3 $open::hint_bits = 0x20000; # HINT_LOCALIZE_HH
7 require 5.008001; # for PerlIO::get_layers()
12 return ($1, Encode::resolve_alias($1)) if $_[0] =~ /^:?encoding\((.+)\)$/;
17 require Carp; goto &Carp::croak;
21 # If by the time we arrive here there already is at the top of the
22 # perlio layer stack an encoding identical to what we would like
23 # to push via this open pragma, we will pop away the old encoding
24 # (+utf8) so that we can push ourselves in place (this is easier
25 # than ignoring pushing ourselves because of the way how ${^OPEN}
26 # works). So we are looking for something like
28 # stdio encoding(xxx) utf8
30 # in the existing layer stack, and in the new stack chunk for
34 # If we find a match, we pop the old stack (once, since
35 # the utf8 is just a flag on the encoding layer)
37 return unless @new >= 1 && $new[-1] =~ /^:encoding\(.+\)$/;
38 my @old = PerlIO::get_layers($h);
39 return unless @old >= 3 &&
41 $old[-2] =~ /^encoding\(.+\)$/;
43 my ($loname, $lcname) = _get_encname($old[-2]);
44 unless (defined $lcname) { # Should we trust get_layers()?
45 croak("open: Unknown encoding '$loname'");
47 my ($voname, $vcname) = _get_encname($new[-1]);
48 unless (defined $vcname) {
49 croak("open: Unknown encoding '$voname'");
51 if ($lcname eq $vcname) {
52 binmode($h, ":pop"); # utf8 is part of the encoding layer
57 my ($class,@args) = @_;
58 croak("open: needs explicit list of PerlIO layers") unless @args;
60 $^H |= $open::hint_bits;
61 my ($in,$out) = split(/\0/,(${^OPEN} || "\0"), -1);
63 my $type = shift(@args);
65 if ($type =~ /^:?(utf8|locale|encoding\(.+\))$/) {
68 } elsif ($type eq ':std') {
72 $dscp = shift(@args) || '';
75 foreach my $layer (split(/\s+/,$dscp)) {
77 if ($layer eq 'locale') {
80 $locale_encoding = encoding::_get_locale_encoding()
81 unless defined $locale_encoding;
82 (warnings::warnif("layer", "Cannot figure out an encoding to use"), last)
83 unless defined $locale_encoding;
84 if ($locale_encoding =~ /^utf-?8$/i) {
87 $layer = "encoding($locale_encoding)";
91 my $target = $layer; # the layer name itself
92 $target =~ s/^(\w+)\(.+\)$/$1/; # strip parameters
94 unless(PerlIO::Layer::->find($target,1)) {
95 warnings::warnif("layer", "Unknown PerlIO layer '$target'");
99 if ($layer =~ /^(crlf|raw)$/) {
100 $^H{"open_$type"} = $layer;
104 _drop_oldenc(*STDIN, @val);
105 $in = join(' ', @val);
107 elsif ($type eq 'OUT') {
108 _drop_oldenc(*STDOUT, @val);
109 $out = join(' ', @val);
111 elsif ($type eq 'IO') {
112 _drop_oldenc(*STDIN, @val);
113 _drop_oldenc(*STDOUT, @val);
114 $in = $out = join(' ', @val);
117 croak "Unknown PerlIO layer class '$type'";
120 ${^OPEN} = join("\0", $in, $out);
123 if ($in =~ /:utf8\b/) {
124 binmode(STDIN, ":utf8");
125 } elsif ($in =~ /(\w+\(.+\))/) {
126 binmode(STDIN, ":$1");
130 if ($out =~ /:utf8\b/) {
131 binmode(STDOUT, ":utf8");
132 binmode(STDERR, ":utf8");
133 } elsif ($out =~ /(\w+\(.+\))/) {
134 binmode(STDOUT, ":$1");
135 binmode(STDERR, ":$1");
146 open - perl pragma to set default PerlIO layers for input and output
150 use open IN => ":crlf", OUT => ":bytes";
151 use open OUT => ':utf8';
152 use open IO => ":encoding(iso-8859-7)";
154 use open IO => ':locale';
158 use open ':encoding(iso-8859-7)';
164 Full-fledged support for I/O layers is now implemented provided
165 Perl is configured to use PerlIO as its IO system (which is now the
168 The C<open> pragma serves as one of the interfaces to declare default
169 "layers" (also known as "disciplines") for all I/O. Any two-argument
170 open(), readpipe() (aka qx//) and similar operators found within the
171 lexical scope of this pragma will use the declared defaults.
172 Three-argument opens are not affected by this pragma since there you
173 (can) explicitly specify the layers and are supposed to know what you
176 With the C<IN> subpragma you can declare the default layers
177 of input streams, and with the C<OUT> subpragma you can declare
178 the default layers of output streams. With the C<IO> subpragma
179 you can control both input and output streams simultaneously.
181 If you have a legacy encoding, you can use the C<:encoding(...)> tag.
183 if you want to set your encoding layers based on your
184 locale environment variables, you can use the C<:locale> tag.
187 $ENV{LANG} = 'ru_RU.KOI8-R';
188 # the :locale will probe the locale environment variables like LANG
189 use open OUT => ':locale';
191 print O chr(0x430); # Unicode CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A = KOI8-R 0xc1
194 printf "%#x\n", ord(<I>), "\n"; # this should print 0xc1
200 use open IO => ':utf8';
205 use open IO => ':locale';
209 use open ':encoding(iso-8859-7)';
210 use open IO => ':encoding(iso-8859-7)';
212 The matching of encoding names is loose: case does not matter, and
213 many encodings have several aliases. See L<Encode::Supported> for
214 details and the list of supported locales.
216 Note that C<:utf8> PerlIO layer must always be specified exactly like
217 that, it is not subject to the loose matching of encoding names.
219 When open() is given an explicit list of layers (with the three-arg
220 syntax), they override the list declared using this pragma.
222 The C<:std> subpragma on its own has no effect, but if combined with
223 the C<:utf8> or C<:encoding> subpragmas, it converts the standard
224 filehandles (STDIN, STDOUT, STDERR) to comply with encoding selected
225 for input/output handles. For example, if both input and out are
226 chosen to be C<:utf8>, a C<:std> will mean that STDIN, STDOUT, and
227 STDERR are also in C<:utf8>. On the other hand, if only output is
228 chosen to be in C<< :encoding(koi8r) >>, a C<:std> will cause only the
229 STDOUT and STDERR to be in C<koi8r>. The C<:locale> subpragma
230 implicitly turns on C<:std>.
232 The logic of C<:locale> is described in full in L<encoding>,
233 but in short it is first trying nl_langinfo(CODESET) and then
234 guessing from the LC_ALL and LANG locale environment variables.
236 Directory handles may also support PerlIO layers in the future.
238 =head1 NONPERLIO FUNCTIONALITY
240 If Perl is not built to use PerlIO as its IO system then only the two
241 pseudo-layers C<:bytes> and C<:crlf> are available.
243 The C<:bytes> layer corresponds to "binary mode" and the C<:crlf>
244 layer corresponds to "text mode" on platforms that distinguish
245 between the two modes when opening files (which is many DOS-like
246 platforms, including Windows). These two layers are no-ops on
247 platforms where binmode() is a no-op, but perform their functions
248 everywhere if PerlIO is enabled.
250 =head1 IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS
252 There is a class method in C<PerlIO::Layer> C<find> which is
253 implemented as XS code. It is called by C<import> to validate the
256 PerlIO::Layer::->find("perlio")
258 The return value (if defined) is a Perl object, of class
259 C<PerlIO::Layer> which is created by the C code in F<perlio.c>. As
260 yet there is nothing useful you can do with the object at the perl
265 L<perlfunc/"binmode">, L<perlfunc/"open">, L<perlunicode>, L<PerlIO>,