7 @EXPORT = qw( inf NaN );
12 ##############################################################################
14 # These are all alike, and thus faked by AUTOLOAD
16 my @faked = qw/round_mode accuracy precision div_scale/;
17 use vars qw/$VERSION $AUTOLOAD $_lite/; # _lite for testsuite
23 $name =~ s/.*:://; # split package
25 foreach my $n (@faked)
29 *{"bignum::$name"} = sub
35 Math::BigInt->$name($_[0]);
36 return Math::BigFloat->$name($_[0]);
38 return Math::BigInt->$name();
44 # delayed load of Carp and avoid recursion
46 Carp::croak ("Can't call bignum\-\>$name, not a valid method");
55 # $Math::BigInt::upgrade = $_[0];
56 # $Math::BigFloat::upgrade = $_[0];
58 return $Math::BigInt::upgrade;
67 my $upgrade = 'Math::BigFloat';
68 my $downgrade = 'Math::BigInt';
70 my @import = ( ':constant' ); # drive it w/ constant
71 my @a = @_; my $l = scalar @_; my $j = 0;
72 my ($ver,$trace); # version? trace?
73 my ($a,$p); # accuracy, precision
74 for ( my $i = 0; $i < $l ; $i++,$j++ )
76 if ($_[$i] eq 'upgrade')
78 # this causes upgrading
79 $upgrade = $_[$i+1]; # or undef to disable
80 my $s = 2; $s = 1 if @a-$j < 2; # avoid "can not modify non-existant..."
81 splice @a, $j, $s; $j -= $s; $i++;
83 elsif ($_[$i] eq 'downgrade')
85 # this causes downgrading
86 $downgrade = $_[$i+1]; # or undef to disable
87 my $s = 2; $s = 1 if @a-$j < 2; # avoid "can not modify non-existant..."
88 splice @a, $j, $s; $j -= $s; $i++;
90 elsif ($_[$i] =~ /^(l|lib)$/)
92 # this causes a different low lib to take care...
93 $lib = $_[$i+1] || '';
94 my $s = 2; $s = 1 if @a-$j < 2; # avoid "can not modify non-existant..."
95 splice @a, $j, $s; $j -= $s; $i++;
97 elsif ($_[$i] =~ /^(a|accuracy)$/)
100 my $s = 2; $s = 1 if @a-$j < 2; # avoid "can not modify non-existant..."
101 splice @a, $j, $s; $j -= $s; $i++;
103 elsif ($_[$i] =~ /^(p|precision)$/)
106 my $s = 2; $s = 1 if @a-$j < 2; # avoid "can not modify non-existant..."
107 splice @a, $j, $s; $j -= $s; $i++;
109 elsif ($_[$i] =~ /^(v|version)$/)
112 splice @a, $j, 1; $j --;
114 elsif ($_[$i] =~ /^(t|trace)$/)
117 splice @a, $j, 1; $j --;
119 else { die "unknown option $_[$i]"; }
122 $_lite = 0; # using M::BI::L ?
125 require Math::BigInt::Trace; $class = 'Math::BigInt::Trace';
126 $upgrade = 'Math::BigFloat::Trace';
130 # see if we can find Math::BigInt::Lite
131 if (!defined $a && !defined $p) # rounding won't work to well
133 eval 'require Math::BigInt::Lite;';
136 @import = ( ); # :constant in Lite, not MBI
137 Math::BigInt::Lite->import( ':constant' );
138 $_lite= 1; # signal okay
141 require Math::BigInt if $_lite == 0; # not already loaded?
142 $class = 'Math::BigInt'; # regardless of MBIL or not
144 push @import, 'lib' => $lib if $lib ne '';
145 # Math::BigInt::Trace or plain Math::BigInt
146 $class->import(@import, upgrade => $upgrade);
150 require Math::BigFloat::Trace; $class = 'Math::BigFloat::Trace';
151 $downgrade = 'Math::BigInt::Trace';
155 require Math::BigFloat; $class = 'Math::BigFloat';
157 $class->import(':constant','downgrade',$downgrade);
159 bignum->accuracy($a) if defined $a;
160 bignum->precision($p) if defined $p;
163 print "bignum\t\t\t v$VERSION\n";
164 print "Math::BigInt::Lite\t v$Math::BigInt::Lite::VERSION\n" if $_lite;
165 print "Math::BigInt\t\t v$Math::BigInt::VERSION";
166 my $config = Math::BigInt->config();
167 print " lib => $config->{lib} v$config->{lib_version}\n";
168 print "Math::BigFloat\t\t v$Math::BigFloat::VERSION\n";
171 $self->export_to_level(1,$self,@a); # export inf and NaN
174 sub inf () { Math::BigInt->binf(); }
175 sub NaN () { Math::BigInt->bnan(); }
183 bignum - Transparent BigNumber support for Perl
189 $x = 2 + 4.5,"\n"; # BigFloat 6.5
190 print 2 ** 512 * 0.1,"\n"; # really is what you think it is
191 print inf * inf,"\n"; # prints inf
192 print NaN * 3,"\n"; # prints NaN
196 All operators (including basic math operations) are overloaded. Integer and
197 floating-point constants are created as proper BigInts or BigFloats,
204 at the top of your script, Math::BigFloat and Math::BigInt will be loaded
205 and any constant number will be converted to an object (Math::BigFloat for
206 floats like 3.1415 and Math::BigInt for integers like 1234).
208 So, the following line:
212 creates actually a Math::BigInt and stores a reference to in $x.
213 This happens transparently and behind your back, so to speak.
215 You can see this with the following:
217 perl -Mbignum -le 'print ref(1234)'
219 Don't worry if it says Math::BigInt::Lite, bignum and friends will use Lite
220 if it is installed since it is faster for some operations. It will be
221 automatically upgraded to BigInt whenever neccessary:
223 perl -Mbignum -le 'print ref(2**255)'
225 This also means it is a bad idea to check for some specific package, since
226 the actual contents of $x might be something unexpected. Due to the
227 transparent way of bignum C<ref()> should not be neccessary, anyway.
229 Since Math::BigInt and BigFloat also overload the normal math operations,
230 the following line will still work:
232 perl -Mbignum -le 'print ref(1234+1234)'
234 Since numbers are actually objects, you can call all the usual methods from
235 BigInt/BigFloat on them. This even works to some extent on expressions:
237 perl -Mbignum -le '$x = 1234; print $x->bdec()'
238 perl -Mbignum -le 'print 1234->binc();'
239 perl -Mbignum -le 'print 1234->binc->badd(6);'
240 perl -Mbignum -le 'print +(1234)->binc()'
242 (Note that print doesn't do what you expect if the expression starts with
245 You can even chain the operations together as usual:
247 perl -Mbignum -le 'print 1234->binc->badd(6);'
250 Under bignum (or bigint or bigrat), Perl will "upgrade" the numbers
251 appropriately. This means that:
253 perl -Mbignum -le 'print 1234+4.5'
256 will work correctly. These mixed cases don't do always work when using
257 Math::BigInt or Math::BigFloat alone, or at least not in the way normal Perl
260 If you do want to work with large integers like under C<use integer;>, try
263 perl -Mbigint -le 'print 1234.5+4.5'
266 There is also C<use bigrat;> which gives you big rationals:
268 perl -Mbigrat -le 'print 1234+4.1'
271 The entire upgrading/downgrading is still experimental and might not work
272 as you expect or may even have bugs.
274 You might get errors like this:
276 Can't use an undefined value as an ARRAY reference at
277 /usr/local/lib/perl5/5.8.0/Math/BigInt/Calc.pm line 864
279 This means somewhere a routine got a BigFloat/Lite but expected a BigInt (or
280 vice versa) and the upgrade/downgrad path was missing. This is a bug, please
281 report it so that we can fix it.
283 You might consider using just Math::BigInt or Math::BigFloat, since they
284 allow you finer control over what get's done in which module/space. For
285 instance, simple loop counters will be Math::BigInts under C<use bignum;> and
286 this is slower than keeping them as Perl scalars:
288 perl -Mbignum -le 'for ($i = 0; $i < 10; $i++) { print ref($i); }'
290 Please note the following does not work as expected (prints nothing), since
291 overloading of '..' is not yet possible in Perl (as of v5.8.0):
293 perl -Mbignum -le 'for (1..2) { print ref($_); }'
297 bignum recognizes some options that can be passed while loading it via use.
298 The options can (currently) be either a single letter form, or the long form.
299 The following options exist:
305 This sets the accuracy for all math operations. The argument must be greater
306 than or equal to zero. See Math::BigInt's bround() function for details.
308 perl -Mbignum=a,50 -le 'print sqrt(20)'
312 This sets the precision for all math operations. The argument can be any
313 integer. Negative values mean a fixed number of digits after the dot, while
314 a positive value rounds to this digit left from the dot. 0 or 1 mean round to
315 integer. See Math::BigInt's bfround() function for details.
317 perl -Mbignum=p,-50 -le 'print sqrt(20)'
321 This enables a trace mode and is primarily for debugging bignum or
322 Math::BigInt/Math::BigFloat.
326 Load a different math lib, see L<MATH LIBRARY>.
328 perl -Mbignum=l,GMP -e 'print 2 ** 512'
330 Currently there is no way to specify more than one library on the command
331 line. This will be hopefully fixed soon ;)
335 This prints out the name and version of all modules used and then exits.
341 Beside import() and AUTOLOAD() there are only a few other methods.
343 Since all numbers are now objects, you can use all functions that are part of
344 the BigInt or BigFloat API. It is wise to use only the bxxx() notation, and not
345 the fxxx() notation, though. This makes it possible that the underlying object
346 might morph into a different class than BigFloat.
350 But a warning is in order. When using the following to make a copy of a number,
351 only a shallow copy will be made.
356 If you want to make a real copy, use the following:
360 Using the copy or the original with overloaded math is okay, e.g. the
364 print $x + 1, " ", $y,"\n"; # prints 10 9
366 but calling any method that modifies the number directly will result in
367 B<both> the original and the copy beeing destroyed:
370 print $x->badd(1), " ", $y,"\n"; # prints 10 10
373 print $x->binc(1), " ", $y,"\n"; # prints 10 10
376 print $x->bmul(2), " ", $y,"\n"; # prints 18 18
378 Using methods that do not modify, but testthe contents works:
381 $z = 9 if $x->is_zero(); # works fine
383 See the documentation about the copy constructor and C<=> in overload, as
384 well as the documentation in BigInt for further details.
390 A shortcut to return Math::BigInt->binf(). Usefull because Perl does not always
391 handle bareword C<inf> properly.
395 A shortcut to return Math::BigInt->bnan(). Usefull because Perl does not always
396 handle bareword C<NaN> properly.
400 Return the class that numbers are upgraded to, is in fact returning
401 C<$Math::BigInt::upgrade>.
407 Math with the numbers is done (by default) by a module called
408 Math::BigInt::Calc. This is equivalent to saying:
410 use bignum lib => 'Calc';
412 You can change this by using:
414 use bignum lib => 'BitVect';
416 The following would first try to find Math::BigInt::Foo, then
417 Math::BigInt::Bar, and when this also fails, revert to Math::BigInt::Calc:
419 use bignum lib => 'Foo,Math::BigInt::Bar';
421 Please see respective module documentation for further details.
423 =head2 INTERNAL FORMAT
425 The numbers are stored as objects, and their internals might change at anytime,
426 especially between math operations. The objects also might belong to different
427 classes, like Math::BigInt, or Math::BigFLoat. Mixing them together, even
428 with normal scalars is not extraordinary, but normal and expected.
430 You should not depend on the internal format, all accesses must go through
431 accessor methods. E.g. looking at $x->{sign} is not a bright idea since there
432 is no guaranty that the object in question has such a hashkey, nor is a hash
437 The sign is either '+', '-', 'NaN', '+inf' or '-inf' and stored seperately.
438 You can access it with the sign() method.
440 A sign of 'NaN' is used to represent the result when input arguments are not
441 numbers or as a result of 0/0. '+inf' and '-inf' represent plus respectively
442 minus infinity. You will get '+inf' when dividing a positive number by 0, and
443 '-inf' when dividing any negative number by 0.
447 C<bignum> is just a thin wrapper around various modules of the Math::BigInt
448 family. Think of it as the head of the family, who runs the shop, and orders
449 the others to do the work.
451 The following modules are currently used by bignum:
453 Math::BigInt::Lite (for speed, and only if it is loadable)
459 Some cool command line examples to impress the Python crowd ;)
461 perl -Mbignum -le 'print sqrt(33)'
462 perl -Mbignum -le 'print 2*255'
463 perl -Mbignum -le 'print 4.5+2*255'
464 perl -Mbignum -le 'print 3/7 + 5/7 + 8/3'
465 perl -Mbignum -le 'print 123->is_odd()'
466 perl -Mbignum -le 'print log(2)'
467 perl -Mbignum -le 'print 2 ** 0.5'
468 perl -Mbignum=a,65 -le 'print 2 ** 0.2'
472 This program is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under
473 the same terms as Perl itself.
477 Especially L<bigrat> as in C<perl -Mbigrat -le 'print 1/3+1/4'>.
479 L<Math::BigFloat>, L<Math::BigInt>, L<Math::BigRat> and L<Math::Big> as well
480 as L<Math::BigInt::BitVect>, L<Math::BigInt::Pari> and L<Math::BigInt::GMP>.
484 (C) by Tels L<http://bloodgate.com/> in early 2002, 2003.