3 $utf8::hint_bits = 0x00800000;
8 $^H |= $utf8::hint_bits;
9 $enc{caller()} = $_[1] if $_[1];
13 $^H &= ~$utf8::hint_bits;
17 require "utf8_heavy.pl";
18 goto &$AUTOLOAD if defined &$AUTOLOAD;
20 Carp::croak("Undefined subroutine $AUTOLOAD called");
28 utf8 - Perl pragma to enable/disable UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC) in source code
35 # Convert a Perl scalar to/from UTF-8.
36 $num_octets = utf8::upgrade($string);
37 $success = utf8::downgrade($string[, FAIL_OK]);
39 # Change the native bytes of a Perl scalar to/from UTF-8 bytes.
40 utf8::encode($string);
41 utf8::decode($string);
43 $flag = utf8::is_utf8(STRING); # since Perl 5.8.1
44 $flag = utf8::valid(STRING);
48 The C<use utf8> pragma tells the Perl parser to allow UTF-8 in the
49 program text in the current lexical scope (allow UTF-EBCDIC on EBCDIC based
50 platforms). The C<no utf8> pragma tells Perl to switch back to treating
51 the source text as literal bytes in the current lexical scope.
53 B<Do not use this pragma for anything else than telling Perl that your
54 script is written in UTF-8.> The utility functions described below are
55 directly usable without C<use utf8;>.
57 Because it is not possible to reliably tell UTF-8 from native 8 bit
58 encodings, you need either a Byte Order Mark at the beginning of your
59 source code, or C<use utf8;>, to instruct perl.
61 When UTF-8 becomes the standard source format, this pragma will
62 effectively become a no-op. For convenience in what follows the term
63 I<UTF-X> is used to refer to UTF-8 on ASCII and ISO Latin based
64 platforms and UTF-EBCDIC on EBCDIC based platforms.
66 See also the effects of the C<-C> switch and its cousin, the
67 C<$ENV{PERL_UNICODE}>, in L<perlrun>.
69 Enabling the C<utf8> pragma has the following effect:
75 Bytes in the source text that have their high-bit set will be treated
76 as being part of a literal UTF-X sequence. This includes most
77 literals such as identifier names, string constants, and constant
78 regular expression patterns.
80 On EBCDIC platforms characters in the Latin 1 character set are
81 treated as being part of a literal UTF-EBCDIC character.
85 Note that if you have bytes with the eighth bit on in your script
86 (for example embedded Latin-1 in your string literals), C<use utf8>
87 will be unhappy since the bytes are most probably not well-formed
88 UTF-X. If you want to have such bytes under C<use utf8>, you can disable
89 this pragma until the end the block (or file, if at top level) by
92 =head2 Utility functions
94 The following functions are defined in the C<utf8::> package by the
95 Perl core. You do not need to say C<use utf8> to use these and in fact
96 you should not say that unless you really want to have UTF-8 source code.
100 =item * $num_octets = utf8::upgrade($string)
102 Converts in-place the internal octet sequence in the native encoding
103 (Latin-1 or EBCDIC) to the equivalent character sequence in I<UTF-X>.
104 I<$string> already encoded as characters does no harm. Returns the
105 number of octets necessary to represent the string as I<UTF-X>. Can be
106 used to make sure that the UTF-8 flag is on, so that C<\w> or C<lc()>
107 work as Unicode on strings containing characters in the range 0x80-0xFF
108 (on ASCII and derivatives).
110 B<Note that this function does not handle arbitrary encodings.>
111 Therefore Encode is recommended for the general purposes; see also
114 =item * $success = utf8::downgrade($string[, FAIL_OK])
116 Converts in-place the internal octet sequence in I<UTF-X> to the
117 equivalent octet sequence in the native encoding (Latin-1 or EBCDIC).
118 I<$string> already encoded as native 8 bit does no harm. Can be used to
119 make sure that the UTF-8 flag is off, e.g. when you want to make sure
120 that the substr() or length() function works with the usually faster
123 Fails if the original I<UTF-X> sequence cannot be represented in the
124 native 8 bit encoding. On failure dies or, if the value of C<FAIL_OK> is
127 Returns true on success.
129 B<Note that this function does not handle arbitrary encodings.>
130 Therefore Encode is recommended for the general purposes; see also
133 =item * utf8::encode($string)
135 Converts in-place the character sequence to the corresponding octet
136 sequence in I<UTF-X>. The UTF8 flag is turned off, so that after this
137 operation, the string is a byte string. Returns nothing.
139 B<Note that this function does not handle arbitrary encodings.>
140 Therefore Encode is recommended for the general purposes; see also
143 =item * $success = utf8::decode($string)
145 Attempts to convert in-place the octet sequence in I<UTF-X> to the
146 corresponding character sequence. The UTF-8 flag is turned on only if
147 the source string contains multiple-byte I<UTF-X> characters. If
148 I<$string> is invalid as I<UTF-X>, returns false; otherwise returns
151 B<Note that this function does not handle arbitrary encodings.>
152 Therefore Encode is recommended for the general purposes; see also
155 =item * $flag = utf8::is_utf8(STRING)
157 (Since Perl 5.8.1) Test whether STRING is in UTF-8 internally.
158 Functionally the same as Encode::is_utf8().
160 =item * $flag = utf8::valid(STRING)
162 [INTERNAL] Test whether STRING is in a consistent state regarding
163 UTF-8. Will return true is well-formed UTF-8 and has the UTF-8 flag
164 on B<or> if string is held as bytes (both these states are 'consistent').
165 Main reason for this routine is to allow Perl's testsuite to check
166 that operations have left strings in a consistent state. You most
167 probably want to use utf8::is_utf8() instead.
171 C<utf8::encode> is like C<utf8::upgrade>, but the UTF8 flag is
172 cleared. See L<perlunicode> for more on the UTF8 flag and the C API
173 functions C<sv_utf8_upgrade>, C<sv_utf8_downgrade>, C<sv_utf8_encode>,
174 and C<sv_utf8_decode>, which are wrapped by the Perl functions
175 C<utf8::upgrade>, C<utf8::downgrade>, C<utf8::encode> and
176 C<utf8::decode>. Also, the functions utf8::is_utf8, utf8::valid,
177 utf8::encode, utf8::decode, utf8::upgrade, and utf8::downgrade are
178 actually internal, and thus always available, without a C<require utf8>
183 One can have Unicode in identifier names, but not in package/class or
184 subroutine names. While some limited functionality towards this does
185 exist as of Perl 5.8.0, that is more accidental than designed; use of
186 Unicode for the said purposes is unsupported.
188 One reason of this unfinishedness is its (currently) inherent
189 unportability: since both package names and subroutine names may need
190 to be mapped to file and directory names, the Unicode capability of
191 the filesystem becomes important-- and there unfortunately aren't
196 L<perlunitut>, L<perluniintro>, L<perlrun>, L<bytes>, L<perlunicode>