3 # Copyright (c) 2007 Brandon L Black
5 # You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
6 # License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
12 # mro.pm versions < 1.00 reserved for MRO::Compat
13 # for partial back-compat to 5.[68].x
14 our $VERSION = '1.00';
17 mro::set_mro(scalar(caller), $_[1]) if $_[1];
20 package # hide me from PAUSE
23 sub can { mro::_nextcan($_[0], 0) }
26 my $method = mro::_nextcan($_[0], 1);
30 package # hide me from PAUSE
34 my $method = mro::_nextcan($_[0], 0);
35 goto &$method if defined $method;
45 mro - Method Resolution Order
49 use mro; # enables next::method and friends globally
51 use mro 'dfs'; # enable DFS MRO for this class (Perl default)
52 use mro 'c3'; # enable C3 MRO for this class
56 The "mro" namespace provides several utilities for dealing
57 with method resolution order and method caching in general.
59 These interfaces are only available in Perl 5.9.5 and higher.
60 See L<MRO::Compat> on CPAN for a mostly forwards compatible
61 implementation for older Perls.
65 It's possible to change the MRO of a given class either by using C<use
66 mro> as shown in the synopsis, or by using the L</mro::set_mro> function
67 below. The functions in the mro namespace do not require loading the
68 C<mro> module, as they are actually provided by the core perl interpreter.
70 The special methods C<next::method>, C<next::can>, and
71 C<maybe::next::method> are not available until this C<mro> module
72 has been loaded via C<use> or C<require>.
76 In addition to the traditional Perl default MRO (depth first
77 search, called C<DFS> here), Perl now offers the C3 MRO as
78 well. Perl's support for C3 is based on the work done in
79 Stevan Little's module L<Class::C3>, and most of the C3-related
80 documentation here is ripped directly from there.
84 C3 is the name of an algorithm which aims to provide a sane method
85 resolution order under multiple inheritance. It was first introduced in
86 the language Dylan (see links in the L</"SEE ALSO"> section), and then
87 later adopted as the preferred MRO (Method Resolution Order) for the
88 new-style classes in Python 2.3. Most recently it has been adopted as the
89 "canonical" MRO for Perl 6 classes, and the default MRO for Parrot objects
92 =head2 How does C3 work
94 C3 works by always preserving local precendence ordering. This essentially
95 means that no class will appear before any of its subclasses. Take, for
96 instance, the classic diamond inheritance pattern:
104 The standard Perl 5 MRO would be (D, B, A, C). The result being that B<A>
105 appears before B<C>, even though B<C> is the subclass of B<A>. The C3 MRO
106 algorithm however, produces the following order: (D, B, C, A), which does
109 This example is fairly trivial; for more complex cases and a deeper
110 explanation, see the links in the L</"SEE ALSO"> section.
114 =head2 mro::get_linear_isa($classname[, $type])
116 Returns an arrayref which is the linearized MRO of the given class.
117 Uses whichever MRO is currently in effect for that class by default,
118 or the given MRO (either C<c3> or C<dfs> if specified as C<$type>).
120 The linearized MRO of a class is an ordered array of all of the
121 classes one would search when resolving a method on that class,
122 starting with the class itself.
124 If the requested class doesn't yet exist, this function will still
125 succeed, and return C<[ $classname ]>
127 Note that C<UNIVERSAL> (and any members of C<UNIVERSAL>'s MRO) are not
128 part of the MRO of a class, even though all classes implicitly inherit
129 methods from C<UNIVERSAL> and its parents.
131 =head2 mro::set_mro($classname, $type)
133 Sets the MRO of the given class to the C<$type> argument (either
136 =head2 mro::get_mro($classname)
138 Returns the MRO of the given class (either C<c3> or C<dfs>).
140 =head2 mro::get_isarev($classname)
142 Gets the C<mro_isarev> for this class, returned as an
143 arrayref of class names. These are every class that "isa"
144 the given class name, even if the isa relationship is
145 indirect. This is used internally by the MRO code to
146 keep track of method/MRO cache invalidations.
148 Currently, this list only grows, it never shrinks. This
149 was a performance consideration (properly tracking and
150 deleting isarev entries when someone removes an entry
151 from an C<@ISA> is costly, and it doesn't happen often
152 anyways). The fact that a class which no longer truly
153 "isa" this class at runtime remains on the list should be
154 considered a quirky implementation detail which is subject
155 to future change. It shouldn't be an issue as long as
156 you're looking at this list for the same reasons the
157 core code does: as a performance optimization
158 over having to search every class in existence.
160 As with C<mro::get_mro> above, C<UNIVERSAL> is special.
161 C<UNIVERSAL> (and parents') isarev lists do not include
162 every class in existence, even though all classes are
163 effectively descendants for method inheritance purposes.
165 =head2 mro::is_universal($classname)
167 Returns a boolean status indicating whether or not
168 the given classname is either C<UNIVERSAL> itself,
169 or one of C<UNIVERSAL>'s parents by C<@ISA> inheritance.
171 Any class for which this function returns true is
172 "universal" in the sense that all classes potentially
173 inherit methods from it.
175 For similar reasons to C<isarev> above, this flag is
176 permanent. Once it is set, it does not go away, even
177 if the class in question really isn't universal anymore.
179 =head2 mro::invalidate_all_method_caches()
181 Increments C<PL_sub_generation>, which invalidates method
182 caching in all packages.
184 =head2 mro::method_changed_in($classname)
186 Invalidates the method cache of any classes dependent on the
187 given class. This is not normally necessary. The only
188 known case where pure perl code can confuse the method
189 cache is when you manually install a new constant
190 subroutine by using a readonly scalar value, like the
191 internals of L<constant> do. If you find another case,
192 please report it so we can either fix it or document
195 =head2 mro::get_pkg_gen($classname)
197 Returns an integer which is incremented every time a
198 real local method in the package C<$classname> changes,
199 or the local C<@ISA> of C<$classname> is modified.
201 This is intended for authors of modules which do lots
202 of class introspection, as it allows them to very quickly
203 check if anything important about the local properties
204 of a given class have changed since the last time they
205 looked. It does not increment on method/C<@ISA>
206 changes in superclasses.
208 It's still up to you to seek out the actual changes,
209 and there might not actually be any. Perhaps all
210 of the changes since you last checked cancelled each
211 other out and left the package in the state it was in
214 This integer normally starts off at a value of C<1>
215 when a package stash is instantiated. Calling it
216 on packages whose stashes do not exist at all will
217 return C<0>. If a package stash is completely
218 deleted (not a normal occurence, but it can happen
219 if someone does something like C<undef %PkgName::>),
220 the number will be reset to either C<0> or C<1>,
221 depending on how completely package was wiped out.
225 This is somewhat like C<SUPER>, but it uses the C3 method
226 resolution order to get better consistency in multiple
227 inheritance situations. Note that while inheritance in
228 general follows whichever MRO is in effect for the
229 given class, C<next::method> only uses the C3 MRO.
231 One generally uses it like so:
235 my $superclass_answer = $self->next::method(@_);
236 return $superclass_answer + 1;
239 Note that you don't (re-)specify the method name.
240 It forces you to always use the same method name
241 as the method you started in.
243 It can be called on an object or a class, of course.
245 The way it resolves which actual method to call is:
251 First, it determines the linearized C3 MRO of
252 the object or class it is being called on.
256 Then, it determines the class and method name
257 of the context it was invoked from.
261 Finally, it searches down the C3 MRO list until
262 it reaches the contextually enclosing class, then
263 searches further down the MRO list for the next
264 method with the same name as the contextually
269 Failure to find a next method will result in an
270 exception being thrown (see below for alternatives).
272 This is substantially different than the behavior
273 of C<SUPER> under complex multiple inheritance.
274 (This becomes obvious when one realizes that the
275 common superclasses in the C3 linearizations of
276 a given class and one of its parents will not
277 always be ordered the same for both.)
279 B<Caveat>: Calling C<next::method> from methods defined outside the class:
281 There is an edge case when using C<next::method> from within a subroutine
282 which was created in a different module than the one it is called from. It
283 sounds complicated, but it really isn't. Here is an example which will not
286 *Foo::foo = sub { (shift)->next::method(@_) };
288 The problem exists because the anonymous subroutine being assigned to the
289 C<*Foo::foo> glob will show up in the call stack as being called
290 C<__ANON__> and not C<foo> as you might expect. Since C<next::method> uses
291 C<caller> to find the name of the method it was called in, it will fail in
294 But fear not, there's a simple solution. The module C<Sub::Name> will
295 reach into the perl internals and assign a name to an anonymous subroutine
296 for you. Simply do this:
298 use Sub::Name 'subname';
299 *Foo::foo = subname 'Foo::foo' => sub { (shift)->next::method(@_) };
301 and things will Just Work.
305 This is similar to C<next::method>, but just returns either a code
306 reference or C<undef> to indicate that no further methods of this name
309 =head2 maybe::next::method
311 In simple cases, it is equivalent to:
313 $self->next::method(@_) if $self->next_can;
315 But there are some cases where only this solution
316 works (like C<goto &maybe::next::method>);
320 =head2 The original Dylan paper
324 =item L<http://www.webcom.com/haahr/dylan/linearization-oopsla96.html>
328 =head2 The prototype Perl 6 Object Model uses C3
332 =item L<http://svn.openfoundry.org/pugs/perl5/Perl6-MetaModel/>
336 =head2 Parrot now uses C3
340 =item L<http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Mail/Message/perl6-internals/2746631>
342 =item L<http://use.perl.org/~autrijus/journal/25768>
346 =head2 Python 2.3 MRO related links
350 =item L<http://www.python.org/2.3/mro.html>
352 =item L<http://www.python.org/2.2.2/descrintro.html#mro>
356 =head2 C3 for TinyCLOS
360 =item L<http://www.call-with-current-continuation.org/eggs/c3.html>
374 Brandon L. Black, E<lt>blblack@gmail.comE<gt>
376 Based on Stevan Little's L<Class::C3>