5 # UNIVERSAL should not contain any extra subs/methods beyond those
6 # that it exists to define. The use of Exporter below is a historical
7 # accident that can't be fixed without breaking code. Note that we
8 # *don't* set @ISA here, as we don't want all classes/objects inheriting from
9 # Exporter. It's bad enough that all classes have a import() method
10 # whenever UNIVERSAL.pm is loaded.
12 @EXPORT_OK = qw(isa can VERSION);
16 # Make sure that even though the import method is called, it doesn't do
17 # anything unless called on UNIVERSAL.
19 return unless $_[0] eq __PACKAGE__;
22 'UNIVERSAL->import is deprecated and will be removed in a future perl',
24 goto &Exporter::import;
32 UNIVERSAL - base class for ALL classes (blessed references)
36 $is_io = $fd->isa("IO::Handle");
37 $is_io = Class->isa("IO::Handle");
39 $does_log = $obj->DOES("Logger");
40 $does_log = Class->DOES("Logger");
42 $sub = $obj->can("print");
43 $sub = Class->can("print");
45 $sub = eval { $ref->can("fandango") };
49 $is_io = UNIVERSAL::isa($fd, "IO::Handle");
50 $sub = UNIVERSAL::can($obj, "print");
54 C<UNIVERSAL> is the base class from which all blessed references inherit.
57 C<UNIVERSAL> provides the following methods:
61 =item C<< $obj->isa( TYPE ) >>
63 =item C<< CLASS->isa( TYPE ) >>
65 =item C<< eval { VAL->isa( TYPE ) } >>
77 is a blessed reference or a package name
85 is any of the above or an unblessed reference
89 When used as an instance or class method (C<< $obj->isa( TYPE ) >>),
90 C<isa> returns I<true> if $obj is blessed into package C<TYPE> or
91 inherits from package C<TYPE>.
93 When used as a class method (C<< CLASS->isa( TYPE ) >>, sometimes
94 referred to as a static method), C<isa> returns I<true> if C<CLASS>
95 inherits from (or is itself) the name of the package C<TYPE> or
96 inherits from package C<TYPE>.
98 If you're not sure what you have (the C<VAL> case), wrap the method call in an
99 C<eval> block to catch the exception if C<VAL> is undefined.
101 If you want to be sure that you're calling C<isa> as a method, not a class,
102 check the invocant with C<blessed> from L<Scalar::Util> first:
104 use Scalar::Util 'blessed';
106 if ( blessed( $obj ) && $obj->isa("Some::Class") {
110 =item C<< $obj->DOES( ROLE ) >>
112 =item C<< CLASS->DOES( ROLE ) >>
114 C<DOES> checks if the object or class performs the role C<ROLE>. A role is a
115 named group of specific behavior (often methods of particular names and
116 signatures), similar to a class, but not necessarily a complete class by
117 itself. For example, logging or serialization may be roles.
119 C<DOES> and C<isa> are similar, in that if either is true, you know that the
120 object or class on which you call the method can perform specific behavior.
121 However, C<DOES> is different from C<isa> in that it does not care I<how> the
122 invocant performs the operations, merely that it does. (C<isa> of course
123 mandates an inheritance relationship. Other relationships include aggregation,
124 delegation, and mocking.)
126 By default, classes in Perl only perform the C<UNIVERSAL> role, as well as the
127 role of all classes in their inheritance. In other words, by default C<DOES>
128 responds identically to C<isa>.
130 There is a relationship between roles and classes, as each class implies the
131 existence of a role of the same name. There is also a relationship between
132 inheritance and roles, in that a subclass that inherits from an ancestor class
133 implicitly performs any roles its parent performs. Thus you can use C<DOES> in
134 place of C<isa> safely, as it will return true in all places where C<isa> will
135 return true (provided that any overridden C<DOES> I<and> C<isa> methods behave
138 =item C<< $obj->can( METHOD ) >>
140 =item C<< CLASS->can( METHOD ) >>
142 =item C<< eval { VAL->can( METHOD ) } >>
144 C<can> checks if the object or class has a method called C<METHOD>. If it does,
145 then it returns a reference to the sub. If it does not, then it returns
146 I<undef>. This includes methods inherited or imported by C<$obj>, C<CLASS>, or
149 C<can> cannot know whether an object will be able to provide a method through
150 AUTOLOAD (unless the object's class has overriden C<can> appropriately), so a
151 return value of I<undef> does not necessarily mean the object will not be able
152 to handle the method call. To get around this some module authors use a forward
153 declaration (see L<perlsub>) for methods they will handle via AUTOLOAD. For
154 such 'dummy' subs, C<can> will still return a code reference, which, when
155 called, will fall through to the AUTOLOAD. If no suitable AUTOLOAD is provided,
156 calling the coderef will cause an error.
158 You may call C<can> as a class (static) method or an object method.
160 Again, the same rule about having a valid invocant applies -- use an C<eval>
161 block or C<blessed> if you need to be extra paranoid.
163 =item C<VERSION ( [ REQUIRE ] )>
165 C<VERSION> will return the value of the variable C<$VERSION> in the
166 package the object is blessed into. If C<REQUIRE> is given then
167 it will do a comparison and die if the package version is not
168 greater than or equal to C<REQUIRE>.
170 C<VERSION> can be called as either a class (static) method or an object
177 B<NOTE:> C<can> directly uses Perl's internal code for method lookup, and
178 C<isa> uses a very similar method and cache-ing strategy. This may cause
179 strange effects if the Perl code dynamically changes @ISA in any package.
181 You may add other methods to the UNIVERSAL class via Perl or XS code.
182 You do not need to C<use UNIVERSAL> to make these methods
183 available to your program (and you should not do so).
189 You may request the import of three functions (C<isa>, C<can>, and C<VERSION>),
190 B<but this feature is deprecated and will be removed>. Please don't do this in
193 For example, previous versions of this documentation suggested using C<isa> as
194 a function to determine the type of a reference:
198 $yes = isa $h, "HASH";
199 $yes = isa "Foo", "Bar";
201 The problem is that this code will I<never> call an overridden C<isa> method in
202 any class. Instead, use C<reftype> from L<Scalar::Util> for the first case:
204 use Scalar::Util 'reftype';
206 $yes = reftype( $h ) eq "HASH";
208 and the method form of C<isa> for the second:
210 $yes = Foo->isa("Bar");