6 unless( eval q{require warnings::register; warnings::register->import} ) {
7 *warnings::warnif = sub {
12 use vars qw(%attr $VERSION);
17 sub PUBLIC () { 2**0 }
18 sub PRIVATE () { 2**1 }
19 sub INHERITED () { 2**2 }
20 sub PROTECTED () { 2**3 }
23 # The %attr hash holds the attributes of the currently assigned fields
24 # per class. The hash is indexed by class names and the hash value is
25 # an array reference. The first element in the array is the lowest field
26 # number not belonging to a base class. The remaining elements' indices
27 # are the field numbers. The values are integer bit masks, or undef
28 # in the case of base class private fields (which occupy a slot but are
29 # otherwise irrelevant to the class).
34 my $package = caller(0);
35 # avoid possible typo warnings
36 %{"$package\::FIELDS"} = () unless %{"$package\::FIELDS"};
37 my $fields = \%{"$package\::FIELDS"};
38 my $fattr = ($attr{$package} ||= [1]);
41 # Quiet pseudo-hash deprecation warning for uses of fields::new.
42 bless \%{"$package\::FIELDS"}, 'pseudohash';
44 if ($next > $fattr->[0]
45 and ($fields->{$_[0]} || 0) >= $fattr->[0])
47 # There are already fields not belonging to base classes.
48 # Looks like a possible module reload...
52 my $fno = $fields->{$f};
54 # Allow the module to be reloaded so long as field positions
56 if ($fno and $fno != $next) {
58 if ($fno < $fattr->[0]) {
60 warn("Hides field '$f' in base class") if $^W;
62 warnings::warnif("Hides field '$f' in base class") ;
65 Carp::croak("Field name '$f' already in use");
68 $fields->{$f} = $next;
69 $fattr->[$next] = ($f =~ /^_/) ? PRIVATE : PUBLIC;
72 if (@$fattr > $next) {
73 # Well, we gave them the benefit of the doubt by guessing the
74 # module was reloaded, but they appear to be declaring fields
75 # in more than one place. We can't be sure (without some extra
76 # bookkeeping) that the rest of the fields will be declared or
77 # have the same positions, so punt.
79 Carp::croak ("Reloaded module must declare all fields at once");
85 goto &base::inherit_fields;
88 sub _dump # sometimes useful for debugging
90 for my $pkg (sort keys %attr) {
92 if (@{"$pkg\::ISA"}) {
93 print " (", join(", ", @{"$pkg\::ISA"}), ")";
96 my $fields = \%{"$pkg\::FIELDS"};
97 for my $f (sort {$fields->{$a} <=> $fields->{$b}} keys %$fields) {
98 my $no = $fields->{$f};
100 my $fattr = $attr{$pkg}[$no];
101 if (defined $fattr) {
103 push(@a, "public") if $fattr & PUBLIC;
104 push(@a, "private") if $fattr & PRIVATE;
105 push(@a, "inherited") if $fattr & INHERITED;
106 print "\t(", join(", ", @a), ")";
116 $class = ref $class if ref $class;
117 return bless [\%{$class . "::FIELDS"}], $class;
122 $class = ref $class if ref $class;
124 my $self = bless {}, $class;
126 # The lock_keys() prototype won't work since we require Hash::Util :(
127 &Hash::Util::lock_keys(\%$self, keys %{$class.'::FIELDS'});
133 die "Pseudo-hashes have been removed from Perl" if $] >= 5.009;
137 if (ref $_[0] eq 'ARRAY') {
142 unless (! @_ and ref $v eq 'ARRAY') {
144 Carp::croak ("Expected at most two array refs\n");
151 Carp::croak ("Odd number of elements initializing pseudo-hash\n");
154 @$h{grep ++$i % 2, @_} = 1 .. @_ / 2;
156 $v = [grep $i++ % 2, @_];
173 fields - compile-time class fields
179 use fields qw(foo bar _Foo_private);
181 my Foo $self = shift;
183 $self = fields::new($self);
184 $self->{_Foo_private} = "this is Foo's secret";
195 # this will generate an error
202 use fields qw(baz _Bar_private); # not shared with Foo
205 my $self = fields::new($class);
206 $self->SUPER::new(); # init base fields
207 $self->{baz} = 10; # init own fields
208 $self->{_Bar_private} = "this is Bar's secret";
215 The C<fields> pragma enables compile-time verified class fields.
217 NOTE: The current implementation keeps the declared fields in the %FIELDS
218 hash of the calling package, but this may change in future versions.
219 Do B<not> update the %FIELDS hash directly, because it must be created
220 at compile-time for it to be fully useful, as is done by this pragma.
222 B<Only valid for perl before 5.9.0:>
224 If a typed lexical variable holding a reference is used to access a
225 hash element and a package with the same name as the type has
226 declared class fields using this pragma, then the operation is
227 turned into an array access at compile time.
230 The related C<base> pragma will combine fields from base classes and any
231 fields declared using the C<fields> pragma. This enables field
232 inheritance to work properly.
234 Field names that start with an underscore character are made private to
235 the class and are not visible to subclasses. Inherited fields can be
236 overridden but will generate a warning if used together with the C<-w>
239 B<Only valid for perls before 5.9.0:>
241 The effect of all this is that you can have objects with named
242 fields which are as compact and as fast arrays to access. This only
243 works as long as the objects are accessed through properly typed
244 variables. If the objects are not typed, access is only checked at
248 The following functions are supported:
254 B< perl before 5.9.0: > fields::new() creates and blesses a
255 pseudo-hash comprised of the fields declared using the C<fields>
256 pragma into the specified class.
258 B< perl 5.9.0 and higher: > fields::new() creates and blesses a
259 restricted-hash comprised of the fields declared using the C<fields>
260 pragma into the specified class.
262 This function is usable with or without pseudo-hashes. It is the
263 recommended way to construct a fields-based object.
265 This makes it possible to write a constructor like this:
267 package Critter::Sounds;
268 use fields qw(cat dog bird);
272 $self = fields::new($self) unless ref $self;
273 $self->{cat} = 'meow'; # scalar element
274 @$self{'dog','bird'} = ('bark','tweet'); # slice
280 B< before perl 5.9.0: >
282 fields::phash() can be used to create and initialize a plain (unblessed)
283 pseudo-hash. This function should always be used instead of creating
284 pseudo-hashes directly.
286 If the first argument is a reference to an array, the pseudo-hash will
287 be created with keys from that array. If a second argument is supplied,
288 it must also be a reference to an array whose elements will be used as
289 the values. If the second array contains less elements than the first,
290 the trailing elements of the pseudo-hash will not be initialized.
291 This makes it particularly useful for creating a pseudo-hash from
292 subroutine arguments:
295 my $tag = fields::phash([qw(name rank ser_num)], [@_]);
298 fields::phash() also accepts a list of key-value pairs that will
299 be used to construct the pseudo hash. Examples:
301 my $tag = fields::phash(name => "Joe",
305 my $pseudohash = fields::phash(%args);
307 B< perl 5.9.0 and higher: >
309 Pseudo-hashes have been removed from Perl as of 5.10. Consider using
310 restricted hashes or fields::new() instead. Using fields::phash()