5 @EXPORT_OK = qw(get reftype);
7 %EXPORT_TAGS = (ALL => [@EXPORT, @EXPORT_OK]);
21 ## forward declaration(s) rather than wrapping the bootstrap call in BEGIN{}
23 #sub _fetch_attrs ($) ;
24 #sub _guess_stash ($) ;
26 #sub _warn_reserved () ;
28 # The extra trips through newATTRSUB in the interpreter wipe out any savings
29 # from avoiding the BEGIN block. Just do the bootstrap now.
30 BEGIN { bootstrap attributes }
33 @_ > 2 && ref $_[2] or do {
35 goto &Exporter::import;
37 my (undef,$home_stash,$svref,@attrs) = @_;
39 my $svtype = uc reftype($svref);
41 $pkgmeth = UNIVERSAL::can($home_stash, "MODIFY_${svtype}_ATTRIBUTES")
42 if defined $home_stash && $home_stash ne '';
45 my @pkgattrs = _modify_attrs($svref, @attrs);
46 @badattrs = $pkgmeth->($home_stash, $svref, @attrs);
47 if (!@badattrs && @pkgattrs) {
48 return unless _warn_reserved;
49 @pkgattrs = grep { m/\A[[:lower:]]+(?:\z|\()/ } @pkgattrs;
51 for my $attr (@pkgattrs) {
54 my $s = ((@pkgattrs == 1) ? '' : 's');
55 carp "$svtype package attribute$s " .
56 "may clash with future reserved word$s: " .
57 join(' : ' , @pkgattrs);
62 @badattrs = _modify_attrs($svref, @attrs);
65 croak "Invalid $svtype attribute" .
66 (( @badattrs == 1 ) ? '' : 's') .
68 join(' : ', @badattrs);
73 @_ == 1 && ref $_[0] or
74 croak 'Usage: '.__PACKAGE__.'::get $ref';
76 my $svtype = uc reftype $svref;
77 my $stash = _guess_stash $svref;
78 $stash = caller unless defined $stash;
80 $pkgmeth = UNIVERSAL::can($stash, "FETCH_${svtype}_ATTRIBUTES")
81 if defined $stash && $stash ne '';
83 (_fetch_attrs($svref), $pkgmeth->($stash, $svref)) :
84 (_fetch_attrs($svref))
88 sub require_version { goto &UNIVERSAL::VERSION }
96 attributes - get/set subroutine or variable attributes
101 my ($x,@y,%z) : Bent = 1;
102 my $s = sub : method { ... };
104 use attributes (); # optional, to get subroutine declarations
105 my @attrlist = attributes::get(\&foo);
107 use attributes 'get'; # import the attributes::get subroutine
108 my @attrlist = get \&foo;
112 Subroutine declarations and definitions may optionally have attribute lists
113 associated with them. (Variable C<my> declarations also may, but see the
114 warning below.) Perl handles these declarations by passing some information
115 about the call site and the thing being declared along with the attribute
116 list to this module. In particular, the first example above is equivalent to
119 use attributes __PACKAGE__, \&foo, 'method';
121 The second example in the synopsis does something equivalent to this:
125 attributes::->import(__PACKAGE__, \$x, 'Bent');
126 attributes::->import(__PACKAGE__, \@y, 'Bent');
127 attributes::->import(__PACKAGE__, \%z, 'Bent');
130 Yes, that's a lot of expansion.
132 B<WARNING>: attribute declarations for variables are an I<experimental>
133 feature. The semantics of such declarations could change or be removed
134 in future versions. They are present for purposes of experimentation
135 with what the semantics ought to be. Do not rely on the current
136 implementation of this feature.
138 There are only a few attributes currently handled by Perl itself (or
139 directly by this module, depending on how you look at it.) However,
140 package-specific attributes are allowed by an extension mechanism.
141 (See L<"Package-specific Attribute Handling"> below.)
143 The setting of subroutine attributes happens at compile time.
144 Variable attributes in C<our> declarations are also applied at compile time.
145 However, C<my> variables get their attributes applied at run-time.
146 This means that you have to I<reach> the run-time component of the C<my>
147 before those attributes will get applied. For example:
149 my $x : Bent = 42 if 0;
151 will neither assign 42 to $x I<nor> will it apply the C<Bent> attribute
155 an unrecognized attribute is a fatal error. (The error is trappable, but
156 it still stops the compilation within that C<eval>.) Setting an attribute
157 with a name that's all lowercase letters that's not a built-in attribute
159 will result in a warning with B<-w> or C<use warnings 'reserved'>.
161 =head2 Built-in Attributes
163 The following are the built-in attributes for subroutines:
169 Setting this attribute is only meaningful when the subroutine or
170 method is to be called by multiple threads. When set on a method
171 subroutine (i.e., one marked with the B<method> attribute below),
172 Perl ensures that any invocation of it implicitly locks its first
173 argument before execution. When set on a non-method subroutine,
174 Perl ensures that a lock is taken on the subroutine itself before
175 execution. The semantics of the lock are exactly those of one
176 explicitly taken with the C<lock> operator immediately after the
177 subroutine is entered.
181 Indicates that the referenced subroutine is a method.
182 This has a meaning when taken together with the B<locked> attribute,
183 as described there. It also means that a subroutine so marked
184 will not trigger the "Ambiguous call resolved as CORE::%s" warning.
188 Indicates that the referenced subroutine is a valid lvalue and can
189 be assigned to. The subroutine must return a modifiable value such
190 as a scalar variable, as described in L<perlsub>.
194 For global variables there is C<unique> attribute: see L<perlfunc/our>.
196 =head2 Available Subroutines
198 The following subroutines are available for general use once this module
205 This routine expects a single parameter--a reference to a
206 subroutine or variable. It returns a list of attributes, which may be
207 empty. If passed invalid arguments, it uses die() (via L<Carp::croak|Carp>)
208 to raise a fatal exception. If it can find an appropriate package name
209 for a class method lookup, it will include the results from a
210 C<FETCH_I<type>_ATTRIBUTES> call in its return list, as described in
211 L<"Package-specific Attribute Handling"> below.
212 Otherwise, only L<built-in attributes|"Built-in Attributes"> will be returned.
216 This routine expects a single parameter--a reference to a subroutine or
217 variable. It returns the built-in type of the referenced variable,
218 ignoring any package into which it might have been blessed.
219 This can be useful for determining the I<type> value which forms part of
220 the method names described in L<"Package-specific Attribute Handling"> below.
224 Note that these routines are I<not> exported by default.
226 =head2 Package-specific Attribute Handling
228 B<WARNING>: the mechanisms described here are still experimental. Do not
229 rely on the current implementation. In particular, there is no provision
230 for applying package attributes to 'cloned' copies of subroutines used as
231 closures. (See L<perlref/"Making References"> for information on closures.)
232 Package-specific attribute handling may change incompatibly in a future
235 When an attribute list is present in a declaration, a check is made to see
236 whether an attribute 'modify' handler is present in the appropriate package
237 (or its @ISA inheritance tree). Similarly, when C<attributes::get> is
238 called on a valid reference, a check is made for an appropriate attribute
239 'fetch' handler. See L<"EXAMPLES"> to see how the "appropriate package"
242 The handler names are based on the underlying type of the variable being
243 declared or of the reference passed. Because these attributes are
244 associated with subroutine or variable declarations, this deliberately
245 ignores any possibility of being blessed into some package. Thus, a
246 subroutine declaration uses "CODE" as its I<type>, and even a blessed
247 hash reference uses "HASH" as its I<type>.
249 The class methods invoked for modifying and fetching are these:
253 =item FETCH_I<type>_ATTRIBUTES
255 This method receives a single argument, which is a reference to the
256 variable or subroutine for which package-defined attributes are desired.
257 The expected return value is a list of associated attributes.
258 This list may be empty.
260 =item MODIFY_I<type>_ATTRIBUTES
262 This method is called with two fixed arguments, followed by the list of
263 attributes from the relevant declaration. The two fixed arguments are
264 the relevant package name and a reference to the declared subroutine or
265 variable. The expected return value as a list of attributes which were
266 not recognized by this handler. Note that this allows for a derived class
267 to delegate a call to its base class, and then only examine the attributes
268 which the base class didn't already handle for it.
270 The call to this method is currently made I<during> the processing of the
271 declaration. In particular, this means that a subroutine reference will
272 probably be for an undefined subroutine, even if this declaration is
273 actually part of the definition.
277 Calling C<attributes::get()> from within the scope of a null package
278 declaration C<package ;> for an unblessed variable reference will
279 not provide any starting package name for the 'fetch' method lookup.
280 Thus, this circumstance will not result in a method call for package-defined
281 attributes. A named subroutine knows to which symbol table entry it belongs
282 (or originally belonged), and it will use the corresponding package.
283 An anonymous subroutine knows the package name into which it was compiled
284 (unless it was also compiled with a null package declaration), and so it
285 will use that package name.
287 =head2 Syntax of Attribute Lists
289 An attribute list is a sequence of attribute specifications, separated by
290 whitespace or a colon (with optional whitespace).
291 Each attribute specification is a simple
292 name, optionally followed by a parenthesised parameter list.
293 If such a parameter list is present, it is scanned past as for the rules
294 for the C<q()> operator. (See L<perlop/"Quote and Quote-like Operators">.)
295 The parameter list is passed as it was found, however, and not as per C<q()>.
297 Some examples of syntactically valid attribute lists:
299 switch(10,foo(7,3)) : expensive
304 Some examples of syntactically invalid attribute lists (with annotation):
306 switch(10,foo() # ()-string not balanced
307 Ugly('(') # ()-string not balanced
308 5x5 # "5x5" not a valid identifier
309 Y2::north # "Y2::north" not a simple identifier
310 foo + bar # "+" neither a colon nor whitespace
314 =head2 Default exports
318 =head2 Available exports
320 The routines C<get> and C<reftype> are exportable.
322 =head2 Export tags defined
324 The C<:ALL> tag will get all of the above exports.
328 Here are some samples of syntactically valid declarations, with annotation
329 as to how they resolve internally into C<use attributes> invocations by
330 perl. These examples are primarily useful to see how the "appropriate
331 package" is found for the possible method lookups for package-defined
342 my Canine $spot : Watchful ;
347 attributes::->import(Canine => \$spot, "Watchful");
359 attributes::->import(Felis => \$cat, "Nervous");
370 use attributes X => \&foo, "locked";
377 sub Y::x : locked { 1 }
381 use attributes Y => \&Y::x, "locked";
391 BEGIN { *bar = \&X::foo; }
394 sub Y::bar : locked ;
398 use attributes X => \&X::foo, "locked";
402 This last example is purely for purposes of completeness. You should not
403 be trying to mess with the attributes of something in a package that's
408 L<perlsub/"Private Variables via my()"> and
409 L<perlsub/"Subroutine Attributes"> for details on the basic declarations;
410 L<attrs> for the obsolescent form of subroutine attribute specification
411 which this module replaces;
412 L<perlfunc/use> for details on the normal invocation mechanism.