5 # UNIVERSAL should not contain any extra subs/methods beyond those
6 # that it exists to define. The use of Exporter below is a historical
7 # accident that can't be fixed without breaking code. Note that we
8 # *don't* set @ISA here, as we don't want all classes/objects inheriting from
9 # Exporter. It's bad enough that all classes have a import() method
10 # whenever UNIVERSAL.pm is loaded.
12 @EXPORT_OK = qw(isa can VERSION);
14 # Make sure that even though the import method is called, it doesn't do
15 # anything unless called on UNIVERSAL.
17 return unless $_[0] eq __PACKAGE__;
21 'UNIVERSAL->import is deprecated and will be removed in a future perl',
23 goto &Exporter::import;
31 UNIVERSAL - base class for ALL classes (blessed references)
35 $is_io = $fd->isa("IO::Handle");
36 $is_io = Class->isa("IO::Handle");
38 $does_log = $obj->DOES("Logger");
39 $does_log = Class->DOES("Logger");
41 $sub = $obj->can("print");
42 $sub = Class->can("print");
44 $sub = eval { $ref->can("fandango") };
48 $is_io = UNIVERSAL::isa($fd, "IO::Handle");
49 $sub = UNIVERSAL::can($obj, "print");
53 C<UNIVERSAL> is the base class from which all blessed references inherit.
56 C<UNIVERSAL> provides the following methods:
60 =item C<< $obj->isa( TYPE ) >>
62 =item C<< CLASS->isa( TYPE ) >>
64 =item C<< eval { VAL->isa( TYPE ) } >>
76 is a blessed reference or a package name
84 is any of the above or an unblessed reference
88 When used as an instance or class method (C<< $obj->isa( TYPE ) >>),
89 C<isa> returns I<true> if $obj is blessed into package C<TYPE> or
90 inherits from package C<TYPE>.
92 When used as a class method (C<< CLASS->isa( TYPE ) >>, sometimes
93 referred to as a static method), C<isa> returns I<true> if C<CLASS>
94 inherits from (or is itself) the name of the package C<TYPE> or
95 inherits from package C<TYPE>.
97 If you're not sure what you have (the C<VAL> case), wrap the method call in an
98 C<eval> block to catch the exception if C<VAL> is undefined.
100 If you want to be sure that you're calling C<isa> as a method, not a class,
101 check the invocant with C<blessed> from L<Scalar::Util> first:
103 use Scalar::Util 'blessed';
105 if ( blessed( $obj ) && $obj->isa("Some::Class") {
109 =item C<< $obj->DOES( ROLE ) >>
111 =item C<< CLASS->DOES( ROLE ) >>
113 C<DOES> checks if the object or class performs the role C<ROLE>. A role is a
114 named group of specific behavior (often methods of particular names and
115 signatures), similar to a class, but not necessarily a complete class by
116 itself. For example, logging or serialization may be roles.
118 C<DOES> and C<isa> are similar, in that if either is true, you know that the
119 object or class on which you call the method can perform specific behavior.
120 However, C<DOES> is different from C<isa> in that it does not care I<how> the
121 invocant performs the operations, merely that it does. (C<isa> of course
122 mandates an inheritance relationship. Other relationships include aggregation,
123 delegation, and mocking.)
125 By default, classes in Perl only perform the C<UNIVERSAL> role, as well as the
126 role of all classes in their inheritance. In other words, by default C<DOES>
127 responds identically to C<isa>.
129 There is a relationship between roles and classes, as each class implies the
130 existence of a role of the same name. There is also a relationship between
131 inheritance and roles, in that a subclass that inherits from an ancestor class
132 implicitly performs any roles its parent performs. Thus you can use C<DOES> in
133 place of C<isa> safely, as it will return true in all places where C<isa> will
134 return true (provided that any overridden C<DOES> I<and> C<isa> methods behave
137 =item C<< $obj->can( METHOD ) >>
139 =item C<< CLASS->can( METHOD ) >>
141 =item C<< eval { VAL->can( METHOD ) } >>
143 C<can> checks if the object or class has a method called C<METHOD>. If it does,
144 then it returns a reference to the sub. If it does not, then it returns
145 I<undef>. This includes methods inherited or imported by C<$obj>, C<CLASS>, or
148 C<can> cannot know whether an object will be able to provide a method through
149 AUTOLOAD (unless the object's class has overriden C<can> appropriately), so a
150 return value of I<undef> does not necessarily mean the object will not be able
151 to handle the method call. To get around this some module authors use a forward
152 declaration (see L<perlsub>) for methods they will handle via AUTOLOAD. For
153 such 'dummy' subs, C<can> will still return a code reference, which, when
154 called, will fall through to the AUTOLOAD. If no suitable AUTOLOAD is provided,
155 calling the coderef will cause an error.
157 You may call C<can> as a class (static) method or an object method.
159 Again, the same rule about having a valid invocant applies -- use an C<eval>
160 block or C<blessed> if you need to be extra paranoid.
162 =item C<VERSION ( [ REQUIRE ] )>
164 C<VERSION> will return the value of the variable C<$VERSION> in the
165 package the object is blessed into. If C<REQUIRE> is given then
166 it will do a comparison and die if the package version is not
167 greater than or equal to C<REQUIRE>.
169 C<VERSION> can be called as either a class (static) method or an object
176 B<NOTE:> C<can> directly uses Perl's internal code for method lookup, and
177 C<isa> uses a very similar method and cache-ing strategy. This may cause
178 strange effects if the Perl code dynamically changes @ISA in any package.
180 You may add other methods to the UNIVERSAL class via Perl or XS code.
181 You do not need to C<use UNIVERSAL> to make these methods
182 available to your program (and you should not do so).
188 You may request the import of three functions (C<isa>, C<can>, and C<VERSION>),
189 B<but this feature is deprecated and will be removed>. Please don't do this in
192 For example, previous versions of this documentation suggested using C<isa> as
193 a function to determine the type of a reference:
197 $yes = isa $h, "HASH";
198 $yes = isa "Foo", "Bar";
200 The problem is that this code will I<never> call an overridden C<isa> method in
201 any class. Instead, use C<reftype> from L<Scalar::Util> for the first case:
203 use Scalar::Util 'reftype';
205 $yes = reftype( $h ) eq "HASH";
207 and the method form of C<isa> for the second:
209 $yes = Foo->isa("Bar");