1 package SQL::Translator;
3 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
4 # $Id: Translator.pm,v 1.16 2003-01-29 13:29:49 dlc Exp $
5 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
6 # Copyright (C) 2003 Ken Y. Clark <kclark@cpan.org>,
7 # darren chamberlain <darren@cpan.org>,
8 # Chris Mungall <cjm@fruitfly.org>
10 # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
11 # modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
12 # published by the Free Software Foundation; version 2.
14 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
15 # WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
16 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
17 # General Public License for more details.
19 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
20 # along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
21 # Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA
23 # -------------------------------------------------------------------
26 use vars qw( $VERSION $REVISION $DEFAULT_SUB $DEBUG $ERROR );
27 use base 'Class::Base';
30 $REVISION = sprintf "%d.%02d", q$Revision: 1.16 $ =~ /(\d+)\.(\d+)/;
31 $DEBUG = 0 unless defined $DEBUG;
36 use File::Spec::Functions qw(catfile);
37 use File::Basename qw(dirname);
40 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
41 # The default behavior is to "pass through" values (note that the
42 # SQL::Translator instance is the first value ($_[0]), and the stuff
43 # to be parsed is the second value ($_[1])
44 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
45 $DEFAULT_SUB = sub { $_[1] } unless defined $DEFAULT_SUB;
47 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
51 # new takes an optional hash of arguments. These arguments may
52 # include a parser, specified with the keys "parser" or "from",
53 # and a producer, specified with the keys "producer" or "to".
55 # The values that can be passed as the parser or producer are
56 # given directly to the parser or producer methods, respectively.
57 # See the appropriate method description below for details about
58 # what each expects/accepts.
59 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
61 my ( $self, $config ) = @_;
64 # Set the parser and producer.
66 # If a 'parser' or 'from' parameter is passed in, use that as the
67 # parser; if a 'producer' or 'to' parameter is passed in, use that
68 # as the producer; both default to $DEFAULT_SUB.
70 $self->parser ($config->{'parser'} || $config->{'from'} || $DEFAULT_SUB);
71 $self->producer($config->{'producer'} || $config->{'to'} || $DEFAULT_SUB);
74 # Set the parser_args and producer_args
76 for my $pargs ( qw[ parser_args producer_args ] ) {
77 $self->$pargs( $config->{$pargs} ) if defined $config->{ $pargs };
81 # Set the data source, if 'filename' or 'file' is provided.
83 $config->{'filename'} ||= $config->{'file'} || "";
84 $self->filename( $config->{'filename'} ) if $config->{'filename'};
87 # Finally, if there is a 'data' parameter, use that in
88 # preference to filename and file
90 if ( my $data = $config->{'data'} ) {
95 # Set various other options.
97 $self->{'debug'} = defined $config->{'debug'} ? $config->{'debug'} : $DEBUG;
100 $self->add_drop_table( $config->{'add_drop_table'} );
102 $self->custom_translate( $config->{'xlate'} );
104 $self->no_comments( $config->{'no_comments'} );
106 $self->show_warnings( $config->{'show_warnings'} );
108 $self->trace( $config->{'trace'} );
113 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
114 # add_drop_table([$bool])
115 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
118 if ( defined (my $arg = shift) ) {
119 $self->{'add_drop_table'} = $arg ? 1 : 0;
121 return $self->{'add_drop_table'} || 0;
125 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
126 # custom_translate([$bool])
127 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
128 sub custom_translate {
130 $self->{'custom_translate'} = shift if @_;
131 return $self->{'custom_translate'} || {};
134 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
135 # no_comments([$bool])
136 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
140 if ( defined $arg ) {
141 $self->{'no_comments'} = $arg ? 1 : 0;
143 return $self->{'no_comments'} || 0;
147 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
148 # producer([$producer_spec])
150 # Get or set the producer for the current translator.
151 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
155 # producer as a mutator
157 my $producer = shift;
159 # Passed a module name (string containing "::")
160 if ($producer =~ /::/) {
163 # Module name was passed directly
164 # We try to load the name; if it doesn't load, there's
165 # a possibility that it has a function name attached to
167 if (load($producer)) {
168 $func_name = "produce";
171 # Module::function was passed
173 # Passed Module::Name::function; try to recover
174 my @func_parts = split /::/, $producer;
175 $func_name = pop @func_parts;
176 $producer = join "::", @func_parts;
178 # If this doesn't work, then we have a legitimate
180 load($producer) or die "Can't load $producer: $@";
183 # get code reference and assign
184 $self->{'producer'} = \&{ "$producer\::$func_name" };
185 $self->{'producer_type'} = $producer;
186 $self->debug("Got producer: $producer\::$func_name\n");
189 # passed an anonymous subroutine reference
190 elsif (isa($producer, 'CODE')) {
191 $self->{'producer'} = $producer;
192 $self->{'producer_type'} = "CODE";
193 $self->debug("Got producer: code ref\n");
196 # passed a string containing no "::"; relative package name
198 my $Pp = sprintf "SQL::Translator::Producer::$producer";
199 load($Pp) or die "Can't load $Pp: $@";
200 $self->{'producer'} = \&{ "$Pp\::produce" };
201 $self->{'producer_type'} = $Pp;
202 $self->debug("Got producer: $Pp\n");
205 # At this point, $self->{'producer'} contains a subroutine
206 # reference that is ready to run
208 # Anything left? If so, it's producer_args
209 $self->producer_args(@_) if (@_);
212 return $self->{'producer'};
215 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
218 # producer_type is an accessor that allows producer subs to get
219 # information about their origin. This is poptentially important;
220 # since all producer subs are called as subroutine refernces, there is
221 # no way for a producer to find out which package the sub lives in
222 # originally, for example.
223 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
224 sub producer_type { $_[0]->{'producer_type'} }
226 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
227 # producer_args([\%args])
229 # Arbitrary name => value pairs of paramters can be passed to a
230 # producer using this method.
232 # If the first argument passed in is undef, then the hash of arguments
233 # is cleared; all subsequent elements are added to the hash of name,
234 # value pairs stored as producer_args.
235 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
238 return $self->_args("producer", @_);
243 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
244 # parser([$parser_spec])
245 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
249 # parser as a mutator
253 # Passed a module name (string containing "::")
254 if ($parser =~ /::/) {
257 # Module name was passed directly
258 # We try to load the name; if it doesn't load, there's
259 # a possibility that it has a function name attached to
262 $func_name = "parse";
265 # Module::function was passed
267 # Passed Module::Name::function; try to recover
268 my @func_parts = split /::/, $parser;
269 $func_name = pop @func_parts;
270 $parser = join "::", @func_parts;
272 # If this doesn't work, then we have a legitimate
274 load($parser) or die "Can't load $parser: $@";
277 # get code reference and assign
278 $self->{'parser'} = \&{ "$parser\::$func_name" };
279 $self->{'parser_type'} = $parser;
280 $self->debug("Got parser: $parser\::$func_name\n");
283 # passed an anonymous subroutine reference
284 elsif ( isa( $parser, 'CODE' ) ) {
285 $self->{'parser'} = $parser;
286 $self->{'parser_type'} = "CODE";
287 $self->debug("Got parser: code ref\n");
290 # passed a string containing no "::"; relative package name
292 my $Pp = "SQL::Translator::Parser::$parser";
293 load( $Pp ) or die "Can't load $Pp: $@";
294 $self->{'parser'} = \&{ "$Pp\::parse" };
295 $self->{'parser_type'} = $Pp;
296 $self->debug("Got parser: $Pp\n");
300 # At this point, $self->{'parser'} contains a subroutine
301 # reference that is ready to run
303 $self->parser_args( @_ ) if (@_);
306 return $self->{'parser'};
309 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
310 sub parser_type { $_[0]->{'parser_type'} }
314 return $self->_args("parser", @_);
320 if ( defined $arg ) {
321 $self->{'show_warnings'} = $arg ? 1 : 0;
323 return $self->{'show_warnings'} || 0;
327 # filename - get or set the filename
331 my $filename = shift;
333 my $msg = "Cannot use directory '$filename' as input source";
334 return $self->error($msg);
335 } elsif (-f _ && -r _) {
336 $self->{'filename'} = $filename;
337 $self->debug("Got filename: '$self->{'filename'}'\n");
339 my $msg = "Cannot use '$filename' as input source: ".
340 "file does not exist or is not readable.";
341 return $self->error($msg);
348 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
351 # if $self->{'data'} is not set, but $self->{'filename'} is, then
352 # $self->{'filename'} is opened and read, with the results put into
354 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
358 # Set $self->{'data'} based on what was passed in. We will
359 # accept a number of things; do our best to get it right.
362 if (isa($data, "SCALAR")) {
363 $self->{'data'} = $data;
366 if (isa($data, 'ARRAY')) {
367 $data = join '', @$data;
369 elsif (isa($data, 'GLOB')) {
373 elsif (! ref $data && @_) {
374 $data = join '', $data, @_;
376 $self->{'data'} = \$data;
380 # If we have a filename but no data yet, populate.
381 if (not $self->{'data'} and my $filename = $self->filename) {
382 $self->debug("Opening '$filename' to get contents.\n");
387 unless (open FH, $filename) {
388 return $self->error("Can't read file '$filename': $!");
392 $self->{'data'} = \$data;
395 return $self->error("Can't close file '$filename': $!");
399 return $self->{'data'};
406 if ( defined $arg ) {
407 $self->{'trace'} = $arg ? 1 : 0;
409 return $self->{'trace'} || 0;
412 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
413 # translate([source], [\%args])
415 # translate does the actual translation. The main argument is the
416 # source of the data to be translated, which can be a filename, scalar
417 # reference, or glob reference.
419 # Alternatively, translate takes optional arguements, which are passed
420 # to the appropriate places. Most notable of these arguments are
421 # parser and producer, which can be used to set the parser and
422 # producer, respectively. This is the applications last chance to set
425 # translate returns a string.
426 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
427 sub translate { my $self = shift; my ($args, $parser, $parser_type,
428 $producer, $producer_type); my ($parser_output, $producer_output);
432 # Passed a reference to a hash?
433 if (isa($_[0], 'HASH')) {
435 $self->debug("translate: Got a hashref\n");
439 # Passed a GLOB reference, i.e., filehandle
440 elsif (isa($_[0], 'GLOB')) {
441 $self->debug("translate: Got a GLOB reference\n");
445 # Passed a reference to a string containing the data
446 elsif (isa($_[0], 'SCALAR')) {
447 # passed a ref to a string
448 $self->debug("translate: Got a SCALAR reference (string)\n");
452 # Not a reference; treat it as a filename
453 elsif (! ref $_[0]) {
454 # Not a ref, it's a filename
455 $self->debug("translate: Got a filename\n");
456 $self->filename($_[0]);
459 # Passed something else entirely.
461 # We're not impressed. Take your empty string and leave.
464 # Actually, if data, parser, and producer are set, then we
465 # can continue. Too bad, because I like my comment
467 return "" unless ($self->data &&
473 # You must pass in a hash, or you get nothing.
478 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
479 # Can specify the data to be transformed using "filename", "file",
480 # "data", or "datasource".
481 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
482 if (my $filename = ($args->{'filename'} || $args->{'file'})) {
483 $self->filename($filename);
486 if (my $data = ($self->{'data'} || $self->{'datasource'})) {
490 # ----------------------------------------------------------------
492 # ----------------------------------------------------------------
493 my $data = $self->data;
494 unless (length $$data) {
495 return $self->error("Empty data file!");
498 # ----------------------------------------------------------------
499 # Local reference to the parser subroutine
500 # ----------------------------------------------------------------
501 if ($parser = ($args->{'parser'} || $args->{'from'})) {
502 $self->parser($parser);
504 $parser = $self->parser;
505 $parser_type = $self->parser_type;
507 # ----------------------------------------------------------------
508 # Local reference to the producer subroutine
509 # ----------------------------------------------------------------
510 if ($producer = ($args->{'producer'} || $args->{'to'})) {
511 $self->producer($producer);
513 $producer = $self->producer;
514 $producer_type = $self->producer_type;
516 # ----------------------------------------------------------------
517 # Execute the parser, then execute the producer with that output.
518 # Allowances are made for each piece to die, or fail to compile,
519 # since the referenced subroutines could be almost anything. In
520 # the future, each of these might happen in a Safe environment,
521 # depending on how paranoid we want to be.
522 # ----------------------------------------------------------------
523 eval { $parser_output = $parser->($self, $$data) };
524 if ($@ || ! $parser_output) {
525 my $msg = sprintf "translate: Error with parser '%s': %s",
526 $parser_type, ($@) ? $@ : " no results";
527 return $self->error($msg);
530 eval { $producer_output = $producer->($self, $parser_output) };
531 if ($@ || ! $producer_output) {
532 my $msg = sprintf "translate: Error with producer '%s': %s",
533 $producer_type, ($@) ? $@ : " no results";
534 return $self->error($msg);
537 return $producer_output;
540 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
543 # Hacky sort of method to list all available parsers. This has
546 # - Only finds things in the SQL::Translator::Parser namespace
548 # - Only finds things that are located in the same directory
549 # as SQL::Translator::Parser. Yeck.
551 # This method will fail in several very likely cases:
553 # - Parser modules in different namespaces
555 # - Parser modules in the SQL::Translator::Parser namespace that
556 # have any XS componenets will be installed in
557 # arch_lib/SQL/Translator.
559 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
561 return _list("parsers");
564 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
567 # See notes for list_parsers(), above; all the problems apply to
568 # list_producers as well.
569 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
571 return _list("producers");
575 # ======================================================================
577 # ======================================================================
579 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
580 # _args($type, \%args);
582 # Gets or sets ${type}_args. Called by parser_args and producer_args.
583 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
587 $type = "${type}_args" unless $type =~ /_args$/;
589 unless (defined $self->{$type} && isa($self->{$type}, 'HASH')) {
590 $self->{$type} = { };
594 # If the first argument is an explicit undef (remember, we
595 # don't get here unless there is stuff in @_), then we clear
596 # out the producer_args hash.
597 if (! defined $_[0]) {
599 %{$self->{$type}} = ();
602 my $args = isa($_[0], 'HASH') ? shift : { @_ };
603 %{$self->{$type}} = (%{$self->{$type}}, %$args);
610 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
612 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
614 my $type = ucfirst lc $_[0] || return ();
616 load("SQL::Translator::$type");
617 my $path = catfile(dirname($INC{'SQL/Translator/$type.pm'}), $type);
618 my $dh = IO::Dir->new($path);
620 return map { join "::", "SQL::Translator::$type", $_ }
621 grep /\.pm$/, $dh->read;
624 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
627 # Loads a Perl module. Short circuits if a module is already loaded.
628 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
630 my $module = do { my $m = shift; $m =~ s[::][/]g; "$m.pm" };
631 return 1 if $INC{$module};
633 eval { require $module };
639 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
642 # Calls UNIVERSAL::isa($ref, $type). I think UNIVERSAL::isa is ugly,
643 # but I like function overhead.
644 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
646 my ($ref, $type) = @_;
647 return UNIVERSAL::isa($ref, $type);
651 #-----------------------------------------------------
652 # Rescue the drowning and tie your shoestrings.
653 # Henry David Thoreau
654 #-----------------------------------------------------
660 SQL::Translator - convert schema from one database to another
666 my $translator = SQL::Translator->new(
667 xlate => $xlate || {}, # Overrides for field translation
668 debug => $debug, # Print debug info
669 trace => $trace, # Print Parse::RecDescent trace
670 no_comments => $no_comments, # Don't include comments in output
671 show_warnings => $show_warnings, # Print name mutations, conflicts
672 add_drop_table => $add_drop_table, # Add "drop table" statements
675 my $output = $translator->translate(
679 ) or die $translator->error;
685 This module attempts to simplify the task of converting one database
686 create syntax to another through the use of Parsers (which understand
687 the source format) and Producers (which understand the destination
688 format). The idea is that any Parser can be used with any Producer in
689 the conversion process. So, if you wanted Postgres-to-Oracle, you
690 would use the Postgres parser and the Oracle producer.
694 The constructor is called B<new>, and accepts a optional hash of options.
699 =item parser (aka from)
703 =item producer (aka to)
707 =item filename (aka file)
715 All options are, well, optional; these attributes can be set via
716 instance methods. Internally, they are; no (non-syntactical)
717 advantage is gained by passing options to the constructor.
721 =head2 B<add_drop_table>
723 Toggles whether or not to add "DROP TABLE" statements just before the
726 =head2 B<custom_translate>
728 Allows the user to override default translation of fields. For example,
729 if a MySQL "text" field would normally be converted to a "long" for Oracle,
730 the user could specify to change it to a "CLOB." Accepts a hashref where
731 keys are the "from" value and values are the "to," returns the current
734 =head2 B<no_comments>
736 Toggles whether to print comments in the output. Accepts a true or false
737 value, returns the current value.
741 The B<producer> method is an accessor/mutator, used to retrieve or
742 define what subroutine is called to produce the output. A subroutine
743 defined as a producer will be invoked as a function (I<not a method>)
744 and passed 2 parameters: its container SQL::Translator instance and a
745 data structure. It is expected that the function transform the data
746 structure to a string. The SQL::Transformer instance is provided for
747 informational purposes; for example, the type of the parser can be
748 retrieved using the B<parser_type> method, and the B<error> and
749 B<debug> methods can be called when needed.
751 When defining a producer, one of several things can be passed
752 in: A module name (e.g., My::Groovy::Producer), a module name
753 relative to the SQL::Translator::Producer namespace (e.g., MySQL), a
754 module name and function combination (My::Groovy::Producer::transmogrify),
755 or a reference to an anonymous subroutine. If a full module name is
756 passed in (for the purposes of this method, a string containing "::"
757 is considered to be a module name), it is treated as a package, and a
758 function called "produce" will be invoked: $modulename::produce. If
759 $modulename cannot be loaded, the final portion is stripped off and
760 treated as a function. In other words, if there is no file named
761 My/Groovy/Producer/transmogrify.pm, SQL::Translator will attempt to load
762 My/Groovy/Producer.pm and use transmogrify as the name of the function,
763 instead of the default "produce".
765 my $tr = SQL::Translator->new;
767 # This will invoke My::Groovy::Producer::produce($tr, $data)
768 $tr->producer("My::Groovy::Producer");
770 # This will invoke SQL::Translator::Producer::Sybase::produce($tr, $data)
771 $tr->producer("Sybase");
773 # This will invoke My::Groovy::Producer::transmogrify($tr, $data),
774 # assuming that My::Groovy::Producer::transmogrify is not a module
776 $tr->producer("My::Groovy::Producer::transmogrify");
778 # This will invoke the referenced subroutine directly, as
779 # $subref->($tr, $data);
780 $tr->producer(\&my_producer);
782 There is also a method named B<producer_type>, which is a string
783 containing the classname to which the above B<produce> function
784 belongs. In the case of anonymous subroutines, this method returns
787 Finally, there is a method named B<producer_args>, which is both an
788 accessor and a mutator. Arbitrary data may be stored in name => value
789 pairs for the producer subroutine to access:
791 sub My::Random::producer {
792 my ($tr, $data) = @_;
793 my $pr_args = $tr->producer_args();
795 # $pr_args is a hashref.
797 Extra data passed to the B<producer> method is passed to
800 $tr->producer("xSV", delimiter => ',\s*');
802 # In SQL::Translator::Producer::xSV:
803 my $args = $tr->producer_args;
804 my $delimiter = $args->{'delimiter'}; # value is ,\s*
808 The B<parser> method defines or retrieves a subroutine that will be
809 called to perform the parsing. The basic idea is the same as that of
810 B<producer> (see above), except the default subroutine name is
811 "parse", and will be invoked as $module_name::parse($tr, $data).
812 Also, the parser subroutine will be passed a string containing the
813 entirety of the data to be parsed.
815 # Invokes SQL::Translator::Parser::MySQL::parse()
816 $tr->parser("MySQL");
818 # Invokes My::Groovy::Parser::parse()
819 $tr->parser("My::Groovy::Parser");
821 # Invoke an anonymous subroutine directly
823 my $dumper = Data::Dumper->new([ $_[1] ], [ "SQL" ]);
824 $dumper->Purity(1)->Terse(1)->Deepcopy(1);
825 return $dumper->Dump;
828 There is also B<parser_type> and B<parser_args>, which perform
829 analogously to B<producer_type> and B<producer_args>
831 =head2 B<show_warnings>
833 Toggles whether to print warnings of name conflicts, identifier
834 mutations, etc. Probably only generated by producers to let the user
835 know when something won't translate very smoothly (e.g., MySQL "enum"
836 fields into Oracle). Accepts a true or false value, returns the
841 The B<translate> method calls the subroutines referenced by the
842 B<parser> and B<producer> data members (described above). It accepts
843 as arguments a number of things, in key => value format, including
844 (potentially) a parser and a producer (they are passed directly to the
845 B<parser> and B<producer> methods).
847 Here is how the parameter list to B<translate> is parsed:
853 1 argument means it's the data to be parsed; which could be a string
854 (filename) or a refernce to a scalar (a string stored in memory), or a
855 reference to a hash, which is parsed as being more than one argument
858 # Parse the file /path/to/datafile
859 my $output = $tr->translate("/path/to/datafile");
861 # Parse the data contained in the string $data
862 my $output = $tr->translate(\$data);
866 More than 1 argument means its a hash of things, and it might be
867 setting a parser, producer, or datasource (this key is named
868 "filename" or "file" if it's a file, or "data" for a SCALAR reference.
870 # As above, parse /path/to/datafile, but with different producers
871 for my $prod ("MySQL", "XML", "Sybase") {
872 print $tr->translate(
874 filename => "/path/to/datafile",
878 # The filename hash key could also be:
879 datasource => \$data,
885 =head2 B<filename>, B<data>
887 Using the B<filename> method, the filename of the data to be parsed
888 can be set. This method can be used in conjunction with the B<data>
889 method, below. If both the B<filename> and B<data> methods are
890 invoked as mutators, the data set in the B<data> method is used.
892 $tr->filename("/my/data/files/create.sql");
896 my $create_script = do {
898 open CREATE, "/my/data/files/create.sql" or die $!;
901 $tr->data(\$create_script);
903 B<filename> takes a string, which is interpreted as a filename.
904 B<data> takes a reference to a string, which is used as the data to be
905 parsed. If a filename is set, then that file is opened and read when
906 the B<translate> method is called, as long as the data instance
913 Turns on/off the tracing option of Parse::RecDescent.
919 Ken Y. Clark, E<lt>kclark@cpan.org<gt>,
920 darren chamberlain E<lt>darren@cpan.orgE<gt>,
921 Chris Mungall E<lt>cjm@fruitfly.orgE<gt>
925 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
926 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
927 the Free Software Foundation; version 2.
929 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
930 WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
931 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
932 General Public License for more details.
934 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
935 along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
936 Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307
942 L<SQL::Translator::Parser>,
943 L<SQL::Translator::Producer>,