7 use bytes (); # for $bytes::hint_bits
10 # Icky 3.2 names with parentheses.
11 'LINE FEED' => 'LINE FEED (LF)',
12 'FORM FEED' => 'FORM FEED (FF)',
13 'CARRIAGE RETURN' => 'CARRIAGE RETURN (CR)',
14 'NEXT LINE' => 'NEXT LINE (NEL)',
16 'LF' => 'LINE FEED (LF)',
17 'FF' => 'FORM FEED (FF)',
18 'CR' => 'CARRIAGE RETURN (CR)',
19 'NEL' => 'NEXT LINE (NEL)',
20 # More convenience. For futher convencience,
21 # it is suggested some way using using the NamesList
22 # aliases is implemented.
23 'ZWNJ' => 'ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER',
24 'ZWJ' => 'ZERO WIDTH JOINER',
25 'BOM' => 'BYTE ORDER MARK',
29 # Pre-3.2 compatibility (only for the first 256 characters).
30 'HORIZONTAL TABULATION' => 'CHARACTER TABULATION',
31 'VERTICAL TABULATION' => 'LINE TABULATION',
32 'FILE SEPARATOR' => 'INFORMATION SEPARATOR FOUR',
33 'GROUP SEPARATOR' => 'INFORMATION SEPARATOR THREE',
34 'RECORD SEPARATOR' => 'INFORMATION SEPARATOR TWO',
35 'UNIT SEPARATOR' => 'INFORMATION SEPARATOR ONE',
36 'PARTIAL LINE DOWN' => 'PARTIAL LINE FORWARD',
37 'PARTIAL LINE UP' => 'PARTIAL LINE BACKWARD',
41 # User defined aliasses. Even more convenient :)
47 require Carp; goto &Carp::croak;
52 require Carp; goto &Carp::carp;
58 my $alias = ref $_[0] ? $_[0] : { @_ };
59 @alias3{keys %$alias} = values %$alias;
64 my ($arg, $file) = @_;
65 if (-f $arg && File::Spec->file_name_is_absolute ($arg)) {
68 elsif ($arg =~ m/^\w+$/) {
69 $file = "unicore/${arg}_alias.pl";
72 croak "Charnames alias files can only have identifier characters";
74 if (my @alias = do $file) {
75 @alias == 1 && !defined $alias[0] and
76 croak "$file cannot be used as alias file for charnames";
78 croak "$file did not return a (valid) list of alias pairs";
85 # This is not optimized in any way yet
90 if (exists $alias1{$name}) {
91 $name = $alias1{$name};
93 elsif (exists $alias2{$name}) {
95 warnings::warnif('deprecated', qq{Unicode character name "$name" is deprecated, use "$alias2{$name}" instead});
96 $name = $alias2{$name};
98 elsif (exists $alias3{$name}) {
99 $name = $alias3{$name};
106 if ($name eq "BYTE ORDER MARK") {
110 ## Suck in the code/name list as a big string.
112 ## "0052\t\tLATIN CAPITAL LETTER R\n"
113 $txt = do "unicore/Name.pl" unless $txt;
115 ## @off will hold the index into the code/name string of the start and
116 ## end of the name as we find it.
118 ## If :full, look for the name exactly
119 if ($^H{charnames_full} and $txt =~ /\t\t\Q$name\E$/m) {
120 @off = ($-[0], $+[0]);
123 ## If we didn't get above, and :short allowed, look for the short name.
124 ## The short name is like "greek:Sigma"
126 if ($^H{charnames_short} and $name =~ /^(.+?):(.+)/s) {
127 my ($script, $cname) = ($1, $2);
128 my $case = $cname =~ /[[:upper:]]/ ? "CAPITAL" : "SMALL";
129 if ($txt =~ m/\t\t\U$script\E (?:$case )?LETTER \U\Q$cname\E$/m) {
130 @off = ($-[0], $+[0]);
135 ## If we still don't have it, check for the name among the loaded
138 my $case = $name =~ /[[:upper:]]/ ? "CAPITAL" : "SMALL";
139 for my $script (@{$^H{charnames_scripts}}) {
140 if ($txt =~ m/\t\t$script (?:$case )?LETTER \U\Q$name\E$/m) {
141 @off = ($-[0], $+[0]);
147 ## If we don't have it by now, give up.
149 carp "Unknown charname '$name'";
154 ## Now know where in the string the name starts.
155 ## The code, in hex, is before that.
157 ## The code can be 4-6 characters long, so we've got to sort of
158 ## go look for it, just after the newline that comes before $off[0].
160 ## This would be much easier if unicore/Name.pl had info in
161 ## a name/code order, instead of code/name order.
163 ## The +1 after the rindex() is to skip past the newline we're finding,
164 ## or, if the rindex() fails, to put us to an offset of zero.
166 my $hexstart = rindex($txt, "\n", $off[0]) + 1;
168 ## we know where it starts, so turn into number -
169 ## the ordinal for the char.
170 $ord = CORE::hex substr($txt, $hexstart, $off[0] - $hexstart);
173 if ($^H & $bytes::hint_bits) { # "use bytes" in effect?
175 return chr $ord if $ord <= 255;
176 my $hex = sprintf "%04x", $ord;
177 if (not defined $fname) {
178 $fname = substr $txt, $off[0] + 2, $off[1] - $off[0] - 2;
180 croak "Character 0x$hex with name '$fname' is above 0xFF";
183 no warnings 'utf8'; # allow even illegal characters
184 return pack "U", $ord;
189 shift; ## ignore class name
192 carp("`use charnames' needs explicit imports list");
194 $^H{charnames} = \&charnames ;
197 ## fill %h keys with our @_ args.
199 my ($promote, %h, @args) = (0);
200 while (my $arg = shift) {
201 if ($arg eq ":alias") {
203 croak ":alias needs an argument in charnames";
206 ref $alias eq "HASH" or
207 croak "Only HASH reference supported as argument to :alias";
211 if ($alias =~ m{:(\w+)$}) {
212 $1 eq "full" || $1 eq "short" and
213 croak ":alias cannot use existing pragma :$1 (reversed order?)";
214 alias_file ($1) and $promote = 1;
220 if (substr($arg, 0, 1) eq ':' and ! ($arg eq ":full" || $arg eq ":short")) {
221 warn "unsupported special '$arg' in charnames";
226 @args == 0 && $promote and @args = (":full");
227 @h{@args} = (1) x @args;
229 $^H{charnames_full} = delete $h{':full'};
230 $^H{charnames_short} = delete $h{':short'};
231 $^H{charnames_scripts} = [map uc, keys %h];
234 ## If utf8? warnings are enabled, and some scripts were given,
235 ## see if at least we can find one letter of each script.
237 if (warnings::enabled('utf8') && @{$^H{charnames_scripts}}) {
238 $txt = do "unicore/Name.pl" unless $txt;
240 for my $script (@{$^H{charnames_scripts}}) {
241 if (not $txt =~ m/\t\t$script (?:CAPITAL |SMALL )?LETTER /) {
242 warnings::warn('utf8', "No such script: '$script'");
253 carp "charnames::viacode() expects one argument";
259 # this comes actually from Unicode::UCD, where it is the named
260 # function _getcode (), but it avoids the overhead of loading it
262 if ($arg =~ /^[1-9]\d*$/) {
263 $hex = sprintf "%04X", $arg;
264 } elsif ($arg =~ /^(?:[Uu]\+|0[xX])?([[:xdigit:]]+)$/) {
267 carp("unexpected arg \"$arg\" to charnames::viacode()");
271 # checking the length first is slightly faster
272 if (length($hex) > 5 && hex($hex) > 0x10FFFF) {
273 carp "Unicode characters only allocated up to U+10FFFF (you asked for U+$hex)";
277 return $viacode{$hex} if exists $viacode{$hex};
279 $txt = do "unicore/Name.pl" unless $txt;
281 return unless $txt =~ m/^$hex\t\t(.+)/m;
291 carp "charnames::vianame() expects one name argument";
297 return chr CORE::hex $1 if $arg =~ /^U\+([0-9a-fA-F]+)$/;
299 return $vianame{$arg} if exists $vianame{$arg};
301 $txt = do "unicore/Name.pl" unless $txt;
303 my $pos = index $txt, "\t\t$arg\n";
305 my $posLF = rindex $txt, "\n", $pos;
306 (my $code = substr $txt, $posLF + 1, 6) =~ tr/\t//d;
307 return $vianame{$arg} = CORE::hex $code;
309 # If $pos is at the 1st line, $posLF must be $[ - 1 (not found);
310 # then $posLF + 1 equals to $[ (at the beginning of $txt).
311 # Otherwise $posLF is the position of "\n";
312 # then $posLF + 1 must be the position of the next to "\n"
313 # (the beginning of the line).
314 # substr($txt, $posLF + 1, 6) may be "0000\t\t", "00A1\t\t",
315 # "10300\t", "100000", etc. So we can get the code via removing TAB.
327 charnames - define character names for C<\N{named}> string literal escapes
331 use charnames ':full';
332 print "\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA} is called sigma.\n";
334 use charnames ':short';
335 print "\N{greek:Sigma} is an upper-case sigma.\n";
337 use charnames qw(cyrillic greek);
338 print "\N{sigma} is Greek sigma, and \N{be} is Cyrillic b.\n";
340 use charnames ":full", ":alias" => {
341 e_ACUTE => "LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE",
343 print "\N{e_ACUTE} is a small letter e with an acute.\n";
346 print charnames::viacode(0x1234); # prints "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SEE"
347 printf "%04X", charnames::vianame("GOTHIC LETTER AHSA"); # prints "10330"
351 Pragma C<use charnames> supports arguments C<:full>, C<:short>, script
352 names and customized aliases. If C<:full> is present, for expansion of
353 C<\N{CHARNAME}>, the string C<CHARNAME> is first looked up in the list of
354 standard Unicode character names. If C<:short> is present, and
355 C<CHARNAME> has the form C<SCRIPT:CNAME>, then C<CNAME> is looked up
356 as a letter in script C<SCRIPT>. If pragma C<use charnames> is used
357 with script name arguments, then for C<\N{CHARNAME}> the name
358 C<CHARNAME> is looked up as a letter in the given scripts (in the
359 specified order). Customized aliases are explained in L</CUSTOM ALIASES>.
361 For lookup of C<CHARNAME> inside a given script C<SCRIPTNAME>
362 this pragma looks for the names
364 SCRIPTNAME CAPITAL LETTER CHARNAME
365 SCRIPTNAME SMALL LETTER CHARNAME
366 SCRIPTNAME LETTER CHARNAME
368 in the table of standard Unicode names. If C<CHARNAME> is lowercase,
369 then the C<CAPITAL> variant is ignored, otherwise the C<SMALL> variant
372 Note that C<\N{...}> is compile-time, it's a special form of string
373 constant used inside double-quoted strings: in other words, you cannot
374 use variables inside the C<\N{...}>. If you want similar run-time
375 functionality, use charnames::vianame().
377 For the C0 and C1 control characters (U+0000..U+001F, U+0080..U+009F)
378 as of Unicode 3.1, there are no official Unicode names but you can use
379 instead the ISO 6429 names (LINE FEED, ESCAPE, and so forth). In
380 Unicode 3.2 (as of Perl 5.8) some naming changes take place ISO 6429
381 has been updated, see L</ALIASES>. Also note that the U+UU80, U+0081,
382 U+0084, and U+0099 do not have names even in ISO 6429.
384 Since the Unicode standard uses "U+HHHH", so can you: "\N{U+263a}"
385 is the Unicode smiley face, or "\N{WHITE SMILING FACE}".
389 A few aliases have been defined for convenience: instead of having
390 to use the official names
397 (yes, with parentheses) one can use
418 for ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER and ZERO WIDTH JOINER.
420 For backward compatibility one can use the old names for
421 certain C0 and C1 controls
425 HORIZONTAL TABULATION CHARACTER TABULATION
426 VERTICAL TABULATION LINE TABULATION
427 FILE SEPARATOR INFORMATION SEPARATOR FOUR
428 GROUP SEPARATOR INFORMATION SEPARATOR THREE
429 RECORD SEPARATOR INFORMATION SEPARATOR TWO
430 UNIT SEPARATOR INFORMATION SEPARATOR ONE
431 PARTIAL LINE DOWN PARTIAL LINE FORWARD
432 PARTIAL LINE UP PARTIAL LINE BACKWARD
434 but the old names in addition to giving the character
435 will also give a warning about being deprecated.
437 =head1 CUSTOM ALIASES
439 This version of charnames supports three mechanisms of adding local
440 or customized aliases to standard Unicode naming conventions (:full)
442 =head2 Anonymous hashes
444 use charnames ":full", ":alias" => {
445 e_ACUTE => "LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE",
447 my $str = "\N{e_ACUTE}";
451 use charnames ":full", ":alias" => "pro";
453 will try to read "unicore/pro_alias.pl" from the @INC path. This
454 file should return a list in plain perl:
457 A_GRAVE => "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE",
458 A_CIRCUM => "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX",
459 A_DIAERES => "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS",
460 A_TILDE => "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH TILDE",
461 A_BREVE => "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE",
462 A_RING => "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE",
463 A_MACRON => "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH MACRON",
466 =head2 Alias shortcut
468 use charnames ":alias" => ":pro";
470 works exactly the same as the alias pairs, only this time,
471 ":full" is inserted automatically as first argument (if no
472 other argument is given).
474 =head1 charnames::viacode(code)
476 Returns the full name of the character indicated by the numeric code.
479 print charnames::viacode(0x2722);
481 prints "FOUR TEARDROP-SPOKED ASTERISK".
483 Returns undef if no name is known for the code.
485 This works only for the standard names, and does not yet apply
486 to custom translators.
488 Notice that the name returned for of U+FEFF is "ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK
489 SPACE", not "BYTE ORDER MARK".
491 =head1 charnames::vianame(name)
493 Returns the code point indicated by the name.
496 printf "%04X", charnames::vianame("FOUR TEARDROP-SPOKED ASTERISK");
500 Returns undef if the name is unknown.
502 This works only for the standard names, and does not yet apply
503 to custom translators.
505 =head1 CUSTOM TRANSLATORS
507 The mechanism of translation of C<\N{...}> escapes is general and not
508 hardwired into F<charnames.pm>. A module can install custom
509 translations (inside the scope which C<use>s the module) with the
510 following magic incantation:
514 $^H{charnames} = \&translator;
517 Here translator() is a subroutine which takes C<CHARNAME> as an
518 argument, and returns text to insert into the string instead of the
519 C<\N{CHARNAME}> escape. Since the text to insert should be different
520 in C<bytes> mode and out of it, the function should check the current
521 state of C<bytes>-flag as in:
523 use bytes (); # for $bytes::hint_bits
525 if ($^H & $bytes::hint_bits) {
526 return bytes_translator(@_);
529 return utf8_translator(@_);
533 =head1 ILLEGAL CHARACTERS
535 If you ask by name for a character that does not exist, a warning is
536 given and the Unicode I<replacement character> "\x{FFFD}" is returned.
538 If you ask by code for a character that does not exist, no warning is
539 given and C<undef> is returned. (Though if you ask for a code point
540 past U+10FFFF you do get a warning.)
544 Unicode standard named sequences are not recognized, such as
545 C<LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH MACRON AND GRAVE>
546 (which should mean C<LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH MACRON> with an additional
547 C<COMBINING GRAVE ACCENT>).
549 Since evaluation of the translation function happens in a middle of
550 compilation (of a string literal), the translation function should not
551 do any C<eval>s or C<require>s. This restriction should be lifted in
552 a future version of Perl.