5 use File::Spec::Functions;
7 our($capture_stderr, $raw, $VERSION, $AUTOLOAD);
10 $VERSION = eval $VERSION;
12 sub new { bless \my $foo, shift }
17 my ($callpack, $callfile, $callline) = caller;
24 foreach my $sym (@EXPORT) {
26 *{"${callpack}::$sym"} = \&{"Shell::$sym"};
30 # NOTE: this is used to enable constant folding in
31 # expressions like (OS eq 'MSWin32') and
32 # (OS eq 'os2') just like it happened in 0.6 version
33 # which used eval "string" to install subs on the fly.
34 use constant OS => $^O;
40 $sub = _make_cmd($cmd);
41 $sub = $shell->_make_cmd($cmd);
43 Creates a closure which invokes the system command C<$cmd>.
50 shift if ref $_[0] && $_[0]->isa( 'Shell' );
52 my $null = File::Spec::Functions::devnull();
53 $Shell::capture_stderr ||= 0;
54 # closing over $^O, $cmd, and $null
56 shift if ref $_[0] && $_[0]->isa( 'Shell' );
58 $Shell::capture_stderr == 1 ? `$cmd 2>&1` :
59 $Shell::capture_stderr == -1 ? `$cmd 2>$null` :
61 } elsif (OS eq 'os2') {
62 local(*SAVEOUT, *READ, *WRITE);
64 open SAVEOUT, '>&STDOUT' or die;
65 pipe READ, WRITE or die;
66 open STDOUT, '>&WRITE' or die;
69 my $pid = system(1, $cmd, @_);
70 die "Can't execute $cmd: $!\n" if $pid < 0;
72 open STDOUT, '>&SAVEOUT' or die;
90 unless( $Shell::raw ){
91 if (OS eq 'MSWin32') {
92 # XXX this special-casing should not be needed
93 # if we do quoting right on Windows. :-(
95 # First, escape all quotes. Cover the case where we
96 # want to pass along a quote preceded by a backslash
97 # (i.e., C<"param \""" end">).
98 # Ugly, yup? You know, windoze.
99 # Enclose in quotes only the parameters that need it:
100 # try this: c:> dir "/w"
101 # and this: c:> dir /w
105 $_ = qq["$_"] if /\s/;
114 push @arr, '2>&1' if $Shell::capture_stderr == 1;
115 push @arr, '2>$null' if $Shell::capture_stderr == -1;
116 open(SUBPROC, join(' ', $cmd, @arr, '|'))
117 or die "Can't exec $cmd: $!\n";
120 close SUBPROC; # XXX Oughta use a destructor.
133 shift if ref $_[0] && $_[0]->isa( 'Shell' );
137 *$AUTOLOAD = _make_cmd($cmd);
147 Shell - run shell commands transparently within perl
151 use Shell qw(cat ps cp);
152 $passwd = cat('</etc/passwd');
153 @pslines = ps('-ww'),
154 cp("/etc/passwd", "/tmp/passwd");
164 This package is included as a show case, illustrating a few Perl features.
165 It shouldn't be used for production programs. Although it does provide a
166 simple interface for obtaining the standard output of arbitrary commands,
167 there may be better ways of achieving what you need.
169 Running shell commands while obtaining standard output can be done with the
170 C<qx/STRING/> operator, or by calling C<open> with a filename expression that
171 ends with C<|>, giving you the option to process one line at a time.
172 If you don't need to process standard output at all, you might use C<system>
173 (in preference of doing a print with the collected standard output).
175 Since Shell.pm and all of the aforementioned techniques use your system's
176 shell to call some local command, none of them is portable across different
177 systems. Note, however, that there are several built in functions and
178 library packages providing portable implementations of functions operating
179 on files, such as: C<glob>, C<link> and C<unlink>, C<mkdir> and C<rmdir>,
180 C<rename>, C<File::Compare>, C<File::Copy>, C<File::Find> etc.
182 Using Shell.pm while importing C<foo> creates a subroutine C<foo> in the
183 namespace of the importing package. Calling C<foo> with arguments C<arg1>,
184 C<arg2>,... results in a shell command C<foo arg1 arg2...>, where the
185 function name and the arguments are joined with a blank. (See the subsection
186 on Escaping magic characters.) Since the result is essentially a command
187 line to be passed to the shell, your notion of arguments to the Perl
188 function is not necessarily identical to what the shell treats as a
189 command line token, to be passed as an individual argument to the program.
190 Furthermore, note that this implies that C<foo> is callable by file name
191 only, which frequently depends on the setting of the program's environment.
193 Creating a Shell object gives you the opportunity to call any command
194 in the usual OO notation without requiring you to announce it in the
195 C<use Shell> statement. Don't assume any additional semantics being
196 associated with a Shell object: in no way is it similar to a shell
197 process with its environment or current working directory or any
200 =head2 Escaping Magic Characters
202 It is, in general, impossible to take care of quoting the shell's
203 magic characters. For some obscure reason, however, Shell.pm quotes
204 apostrophes (C<'>) and backslashes (C<\>) on UNIX, and spaces and
205 quotes (C<">) on Windows.
209 If you set $Shell::capture_stderr to 1, the module will attempt to
210 capture the standard error output of the process as well. This is
211 done by adding C<2E<gt>&1> to the command line, so don't try this on
212 a system not supporting this redirection.
214 Setting $Shell::capture_stderr to -1 will send standard error to the
215 bit bucket (i.e., the equivalent of adding C<2E<gt>/dev/null> to the
216 command line). The same caveat regarding redirection applies.
218 If you set $Shell::raw to true no quoting whatsoever is done.
222 Quoting should be off by default.
224 It isn't possible to call shell built in commands, but it can be
225 done by using a workaround, e.g. shell( '-c', 'set' ).
227 Capturing standard error does not work on some systems (e.g. VMS).
231 Date: Thu, 22 Sep 94 16:18:16 -0700
232 Message-Id: <9409222318.AA17072@scalpel.netlabs.com>
233 To: perl5-porters@isu.edu
234 From: Larry Wall <lwall@scalpel.netlabs.com>
235 Subject: a new module I just wrote
237 Here's one that'll whack your mind a little out.
243 $foo = echo("howdy", "<funny>", "world");
246 $passwd = cat("</etc/passwd");
252 cp("/etc/passwd", "/etc/passwd.orig");
254 That's maybe too gonzo. It actually exports an AUTOLOAD to the current
255 package (and uncovered a bug in Beta 3, by the way). Maybe the usual
258 use Shell qw(echo cat ps cp);
262 Changes by Jenda@Krynicky.cz and Dave Cottle <d.cottle@csc.canterbury.ac.nz>.
264 Changes for OO syntax and bug fixes by Casey West <casey@geeknest.com>.
266 C<$Shell::raw> and pod rewrite by Wolfgang Laun.
268 Rewritten to use closures rather than C<eval "string"> by Adriano Ferreira.