4 $open::hint_bits = 0x20000;
10 sub in_locale { $^H & ($locale::hint_bits || 0)}
12 sub _get_locale_encoding {
13 unless (defined $locale_encoding) {
14 # I18N::Langinfo isn't available everywhere
16 require I18N::Langinfo;
17 I18N::Langinfo->import(qw(langinfo CODESET));
18 $locale_encoding = langinfo(CODESET());
22 no warnings 'uninitialized';
24 if (not $locale_encoding && in_locale()) {
25 if ($ENV{LC_ALL} =~ /^([^.]+)\.([^.]+)$/) {
26 ($country_language, $locale_encoding) = ($1, $2);
27 } elsif ($ENV{LANG} =~ /^([^.]+)\.([^.]+)$/) {
28 ($country_language, $locale_encoding) = ($1, $2);
30 } elsif (not $locale_encoding) {
31 if ($ENV{LC_ALL} =~ /\butf-?8\b/i ||
32 $ENV{LANG} =~ /\butf-?8\b/i) {
33 $locale_encoding = 'utf8';
35 # Could do more heuristics based on the country and language
36 # parts of LC_ALL and LANG (the parts before the dot (if any)),
37 # since we have Locale::Country and Locale::Language available.
38 # TODO: get a database of Language -> Encoding mappings
39 # (the Estonian database at http://www.eki.ee/letter/
40 # would be excellent!) --jhi
42 if (defined $locale_encoding &&
43 $locale_encoding eq 'euc' &&
44 defined $country_language) {
45 if ($country_language =~ /^ja_JP|japan(?:ese)?$/i) {
46 $locale_encoding = 'euc-jp';
47 } elsif ($country_language =~ /^ko_KR|korean?$/i) {
48 $locale_encoding = 'euc-kr';
49 } elsif ($country_language =~ /^zh_CN|chin(?:a|ese)?$/i) {
50 $locale_encoding = 'euc-cn';
51 } elsif ($country_language =~ /^zh_TW|taiwan(?:ese)?$/i) {
52 $locale_encoding = 'euc-tw';
54 croak "Locale encoding 'euc' too ambiguous"
55 if $locale_encoding eq 'euc';
61 my ($class,@args) = @_;
62 croak("`use open' needs explicit list of disciplines") unless @args;
64 $^H |= $open::hint_bits;
65 my ($in,$out) = split(/\0/,(${^OPEN} || "\0"), -1);
67 my $type = shift(@args);
69 if ($type =~ /^:?(utf8|locale|encoding\(.+\))$/) {
72 } elsif ($type eq ':std') {
76 $dscp = shift(@args) || '';
79 foreach my $layer (split(/\s+/,$dscp)) {
81 if ($layer eq 'locale') {
83 _get_locale_encoding()
84 unless defined $locale_encoding;
85 (warnings::warnif("layer", "Cannot figure out an encoding to use"), last)
86 unless defined $locale_encoding;
87 if ($locale_encoding =~ /^utf-?8$/i) {
90 $layer = "encoding($locale_encoding)";
94 my $target = $layer; # the layer name itself
95 $target =~ s/^(\w+)\(.+\)$/$1/; # strip parameters
97 unless(PerlIO::Layer::->find($target)) {
98 warnings::warnif("layer", "Unknown discipline layer '$layer'");
101 push(@val,":$layer");
102 if ($layer =~ /^(crlf|raw)$/) {
103 $^H{"open_$type"} = $layer;
107 $in = join(' ',@val);
109 elsif ($type eq 'OUT') {
110 $out = join(' ',@val);
112 elsif ($type eq 'IO') {
113 $in = $out = join(' ',@val);
116 croak "Unknown discipline class '$type'";
119 ${^OPEN} = join("\0",$in,$out) if $in or $out;
122 if ($in =~ /:utf8\b/) {
123 binmode(STDIN, ":utf8");
124 } elsif ($in =~ /(\w+\(.+\))/) {
125 binmode(STDIN, ":$1");
129 if ($out =~ /:utf8\b/) {
130 binmode(STDOUT, ":utf8");
131 binmode(STDERR, ":utf8");
132 } elsif ($out =~ /(\w+\(.+\))/) {
133 binmode(STDOUT, ":$1");
134 binmode(STDERR, ":$1");
145 open - perl pragma to set default disciplines for input and output
149 use open IN => ":crlf", OUT => ":raw";
150 use open OUT => ':utf8';
151 use open IO => ":encoding(iso-8859-7)";
153 use open IO => ':locale';
157 use open ':encoding(iso-8859-7)';
163 Full-fledged support for I/O disciplines is now implemented provided
164 Perl is configured to use PerlIO as its IO system (which is now the
167 The C<open> pragma serves as one of the interfaces to declare default
168 "layers" (aka disciplines) for all I/O.
170 The C<open> pragma is used to declare one or more default layers for
171 I/O operations. Any open(), readpipe() (aka qx//) and similar
172 operators found within the lexical scope of this pragma will use the
175 With the C<IN> subpragma you can declare the default layers
176 of input streams, and with the C<OUT> subpragma you can declare
177 the default layers of output streams. With the C<IO> subpragma
178 you can control both input and output streams simultaneously.
180 If you have a legacy encoding, you can use the C<:encoding(...)> tag.
182 if you want to set your encoding disciplines based on your
183 locale environment variables, you can use the C<:locale> tag.
186 $ENV{LANG} = 'ru_RU.KOI8-R';
187 # the :locale will probe the locale environment variables like LANG
188 use open OUT => ':locale';
190 print O chr(0x430); # Unicode CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A = KOI8-R 0xc1
193 printf "%#x\n", ord(<I>), "\n"; # this should print 0xc1
199 use open IO => ':utf8';
204 use open IO => ':locale';
208 use open ':encoding(iso-8859-7)';
209 use open IO => ':encoding(iso-8859-7)';
211 The matching of encoding names is loose: case does not matter, and
212 many encodings have several aliases. See L<Encode::Supported> for
213 details and the list of supported locales.
215 Note that C<:utf8> discipline must always be specified exactly like
216 that, it is not subject to the loose matching of encoding names.
218 When open() is given an explicit list of layers they are appended to
219 the list declared using this pragma.
221 The C<:std> subpragma on its own has no effect, but if combined with
222 the C<:utf8> or C<:encoding> subpragmas, it converts the standard
223 filehandles (STDIN, STDOUT, STDERR) to comply with encoding selected
224 for input/output handles. For example, if both input and out are
225 chosen to be C<:utf8>, a C<:std> will mean that STDIN, STDOUT, and
226 STDERR are also in C<:utf8>. On the other hand, if only output is
227 chosen to be in C<< :encoding(koi8r) >>, a C<:std> will cause only the
228 STDOUT and STDERR to be in C<koi8r>. The C<:locale> subpragma
229 implicitly turns on C<:std>.
231 The logic of C<:locale> is as follows:
237 If the platform supports the langinfo(CODESET) interface, the codeset
238 returned is used as the default encoding for the open pragma.
242 If 1. didn't work but we are under the locale pragma, the environment
243 variables LC_ALL and LANG (in that order) are matched for encodings
244 (the part after C<.>, if any), and if any found, that is used
245 as the default encoding for the open pragma.
249 If 1. and 2. didn't work, the environment variables LC_ALL and LANG
250 (in that order) are matched for anything looking like UTF-8, and if
251 any found, C<:utf8> is used as the default encoding for the open
256 If your locale environment variables (LANGUAGE, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, LANG)
257 contain the strings 'UTF-8' or 'UTF8' (case-insensitive matching),
258 the default encoding of your STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR, and of
259 B<any subsequent file open>, is UTF-8.
261 Directory handles may also support disciplines in future.
263 =head1 NONPERLIO FUNCTIONALITY
265 If Perl is not built to use PerlIO as its IO system then only the two
266 pseudo-disciplines ":raw" and ":crlf" are available.
268 The ":raw" discipline corresponds to "binary mode" and the ":crlf"
269 discipline corresponds to "text mode" on platforms that distinguish
270 between the two modes when opening files (which is many DOS-like
271 platforms, including Windows). These two disciplines are no-ops on
272 platforms where binmode() is a no-op, but perform their functions
273 everywhere if PerlIO is enabled.
275 =head1 IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS
277 There is a class method in C<PerlIO::Layer> C<find> which is
278 implemented as XS code. It is called by C<import> to validate the
281 PerlIO::Layer::->find("perlio")
283 The return value (if defined) is a Perl object, of class
284 C<PerlIO::Layer> which is created by the C code in F<perlio.c>. As
285 yet there is nothing useful you can do with the object at the perl
290 L<perlfunc/"binmode">, L<perlfunc/"open">, L<perlunicode>, L<PerlIO>,