7 @EXPORT_OK = qw( PI e bpi bexp );
8 @EXPORT = qw( inf NaN );
13 ##############################################################################
15 # These are all alike, and thus faked by AUTOLOAD
17 my @faked = qw/round_mode accuracy precision div_scale/;
18 use vars qw/$VERSION $AUTOLOAD $_lite/; # _lite for testsuite
24 $name =~ s/.*:://; # split package
26 foreach my $n (@faked)
30 *{"bigint::$name"} = sub
36 return Math::BigInt->$name($_[0]);
38 return Math::BigInt->$name();
44 # delayed load of Carp and avoid recursion
46 Carp::croak ("Can't call bigint\-\>$name, not a valid method");
51 $Math::BigInt::upgrade;
56 # this takes a binary/hexadecimal/octal constant string and returns it
57 # as string suitable for new. Basically it converts octal to decimal, and
58 # passes every thing else unmodified back.
61 return Math::BigInt->new($string) if $string =~ /^0[bx]/;
63 # so it must be an octal constant
64 Math::BigInt->from_oct($string);
69 # this takes a floating point constant string and returns it truncated to
70 # integer. For instance, '4.5' => '4', '1.234e2' => '123' etc
73 # some simple cases first
74 return $float if ($float =~ /^[+-]?[0-9]+$/); # '+123','-1','0' etc
76 if ($float =~ /^[+-]?[0-9]+\.?[eE]\+?[0-9]+$/); # 123e2, 123.e+2
77 return '0' if ($float =~ /^[+-]?[0]*\.[0-9]+$/); # .2, 0.2, -.1
78 if ($float =~ /^[+-]?[0-9]+\.[0-9]*$/) # 1., 1.23, -1.2 etc
83 my ($mis,$miv,$mfv,$es,$ev) = Math::BigInt::_split($float);
84 return $float if !defined $mis; # doesn't look like a number to me
86 my $sign = $$mis; $sign = '' if $sign eq '+';
89 # ignore fraction part entirely
90 if ($ec >= length($$miv)) # 123.23E-4
94 return $sign . substr ($$miv,0,length($$miv)-$ec); # 1234.45E-2 = 12
97 if ($ec >= length($$mfv))
100 return $sign.$$miv.$$mfv if $ec == 0; # 123.45E+2 => 12345
101 return $sign.$$miv.$$mfv.'E'.$ec; # 123.45e+3 => 12345e1
103 $mfv = substr($$mfv,0,$ec);
104 $sign.$$miv.$mfv; # 123.45e+1 => 1234
109 $^H{bigint} = undef; # no longer in effect
110 overload::remove_constant('binary','','float','','integer');
115 my $level = shift || 0;
116 my $hinthash = (caller($level))[10];
120 #############################################################################
121 # the following two routines are for "use bigint qw/hex oct/;":
126 $i = '0x'.$i unless $i =~ /^0x/;
127 Math::BigInt->new($i);
133 return Math::BigInt->from_oct($i) if $i =~ /^0[0-7]/;
134 Math::BigInt->new($i);
137 #############################################################################
138 # the following two routines are for Perl 5.9.4 or later and are lexical
142 return CORE::hex($_[0]) unless in_effect(1);
144 $i = '0x'.$i unless $i =~ /^0x/;
145 Math::BigInt->new($i);
150 return CORE::oct($_[0]) unless in_effect(1);
152 return Math::BigInt->from_oct($i) if $i =~ /^0[0-7]/;
153 Math::BigInt->new($i);
160 $^H{bigint} = 1; # we are in effect
163 # for newer Perls always override hex() and oct() with a lexical version:
170 my $lib = ''; my $lib_kind = 'try';
172 my @import = ( ':constant' ); # drive it w/ constant
173 my @a = @_; my $l = scalar @_; my $j = 0;
174 my ($ver,$trace); # version? trace?
175 my ($a,$p); # accuracy, precision
176 for ( my $i = 0; $i < $l ; $i++,$j++ )
178 if ($_[$i] =~ /^(l|lib|try|only)$/)
180 # this causes a different low lib to take care...
181 $lib_kind = $1; $lib_kind = 'lib' if $lib_kind eq 'l';
182 $lib = $_[$i+1] || '';
183 my $s = 2; $s = 1 if @a-$j < 2; # avoid "can not modify non-existant..."
184 splice @a, $j, $s; $j -= $s; $i++;
186 elsif ($_[$i] =~ /^(a|accuracy)$/)
189 my $s = 2; $s = 1 if @a-$j < 2; # avoid "can not modify non-existant..."
190 splice @a, $j, $s; $j -= $s; $i++;
192 elsif ($_[$i] =~ /^(p|precision)$/)
195 my $s = 2; $s = 1 if @a-$j < 2; # avoid "can not modify non-existant..."
196 splice @a, $j, $s; $j -= $s; $i++;
198 elsif ($_[$i] =~ /^(v|version)$/)
201 splice @a, $j, 1; $j --;
203 elsif ($_[$i] =~ /^(t|trace)$/)
206 splice @a, $j, 1; $j --;
208 elsif ($_[$i] eq 'hex')
210 splice @a, $j, 1; $j --;
211 $hex = \&_hex_global;
213 elsif ($_[$i] eq 'oct')
215 splice @a, $j, 1; $j --;
216 $oct = \&_oct_global;
218 elsif ($_[$i] !~ /^(PI|e|bpi|bexp)\z/)
220 die ("unknown option $_[$i]");
224 $_lite = 0; # using M::BI::L ?
227 require Math::BigInt::Trace; $class = 'Math::BigInt::Trace';
231 # see if we can find Math::BigInt::Lite
232 if (!defined $a && !defined $p) # rounding won't work to well
234 eval 'require Math::BigInt::Lite;';
237 @import = ( ); # :constant in Lite, not MBI
238 Math::BigInt::Lite->import( ':constant' );
239 $_lite= 1; # signal okay
242 require Math::BigInt if $_lite == 0; # not already loaded?
243 $class = 'Math::BigInt'; # regardless of MBIL or not
245 push @import, $lib_kind => $lib if $lib ne '';
246 # Math::BigInt::Trace or plain Math::BigInt
247 $class->import(@import);
249 bigint->accuracy($a) if defined $a;
250 bigint->precision($p) if defined $p;
253 print "bigint\t\t\t v$VERSION\n";
254 print "Math::BigInt::Lite\t v$Math::BigInt::Lite::VERSION\n" if $_lite;
255 print "Math::BigInt\t\t v$Math::BigInt::VERSION";
256 my $config = Math::BigInt->config();
257 print " lib => $config->{lib} v$config->{lib_version}\n";
260 # we take care of floating point constants, since BigFloat isn't available
261 # and BigInt doesn't like them:
262 overload::constant float => sub { Math::BigInt->new( _float_constant(shift) ); };
263 # Take care of octal/hexadecimal constants
264 overload::constant binary => sub { _binary_constant(shift) };
266 # if another big* was already loaded:
267 my ($package) = caller();
270 if (!defined *{"${package}::inf"})
272 $self->export_to_level(1,$self,@a); # export inf and NaN, e and PI
275 no warnings 'redefine';
276 *CORE::GLOBAL::oct = $oct if $oct;
277 *CORE::GLOBAL::hex = $hex if $hex;
281 sub inf () { Math::BigInt::binf(); }
282 sub NaN () { Math::BigInt::bnan(); }
284 sub PI () { Math::BigInt->new(3); }
285 sub e () { Math::BigInt->new(2); }
286 sub bpi ($) { Math::BigInt->new(3); }
287 sub bexp ($$) { my $x = Math::BigInt->new($_[0]); $x->bexp($_[1]); }
295 bigint - Transparent BigInteger support for Perl
301 $x = 2 + 4.5,"\n"; # BigInt 6
302 print 2 ** 512,"\n"; # really is what you think it is
303 print inf + 42,"\n"; # inf
304 print NaN * 7,"\n"; # NaN
305 print hex("0x1234567890123490"),"\n"; # Perl v5.9.4 or later
309 print 2 ** 256,"\n"; # a normal Perl scalar now
312 # Note that this will be global:
313 use bigint qw/hex oct/;
314 print hex("0x1234567890123490"),"\n";
315 print oct("01234567890123490"),"\n";
319 All operators (including basic math operations) are overloaded. Integer
320 constants are created as proper BigInts.
322 Floating point constants are truncated to integer. All parts and results of
323 expressions are also truncated.
325 Unlike L<integer>, this pragma creates integer constants that are only
326 limited in their size by the available memory and CPU time.
328 =head2 use integer vs. use bigint
330 There is one small difference between C<use integer> and C<use bigint>: the
331 former will not affect assignments to variables and the return value of
332 some functions. C<bigint> truncates these results to integer too:
334 # perl -Minteger -wle 'print 3.2'
336 # perl -Minteger -wle 'print 3.2 + 0'
338 # perl -Mbigint -wle 'print 3.2'
340 # perl -Mbigint -wle 'print 3.2 + 0'
343 # perl -Mbigint -wle 'print exp(1) + 0'
345 # perl -Mbigint -wle 'print exp(1)'
347 # perl -Minteger -wle 'print exp(1)'
349 # perl -Minteger -wle 'print exp(1) + 0'
352 In practice this makes seldom a difference as B<parts and results> of
353 expressions will be truncated anyway, but this can, for instance, affect the
354 return value of subroutines:
356 sub three_integer { use integer; return 3.2; }
357 sub three_bigint { use bigint; return 3.2; }
359 print three_integer(), " ", three_bigint(),"\n"; # prints "3.2 3"
363 bigint recognizes some options that can be passed while loading it via use.
364 The options can (currently) be either a single letter form, or the long form.
365 The following options exist:
371 This sets the accuracy for all math operations. The argument must be greater
372 than or equal to zero. See Math::BigInt's bround() function for details.
374 perl -Mbigint=a,2 -le 'print 12345+1'
376 Note that setting precision and accurary at the same time is not possible.
380 This sets the precision for all math operations. The argument can be any
381 integer. Negative values mean a fixed number of digits after the dot, and
382 are <B>ignored</B> since all operations happen in integer space.
383 A positive value rounds to this digit left from the dot. 0 or 1 mean round to
384 integer and are ignore like negative values.
386 See Math::BigInt's bfround() function for details.
388 perl -Mbignum=p,5 -le 'print 123456789+123'
390 Note that setting precision and accurary at the same time is not possible.
394 This enables a trace mode and is primarily for debugging bigint or
399 Override the built-in hex() method with a version that can handle big
400 integers. Note that under Perl v5.9.4 or ealier, this will be global
401 and cannot be disabled with "no bigint;".
405 Override the built-in oct() method with a version that can handle big
406 integers. Note that under Perl v5.9.4 or ealier, this will be global
407 and cannot be disabled with "no bigint;".
409 =item l, lib, try or only
411 Load a different math lib, see L<Math Library>.
413 perl -Mbigint=lib,GMP -e 'print 2 ** 512'
414 perl -Mbigint=try,GMP -e 'print 2 ** 512'
415 perl -Mbigint=only,GMP -e 'print 2 ** 512'
417 Currently there is no way to specify more than one library on the command
418 line. This means the following does not work:
420 perl -Mbignum=l,GMP,Pari -e 'print 2 ** 512'
422 This will be hopefully fixed soon ;)
426 This prints out the name and version of all modules used and then exits.
434 Math with the numbers is done (by default) by a module called
435 Math::BigInt::Calc. This is equivalent to saying:
437 use bigint lib => 'Calc';
439 You can change this by using:
441 use bignum lib => 'GMP';
443 The following would first try to find Math::BigInt::Foo, then
444 Math::BigInt::Bar, and when this also fails, revert to Math::BigInt::Calc:
446 use bigint lib => 'Foo,Math::BigInt::Bar';
448 Using C<lib> warns if none of the specified libraries can be found and
449 L<Math::BigInt> did fall back to one of the default libraries.
450 To supress this warning, use C<try> instead:
452 use bignum try => 'GMP';
454 If you want the code to die instead of falling back, use C<only> instead:
456 use bignum only => 'GMP';
458 Please see respective module documentation for further details.
460 =head2 Internal Format
462 The numbers are stored as objects, and their internals might change at anytime,
463 especially between math operations. The objects also might belong to different
464 classes, like Math::BigInt, or Math::BigInt::Lite. Mixing them together, even
465 with normal scalars is not extraordinary, but normal and expected.
467 You should not depend on the internal format, all accesses must go through
468 accessor methods. E.g. looking at $x->{sign} is not a good idea since there
469 is no guaranty that the object in question has such a hash key, nor is a hash
474 The sign is either '+', '-', 'NaN', '+inf' or '-inf'.
475 You can access it with the sign() method.
477 A sign of 'NaN' is used to represent the result when input arguments are not
478 numbers or as a result of 0/0. '+inf' and '-inf' represent plus respectively
479 minus infinity. You will get '+inf' when dividing a positive number by 0, and
480 '-inf' when dividing any negative number by 0.
484 Since all numbers are now objects, you can use all functions that are part of
485 the BigInt API. You can only use the bxxx() notation, and not the fxxx()
492 A shortcut to return Math::BigInt->binf(). Useful because Perl does not always
493 handle bareword C<inf> properly.
497 A shortcut to return Math::BigInt->bnan(). Useful because Perl does not always
498 handle bareword C<NaN> properly.
502 # perl -Mbigint=e -wle 'print e'
504 Returns Euler's number C<e>, aka exp(1). Note that under bigint, this is
505 truncated to an integer, and hence simple '2'.
509 # perl -Mbigint=PI -wle 'print PI'
511 Returns PI. Note that under bigint, this is truncated to an integer, and hence
516 bexp($power,$accuracy);
518 Returns Euler's number C<e> raised to the appropriate power, to
521 Note that under bigint, the result is truncated to an integer.
525 # perl -Mbigint=bexp -wle 'print bexp(1,80)'
531 Returns PI to the wanted accuracy. Note that under bigint, this is truncated
532 to an integer, and hence simple '3'.
536 # perl -Mbigint=bpi -wle 'print bpi(80)'
540 Return the class that numbers are upgraded to, is in fact returning
541 C<$Math::BigInt::upgrade>.
547 print "in effect\n" if bigint::in_effect; # true
550 print "in effect\n" if bigint::in_effect; # false
553 Returns true or false if C<bigint> is in effect in the current scope.
555 This method only works on Perl v5.9.4 or later.
561 Math with the numbers is done (by default) by a module called
565 But a warning is in order. When using the following to make a copy of a number,
566 only a shallow copy will be made.
571 Using the copy or the original with overloaded math is okay, e.g. the
575 print $x + 1, " ", $y,"\n"; # prints 10 9
577 but calling any method that modifies the number directly will result in
578 B<both> the original and the copy being destroyed:
581 print $x->badd(1), " ", $y,"\n"; # prints 10 10
584 print $x->binc(1), " ", $y,"\n"; # prints 10 10
587 print $x->bmul(2), " ", $y,"\n"; # prints 18 18
589 Using methods that do not modify, but testthe contents works:
592 $z = 9 if $x->is_zero(); # works fine
594 See the documentation about the copy constructor and C<=> in overload, as
595 well as the documentation in BigInt for further details.
603 This method only works on Perl v5.9.4 or later.
607 C<bigint> overrides these routines with versions that can also handle
608 big integer values. Under Perl prior to version v5.9.4, however, this
609 will not happen unless you specifically ask for it with the two
610 import tags "hex" and "oct" - and then it will be global and cannot be
611 disabled inside a scope with "no bigint":
613 use bigint qw/hex oct/;
615 print hex("0x1234567890123456");
618 print hex("0x1234567890123456");
621 The second call to hex() will warn about a non-portable constant.
627 # will warn only under Perl older than v5.9.4
628 print hex("0x1234567890123456");
634 C<bigint> is just a thin wrapper around various modules of the Math::BigInt
635 family. Think of it as the head of the family, who runs the shop, and orders
636 the others to do the work.
638 The following modules are currently used by bigint:
640 Math::BigInt::Lite (for speed, and only if it is loadable)
645 Some cool command line examples to impress the Python crowd ;) You might want
646 to compare them to the results under -Mbignum or -Mbigrat:
648 perl -Mbigint -le 'print sqrt(33)'
649 perl -Mbigint -le 'print 2*255'
650 perl -Mbigint -le 'print 4.5+2*255'
651 perl -Mbigint -le 'print 3/7 + 5/7 + 8/3'
652 perl -Mbigint -le 'print 123->is_odd()'
653 perl -Mbigint -le 'print log(2)'
654 perl -Mbigint -le 'print 2 ** 0.5'
655 perl -Mbigint=a,65 -le 'print 2 ** 0.2'
656 perl -Mbignum=a,65,l,GMP -le 'print 7 ** 7777'
660 This program is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under
661 the same terms as Perl itself.
665 Especially L<bigrat> as in C<perl -Mbigrat -le 'print 1/3+1/4'> and
666 L<bignum> as in C<perl -Mbignum -le 'print sqrt(2)'>.
668 L<Math::BigInt>, L<Math::BigRat> and L<Math::Big> as well
669 as L<Math::BigInt::BitVect>, L<Math::BigInt::Pari> and L<Math::BigInt::GMP>.
673 (C) by Tels L<http://bloodgate.com/> in early 2002 - 2007.