6 unless( eval q{require warnings::register; warnings::register->import; 1} ) {
7 *warnings::warnif = sub {
12 use vars qw(%attr $VERSION);
17 sub PUBLIC () { 2**0 }
18 sub PRIVATE () { 2**1 }
19 sub INHERITED () { 2**2 }
20 sub PROTECTED () { 2**3 }
23 # The %attr hash holds the attributes of the currently assigned fields
24 # per class. The hash is indexed by class names and the hash value is
25 # an array reference. The first element in the array is the lowest field
26 # number not belonging to a base class. The remaining elements' indices
27 # are the field numbers. The values are integer bit masks, or undef
28 # in the case of base class private fields (which occupy a slot but are
29 # otherwise irrelevant to the class).
34 my $package = caller(0);
35 # avoid possible typo warnings
36 %{"$package\::FIELDS"} = () unless %{"$package\::FIELDS"};
37 my $fields = \%{"$package\::FIELDS"};
38 my $fattr = ($attr{$package} ||= [1]);
41 # Quiet pseudo-hash deprecation warning for uses of fields::new.
42 bless \%{"$package\::FIELDS"}, 'pseudohash';
44 if ($next > $fattr->[0]
45 and ($fields->{$_[0]} || 0) >= $fattr->[0])
47 # There are already fields not belonging to base classes.
48 # Looks like a possible module reload...
52 my $fno = $fields->{$f};
54 # Allow the module to be reloaded so long as field positions
56 if ($fno and $fno != $next) {
58 if ($fno < $fattr->[0]) {
60 warn("Hides field '$f' in base class") if $^W;
62 warnings::warnif("Hides field '$f' in base class") ;
65 Carp::croak("Field name '$f' already in use");
68 $fields->{$f} = $next;
69 $fattr->[$next] = ($f =~ /^_/) ? PRIVATE : PUBLIC;
72 if (@$fattr > $next) {
73 # Well, we gave them the benefit of the doubt by guessing the
74 # module was reloaded, but they appear to be declaring fields
75 # in more than one place. We can't be sure (without some extra
76 # bookkeeping) that the rest of the fields will be declared or
77 # have the same positions, so punt.
79 Carp::croak ("Reloaded module must declare all fields at once");
85 goto &base::inherit_fields;
88 sub _dump # sometimes useful for debugging
90 for my $pkg (sort keys %attr) {
92 if (@{"$pkg\::ISA"}) {
93 print " (", join(", ", @{"$pkg\::ISA"}), ")";
96 my $fields = \%{"$pkg\::FIELDS"};
97 for my $f (sort {$fields->{$a} <=> $fields->{$b}} keys %$fields) {
98 my $no = $fields->{$f};
100 my $fattr = $attr{$pkg}[$no];
101 if (defined $fattr) {
103 push(@a, "public") if $fattr & PUBLIC;
104 push(@a, "private") if $fattr & PRIVATE;
105 push(@a, "inherited") if $fattr & INHERITED;
106 print "\t(", join(", ", @a), ")";
116 $class = ref $class if ref $class;
117 return bless [\%{$class . "::FIELDS"}], $class;
122 $class = ref $class if ref $class;
124 my $self = bless {}, $class;
126 # The lock_keys() prototype won't work since we require Hash::Util :(
127 &Hash::Util::lock_keys(\%$self, _accessible_keys($class));
132 sub _accessible_keys {
135 keys %{$class.'::FIELDS'},
136 map(_accessible_keys($_), @{$class.'::ISA'}),
141 die "Pseudo-hashes have been removed from Perl" if $] >= 5.009;
145 if (ref $_[0] eq 'ARRAY') {
150 unless (! @_ and ref $v eq 'ARRAY') {
152 Carp::croak ("Expected at most two array refs\n");
159 Carp::croak ("Odd number of elements initializing pseudo-hash\n");
162 @$h{grep ++$i % 2, @_} = 1 .. @_ / 2;
164 $v = [grep $i++ % 2, @_];
181 fields - compile-time class fields
187 use fields qw(foo bar _Foo_private);
189 my Foo $self = shift;
191 $self = fields::new($self);
192 $self->{_Foo_private} = "this is Foo's secret";
203 # this will generate an error
210 use fields qw(baz _Bar_private); # not shared with Foo
213 my $self = fields::new($class);
214 $self->SUPER::new(); # init base fields
215 $self->{baz} = 10; # init own fields
216 $self->{_Bar_private} = "this is Bar's secret";
223 The C<fields> pragma enables compile-time verified class fields.
225 NOTE: The current implementation keeps the declared fields in the %FIELDS
226 hash of the calling package, but this may change in future versions.
227 Do B<not> update the %FIELDS hash directly, because it must be created
228 at compile-time for it to be fully useful, as is done by this pragma.
230 B<Only valid for perl before 5.9.0:>
232 If a typed lexical variable holding a reference is used to access a
233 hash element and a package with the same name as the type has
234 declared class fields using this pragma, then the operation is
235 turned into an array access at compile time.
238 The related C<base> pragma will combine fields from base classes and any
239 fields declared using the C<fields> pragma. This enables field
240 inheritance to work properly.
242 Field names that start with an underscore character are made private to
243 the class and are not visible to subclasses. Inherited fields can be
244 overridden but will generate a warning if used together with the C<-w>
247 B<Only valid for perls before 5.9.0:>
249 The effect of all this is that you can have objects with named
250 fields which are as compact and as fast arrays to access. This only
251 works as long as the objects are accessed through properly typed
252 variables. If the objects are not typed, access is only checked at
256 The following functions are supported:
262 B< perl before 5.9.0: > fields::new() creates and blesses a
263 pseudo-hash comprised of the fields declared using the C<fields>
264 pragma into the specified class.
266 B< perl 5.9.0 and higher: > fields::new() creates and blesses a
267 restricted-hash comprised of the fields declared using the C<fields>
268 pragma into the specified class.
270 This function is usable with or without pseudo-hashes. It is the
271 recommended way to construct a fields-based object.
273 This makes it possible to write a constructor like this:
275 package Critter::Sounds;
276 use fields qw(cat dog bird);
280 $self = fields::new($self) unless ref $self;
281 $self->{cat} = 'meow'; # scalar element
282 @$self{'dog','bird'} = ('bark','tweet'); # slice
288 B< before perl 5.9.0: >
290 fields::phash() can be used to create and initialize a plain (unblessed)
291 pseudo-hash. This function should always be used instead of creating
292 pseudo-hashes directly.
294 If the first argument is a reference to an array, the pseudo-hash will
295 be created with keys from that array. If a second argument is supplied,
296 it must also be a reference to an array whose elements will be used as
297 the values. If the second array contains less elements than the first,
298 the trailing elements of the pseudo-hash will not be initialized.
299 This makes it particularly useful for creating a pseudo-hash from
300 subroutine arguments:
303 my $tag = fields::phash([qw(name rank ser_num)], [@_]);
306 fields::phash() also accepts a list of key-value pairs that will
307 be used to construct the pseudo hash. Examples:
309 my $tag = fields::phash(name => "Joe",
313 my $pseudohash = fields::phash(%args);
315 B< perl 5.9.0 and higher: >
317 Pseudo-hashes have been removed from Perl as of 5.10. Consider using
318 restricted hashes or fields::new() instead. Using fields::phash()