5 use warnings::register;
7 our($VERSION, %declared);
10 #=======================================================================
12 # Some names are evil choices.
13 my %keywords = map +($_, 1), qw{ BEGIN INIT CHECK UNITCHECK END DESTROY AUTOLOAD };
15 my %forced_into_main = map +($_, 1),
16 qw{ STDIN STDOUT STDERR ARGV ARGVOUT ENV INC SIG };
18 my %forbidden = (%keywords, %forced_into_main);
20 #=======================================================================
21 # import() - import symbols into user's namespace
23 # What we actually do is define a function in the caller's namespace
24 # which returns the value. The function we create will normally
25 # be inlined as a constant, thereby avoiding further sub calling
27 #=======================================================================
30 return unless @_; # Ignore 'use constant;'
32 my $multiple = ref $_[0];
38 $symtab = \%{$pkg . '::'};
42 if (ref $_[0] ne 'HASH') {
44 Carp::croak("Invalid reference type '".ref(shift)."' not 'HASH'");
48 $constants->{+shift} = undef;
51 foreach my $name ( keys %$constants ) {
52 unless (defined $name) {
54 Carp::croak("Can't use undef as constant name");
57 # Normal constant name
58 if ($name =~ /^_?[^\W_0-9]\w*\z/ and !$forbidden{$name}) {
61 # Name forced into main, but we're not in main. Fatal.
62 } elsif ($forced_into_main{$name} and $pkg ne 'main') {
64 Carp::croak("Constant name '$name' is forced into main::");
66 # Starts with double underscore. Fatal.
67 } elsif ($name =~ /^__/) {
69 Carp::croak("Constant name '$name' begins with '__'");
71 # Maybe the name is tolerable
72 } elsif ($name =~ /^[A-Za-z_]\w*\z/) {
73 # Then we'll warn only if you've asked for warnings
74 if (warnings::enabled()) {
75 if ($keywords{$name}) {
76 warnings::warn("Constant name '$name' is a Perl keyword");
77 } elsif ($forced_into_main{$name}) {
78 warnings::warn("Constant name '$name' is " .
79 "forced into package main::");
83 # Looks like a boolean
84 # use constant FRED == fred;
85 } elsif ($name =~ /^[01]?\z/) {
88 Carp::croak("Constant name '$name' is invalid");
90 Carp::croak("Constant name looks like boolean value");
94 # Must have bad characters
96 Carp::croak("Constant name '$name' has invalid characters");
101 my $full_name = "${pkg}::$name";
102 $declared{$full_name}++;
103 if ($multiple || @_ == 1) {
104 my $scalar = $multiple ? $constants->{$name} : $_[0];
105 if ($symtab && !exists $symtab->{$name}) {
106 # No typeglob yet, so we can use a reference as space-
107 # efficient proxy for a constant subroutine
108 # The check in Perl_ck_rvconst knows that inlinable
109 # constants from cv_const_sv are read only. So we have to:
110 Internals::SvREADONLY($scalar, 1);
111 $symtab->{$name} = \$scalar;
112 mro::method_changed_in($pkg);
114 *$full_name = sub () { $scalar };
118 *$full_name = sub () { @list };
120 *$full_name = sub () { };
132 constant - Perl pragma to declare constants
136 use constant PI => 4 * atan2(1, 1);
137 use constant DEBUG => 0;
139 print "Pi equals ", PI, "...\n" if DEBUG;
153 use constant WEEKDAYS => qw(
154 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
157 print "Today is ", (WEEKDAYS)[ (localtime)[WDAY] ], ".\n";
161 This will declare a symbol to be a constant with the given value.
163 When you declare a constant such as C<PI> using the method shown
164 above, each machine your script runs upon can have as many digits
165 of accuracy as it can use. Also, your program will be easier to
166 read, more likely to be maintained (and maintained correctly), and
167 far less likely to send a space probe to the wrong planet because
168 nobody noticed the one equation in which you wrote C<3.14195>.
170 When a constant is used in an expression, perl replaces it with its
171 value at compile time, and may then optimize the expression further.
172 In particular, any code in an C<if (CONSTANT)> block will be optimized
173 away if the constant is false.
177 As with all C<use> directives, defining a constant happens at
178 compile time. Thus, it's probably not correct to put a constant
179 declaration inside of a conditional statement (like C<if ($foo)
180 { use constant ... }>).
182 Constants defined using this module cannot be interpolated into
183 strings like variables. However, concatenation works just fine:
185 print "Pi equals PI...\n"; # WRONG: does not expand "PI"
186 print "Pi equals ".PI."...\n"; # right
188 Even though a reference may be declared as a constant, the reference may
189 point to data which may be changed, as this code shows.
191 use constant ARRAY => [ 1,2,3,4 ];
193 ARRAY->[1] = " be changed";
196 Dereferencing constant references incorrectly (such as using an array
197 subscript on a constant hash reference, or vice versa) will be trapped at
200 Constants belong to the package they are defined in. To refer to a
201 constant defined in another package, specify the full package name, as
202 in C<Some::Package::CONSTANT>. Constants may be exported by modules,
203 and may also be called as either class or instance methods, that is,
204 as C<< Some::Package->CONSTANT >> or as C<< $obj->CONSTANT >> where
205 C<$obj> is an instance of C<Some::Package>. Subclasses may define
206 their own constants to override those in their base class.
208 The use of all caps for constant names is merely a convention,
209 although it is recommended in order to make constants stand out
210 and to help avoid collisions with other barewords, keywords, and
211 subroutine names. Constant names must begin with a letter or
212 underscore. Names beginning with a double underscore are reserved. Some
213 poor choices for names will generate warnings, if warnings are enabled at
216 =head2 List constants
218 Constants may be lists of more (or less) than one value. A constant
219 with no values evaluates to C<undef> in scalar context. Note that
220 constants with more than one value do I<not> return their last value in
221 scalar context as one might expect. They currently return the number
222 of values, but B<this may change in the future>. Do not use constants
223 with multiple values in scalar context.
225 B<NOTE:> This implies that the expression defining the value of a
226 constant is evaluated in list context. This may produce surprises:
228 use constant TIMESTAMP => localtime; # WRONG!
229 use constant TIMESTAMP => scalar localtime; # right
231 The first line above defines C<TIMESTAMP> as a 9-element list, as
232 returned by localtime() in list context. To set it to the string
233 returned by localtime() in scalar context, an explicit C<scalar>
236 List constants are lists, not arrays. To index or slice them, they
237 must be placed in parentheses.
239 my @workdays = WEEKDAYS[1 .. 5]; # WRONG!
240 my @workdays = (WEEKDAYS)[1 .. 5]; # right
242 =head2 Defining multiple constants at once
244 Instead of writing multiple C<use constant> statements, you may define
245 multiple constants in a single statement by giving, instead of the
246 constant name, a reference to a hash where the keys are the names of
247 the constants to be defined. Obviously, all constants defined using
248 this method must have a single value.
251 FOO => "A single value",
252 BAR => "This", "won't", "work!", # Error!
255 This is a fundamental limitation of the way hashes are constructed in
256 Perl. The error messages produced when this happens will often be
257 quite cryptic -- in the worst case there may be none at all, and
258 you'll only later find that something is broken.
260 When defining multiple constants, you cannot use the values of other
261 constants defined in the same declaration. This is because the
262 calling package doesn't know about any constant within that group
263 until I<after> the C<use> statement is finished.
266 BITMASK => 0xAFBAEBA8,
267 NEGMASK => ~BITMASK, # Error!
270 =head2 Magic constants
272 Magical values and references can be made into constants at compile
273 time, allowing for way cool stuff like this. (These error numbers
274 aren't totally portable, alas.)
276 use constant E2BIG => ($! = 7);
277 print E2BIG, "\n"; # something like "Arg list too long"
278 print 0+E2BIG, "\n"; # "7"
280 You can't produce a tied constant by giving a tied scalar as the
281 value. References to tied variables, however, can be used as
282 constants without any problems.
284 =head1 TECHNICAL NOTES
286 In the current implementation, scalar constants are actually
287 inlinable subroutines. As of version 5.004 of Perl, the appropriate
288 scalar constant is inserted directly in place of some subroutine
289 calls, thereby saving the overhead of a subroutine call. See
290 L<perlsub/"Constant Functions"> for details about how and when this
293 In the rare case in which you need to discover at run time whether a
294 particular constant has been declared via this module, you may use
295 this function to examine the hash C<%constant::declared>. If the given
296 constant name does not include a package name, the current package is
300 use constant 1.01; # don't omit this!
302 $name =~ s/^::/main::/;
304 my $full_name = $name =~ /::/ ? $name : "${pkg}::$name";
305 $constant::declared{$full_name};
310 In the current version of Perl, list constants are not inlined
311 and some symbols may be redefined without generating a warning.
313 It is not possible to have a subroutine or a keyword with the same
314 name as a constant in the same package. This is probably a Good Thing.
316 A constant with a name in the list C<STDIN STDOUT STDERR ARGV ARGVOUT
317 ENV INC SIG> is not allowed anywhere but in package C<main::>, for
320 Unlike constants in some languages, these cannot be overridden
321 on the command line or via environment variables.
323 You can get into trouble if you use constants in a context which
324 automatically quotes barewords (as is true for any subroutine call).
325 For example, you can't say C<$hash{CONSTANT}> because C<CONSTANT> will
326 be interpreted as a string. Use C<$hash{CONSTANT()}> or
327 C<$hash{+CONSTANT}> to prevent the bareword quoting mechanism from
328 kicking in. Similarly, since the C<< => >> operator quotes a bareword
329 immediately to its left, you have to say C<< CONSTANT() => 'value' >>
330 (or simply use a comma in place of the big arrow) instead of
331 C<< CONSTANT => 'value' >>.
335 Tom Phoenix, E<lt>F<rootbeer@redcat.com>E<gt>, with help from
338 Multiple constant declarations at once added by Casey West,
339 E<lt>F<casey@geeknest.com>E<gt>.
341 Documentation mostly rewritten by Ilmari Karonen,
342 E<lt>F<perl@itz.pp.sci.fi>E<gt>.
346 Copyright (C) 1997, 1999 Tom Phoenix
348 This module is free software; you can redistribute it or modify it
349 under the same terms as Perl itself.