3 $utf8::hint_bits = 0x00800000;
8 $^H |= $utf8::hint_bits;
9 $enc{caller()} = $_[1] if $_[1];
13 $^H &= ~$utf8::hint_bits;
17 require "utf8_heavy.pl";
18 goto &$AUTOLOAD if defined &$AUTOLOAD;
20 Carp::croak("Undefined subroutine $AUTOLOAD called");
28 utf8 - Perl pragma to enable/disable UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC) in source code
35 # Convert the internal representation of a Perl scalar to/from UTF-8.
37 $num_octets = utf8::upgrade($string);
38 $success = utf8::downgrade($string[, FAIL_OK]);
40 # Change each character of a Perl scalar to/from a series of
41 # characters that represent the UTF-8 bytes of each original character.
43 utf8::encode($string); # "\x{100}" becomes "\xc4\x80"
44 utf8::decode($string); # "\xc4\x80" becomes "\x{100}"
46 $flag = utf8::is_utf8(STRING); # since Perl 5.8.1
47 $flag = utf8::valid(STRING);
51 The C<use utf8> pragma tells the Perl parser to allow UTF-8 in the
52 program text in the current lexical scope (allow UTF-EBCDIC on EBCDIC based
53 platforms). The C<no utf8> pragma tells Perl to switch back to treating
54 the source text as literal bytes in the current lexical scope.
56 B<Do not use this pragma for anything else than telling Perl that your
57 script is written in UTF-8.> The utility functions described below are
58 directly usable without C<use utf8;>.
60 Because it is not possible to reliably tell UTF-8 from native 8 bit
61 encodings, you need either a Byte Order Mark at the beginning of your
62 source code, or C<use utf8;>, to instruct perl.
64 When UTF-8 becomes the standard source format, this pragma will
65 effectively become a no-op. For convenience in what follows the term
66 I<UTF-X> is used to refer to UTF-8 on ASCII and ISO Latin based
67 platforms and UTF-EBCDIC on EBCDIC based platforms.
69 See also the effects of the C<-C> switch and its cousin, the
70 C<$ENV{PERL_UNICODE}>, in L<perlrun>.
72 Enabling the C<utf8> pragma has the following effect:
78 Bytes in the source text that have their high-bit set will be treated
79 as being part of a literal UTF-X sequence. This includes most
80 literals such as identifier names, string constants, and constant
81 regular expression patterns.
83 On EBCDIC platforms characters in the Latin 1 character set are
84 treated as being part of a literal UTF-EBCDIC character.
88 Note that if you have bytes with the eighth bit on in your script
89 (for example embedded Latin-1 in your string literals), C<use utf8>
90 will be unhappy since the bytes are most probably not well-formed
91 UTF-X. If you want to have such bytes under C<use utf8>, you can disable
92 this pragma until the end the block (or file, if at top level) by
95 =head2 Utility functions
97 The following functions are defined in the C<utf8::> package by the
98 Perl core. You do not need to say C<use utf8> to use these and in fact
99 you should not say that unless you really want to have UTF-8 source code.
103 =item * $num_octets = utf8::upgrade($string)
105 Converts in-place the internal representation of the string from an octet
106 sequence in the native encoding (Latin-1 or EBCDIC) to I<UTF-X>. The
107 logical character sequence itself is unchanged. If I<$string> is already
108 stored as I<UTF-X>, then this is a no-op. Returns the
109 number of octets necessary to represent the string as I<UTF-X>. Can be
110 used to make sure that the UTF-8 flag is on, so that C<\w> or C<lc()>
111 work as Unicode on strings containing characters in the range 0x80-0xFF
112 (on ASCII and derivatives).
114 B<Note that this function does not handle arbitrary encodings.>
115 Therefore Encode is recommended for the general purposes; see also
118 =item * $success = utf8::downgrade($string[, FAIL_OK])
120 Converts in-place the the internal representation of the string from
121 I<UTF-X> to the equivalent octet sequence in the native encoding (Latin-1
122 or EBCDIC). The logical character sequence itself is unchanged. If
123 I<$string> is already stored as native 8 bit, then this is a no-op. Can
125 make sure that the UTF-8 flag is off, e.g. when you want to make sure
126 that the substr() or length() function works with the usually faster
129 Fails if the original I<UTF-X> sequence cannot be represented in the
130 native 8 bit encoding. On failure dies or, if the value of C<FAIL_OK> is
133 Returns true on success.
135 B<Note that this function does not handle arbitrary encodings.>
136 Therefore Encode is recommended for the general purposes; see also
139 =item * utf8::encode($string)
141 Converts in-place the character sequence to the corresponding octet
142 sequence in I<UTF-X>. That is, every (possibly wide) character gets
143 replaced with a sequence of one or more characters that represent the
144 individual I<UTF-X> bytes of the character. The UTF8 flag is turned off.
147 my $a = "\x{100}"; # $a contains one character, with ord 0x100
148 utf8::encode($a); # $a contains two characters, with ords 0xc4 and 0x80
150 B<Note that this function does not handle arbitrary encodings.>
151 Therefore Encode is recommended for the general purposes; see also
154 =item * $success = utf8::decode($string)
156 Attempts to convert in-place the octet sequence in I<UTF-X> to the
157 corresponding character sequence. That is, it replaces each sequence of
158 characters in the string whose ords represent a valid UTF-X byte
159 sequence, with the corresponding single character. The UTF-8 flag is
160 turned on only if the source string contains multiple-byte I<UTF-X>
161 characters. If I<$string> is invalid as I<UTF-X>, returns false;
162 otherwise returns true.
164 my $a = "\xc4\x80"; # $a contains two characters, with ords 0xc4 and 0x80
165 utf8::decode($a); # $a contains one character, with ord 0x100
167 B<Note that this function does not handle arbitrary encodings.>
168 Therefore Encode is recommended for the general purposes; see also
171 =item * $flag = utf8::is_utf8(STRING)
173 (Since Perl 5.8.1) Test whether STRING is in UTF-8 internally.
174 Functionally the same as Encode::is_utf8().
176 =item * $flag = utf8::valid(STRING)
178 [INTERNAL] Test whether STRING is in a consistent state regarding
179 UTF-8. Will return true is well-formed UTF-8 and has the UTF-8 flag
180 on B<or> if string is held as bytes (both these states are 'consistent').
181 Main reason for this routine is to allow Perl's testsuite to check
182 that operations have left strings in a consistent state. You most
183 probably want to use utf8::is_utf8() instead.
187 C<utf8::encode> is like C<utf8::upgrade>, but the UTF8 flag is
188 cleared. See L<perlunicode> for more on the UTF8 flag and the C API
189 functions C<sv_utf8_upgrade>, C<sv_utf8_downgrade>, C<sv_utf8_encode>,
190 and C<sv_utf8_decode>, which are wrapped by the Perl functions
191 C<utf8::upgrade>, C<utf8::downgrade>, C<utf8::encode> and
192 C<utf8::decode>. Also, the functions utf8::is_utf8, utf8::valid,
193 utf8::encode, utf8::decode, utf8::upgrade, and utf8::downgrade are
194 actually internal, and thus always available, without a C<require utf8>
199 One can have Unicode in identifier names, but not in package/class or
200 subroutine names. While some limited functionality towards this does
201 exist as of Perl 5.8.0, that is more accidental than designed; use of
202 Unicode for the said purposes is unsupported.
204 One reason of this unfinishedness is its (currently) inherent
205 unportability: since both package names and subroutine names may need
206 to be mapped to file and directory names, the Unicode capability of
207 the filesystem becomes important-- and there unfortunately aren't
212 L<perlunitut>, L<perluniintro>, L<perlrun>, L<bytes>, L<perlunicode>