5 # UNIVERSAL should not contain any extra subs/methods beyond those
6 # that it exists to define. The use of Exporter below is a historical
7 # accident that can't be fixed without breaking code. Note that we
8 # *don't* set @ISA here, don't want all classes/objects inheriting from
9 # Exporter. It's bad enough that all classes have a import() method
10 # whenever UNIVERSAL.pm is loaded.
12 *import = \&Exporter::import;
13 @EXPORT_OK = qw(isa can VERSION);
20 UNIVERSAL - base class for ALL classes (blessed references)
24 $is_io = $fd->isa("IO::Handle");
25 $is_io = Class->isa("IO::Handle");
27 $sub = $obj->can("print");
28 $sub = Class->can("print");
30 use UNIVERSAL qw( isa can VERSION );
31 $yes = isa $ref, "HASH" ;
32 $sub = can $ref, "fandango" ;
37 C<UNIVERSAL> is the base class which all bless references will inherit from,
40 C<UNIVERSAL> provides the following methods and functions:
44 =item $obj->isa( TYPE ), CLASS->isa( TYPE ), isa( VAL, TYPE )
46 C<TYPE> is a package name
47 $obj is a blessed reference or a string containing a package name
48 C<CLASS> is a package name
49 C<VAL> is any of the above or an unblessed reference
51 When used as an instance or class method (C<$obj->isa( TYPE )>), C<isa>
52 returns I<true> if $obj is blessed into package C<TYPE> or inherits from
55 When used as a class method (C<CLASS->isa( TYPE )>; sometimes referred to as a
56 static method), C<isa> returns I<true> if C<CLASS> inherits from (or is itself)
57 the name of the package C<TYPE> or inherits from package C<TYPE>.
59 When used as a function, like
61 use UNIVERSAL qw( isa ) ;
62 $yes = isa $h, "HASH";
63 $yes = isa "Foo", "Bar";
68 $yes = UNIVERSAL::isa $a, "ARRAY";
70 , C<isa> returns I<true> in the same cases as above and also if C<VAL> is an
71 unblessed reference to a perl variable of type C<TYPE>, such as "HASH",
74 =item $obj->can( METHOD ), CLASS->can( METHOD ), can( VAL, METHOD )
76 C<can> checks if the object or class has a method called C<METHOD>. If it does
77 then a reference to the sub is returned. If it does not then I<undef> is
78 returned. This includes methods inherited or imported by C<$obj>, C<CLASS>, or
81 C<can> cannot know whether an object will be able to provide a method
82 through AUTOLOAD, so a return value of I<undef> does not necessarily mean
83 the object will not be able to handle the method call. To get around
84 this some module authors use a forward declaration (see L<perlsub>)
85 for methods they will handle via AUTOLOAD. For such 'dummy' subs, C<can>
86 will still return a code reference, which, when called, will fall through
87 to the AUTOLOAD. If no suitable AUTOLOAD is provided, calling the coderef
90 C<can> can be called as a class (static) method, an object method, or a
93 When used as a function, if C<VAL> is a blessed reference or package name which
94 has a method called C<METHOD>, C<can> returns a reference to the subroutine.
95 If C<VAL> is not a blessed reference, or if it does not have a method
96 C<METHOD>, I<undef> is returned.
98 =item VERSION ( [ REQUIRE ] )
100 C<VERSION> will return the value of the variable C<$VERSION> in the
101 package the object is blessed into. If C<REQUIRE> is given then
102 it will do a comparison and die if the package version is not
103 greater than or equal to C<REQUIRE>.
105 C<VERSION> can be called as either a class (static) method, an object method or
111 These subroutines should I<not> be imported via S<C<use UNIVERSAL qw(...)>>.
112 If you want simple local access to them you can do
114 *isa = \&UNIVERSAL::isa;
116 to import isa into your package.