encode printer control
112 characters (e.g. CRLF). They were also intended to be used for $VERSION.
113 Their use has been problematic from the start and they will be phased out
114 beginning in Perl 5.10.0.
116 There are two ways to enter v-strings: a bare number with two or more
117 decimal places, or a bare number with one or more decimal places and a
118 leading 'v' character (also bare). For example:
120 $vs1 = 1.2.3; # encoded as \1\2\3
121 $vs2 = v1.2; # encoded as \1\2
123 The first of those two syntaxes is destined to be the default way to create
124 a version object in 5.10.0, whereas the second will issue a mandatory
125 deprecation warning beginning at the same time. In both cases, a v-string
126 encoded version will always be stringified in the version L<Normal Form>.
128 Consequently, the use of v-strings to initialize version objects with
129 this module is only possible with Perl 5.8.1 or better (which contain special
130 code to enable it). Their use is B<strongly> discouraged in all
131 circumstances (especially the leading 'v' style), since the meaning will
132 change depending on which Perl you are running. It is better to use
133 L<"Quoted Versions"> to ensure the proper interpretation.
135 =head2 Numeric Versions
137 These correspond to historical versions of Perl itself prior to 5.6.0,
138 as well as all other modules which follow the Camel rules for the
139 $VERSION scalar. A numeric version is initialized with what looks like
140 a floating point number. Leading zeros B<are> significant and trailing
141 zeros are implied so that a minimum of three places is maintained
142 between subversions. What this means is that any subversion (digits
143 to the right of the decimal place) that contains less than three digits
144 will have trailing zeros added to make up the difference, but only for
145 purposes of comparison with other version objects. For example:
147 $v = version->new( 1.2); # prints 1.2, compares as 1.200.0
148 $v = version->new( 1.02); # prints 1.02, compares as 1.20.0
149 $v = version->new( 1.002); # prints 1.002, compares as 1.2.0
150 $v = version->new( 1.0023); # 1.2.300
151 $v = version->new( 1.00203); # 1.2.30
152 $v = version->new( 1.002_03); # 1.2.30 See "Quoting"
153 $v = version->new( 1.002003); # 1.2.3
155 All of the preceeding examples except the second to last are true
156 whether or not the input value is quoted. The important feature is that
157 the input value contains only a single decimal.
159 IMPORTANT NOTE: If your numeric version contains more than 3 significant
160 digits after the decimal place, it will be split on each multiple of 3, so
161 1.0003 becomes 1.0.300, due to the need to remain compatible with Perl's
162 own 5.005_03 == 5.5.30 interpretation.
164 =head2 Quoted Versions
166 These are the newest form of versions, and correspond to Perl's own
167 version style beginning with 5.6.0. Starting with Perl 5.10.0,
168 and most likely Perl 6, this is likely to be the preferred form. This
169 method requires that the input parameter be quoted, although Perl's after
170 5.9.0 can use bare numbers with multiple decimal places as a special form
173 Unlike L<Numeric Versions>, Quoted Versions may have more than
174 a single decimal point, e.g. "5.6.1" (for all versions of Perl). If a
175 Quoted Version has only one decimal place (and no embedded underscore),
176 it is interpreted exactly like a L<Numeric Version>.
180 $v = version->new( "1.002"); # 1.2
181 $v = version->new( "1.2.3"); # 1.2.3
182 $v = version->new("1.0003"); # 1.0.300
184 In addition to conventional versions, Quoted Versions can be
185 used to create L<Alpha Versions>.
187 In general, Quoted Versions permit the greatest amount of freedom
188 to specify a version, whereas Numeric Versions enforce a certain
189 uniformity. See also L<New Operator> for an additional method of
190 initializing version objects.
192 =head2 Numeric Alpha Versions
194 The one time that a numeric version must be quoted is when a alpha form is
195 used with an otherwise numeric version (i.e. a single decimal place). This
196 is commonly used for CPAN releases, where CPAN or CPANPLUS will ignore alpha
197 versions for automatic updating purposes. Since some developers have used
198 only two significant decimal places for their non-alpha releases, the
199 version object will automatically take that into account if the initializer
200 is quoted. For example Module::Example was released to CPAN with the
201 following sequence of $VERSION's:
203 # $VERSION Stringified
211 As you can see, the version object created from the values in the first
212 column may contain a trailing 0, but will otherwise be both mathematically
213 equivalent and sorts alpha-numerically as would be expected.
215 =head2 Object Methods
217 Overloading has been used with version objects to provide a natural
218 interface for their use. All mathematical operations are forbidden,
219 since they don't make any sense for base version objects.
225 Like all OO interfaces, the new() operator is used to initialize
226 version objects. One way to increment versions when programming is to
227 use the CVS variable $Revision, which is automatically incremented by
228 CVS every time the file is committed to the repository.
230 In order to facilitate this feature, the following
231 code can be employed:
233 $VERSION = version->new(qw$Revision: 2.7 $);
235 and the version object will be created as if the following code
238 $VERSION = version->new("v2.7");
240 In other words, the version will be automatically parsed out of the
241 string, and it will be quoted to preserve the meaning CVS normally
242 carries for versions. The CVS $Revision$ increments differently from
243 numeric versions (i.e. 1.10 follows 1.9), so it must be handled as if
244 it were a L<Quoted Version>.
246 A new version object can be created as a copy of an existing version
247 object, either as a class method:
249 $v1 = version->new(12.3);
250 $v2 = version->new($v1);
252 or as an object method:
254 $v1 = version->new(12.3);
257 and in each case, $v1 and $v2 will be identical.
265 An alternate way to create a new version object is through the exported
266 qv() sub. This is not strictly like other q? operators (like qq, qw),
267 in that the only delimiters supported are parentheses (or spaces). It is
268 the best way to initialize a short version without triggering the floating
269 point interpretation. For example:
271 $v1 = qv(1.2); # 1.2.0
272 $v2 = qv("1.2"); # also 1.2.0
274 As you can see, either a bare number or a quoted string can be used, and
275 either will yield the same version number.
279 For the subsequent examples, the following three objects will be used:
281 $ver = version->new("1.2.3.4"); # see "Quoting" below
282 $alpha = version->new("1.2.3_4"); # see "Alpha versions" below
283 $nver = version->new(1.002); # see "Numeric Versions" above
289 For any version object which is initialized with multiple decimal
290 places (either quoted or if possible v-string), or initialized using
291 the L<qv()> operator, the stringified representation is returned in
292 a normalized or reduced form (no extraneous zeros), and with a leading 'v':
294 print $ver->normal; # prints as v1.2.3
295 print $ver->stringify; # ditto
297 print $nver->normal; # prints as v1.2.0
298 print $nver->stringify; # prints as 1.002, see "Stringification"
300 In order to preserve the meaning of the processed version, the
301 normalized representation will always contain at least three sub terms.
302 In other words, the following is guaranteed to always be true:
304 my $newver = version->new($ver->stringify);
305 if ($newver eq $ver ) # always true
314 Although all mathematical operations on version objects are forbidden
315 by default, it is possible to retrieve a number which roughly
316 corresponds to the version object through the use of the $obj->numify
317 method. For formatting purposes, when displaying a number which
318 corresponds a version object, all sub versions are assumed to have
319 three decimal places. So for example:
321 print $ver->numify; # prints 1.002003
322 print $nver->numify; # prints 1.002
324 Unlike the stringification operator, there is never any need to append
325 trailing zeros to preserve the correct version value.
331 =item * Stringification
333 In order to mirror as much as possible the existing behavior of ordinary
334 $VERSION scalars, the stringification operation will display differently,
335 depending on whether the version was initialized as a L<Numeric Version>
336 or L<Quoted Version>.
338 What this means in practice is that if the normal CPAN and Camel rules are
339 followed ($VERSION is a floating point number with no more than 3 decimal
340 places), the stringified output will be exactly the same as the numified
341 output. There will be no visible difference, although the internal
342 representation will be different, and the L<Comparison operators> will
343 function using the internal coding.
345 If a version object is initialized using a L<Quoted Version> form, or if
346 the number of significant decimal places exceed three, then the stringified
347 form will be the L<Normal Form>. The $obj->normal operation can always be
348 used to produce the L<Normal Form>, even if the version was originally a
351 print $ver->stringify; # prints v1.2.3
352 print $nver->stringify; # prints 1.002
358 =item * Comparison operators
360 Both cmp and <=> operators perform the same comparison between terms
361 (upgrading to a version object automatically). Perl automatically
362 generates all of the other comparison operators based on those two.
363 In addition to the obvious equalities listed below, appending a single
364 trailing 0 term does not change the value of a version for comparison
365 purposes. In other words "v1.2" and "1.2.0" will compare as identical.
367 For example, the following relations hold:
369 As Number As String Truth Value
370 --------- ------------ -----------
371 $ver > 1.0 $ver gt "1.0" true
372 $ver < 2.5 $ver lt true
373 $ver != 1.3 $ver ne "1.3" true
374 $ver == 1.2 $ver eq "1.2" false
375 $ver == 1.2.3 $ver eq "1.2.3" see discussion below
377 It is probably best to chose either the numeric notation or the string
378 notation and stick with it, to reduce confusion. Perl6 version objects
379 B<may> only support numeric comparisons. See also L<"Quoting">.
381 WARNING: Comparing version with unequal numbers of decimal places (whether
382 explicitely or implicitely initialized), may yield unexpected results at
383 first glance. For example, the following inequalities hold:
385 version->new(0.96) > version->new(0.95); # 0.960.0 > 0.950.0
386 version->new("0.96.1") < version->new(0.95); # 0.096.1 < 0.950.0
388 For this reason, it is best to use either exclusively L<Numeric Versions> or
389 L<Quoted Versions> with multiple decimal places.
395 =item * Logical Operators
397 If you need to test whether a version object
398 has been initialized, you can simply test it directly:
400 $vobj = version->new($something);
401 if ( $vobj ) # true only if $something was non-blank
403 You can also test whether a version object is an L<Alpha version>, for
404 example to prevent the use of some feature not present in the main
407 $vobj = version->new("1.2_3"); # MUST QUOTE
409 if ( $vobj->is_alpha ) # True
415 Because of the nature of the Perl parsing and tokenizing routines,
416 certain initialization values B<must> be quoted in order to correctly
417 parse as the intended version, and additionally, some initial values
418 B<must not> be quoted to obtain the intended version.
420 Except for L<Alpha versions>, any version initialized with something
421 that looks like a number (a single decimal place) will be parsed in
422 the same way whether or not the term is quoted. In order to be
423 compatible with earlier Perl version styles, any use of versions of
424 the form 5.006001 will be translated as 5.6.1. In other words, a
425 version with a single decimal place will be parsed as implicitly
426 having three places between subversions.
428 The complicating factor is that in bare numbers (i.e. unquoted), the
429 underscore is a legal numeric character and is automatically stripped
430 by the Perl tokenizer before the version code is called. However, if
431 a number containing one or more decimals and an underscore is quoted, i.e.
432 not bare, that is considered a L<Alpha Version> and the underscore is
435 If you use a mathematic formula that resolves to a floating point number,
436 you are dependent on Perl's conversion routines to yield the version you
437 expect. You are pretty safe by dividing by a power of 10, for example,
438 but other operations are not likely to be what you intend. For example:
440 $VERSION = version->new((qw$Revision: 1.4)[1]/10);
441 print $VERSION; # yields 0.14
442 $V2 = version->new(100/9); # Integer overflow in decimal number
443 print $V2; # yields something like 11.111.111.100
445 Perl 5.8.1 and beyond will be able to automatically quote v-strings but
446 that is not possible in earlier versions of Perl. In other words:
448 $version = version->new("v2.5.4"); # legal in all versions of Perl
449 $newvers = version->new(v2.5.4); # legal only in Perl >= 5.8.1
452 =head2 Types of Versions Objects
454 There are two types of Version Objects:
458 =item * Ordinary versions
460 These are the versions that normal modules will use. Can contain as
461 many subversions as required. In particular, those using RCS/CVS can
464 $VERSION = version->new(qw$Revision: 2.7 $);
466 and the current RCS Revision for that file will be inserted
467 automatically. If the file has been moved to a branch, the Revision
468 will have three or more elements; otherwise, it will have only two.
469 This allows you to automatically increment your module version by
470 using the Revision number from the primary file in a distribution, see
471 L<ExtUtils::MakeMaker/"VERSION_FROM">.
473 =item * Alpha Versions
475 For module authors using CPAN, the convention has been to note
476 unstable releases with an underscore in the version string, see
477 L<CPAN>. Alpha releases will test as being newer than the more recent
478 stable release, and less than the next stable release. For example:
480 $alphaver = version->new("12.03_01"); # must be quoted
482 obeys the relationship
484 12.03 < $alphaver < 12.04
486 Alpha versions with a single decimal place will be treated exactly as if
487 they were L<Numeric Versions>, for parsing purposes. The stringification for
488 alpha versions with a single decimal place may seem suprising, since any
489 trailing zeros will visible. For example, the above $alphaver will print as
493 which is mathematically equivalent and ASCII sorts exactly the same as
494 without the trailing zeros.
496 Alpha versions with more than a single decimal place will be treated
497 exactly as if they were L<Quoted Versions>, and will display without any
498 trailing (or leading) zeros, in the L<Version Normal> form. For example,
500 $newver = version->new("12.3.1_1");
501 print $newver; # v12.3.1_1
503 =head2 Replacement UNIVERSAL::VERSION
505 In addition to the version objects, this modules also replaces the core
506 UNIVERSAL::VERSION function with one that uses version objects for its
507 comparisons. The return from this operator is always the numified form,
508 and the warning message generated includes both the numified and normal
517 $VERSION = "1.3.5"; # works with all Perl's (since it is quoted)
522 print $Foo::VERSION; # prints 1.2
524 print $Bar::VERSION; # prints 1.003005
526 eval "use CGI 10"; # some far future release
527 print $@; # prints "CGI version 10 (10.0.0) required..."
529 IMPORTANT NOTE: This may mean that code which searches for a specific
530 string (to determine whether a given module is available) may need to be
533 The replacement UNIVERSAL::VERSION, when used as a function, like this:
535 print $module->VERSION;
537 will also exclusively return the numified form. Technically, the
538 $module->VERSION function returns a string (PV) that can be converted to a
539 number following the normal Perl rules, when used in a numeric context.
543 qv - quoted version initialization operator
547 John Peacock E<lt>jpeacock@cpan.orgE<gt>