1 package SQL::Abstract; # see doc at end of file
10 our @EXPORT_OK = qw(is_plain_value is_literal_value);
20 *SQL::Abstract::_ENV_::DETECT_AUTOGENERATED_STRINGIFICATION = $ENV{SQLA_ISVALUE_IGNORE_AUTOGENERATED_STRINGIFICATION}
26 #======================================================================
28 #======================================================================
30 our $VERSION = '1.87';
32 # This would confuse some packagers
33 $VERSION = eval $VERSION if $VERSION =~ /_/; # numify for warning-free dev releases
37 # special operators (-in, -between). May be extended/overridden by user.
38 # See section WHERE: BUILTIN SPECIAL OPERATORS below for implementation
39 my @BUILTIN_SPECIAL_OPS = (
40 {regex => qr/^ (?: not \s )? between $/ix, handler => sub { die "NOPE" }},
41 {regex => qr/^ (?: not \s )? in $/ix, handler => sub { die "NOPE" }},
42 {regex => qr/^ ident $/ix, handler => sub { die "NOPE" }},
43 {regex => qr/^ value $/ix, handler => sub { die "NOPE" }},
44 {regex => qr/^ is (?: \s+ not )? $/ix, handler => sub { die "NOPE" }},
47 # unaryish operators - key maps to handler
48 my @BUILTIN_UNARY_OPS = (
49 # the digits are backcompat stuff
50 { regex => qr/^ and (?: [_\s]? \d+ )? $/xi, handler => '_where_op_ANDOR' },
51 { regex => qr/^ or (?: [_\s]? \d+ )? $/xi, handler => '_where_op_ANDOR' },
52 { regex => qr/^ nest (?: [_\s]? \d+ )? $/xi, handler => '_where_op_NEST' },
53 { regex => qr/^ (?: not \s )? bool $/xi, handler => '_where_op_BOOL' },
54 { regex => qr/^ ident $/xi, handler => '_where_op_IDENT' },
55 { regex => qr/^ value $/xi, handler => '_where_op_VALUE' },
56 { regex => qr/^ op $/xi, handler => '_where_op_OP' },
57 { regex => qr/^ bind $/xi, handler => '_where_op_BIND' },
58 { regex => qr/^ literal $/xi, handler => '_where_op_LITERAL' },
59 { regex => qr/^ func $/xi, handler => '_where_op_FUNC' },
62 #======================================================================
63 # DEBUGGING AND ERROR REPORTING
64 #======================================================================
67 return unless $_[0]->{debug}; shift; # a little faster
68 my $func = (caller(1))[3];
69 warn "[$func] ", @_, "\n";
73 my($func) = (caller(1))[3];
74 Carp::carp "[$func] Warning: ", @_;
78 my($func) = (caller(1))[3];
79 Carp::croak "[$func] Fatal: ", @_;
82 sub is_literal_value ($) {
83 ref $_[0] eq 'SCALAR' ? [ ${$_[0]} ]
84 : ( ref $_[0] eq 'REF' and ref ${$_[0]} eq 'ARRAY' ) ? [ @${ $_[0] } ]
88 # FIXME XSify - this can be done so much more efficiently
89 sub is_plain_value ($) {
91 ! length ref $_[0] ? \($_[0])
93 ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' and keys %{$_[0]} == 1
95 exists $_[0]->{-value}
96 ) ? \($_[0]->{-value})
98 # reuse @_ for even moar speedz
99 defined ( $_[1] = Scalar::Util::blessed $_[0] )
101 # deliberately not using Devel::OverloadInfo - the checks we are
102 # intersted in are much more limited than the fullblown thing, and
103 # this is a very hot piece of code
105 # simply using ->can('(""') can leave behind stub methods that
106 # break actually using the overload later (see L<perldiag/Stub
107 # found while resolving method "%s" overloading "%s" in package
108 # "%s"> and the source of overload::mycan())
110 # either has stringification which DBI SHOULD prefer out of the box
111 grep { *{ (qq[${_}::(""]) }{CODE} } @{ $_[2] = mro::get_linear_isa( $_[1] ) }
113 # has nummification or boolification, AND fallback is *not* disabled
115 SQL::Abstract::_ENV_::DETECT_AUTOGENERATED_STRINGIFICATION
118 grep { *{"${_}::(0+"}{CODE} } @{$_[2]}
120 grep { *{"${_}::(bool"}{CODE} } @{$_[2]}
124 # no fallback specified at all
125 ! ( ($_[3]) = grep { *{"${_}::()"}{CODE} } @{$_[2]} )
127 # fallback explicitly undef
128 ! defined ${"$_[3]::()"}
141 #======================================================================
143 #======================================================================
147 my $class = ref($self) || $self;
148 my %opt = (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH') ? %{$_[0]} : @_;
150 # choose our case by keeping an option around
151 delete $opt{case} if $opt{case} && $opt{case} ne 'lower';
153 # default logic for interpreting arrayrefs
154 $opt{logic} = $opt{logic} ? uc $opt{logic} : 'OR';
156 # how to return bind vars
157 $opt{bindtype} ||= 'normal';
159 # default comparison is "=", but can be overridden
162 # try to recognize which are the 'equality' and 'inequality' ops
163 # (temporary quickfix (in 2007), should go through a more seasoned API)
164 $opt{equality_op} = qr/^( \Q$opt{cmp}\E | \= )$/ix;
165 $opt{inequality_op} = qr/^( != | <> )$/ix;
167 $opt{like_op} = qr/^ (is\s+)? r?like $/xi;
168 $opt{not_like_op} = qr/^ (is\s+)? not \s+ r?like $/xi;
171 $opt{sqltrue} ||= '1=1';
172 $opt{sqlfalse} ||= '0=1';
175 $opt{user_special_ops} = [ @{$opt{special_ops} ||= []} ];
176 # regexes are applied in order, thus push after user-defines
177 push @{$opt{special_ops}}, @BUILTIN_SPECIAL_OPS;
180 $opt{unary_ops} ||= [];
181 push @{$opt{unary_ops}}, @BUILTIN_UNARY_OPS;
183 # rudimentary sanity-check for user supplied bits treated as functions/operators
184 # If a purported function matches this regular expression, an exception is thrown.
185 # Literal SQL is *NOT* subject to this check, only functions (and column names
186 # when quoting is not in effect)
189 # need to guard against ()'s in column names too, but this will break tons of
190 # hacks... ideas anyone?
191 $opt{injection_guard} ||= qr/
197 return bless \%opt, $class;
200 sub sqltrue { +{ -literal => [ $_[0]->{sqltrue} ] } }
201 sub sqlfalse { +{ -literal => [ $_[0]->{sqlfalse} ] } }
203 sub _assert_pass_injection_guard {
204 if ($_[1] =~ $_[0]->{injection_guard}) {
205 my $class = ref $_[0];
206 puke "Possible SQL injection attempt '$_[1]'. If this is indeed a part of the "
207 . "desired SQL use literal SQL ( \'...' or \[ '...' ] ) or supply your own "
208 . "{injection_guard} attribute to ${class}->new()"
213 #======================================================================
215 #======================================================================
219 my $table = $self->_table(shift);
220 my $data = shift || return;
223 my $method = $self->_METHOD_FOR_refkind("_insert", $data);
224 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->$method($data);
225 $sql = join " ", $self->_sqlcase('insert into'), $table, $sql;
227 if ($options->{returning}) {
228 my ($s, @b) = $self->_insert_returning($options);
233 return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql;
236 # So that subclasses can override INSERT ... RETURNING separately from
237 # UPDATE and DELETE (e.g. DBIx::Class::SQLMaker::Oracle does this)
238 sub _insert_returning { shift->_returning(@_) }
241 my ($self, $options) = @_;
243 my $f = $options->{returning};
245 my $fieldlist = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($f, {
246 ARRAYREF => sub {join ', ', map { $self->_quote($_) } @$f;},
247 SCALAR => sub {$self->_quote($f)},
248 SCALARREF => sub {$$f},
250 return $self->_sqlcase(' returning ') . $fieldlist;
253 sub _insert_HASHREF { # explicit list of fields and then values
254 my ($self, $data) = @_;
256 my @fields = sort keys %$data;
258 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_insert_values($data);
261 $_ = $self->_quote($_) foreach @fields;
262 $sql = "( ".join(", ", @fields).") ".$sql;
264 return ($sql, @bind);
267 sub _insert_ARRAYREF { # just generate values(?,?) part (no list of fields)
268 my ($self, $data) = @_;
270 # no names (arrayref) so can't generate bindtype
271 $self->{bindtype} ne 'columns'
272 or belch "can't do 'columns' bindtype when called with arrayref";
274 my (@values, @all_bind);
275 foreach my $value (@$data) {
276 my ($values, @bind) = $self->_insert_value(undef, $value);
277 push @values, $values;
278 push @all_bind, @bind;
280 my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('values')." ( ".join(", ", @values)." )";
281 return ($sql, @all_bind);
284 sub _insert_ARRAYREFREF { # literal SQL with bind
285 my ($self, $data) = @_;
287 my ($sql, @bind) = @${$data};
288 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
290 return ($sql, @bind);
294 sub _insert_SCALARREF { # literal SQL without bind
295 my ($self, $data) = @_;
301 my ($self, $data) = @_;
303 my (@values, @all_bind);
304 foreach my $column (sort keys %$data) {
305 my ($values, @bind) = $self->_insert_value($column, $data->{$column});
306 push @values, $values;
307 push @all_bind, @bind;
309 my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('values')." ( ".join(", ", @values)." )";
310 return ($sql, @all_bind);
314 my ($self, $column, $v) = @_;
316 my (@values, @all_bind);
317 $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, {
320 if ($self->{array_datatypes}) { # if array datatype are activated
322 push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($column, $v);
324 else { # else literal SQL with bind
325 my ($sql, @bind) = @$v;
326 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
328 push @all_bind, @bind;
332 ARRAYREFREF => sub { # literal SQL with bind
333 my ($sql, @bind) = @${$v};
334 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
336 push @all_bind, @bind;
339 # THINK: anything useful to do with a HASHREF ?
340 HASHREF => sub { # (nothing, but old SQLA passed it through)
341 #TODO in SQLA >= 2.0 it will die instead
342 belch "HASH ref as bind value in insert is not supported";
344 push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($column, $v);
347 SCALARREF => sub { # literal SQL without bind
351 SCALAR_or_UNDEF => sub {
353 push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($column, $v);
358 my $sql = join(", ", @values);
359 return ($sql, @all_bind);
364 #======================================================================
366 #======================================================================
371 my $table = $self->_table(shift);
372 my $data = shift || return;
376 # first build the 'SET' part of the sql statement
377 puke "Unsupported data type specified to \$sql->update"
378 unless ref $data eq 'HASH';
380 my ($sql, @all_bind) = $self->_update_set_values($data);
381 $sql = $self->_sqlcase('update ') . $table . $self->_sqlcase(' set ')
385 my($where_sql, @where_bind) = $self->where($where);
387 push @all_bind, @where_bind;
390 if ($options->{returning}) {
391 my ($returning_sql, @returning_bind) = $self->_update_returning($options);
392 $sql .= $returning_sql;
393 push @all_bind, @returning_bind;
396 return wantarray ? ($sql, @all_bind) : $sql;
399 sub _update_set_values {
400 my ($self, $data) = @_;
402 my (@set, @all_bind);
403 for my $k (sort keys %$data) {
406 my $label = $self->_quote($k);
408 $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, {
410 if ($self->{array_datatypes}) { # array datatype
411 push @set, "$label = ?";
412 push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($k, $v);
414 else { # literal SQL with bind
415 my ($sql, @bind) = @$v;
416 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
417 push @set, "$label = $sql";
418 push @all_bind, @bind;
421 ARRAYREFREF => sub { # literal SQL with bind
422 my ($sql, @bind) = @${$v};
423 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
424 push @set, "$label = $sql";
425 push @all_bind, @bind;
427 SCALARREF => sub { # literal SQL without bind
428 push @set, "$label = $$v";
431 my ($op, $arg, @rest) = %$v;
433 puke 'Operator calls in update must be in the form { -op => $arg }'
434 if (@rest or not $op =~ /^\-(.+)/);
436 local our $Cur_Col_Meta = $k;
437 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_render_expr(
438 $self->_expand_expr_hashpair($op, $arg)
441 push @set, "$label = $sql";
442 push @all_bind, @bind;
444 SCALAR_or_UNDEF => sub {
445 push @set, "$label = ?";
446 push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($k, $v);
452 my $sql = join ', ', @set;
454 return ($sql, @all_bind);
457 # So that subclasses can override UPDATE ... RETURNING separately from
459 sub _update_returning { shift->_returning(@_) }
463 #======================================================================
465 #======================================================================
470 my $table = $self->_table(shift);
471 my $fields = shift || '*';
475 my ($fields_sql, @bind) = $self->_select_fields($fields);
477 my ($where_sql, @where_bind) = $self->where($where, $order);
478 push @bind, @where_bind;
480 my $sql = join(' ', $self->_sqlcase('select'), $fields_sql,
481 $self->_sqlcase('from'), $table)
484 return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql;
488 my ($self, $fields) = @_;
489 return ref $fields eq 'ARRAY' ? join ', ', map { $self->_quote($_) } @$fields
493 #======================================================================
495 #======================================================================
500 my $table = $self->_table(shift);
504 my($where_sql, @bind) = $self->where($where);
505 my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('delete from ') . $table . $where_sql;
507 if ($options->{returning}) {
508 my ($returning_sql, @returning_bind) = $self->_delete_returning($options);
509 $sql .= $returning_sql;
510 push @bind, @returning_bind;
513 return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql;
516 # So that subclasses can override DELETE ... RETURNING separately from
518 sub _delete_returning { shift->_returning(@_) }
522 #======================================================================
524 #======================================================================
528 # Finally, a separate routine just to handle WHERE clauses
530 my ($self, $where, $order) = @_;
533 my ($sql, @bind) = defined($where)
534 ? $self->_recurse_where($where)
536 $sql = (defined $sql and length $sql) ? $self->_sqlcase(' where ') . "( $sql )" : '';
540 my ($order_sql, @order_bind) = $self->_order_by($order);
542 push @bind, @order_bind;
545 return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql;
549 my ($self, $expr, $logic) = @_;
550 return undef unless defined($expr);
551 if (ref($expr) eq 'HASH') {
552 if (keys %$expr > 1) {
556 map $self->_expand_expr_hashpair($_ => $expr->{$_}, $logic),
560 return unless %$expr;
561 return $self->_expand_expr_hashpair(%$expr, $logic);
563 if (ref($expr) eq 'ARRAY') {
564 my $logic = lc($logic || $self->{logic});
565 $logic eq 'and' or $logic eq 'or' or puke "unknown logic: $logic";
571 while (my ($el) = splice @expr, 0, 1) {
572 puke "Supplying an empty left hand side argument is not supported in array-pairs"
573 unless defined($el) and length($el);
574 my $elref = ref($el);
576 push(@res, $self->_expand_expr({ $el, shift(@expr) }));
577 } elsif ($elref eq 'ARRAY') {
578 push(@res, $self->_expand_expr($el)) if @$el;
579 } elsif (my $l = is_literal_value($el)) {
580 push @res, { -literal => $l };
581 } elsif ($elref eq 'HASH') {
582 push @res, $self->_expand_expr($el);
587 return { -op => [ $logic, @res ] };
589 if (my $literal = is_literal_value($expr)) {
590 return +{ -literal => $literal };
592 if (!ref($expr) or Scalar::Util::blessed($expr)) {
593 if (my $m = our $Cur_Col_Meta) {
594 return +{ -bind => [ $m, $expr ] };
596 return +{ -value => $expr };
601 sub _expand_expr_hashpair {
602 my ($self, $k, $v, $logic) = @_;
603 unless (defined($k) and length($k)) {
604 if (defined($k) and my $literal = is_literal_value($v)) {
605 belch 'Hash-pairs consisting of an empty string with a literal are deprecated, and will be removed in 2.0: use -and => [ $literal ] instead';
606 return { -literal => $literal };
608 puke "Supplying an empty left hand side argument is not supported";
611 $self->_assert_pass_injection_guard($k =~ /^-(.*)$/s);
612 if ($k =~ s/ [_\s]? \d+ $//x ) {
613 belch 'Use of [and|or|nest]_N modifiers is deprecated and will be removed in SQLA v2.0. '
614 . "You probably wanted ...-and => [ $k => COND1, $k => COND2 ... ]";
617 return $self->_expand_expr($v);
621 return $self->_expand_expr($v);
623 puke "-bool => undef not supported" unless defined($v);
624 return { -ident => $v };
627 return { -op => [ 'not', $self->_expand_expr($v) ] };
629 if (my ($rest) = $k =~/^-not[_ ](.*)$/) {
632 $self->_expand_expr_hashpair("-${rest}", $v, $logic)
635 if (my ($logic) = $k =~ /^-(and|or)$/i) {
636 if (ref($v) eq 'HASH') {
637 return $self->_expand_expr($v, $logic);
639 if (ref($v) eq 'ARRAY') {
640 return $self->_expand_expr($v, $logic);
645 $op =~ s/^-// if length($op) > 1;
647 # top level special ops are illegal in general
648 puke "Illegal use of top-level '-$op'"
649 if !(defined $self->{_nested_func_lhs})
650 and List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{special_ops}}
651 and not List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{unary_ops}};
653 if ($k eq '-value' and my $m = our $Cur_Col_Meta) {
654 return +{ -bind => [ $m, $v ] };
656 if ($k eq '-op' or $k eq '-ident' or $k eq '-value' or $k eq '-bind' or $k eq '-literal' or $k eq '-func') {
662 and (keys %$v)[0] =~ /^-/
664 my ($func) = $k =~ /^-(.*)$/;
665 return +{ -func => [ $func, $self->_expand_expr($v) ] };
667 if (!ref($v) or is_literal_value($v)) {
668 return +{ -op => [ $k =~ /^-(.*)$/, $self->_expand_expr($v) ] };
675 and exists $v->{-value}
676 and not defined $v->{-value}
679 return $self->_expand_expr_hashpair($k => { $self->{cmp} => undef });
681 if (!ref($v) or Scalar::Util::blessed($v)) {
686 { -bind => [ $k, $v ] }
690 if (ref($v) eq 'HASH') {
694 map $self->_expand_expr_hashpair($k => { $_ => $v->{$_} }),
701 $self->_assert_pass_injection_guard($vk);
702 if ($vk =~ s/ [_\s]? \d+ $//x ) {
703 belch 'Use of [and|or|nest]_N modifiers is deprecated and will be removed in SQLA v2.0. '
704 . "You probably wanted ...-and => [ -$vk => COND1, -$vk => COND2 ... ]";
706 if ($vk =~ /^(?:not[ _])?between$/) {
707 local our $Cur_Col_Meta = $k;
708 my @rhs = map $self->_expand_expr($_),
709 ref($vv) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$vv : $vv;
711 (@rhs == 1 and ref($rhs[0]) eq 'HASH' and $rhs[0]->{-literal})
713 (@rhs == 2 and defined($rhs[0]) and defined($rhs[1]))
715 puke "Operator '${\uc($vk)}' requires either an arrayref with two defined values or expressions, or a single literal scalarref/arrayref-ref";
718 join(' ', split '_', $vk),
723 if ($vk =~ /^(?:not[ _])?in$/) {
724 if (my $literal = is_literal_value($vv)) {
725 my ($sql, @bind) = @$literal;
726 my $opened_sql = $self->_open_outer_paren($sql);
728 $vk, { -ident => $k },
729 [ { -literal => [ $opened_sql, @bind ] } ]
733 'SQL::Abstract before v1.75 used to generate incorrect SQL when the '
734 . "-${\uc($vk)} operator was given an undef-containing list: !!!AUDIT YOUR CODE "
735 . 'AND DATA!!! (the upcoming Data::Query-based version of SQL::Abstract '
736 . 'will emit the logically correct SQL instead of raising this exception)'
738 puke("Argument passed to the '${\uc($vk)}' operator can not be undefined")
740 my @rhs = map $self->_expand_expr($_),
741 map { ref($_) ? $_ : { -bind => [ $k, $_ ] } }
742 map { defined($_) ? $_: puke($undef_err) }
743 (ref($vv) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$vv : $vv);
744 return $self->${\($vk =~ /^not/ ? 'sqltrue' : 'sqlfalse')} unless @rhs;
747 join(' ', split '_', $vk),
752 if ($vk eq 'ident') {
753 if (! defined $vv or ref $vv) {
754 puke "-$vk requires a single plain scalar argument (a quotable identifier)";
762 if ($vk eq 'value') {
763 return $self->_expand_expr_hashpair($k, undef) unless defined($vv);
767 { -bind => [ $k, $vv ] }
770 if ($vk =~ /^is(?:[ _]not)?$/) {
771 puke "$vk can only take undef as argument"
775 and exists($vv->{-value})
776 and !defined($vv->{-value})
779 return +{ -op => [ $vk.' null', { -ident => $k } ] };
781 if ($vk =~ /^(and|or)$/) {
782 if (ref($vv) eq 'HASH') {
785 map $self->_expand_expr_hashpair($k, { $_ => $vv->{$_} }),
790 if (my $us = List::Util::first { $vk =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{user_special_ops}}) {
791 return { -op => [ $vk, { -ident => $k }, $vv ] };
793 if (ref($vv) eq 'ARRAY') {
794 my ($logic, @values) = (
795 (defined($vv->[0]) and $vv->[0] =~ /^-(and|or)$/i)
800 $vk =~ $self->{inequality_op}
801 or join(' ', split '_', $vk) =~ $self->{not_like_op}
803 if (lc($logic) eq '-or' and @values > 1) {
804 my $op = uc join ' ', split '_', $vk;
805 belch "A multi-element arrayref as an argument to the inequality op '$op' "
806 . 'is technically equivalent to an always-true 1=1 (you probably wanted '
807 . "to say ...{ \$inequality_op => [ -and => \@values ] }... instead)"
812 # try to DWIM on equality operators
813 my $op = join ' ', split '_', $vk;
815 $op =~ $self->{equality_op} ? $self->sqlfalse
816 : $op =~ $self->{like_op} ? belch("Supplying an empty arrayref to '@{[ uc $op]}' is deprecated") && $self->sqlfalse
817 : $op =~ $self->{inequality_op} ? $self->sqltrue
818 : $op =~ $self->{not_like_op} ? belch("Supplying an empty arrayref to '@{[ uc $op]}' is deprecated") && $self->sqltrue
819 : puke "operator '$op' applied on an empty array (field '$k')";
823 map $self->_expand_expr_hashpair($k => { $vk => $_ }),
831 and exists $vv->{-value}
832 and not defined $vv->{-value}
835 my $op = join ' ', split '_', $vk;
837 $op =~ /^not$/i ? 'is not' # legacy
838 : $op =~ $self->{equality_op} ? 'is'
839 : $op =~ $self->{like_op} ? belch("Supplying an undefined argument to '@{[ uc $op]}' is deprecated") && 'is'
840 : $op =~ $self->{inequality_op} ? 'is not'
841 : $op =~ $self->{not_like_op} ? belch("Supplying an undefined argument to '@{[ uc $op]}' is deprecated") && 'is not'
842 : puke "unexpected operator '$op' with undef operand";
843 return +{ -op => [ $is.' null', { -ident => $k } ] };
845 local our $Cur_Col_Meta = $k;
849 $self->_expand_expr($vv)
852 if (ref($v) eq 'ARRAY') {
853 return $self->sqlfalse unless @$v;
854 $self->_debug("ARRAY($k) means distribute over elements");
856 $v->[0] =~ /^-((?:and|or))$/i
857 ? ($v = [ @{$v}[1..$#$v] ], $1)
858 : ($self->{logic} || 'or')
862 map $self->_expand_expr({ $k => $_ }, $this_logic), @$v
865 if (my $literal = is_literal_value($v)) {
867 belch 'Hash-pairs consisting of an empty string with a literal are deprecated, and will be removed in 2.0: use -and => [ $literal ] instead';
870 my ($sql, @bind) = @$literal;
871 if ($self->{bindtype} eq 'columns') {
873 if (!defined $_ || ref($_) ne 'ARRAY' || @$_ != 2) {
874 puke "bindtype 'columns' selected, you need to pass: [column_name => bind_value]"
878 return +{ -literal => [ $self->_quote($k).' '.$sql, @bind ] };
884 my ($self, $expr) = @_;
885 my ($k, $v, @rest) = %$expr;
887 my %op = map +("-$_" => '_where_op_'.uc($_)),
888 qw(op func value bind ident literal);
889 if (my $meth = $op{$k}) {
890 return $self->$meth(undef, $v);
892 die "notreached: $k";
896 my ($self, $where, $logic) = @_;
898 #print STDERR Data::Dumper::Concise::Dumper([ $where, $logic ]);
900 my $where_exp = $self->_expand_expr($where, $logic);
902 #print STDERR Data::Dumper::Concise::Dumper([ EXP => $where_exp ]);
904 # dispatch on appropriate method according to refkind of $where
905 # my $method = $self->_METHOD_FOR_refkind("_where", $where_exp);
907 # my ($sql, @bind) = $self->$method($where_exp, $logic);
909 my ($sql, @bind) = defined($where_exp) ? $self->_render_expr($where_exp) : (undef);
911 # DBIx::Class used to call _recurse_where in scalar context
912 # something else might too...
914 return ($sql, @bind);
917 belch "Calling _recurse_where in scalar context is deprecated and will go away before 2.0";
924 #======================================================================
925 # WHERE: top-level ARRAYREF
926 #======================================================================
929 sub _where_ARRAYREF {
930 my ($self, $where, $logic) = @_;
932 $logic = uc($logic || $self->{logic});
933 $logic eq 'AND' or $logic eq 'OR' or puke "unknown logic: $logic";
935 my @clauses = @$where;
937 my (@sql_clauses, @all_bind);
938 # need to use while() so can shift() for pairs
940 my $el = shift @clauses;
942 $el = undef if (defined $el and ! length $el);
944 # switch according to kind of $el and get corresponding ($sql, @bind)
945 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($el, {
947 # skip empty elements, otherwise get invalid trailing AND stuff
948 ARRAYREF => sub {$self->_recurse_where($el) if @$el},
952 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@b);
956 HASHREF => sub {$self->_recurse_where($el, 'and') if %$el},
958 SCALARREF => sub { ($$el); },
961 # top-level arrayref with scalars, recurse in pairs
962 $self->_recurse_where({$el => shift(@clauses)})
965 UNDEF => sub {puke "Supplying an empty left hand side argument is not supported in array-pairs" },
969 push @sql_clauses, $sql;
970 push @all_bind, @bind;
974 return $self->_join_sql_clauses($logic, \@sql_clauses, \@all_bind);
977 #======================================================================
978 # WHERE: top-level ARRAYREFREF
979 #======================================================================
981 sub _where_ARRAYREFREF {
982 my ($self, $where) = @_;
983 my ($sql, @bind) = @$$where;
984 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
985 return ($sql, @bind);
988 #======================================================================
989 # WHERE: top-level HASHREF
990 #======================================================================
993 my ($self, $where) = @_;
994 my (@sql_clauses, @all_bind);
996 for my $k (sort keys %$where) {
997 my $v = $where->{$k};
999 # ($k => $v) is either a special unary op or a regular hashpair
1000 my ($sql, @bind) = do {
1002 # put the operator in canonical form
1004 $op = substr $op, 1; # remove initial dash
1005 $op =~ s/^\s+|\s+$//g;# remove leading/trailing space
1006 $op =~ s/\s+/ /g; # compress whitespace
1008 # so that -not_foo works correctly
1009 $op =~ s/^not_/NOT /i;
1011 $self->_debug("Unary OP(-$op) within hashref, recursing...");
1012 my ($s, @b) = $self->_where_unary_op($op, $v);
1014 # top level vs nested
1015 # we assume that handled unary ops will take care of their ()s
1016 $s = "($s)" unless (
1017 List::Util::first {$op =~ $_->{regex}} @{$self->{unary_ops}}
1019 ( defined $self->{_nested_func_lhs} and $self->{_nested_func_lhs} eq $k )
1025 if (is_literal_value ($v) ) {
1026 belch 'Hash-pairs consisting of an empty string with a literal are deprecated, and will be removed in 2.0: use -and => [ $literal ] instead';
1029 puke "Supplying an empty left hand side argument is not supported in hash-pairs";
1033 my $method = $self->_METHOD_FOR_refkind("_where_hashpair", $v);
1034 $self->$method($k, $v);
1038 push @sql_clauses, $sql;
1039 push @all_bind, @bind;
1042 return $self->_join_sql_clauses('and', \@sql_clauses, \@all_bind);
1045 sub _where_unary_op {
1046 my ($self, $op, $rhs) = @_;
1048 $op =~ s/^-// if length($op) > 1;
1050 # top level special ops are illegal in general
1051 puke "Illegal use of top-level '-$op'"
1052 if !(defined $self->{_nested_func_lhs})
1053 and List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{special_ops}}
1054 and not List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{unary_ops}};
1056 if (my $op_entry = List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{unary_ops}}) {
1057 my $handler = $op_entry->{handler};
1059 if (not ref $handler) {
1060 if ($op =~ s/ [_\s]? \d+ $//x ) {
1061 belch 'Use of [and|or|nest]_N modifiers is deprecated and will be removed in SQLA v2.0. '
1062 . "You probably wanted ...-and => [ -$op => COND1, -$op => COND2 ... ]";
1064 return $self->$handler($op, $rhs);
1066 elsif (ref $handler eq 'CODE') {
1067 return $handler->($self, $op, $rhs);
1070 puke "Illegal handler for operator $op - expecting a method name or a coderef";
1074 $self->_debug("Generic unary OP: $op - recursing as function");
1076 $self->_assert_pass_injection_guard($op);
1078 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($rhs, {
1080 puke "Illegal use of top-level '-$op'"
1081 unless defined $self->{_nested_func_lhs};
1084 $self->_convert('?'),
1085 $self->_bindtype($self->{_nested_func_lhs}, $rhs)
1089 $self->_recurse_where($rhs)
1093 $sql = sprintf('%s %s',
1094 $self->_sqlcase($op),
1098 return ($sql, @bind);
1101 sub _where_op_NEST {
1102 my ($self, $op, $v) = @_;
1104 $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, {
1106 SCALAR => sub { # permissively interpreted as SQL
1107 belch "literal SQL should be -nest => \\'scalar' "
1108 . "instead of -nest => 'scalar' ";
1113 puke "-$op => undef not supported";
1117 $self->_recurse_where($v);
1124 sub _where_op_BOOL {
1125 my ($self, $op, $v) = @_;
1127 my ($s, @b) = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, {
1128 SCALAR => sub { # interpreted as SQL column
1129 $self->_convert($self->_quote($v));
1133 puke "-$op => undef not supported";
1137 $self->_recurse_where($v);
1141 $s = "(NOT $s)" if $op =~ /^not/i;
1146 sub _where_op_IDENT {
1148 my ($op, $rhs) = splice @_, -2;
1149 if (! defined $rhs or length ref $rhs) {
1150 puke "-$op requires a single plain scalar argument (a quotable identifier)";
1153 # in case we are called as a top level special op (no '=')
1154 my $has_lhs = my $lhs = shift;
1156 $_ = $self->_convert($self->_quote($_)) for ($lhs, $rhs);
1164 sub _where_op_VALUE {
1166 my ($op, $rhs) = splice @_, -2;
1168 # in case we are called as a top level special op (no '=')
1172 if (! defined $rhs) {
1174 ? $self->_where_hashpair_HASHREF($lhs, { -is => undef })
1181 (defined $lhs ? $lhs : $self->{_nested_func_lhs}),
1188 $self->_convert($self->_quote($lhs)) . ' = ' . $self->_convert('?'),
1192 $self->_convert('?'),
1199 my %unop_postfix = map +($_ => 1), 'is null', 'is not null';
1205 my ($self, $args) = @_;
1206 my ($left, $low, $high) = @$args;
1207 my ($rhsql, @rhbind) = do {
1209 puke "Single arg to between must be a literal"
1210 unless $low->{-literal};
1213 my ($l, $h) = map [ $self->_render_expr($_) ], $low, $high;
1214 (join(' ', $l->[0], $self->_sqlcase('and'), $h->[0]),
1215 @{$l}[1..$#$l], @{$h}[1..$#$h])
1218 my ($lhsql, @lhbind) = $self->_render_expr($left);
1220 join(' ', '(', $lhsql, $self->_sqlcase($op), $rhsql, ')'),
1224 }), 'between', 'not between'),
1228 my ($self, $args) = @_;
1229 my ($lhs, $rhs) = @$args;
1232 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_render_expr($_);
1233 push @in_bind, @bind;
1236 my ($lhsql, @lbind) = $self->_render_expr($lhs);
1238 $lhsql.' '.$self->_sqlcase($op).' ( '
1239 .join(', ', @in_sql)
1244 }), 'in', 'not in'),
1248 my ($self, undef, $v) = @_;
1249 my ($op, @args) = @$v;
1250 $op =~ s/^-// if length($op) > 1;
1252 local $self->{_nested_func_lhs};
1253 if (my $h = $special{$op}) {
1254 return $self->$h(\@args);
1256 if (my $us = List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{user_special_ops}}) {
1257 puke "Special op '${op}' requires first value to be identifier"
1258 unless my ($k) = map $_->{-ident}, grep ref($_) eq 'HASH', $args[0];
1259 return $self->${\($us->{handler})}($k, $op, $args[1]);
1261 my $final_op = $op =~ /^(?:is|not)_/ ? join(' ', split '_', $op) : $op;
1262 if (@args == 1 and $op !~ /^(and|or)$/) {
1263 my ($expr_sql, @bind) = $self->_render_expr($args[0]);
1264 my $op_sql = $self->_sqlcase($final_op);
1266 $unop_postfix{lc($final_op)}
1267 ? "${expr_sql} ${op_sql}"
1268 : "${op_sql} ${expr_sql}"
1270 return (($op eq 'not' ? '('.$final_sql.')' : $final_sql), @bind);
1272 my @parts = map [ $self->_render_expr($_) ], @args;
1273 my ($final_sql) = map +($op =~ /^(and|or)$/ ? "(${_})" : $_), join(
1274 ' '.$self->_sqlcase($final_op).' ',
1279 map @{$_}[1..$#$_], @parts
1285 sub _where_op_FUNC {
1286 my ($self, undef, $rest) = @_;
1287 my ($func, @args) = @$rest;
1291 push @arg_sql, shift @x;
1293 } map [ $self->_render_expr($_) ], @args;
1294 return ($self->_sqlcase($func).'('.join(', ', @arg_sql).')', @bind);
1297 sub _where_op_BIND {
1298 my ($self, undef, $bind) = @_;
1299 return ($self->_convert('?'), $self->_bindtype(@$bind));
1302 sub _where_op_LITERAL {
1303 my ($self, undef, $literal) = @_;
1304 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@{$literal}[1..$#$literal]);
1308 sub _where_hashpair_ARRAYREF {
1309 my ($self, $k, $v) = @_;
1312 my @v = @$v; # need copy because of shift below
1313 $self->_debug("ARRAY($k) means distribute over elements");
1315 # put apart first element if it is an operator (-and, -or)
1317 (defined $v[0] && $v[0] =~ /^ - (?: AND|OR ) $/ix)
1321 my @distributed = map { {$k => $_} } @v;
1324 $self->_debug("OP($op) reinjected into the distributed array");
1325 unshift @distributed, $op;
1328 my $logic = $op ? substr($op, 1) : '';
1330 return $self->_recurse_where(\@distributed, $logic);
1333 $self->_debug("empty ARRAY($k) means 0=1");
1334 return ($self->{sqlfalse});
1338 sub _where_hashpair_HASHREF {
1339 my ($self, $k, $v, $logic) = @_;
1342 local $self->{_nested_func_lhs} = defined $self->{_nested_func_lhs}
1343 ? $self->{_nested_func_lhs}
1347 my ($all_sql, @all_bind);
1349 for my $orig_op (sort keys %$v) {
1350 my $val = $v->{$orig_op};
1352 # put the operator in canonical form
1355 # FIXME - we need to phase out dash-less ops
1356 $op =~ s/^-//; # remove possible initial dash
1357 $op =~ s/^\s+|\s+$//g;# remove leading/trailing space
1358 $op =~ s/\s+/ /g; # compress whitespace
1360 $self->_assert_pass_injection_guard($op);
1363 $op =~ s/^is_not/IS NOT/i;
1365 # so that -not_foo works correctly
1366 $op =~ s/^not_/NOT /i;
1368 # another retarded special case: foo => { $op => { -value => undef } }
1369 if (ref $val eq 'HASH' and keys %$val == 1 and exists $val->{-value} and ! defined $val->{-value} ) {
1375 # CASE: col-value logic modifiers
1376 if ($orig_op =~ /^ \- (and|or) $/xi) {
1377 ($sql, @bind) = $self->_where_hashpair_HASHREF($k, $val, $1);
1379 # CASE: special operators like -in or -between
1380 elsif (my $special_op = List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{special_ops}}) {
1381 my $handler = $special_op->{handler};
1383 puke "No handler supplied for special operator $orig_op";
1385 elsif (not ref $handler) {
1386 ($sql, @bind) = $self->$handler($k, $op, $val);
1388 elsif (ref $handler eq 'CODE') {
1389 ($sql, @bind) = $handler->($self, $k, $op, $val);
1392 puke "Illegal handler for special operator $orig_op - expecting a method name or a coderef";
1396 $self->_SWITCH_refkind($val, {
1398 ARRAYREF => sub { # CASE: col => {op => \@vals}
1399 ($sql, @bind) = $self->_where_field_op_ARRAYREF($k, $op, $val);
1402 ARRAYREFREF => sub { # CASE: col => {op => \[$sql, @bind]} (literal SQL with bind)
1403 my ($sub_sql, @sub_bind) = @$$val;
1404 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@sub_bind);
1405 $sql = join ' ', $self->_convert($self->_quote($k)),
1406 $self->_sqlcase($op),
1411 UNDEF => sub { # CASE: col => {op => undef} : sql "IS (NOT)? NULL"
1413 $op =~ /^not$/i ? 'is not' # legacy
1414 : $op =~ $self->{equality_op} ? 'is'
1415 : $op =~ $self->{like_op} ? belch("Supplying an undefined argument to '@{[ uc $op]}' is deprecated") && 'is'
1416 : $op =~ $self->{inequality_op} ? 'is not'
1417 : $op =~ $self->{not_like_op} ? belch("Supplying an undefined argument to '@{[ uc $op]}' is deprecated") && 'is not'
1418 : puke "unexpected operator '$orig_op' with undef operand";
1420 $sql = $self->_quote($k) . $self->_sqlcase(" $is null");
1423 FALLBACK => sub { # CASE: col => {op/func => $stuff}
1424 ($sql, @bind) = $self->_where_unary_op($op, $val);
1427 $self->_convert($self->_quote($k)),
1428 $self->{_nested_func_lhs} eq $k ? $sql : "($sql)", # top level vs nested
1434 ($all_sql) = (defined $all_sql and $all_sql) ? $self->_join_sql_clauses($logic, [$all_sql, $sql], []) : $sql;
1435 push @all_bind, @bind;
1437 return ($all_sql, @all_bind);
1440 sub _where_field_IS {
1441 my ($self, $k, $op, $v) = @_;
1443 my ($s) = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, {
1446 $self->_convert($self->_quote($k)),
1447 map { $self->_sqlcase($_)} ($op, 'null')
1450 puke "$op can only take undef as argument";
1457 sub _where_field_op_ARRAYREF {
1458 my ($self, $k, $op, $vals) = @_;
1460 my @vals = @$vals; #always work on a copy
1463 $self->_debug(sprintf '%s means multiple elements: [ %s ]',
1465 join(', ', map { defined $_ ? "'$_'" : 'NULL' } @vals ),
1468 # see if the first element is an -and/-or op
1470 if (defined $vals[0] && $vals[0] =~ /^ - (AND|OR) $/ix) {
1475 # a long standing API wart - an attempt to change this behavior during
1476 # the 1.50 series failed *spectacularly*. Warn instead and leave the
1481 (!$logic or $logic eq 'OR')
1483 ($op =~ $self->{inequality_op} or $op =~ $self->{not_like_op})
1486 belch "A multi-element arrayref as an argument to the inequality op '$o' "
1487 . 'is technically equivalent to an always-true 1=1 (you probably wanted '
1488 . "to say ...{ \$inequality_op => [ -and => \@values ] }... instead)"
1492 # distribute $op over each remaining member of @vals, append logic if exists
1493 return $self->_recurse_where([map { {$k => {$op, $_}} } @vals], $logic);
1497 # try to DWIM on equality operators
1499 $op =~ $self->{equality_op} ? $self->{sqlfalse}
1500 : $op =~ $self->{like_op} ? belch("Supplying an empty arrayref to '@{[ uc $op]}' is deprecated") && $self->{sqlfalse}
1501 : $op =~ $self->{inequality_op} ? $self->{sqltrue}
1502 : $op =~ $self->{not_like_op} ? belch("Supplying an empty arrayref to '@{[ uc $op]}' is deprecated") && $self->{sqltrue}
1503 : puke "operator '$op' applied on an empty array (field '$k')";
1508 sub _where_hashpair_SCALARREF {
1509 my ($self, $k, $v) = @_;
1510 $self->_debug("SCALAR($k) means literal SQL: $$v");
1511 my $sql = $self->_quote($k) . " " . $$v;
1515 # literal SQL with bind
1516 sub _where_hashpair_ARRAYREFREF {
1517 my ($self, $k, $v) = @_;
1518 $self->_debug("REF($k) means literal SQL: @${$v}");
1519 my ($sql, @bind) = @$$v;
1520 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
1521 $sql = $self->_quote($k) . " " . $sql;
1522 return ($sql, @bind );
1525 # literal SQL without bind
1526 sub _where_hashpair_SCALAR {
1527 my ($self, $k, $v) = @_;
1528 $self->_debug("NOREF($k) means simple key=val: $k $self->{cmp} $v");
1529 return ($self->_where_hashpair_HASHREF($k, { $self->{cmp} => $v }));
1533 sub _where_hashpair_UNDEF {
1534 my ($self, $k, $v) = @_;
1535 $self->_debug("UNDEF($k) means IS NULL");
1536 return $self->_where_hashpair_HASHREF($k, { -is => undef });
1539 #======================================================================
1540 # WHERE: TOP-LEVEL OTHERS (SCALARREF, SCALAR, UNDEF)
1541 #======================================================================
1544 sub _where_SCALARREF {
1545 my ($self, $where) = @_;
1548 $self->_debug("SCALAR(*top) means literal SQL: $$where");
1554 my ($self, $where) = @_;
1557 $self->_debug("NOREF(*top) means literal SQL: $where");
1568 #======================================================================
1569 # WHERE: BUILTIN SPECIAL OPERATORS (-in, -between)
1570 #======================================================================
1573 sub _where_field_BETWEEN {
1574 my ($self, $k, $op, $vals) = @_;
1576 my ($label, $and, $placeholder);
1577 $label = $self->_convert($self->_quote($k));
1578 $and = ' ' . $self->_sqlcase('and') . ' ';
1579 $placeholder = $self->_convert('?');
1580 $op = $self->_sqlcase($op);
1582 my $invalid_args = "Operator '$op' requires either an arrayref with two defined values or expressions, or a single literal scalarref/arrayref-ref";
1584 my ($clause, @bind) = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($vals, {
1585 ARRAYREFREF => sub {
1586 my ($s, @b) = @$$vals;
1587 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@b);
1594 puke $invalid_args if @$vals != 2;
1596 my (@all_sql, @all_bind);
1597 foreach my $val (@$vals) {
1598 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($val, {
1600 return ($placeholder, $self->_bindtype($k, $val) );
1605 ARRAYREFREF => sub {
1606 my ($sql, @bind) = @$$val;
1607 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
1608 return ($sql, @bind);
1611 my ($func, $arg, @rest) = %$val;
1612 puke "Only simple { -func => arg } functions accepted as sub-arguments to BETWEEN"
1613 if (@rest or $func !~ /^ \- (.+)/x);
1614 $self->_where_unary_op($1 => $arg);
1620 push @all_sql, $sql;
1621 push @all_bind, @bind;
1625 (join $and, @all_sql),
1634 my $sql = "( $label $op $clause )";
1635 return ($sql, @bind)
1639 sub _where_field_IN {
1640 my ($self, $k, $op, $vals) = @_;
1642 # backwards compatibility: if scalar, force into an arrayref
1643 $vals = [$vals] if defined $vals && ! ref $vals;
1645 my ($label) = $self->_convert($self->_quote($k));
1646 my ($placeholder) = $self->_convert('?');
1647 $op = $self->_sqlcase($op);
1649 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($vals, {
1650 ARRAYREF => sub { # list of choices
1651 if (@$vals) { # nonempty list
1652 my (@all_sql, @all_bind);
1654 for my $val (@$vals) {
1655 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($val, {
1657 return ($placeholder, $val);
1662 ARRAYREFREF => sub {
1663 my ($sql, @bind) = @$$val;
1664 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
1665 return ($sql, @bind);
1668 my ($func, $arg, @rest) = %$val;
1669 puke "Only simple { -func => arg } functions accepted as sub-arguments to IN"
1670 if (@rest or $func !~ /^ \- (.+)/x);
1671 $self->_where_unary_op($1 => $arg);
1675 'SQL::Abstract before v1.75 used to generate incorrect SQL when the '
1676 . "-$op operator was given an undef-containing list: !!!AUDIT YOUR CODE "
1677 . 'AND DATA!!! (the upcoming Data::Query-based version of SQL::Abstract '
1678 . 'will emit the logically correct SQL instead of raising this exception)'
1682 push @all_sql, $sql;
1683 push @all_bind, @bind;
1687 sprintf('%s %s ( %s )',
1690 join(', ', @all_sql)
1692 $self->_bindtype($k, @all_bind),
1695 else { # empty list: some databases won't understand "IN ()", so DWIM
1696 my $sql = ($op =~ /\bnot\b/i) ? $self->{sqltrue} : $self->{sqlfalse};
1701 SCALARREF => sub { # literal SQL
1702 my $sql = $self->_open_outer_paren($$vals);
1703 return ("$label $op ( $sql )");
1705 ARRAYREFREF => sub { # literal SQL with bind
1706 my ($sql, @bind) = @$$vals;
1707 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
1708 $sql = $self->_open_outer_paren($sql);
1709 return ("$label $op ( $sql )", @bind);
1713 puke "Argument passed to the '$op' operator can not be undefined";
1717 puke "special op $op requires an arrayref (or scalarref/arrayref-ref)";
1721 return ($sql, @bind);
1724 # Some databases (SQLite) treat col IN (1, 2) different from
1725 # col IN ( (1, 2) ). Use this to strip all outer parens while
1726 # adding them back in the corresponding method
1727 sub _open_outer_paren {
1728 my ($self, $sql) = @_;
1730 while (my ($inner) = $sql =~ /^ \s* \( (.*) \) \s* $/xs) {
1732 # there are closing parens inside, need the heavy duty machinery
1733 # to reevaluate the extraction starting from $sql (full reevaluation)
1734 if ($inner =~ /\)/) {
1735 require Text::Balanced;
1737 my (undef, $remainder) = do {
1738 # idiotic design - writes to $@ but *DOES NOT* throw exceptions
1740 Text::Balanced::extract_bracketed($sql, '()', qr/\s*/);
1743 # the entire expression needs to be a balanced bracketed thing
1744 # (after an extract no remainder sans trailing space)
1745 last if defined $remainder and $remainder =~ /\S/;
1755 #======================================================================
1757 #======================================================================
1760 my ($self, $arg) = @_;
1763 for my $c ($self->_order_by_chunks($arg) ) {
1764 $self->_SWITCH_refkind($c, {
1765 SCALAR => sub { push @sql, $c },
1766 ARRAYREF => sub { push @sql, shift @$c; push @bind, @$c },
1772 $self->_sqlcase(' order by'),
1778 return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql;
1781 sub _order_by_chunks {
1782 my ($self, $arg) = @_;
1784 return $self->_SWITCH_refkind($arg, {
1787 map { $self->_order_by_chunks($_ ) } @$arg;
1790 ARRAYREFREF => sub {
1791 my ($s, @b) = @$$arg;
1792 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@b);
1796 SCALAR => sub {$self->_quote($arg)},
1798 UNDEF => sub {return () },
1800 SCALARREF => sub {$$arg}, # literal SQL, no quoting
1803 # get first pair in hash
1804 my ($key, $val, @rest) = %$arg;
1806 return () unless $key;
1808 if (@rest or not $key =~ /^-(desc|asc)/i) {
1809 puke "hash passed to _order_by must have exactly one key (-desc or -asc)";
1815 for my $c ($self->_order_by_chunks($val)) {
1818 $self->_SWITCH_refkind($c, {
1823 ($sql, @bind) = @$c;
1827 $sql = $sql . ' ' . $self->_sqlcase($direction);
1829 push @ret, [ $sql, @bind];
1838 #======================================================================
1839 # DATASOURCE (FOR NOW, JUST PLAIN TABLE OR LIST OF TABLES)
1840 #======================================================================
1845 $self->_SWITCH_refkind($from, {
1846 ARRAYREF => sub {join ', ', map { $self->_quote($_) } @$from;},
1847 SCALAR => sub {$self->_quote($from)},
1848 SCALARREF => sub {$$from},
1853 #======================================================================
1855 #======================================================================
1857 # highly optimized, as it's called way too often
1859 # my ($self, $label) = @_;
1861 return '' unless defined $_[1];
1862 return ${$_[1]} if ref($_[1]) eq 'SCALAR';
1864 $_[0]->{quote_char} or
1865 ($_[0]->_assert_pass_injection_guard($_[1]), return $_[1]);
1867 my $qref = ref $_[0]->{quote_char};
1869 !$qref ? ($_[0]->{quote_char}, $_[0]->{quote_char})
1870 : ($qref eq 'ARRAY') ? @{$_[0]->{quote_char}}
1871 : puke "Unsupported quote_char format: $_[0]->{quote_char}";
1873 my $esc = $_[0]->{escape_char} || $r;
1875 # parts containing * are naturally unquoted
1876 return join($_[0]->{name_sep}||'', map
1877 +( $_ eq '*' ? $_ : do { (my $n = $_) =~ s/(\Q$esc\E|\Q$r\E)/$esc$1/g; $l . $n . $r } ),
1878 ( $_[0]->{name_sep} ? split (/\Q$_[0]->{name_sep}\E/, $_[1] ) : $_[1] )
1883 # Conversion, if applicable
1885 #my ($self, $arg) = @_;
1886 if ($_[0]->{convert}) {
1887 return $_[0]->_sqlcase($_[0]->{convert}) .'(' . $_[1] . ')';
1894 #my ($self, $col, @vals) = @_;
1895 # called often - tighten code
1896 return $_[0]->{bindtype} eq 'columns'
1897 ? map {[$_[1], $_]} @_[2 .. $#_]
1902 # Dies if any element of @bind is not in [colname => value] format
1903 # if bindtype is 'columns'.
1904 sub _assert_bindval_matches_bindtype {
1905 # my ($self, @bind) = @_;
1907 if ($self->{bindtype} eq 'columns') {
1909 if (!defined $_ || ref($_) ne 'ARRAY' || @$_ != 2) {
1910 puke "bindtype 'columns' selected, you need to pass: [column_name => bind_value]"
1916 sub _join_sql_clauses {
1917 my ($self, $logic, $clauses_aref, $bind_aref) = @_;
1919 if (@$clauses_aref > 1) {
1920 my $join = " " . $self->_sqlcase($logic) . " ";
1921 my $sql = '( ' . join($join, @$clauses_aref) . ' )';
1922 return ($sql, @$bind_aref);
1924 elsif (@$clauses_aref) {
1925 return ($clauses_aref->[0], @$bind_aref); # no parentheses
1928 return (); # if no SQL, ignore @$bind_aref
1933 # Fix SQL case, if so requested
1935 # LDNOTE: if $self->{case} is true, then it contains 'lower', so we
1936 # don't touch the argument ... crooked logic, but let's not change it!
1937 return $_[0]->{case} ? $_[1] : uc($_[1]);
1941 #======================================================================
1942 # DISPATCHING FROM REFKIND
1943 #======================================================================
1946 my ($self, $data) = @_;
1948 return 'UNDEF' unless defined $data;
1950 # blessed objects are treated like scalars
1951 my $ref = (Scalar::Util::blessed $data) ? '' : ref $data;
1953 return 'SCALAR' unless $ref;
1956 while ($ref eq 'REF') {
1958 $ref = (Scalar::Util::blessed $data) ? '' : ref $data;
1962 return ($ref||'SCALAR') . ('REF' x $n_steps);
1966 my ($self, $data) = @_;
1967 my @try = ($self->_refkind($data));
1968 push @try, 'SCALAR_or_UNDEF' if $try[0] eq 'SCALAR' || $try[0] eq 'UNDEF';
1969 push @try, 'FALLBACK';
1973 sub _METHOD_FOR_refkind {
1974 my ($self, $meth_prefix, $data) = @_;
1977 for (@{$self->_try_refkind($data)}) {
1978 $method = $self->can($meth_prefix."_".$_)
1982 return $method || puke "cannot dispatch on '$meth_prefix' for ".$self->_refkind($data);
1986 sub _SWITCH_refkind {
1987 my ($self, $data, $dispatch_table) = @_;
1990 for (@{$self->_try_refkind($data)}) {
1991 $coderef = $dispatch_table->{$_}
1995 puke "no dispatch entry for ".$self->_refkind($data)
2004 #======================================================================
2005 # VALUES, GENERATE, AUTOLOAD
2006 #======================================================================
2008 # LDNOTE: original code from nwiger, didn't touch code in that section
2009 # I feel the AUTOLOAD stuff should not be the default, it should
2010 # only be activated on explicit demand by user.
2014 my $data = shift || return;
2015 puke "Argument to ", __PACKAGE__, "->values must be a \\%hash"
2016 unless ref $data eq 'HASH';
2019 foreach my $k (sort keys %$data) {
2020 my $v = $data->{$k};
2021 $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, {
2023 if ($self->{array_datatypes}) { # array datatype
2024 push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($k, $v);
2026 else { # literal SQL with bind
2027 my ($sql, @bind) = @$v;
2028 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
2029 push @all_bind, @bind;
2032 ARRAYREFREF => sub { # literal SQL with bind
2033 my ($sql, @bind) = @${$v};
2034 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
2035 push @all_bind, @bind;
2037 SCALARREF => sub { # literal SQL without bind
2039 SCALAR_or_UNDEF => sub {
2040 push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($k, $v);
2051 my(@sql, @sqlq, @sqlv);
2055 if ($ref eq 'HASH') {
2056 for my $k (sort keys %$_) {
2059 my $label = $self->_quote($k);
2060 if ($r eq 'ARRAY') {
2061 # literal SQL with bind
2062 my ($sql, @bind) = @$v;
2063 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
2064 push @sqlq, "$label = $sql";
2066 } elsif ($r eq 'SCALAR') {
2067 # literal SQL without bind
2068 push @sqlq, "$label = $$v";
2070 push @sqlq, "$label = ?";
2071 push @sqlv, $self->_bindtype($k, $v);
2074 push @sql, $self->_sqlcase('set'), join ', ', @sqlq;
2075 } elsif ($ref eq 'ARRAY') {
2076 # unlike insert(), assume these are ONLY the column names, i.e. for SQL
2079 if ($r eq 'ARRAY') { # literal SQL with bind
2080 my ($sql, @bind) = @$v;
2081 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
2084 } elsif ($r eq 'SCALAR') { # literal SQL without bind
2085 # embedded literal SQL
2092 push @sql, '(' . join(', ', @sqlq) . ')';
2093 } elsif ($ref eq 'SCALAR') {
2097 # strings get case twiddled
2098 push @sql, $self->_sqlcase($_);
2102 my $sql = join ' ', @sql;
2104 # this is pretty tricky
2105 # if ask for an array, return ($stmt, @bind)
2106 # otherwise, s/?/shift @sqlv/ to put it inline
2108 return ($sql, @sqlv);
2110 1 while $sql =~ s/\?/my $d = shift(@sqlv);
2111 ref $d ? $d->[1] : $d/e;
2120 # This allows us to check for a local, then _form, attr
2122 my($name) = $AUTOLOAD =~ /.*::(.+)/;
2123 return $self->generate($name, @_);
2134 SQL::Abstract - Generate SQL from Perl data structures
2140 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new;
2142 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->select($source, \@fields, \%where, $order);
2144 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert($table, \%fieldvals || \@values);
2146 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update($table, \%fieldvals, \%where);
2148 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->delete($table, \%where);
2150 # Then, use these in your DBI statements
2151 my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt);
2152 $sth->execute(@bind);
2154 # Just generate the WHERE clause
2155 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->where(\%where, $order);
2157 # Return values in the same order, for hashed queries
2158 # See PERFORMANCE section for more details
2159 my @bind = $sql->values(\%fieldvals);
2163 This module was inspired by the excellent L<DBIx::Abstract>.
2164 However, in using that module I found that what I really wanted
2165 to do was generate SQL, but still retain complete control over my
2166 statement handles and use the DBI interface. So, I set out to
2167 create an abstract SQL generation module.
2169 While based on the concepts used by L<DBIx::Abstract>, there are
2170 several important differences, especially when it comes to WHERE
2171 clauses. I have modified the concepts used to make the SQL easier
2172 to generate from Perl data structures and, IMO, more intuitive.
2173 The underlying idea is for this module to do what you mean, based
2174 on the data structures you provide it. The big advantage is that
2175 you don't have to modify your code every time your data changes,
2176 as this module figures it out.
2178 To begin with, an SQL INSERT is as easy as just specifying a hash
2179 of C<key=value> pairs:
2182 name => 'Jimbo Bobson',
2183 phone => '123-456-7890',
2184 address => '42 Sister Lane',
2185 city => 'St. Louis',
2186 state => 'Louisiana',
2189 The SQL can then be generated with this:
2191 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('people', \%data);
2193 Which would give you something like this:
2195 $stmt = "INSERT INTO people
2196 (address, city, name, phone, state)
2197 VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)";
2198 @bind = ('42 Sister Lane', 'St. Louis', 'Jimbo Bobson',
2199 '123-456-7890', 'Louisiana');
2201 These are then used directly in your DBI code:
2203 my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt);
2204 $sth->execute(@bind);
2206 =head2 Inserting and Updating Arrays
2208 If your database has array types (like for example Postgres),
2209 activate the special option C<< array_datatypes => 1 >>
2210 when creating the C<SQL::Abstract> object.
2211 Then you may use an arrayref to insert and update database array types:
2213 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(array_datatypes => 1);
2215 planets => [qw/Mercury Venus Earth Mars/]
2218 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('solar_system', \%data);
2222 $stmt = "INSERT INTO solar_system (planets) VALUES (?)"
2224 @bind = (['Mercury', 'Venus', 'Earth', 'Mars']);
2227 =head2 Inserting and Updating SQL
2229 In order to apply SQL functions to elements of your C<%data> you may
2230 specify a reference to an arrayref for the given hash value. For example,
2231 if you need to execute the Oracle C<to_date> function on a value, you can
2232 say something like this:
2236 date_entered => \[ "to_date(?,'MM/DD/YYYY')", "03/02/2003" ],
2239 The first value in the array is the actual SQL. Any other values are
2240 optional and would be included in the bind values array. This gives
2243 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('people', \%data);
2245 $stmt = "INSERT INTO people (name, date_entered)
2246 VALUES (?, to_date(?,'MM/DD/YYYY'))";
2247 @bind = ('Bill', '03/02/2003');
2249 An UPDATE is just as easy, all you change is the name of the function:
2251 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update('people', \%data);
2253 Notice that your C<%data> isn't touched; the module will generate
2254 the appropriately quirky SQL for you automatically. Usually you'll
2255 want to specify a WHERE clause for your UPDATE, though, which is
2256 where handling C<%where> hashes comes in handy...
2258 =head2 Complex where statements
2260 This module can generate pretty complicated WHERE statements
2261 easily. For example, simple C<key=value> pairs are taken to mean
2262 equality, and if you want to see if a field is within a set
2263 of values, you can use an arrayref. Let's say we wanted to
2264 SELECT some data based on this criteria:
2267 requestor => 'inna',
2268 worker => ['nwiger', 'rcwe', 'sfz'],
2269 status => { '!=', 'completed' }
2272 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->select('tickets', '*', \%where);
2274 The above would give you something like this:
2276 $stmt = "SELECT * FROM tickets WHERE
2277 ( requestor = ? ) AND ( status != ? )
2278 AND ( worker = ? OR worker = ? OR worker = ? )";
2279 @bind = ('inna', 'completed', 'nwiger', 'rcwe', 'sfz');
2281 Which you could then use in DBI code like so:
2283 my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt);
2284 $sth->execute(@bind);
2290 The methods are simple. There's one for every major SQL operation,
2291 and a constructor you use first. The arguments are specified in a
2292 similar order for each method (table, then fields, then a where
2293 clause) to try and simplify things.
2295 =head2 new(option => 'value')
2297 The C<new()> function takes a list of options and values, and returns
2298 a new B<SQL::Abstract> object which can then be used to generate SQL
2299 through the methods below. The options accepted are:
2305 If set to 'lower', then SQL will be generated in all lowercase. By
2306 default SQL is generated in "textbook" case meaning something like:
2308 SELECT a_field FROM a_table WHERE some_field LIKE '%someval%'
2310 Any setting other than 'lower' is ignored.
2314 This determines what the default comparison operator is. By default
2315 it is C<=>, meaning that a hash like this:
2317 %where = (name => 'nwiger', email => 'nate@wiger.org');
2319 Will generate SQL like this:
2321 WHERE name = 'nwiger' AND email = 'nate@wiger.org'
2323 However, you may want loose comparisons by default, so if you set
2324 C<cmp> to C<like> you would get SQL such as:
2326 WHERE name like 'nwiger' AND email like 'nate@wiger.org'
2328 You can also override the comparison on an individual basis - see
2329 the huge section on L</"WHERE CLAUSES"> at the bottom.
2331 =item sqltrue, sqlfalse
2333 Expressions for inserting boolean values within SQL statements.
2334 By default these are C<1=1> and C<1=0>. They are used
2335 by the special operators C<-in> and C<-not_in> for generating
2336 correct SQL even when the argument is an empty array (see below).
2340 This determines the default logical operator for multiple WHERE
2341 statements in arrays or hashes. If absent, the default logic is "or"
2342 for arrays, and "and" for hashes. This means that a WHERE
2346 event_date => {'>=', '2/13/99'},
2347 event_date => {'<=', '4/24/03'},
2350 will generate SQL like this:
2352 WHERE event_date >= '2/13/99' OR event_date <= '4/24/03'
2354 This is probably not what you want given this query, though (look
2355 at the dates). To change the "OR" to an "AND", simply specify:
2357 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(logic => 'and');
2359 Which will change the above C<WHERE> to:
2361 WHERE event_date >= '2/13/99' AND event_date <= '4/24/03'
2363 The logic can also be changed locally by inserting
2364 a modifier in front of an arrayref:
2366 @where = (-and => [event_date => {'>=', '2/13/99'},
2367 event_date => {'<=', '4/24/03'} ]);
2369 See the L</"WHERE CLAUSES"> section for explanations.
2373 This will automatically convert comparisons using the specified SQL
2374 function for both column and value. This is mostly used with an argument
2375 of C<upper> or C<lower>, so that the SQL will have the effect of
2376 case-insensitive "searches". For example, this:
2378 $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(convert => 'upper');
2379 %where = (keywords => 'MaKe iT CAse inSeNSItive');
2381 Will turn out the following SQL:
2383 WHERE upper(keywords) like upper('MaKe iT CAse inSeNSItive')
2385 The conversion can be C<upper()>, C<lower()>, or any other SQL function
2386 that can be applied symmetrically to fields (actually B<SQL::Abstract> does
2387 not validate this option; it will just pass through what you specify verbatim).
2391 This is a kludge because many databases suck. For example, you can't
2392 just bind values using DBI's C<execute()> for Oracle C<CLOB> or C<BLOB> fields.
2393 Instead, you have to use C<bind_param()>:
2395 $sth->bind_param(1, 'reg data');
2396 $sth->bind_param(2, $lots, {ora_type => ORA_CLOB});
2398 The problem is, B<SQL::Abstract> will normally just return a C<@bind> array,
2399 which loses track of which field each slot refers to. Fear not.
2401 If you specify C<bindtype> in new, you can determine how C<@bind> is returned.
2402 Currently, you can specify either C<normal> (default) or C<columns>. If you
2403 specify C<columns>, you will get an array that looks like this:
2405 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(bindtype => 'columns');
2406 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert(...);
2409 [ 'column1', 'value1' ],
2410 [ 'column2', 'value2' ],
2411 [ 'column3', 'value3' ],
2414 You can then iterate through this manually, using DBI's C<bind_param()>.
2416 $sth->prepare($stmt);
2419 my($col, $data) = @$_;
2420 if ($col eq 'details' || $col eq 'comments') {
2421 $sth->bind_param($i, $data, {ora_type => ORA_CLOB});
2422 } elsif ($col eq 'image') {
2423 $sth->bind_param($i, $data, {ora_type => ORA_BLOB});
2425 $sth->bind_param($i, $data);
2429 $sth->execute; # execute without @bind now
2431 Now, why would you still use B<SQL::Abstract> if you have to do this crap?
2432 Basically, the advantage is still that you don't have to care which fields
2433 are or are not included. You could wrap that above C<for> loop in a simple
2434 sub called C<bind_fields()> or something and reuse it repeatedly. You still
2435 get a layer of abstraction over manual SQL specification.
2437 Note that if you set L</bindtype> to C<columns>, the C<\[ $sql, @bind ]>
2438 construct (see L</Literal SQL with placeholders and bind values (subqueries)>)
2439 will expect the bind values in this format.
2443 This is the character that a table or column name will be quoted
2444 with. By default this is an empty string, but you could set it to
2445 the character C<`>, to generate SQL like this:
2447 SELECT `a_field` FROM `a_table` WHERE `some_field` LIKE '%someval%'
2449 Alternatively, you can supply an array ref of two items, the first being the left
2450 hand quote character, and the second the right hand quote character. For
2451 example, you could supply C<['[',']']> for SQL Server 2000 compliant quotes
2452 that generates SQL like this:
2454 SELECT [a_field] FROM [a_table] WHERE [some_field] LIKE '%someval%'
2456 Quoting is useful if you have tables or columns names that are reserved
2457 words in your database's SQL dialect.
2461 This is the character that will be used to escape L</quote_char>s appearing
2462 in an identifier before it has been quoted.
2464 The parameter default in case of a single L</quote_char> character is the quote
2467 When opening-closing-style quoting is used (L</quote_char> is an arrayref)
2468 this parameter defaults to the B<closing (right)> L</quote_char>. Occurrences
2469 of the B<opening (left)> L</quote_char> within the identifier are currently left
2470 untouched. The default for opening-closing-style quotes may change in future
2471 versions, thus you are B<strongly encouraged> to specify the escape character
2476 This is the character that separates a table and column name. It is
2477 necessary to specify this when the C<quote_char> option is selected,
2478 so that tables and column names can be individually quoted like this:
2480 SELECT `table`.`one_field` FROM `table` WHERE `table`.`other_field` = 1
2482 =item injection_guard
2484 A regular expression C<qr/.../> that is applied to any C<-function> and unquoted
2485 column name specified in a query structure. This is a safety mechanism to avoid
2486 injection attacks when mishandling user input e.g.:
2488 my %condition_as_column_value_pairs = get_values_from_user();
2489 $sqla->select( ... , \%condition_as_column_value_pairs );
2491 If the expression matches an exception is thrown. Note that literal SQL
2492 supplied via C<\'...'> or C<\['...']> is B<not> checked in any way.
2494 Defaults to checking for C<;> and the C<GO> keyword (TransactSQL)
2496 =item array_datatypes
2498 When this option is true, arrayrefs in INSERT or UPDATE are
2499 interpreted as array datatypes and are passed directly
2501 When this option is false, arrayrefs are interpreted
2502 as literal SQL, just like refs to arrayrefs
2503 (but this behavior is for backwards compatibility; when writing
2504 new queries, use the "reference to arrayref" syntax
2510 Takes a reference to a list of "special operators"
2511 to extend the syntax understood by L<SQL::Abstract>.
2512 See section L</"SPECIAL OPERATORS"> for details.
2516 Takes a reference to a list of "unary operators"
2517 to extend the syntax understood by L<SQL::Abstract>.
2518 See section L</"UNARY OPERATORS"> for details.
2524 =head2 insert($table, \@values || \%fieldvals, \%options)
2526 This is the simplest function. You simply give it a table name
2527 and either an arrayref of values or hashref of field/value pairs.
2528 It returns an SQL INSERT statement and a list of bind values.
2529 See the sections on L</"Inserting and Updating Arrays"> and
2530 L</"Inserting and Updating SQL"> for information on how to insert
2531 with those data types.
2533 The optional C<\%options> hash reference may contain additional
2534 options to generate the insert SQL. Currently supported options
2541 Takes either a scalar of raw SQL fields, or an array reference of
2542 field names, and adds on an SQL C<RETURNING> statement at the end.
2543 This allows you to return data generated by the insert statement
2544 (such as row IDs) without performing another C<SELECT> statement.
2545 Note, however, this is not part of the SQL standard and may not
2546 be supported by all database engines.
2550 =head2 update($table, \%fieldvals, \%where, \%options)
2552 This takes a table, hashref of field/value pairs, and an optional
2553 hashref L<WHERE clause|/WHERE CLAUSES>. It returns an SQL UPDATE function and a list
2555 See the sections on L</"Inserting and Updating Arrays"> and
2556 L</"Inserting and Updating SQL"> for information on how to insert
2557 with those data types.
2559 The optional C<\%options> hash reference may contain additional
2560 options to generate the update SQL. Currently supported options
2567 See the C<returning> option to
2568 L<insert|/insert($table, \@values || \%fieldvals, \%options)>.
2572 =head2 select($source, $fields, $where, $order)
2574 This returns a SQL SELECT statement and associated list of bind values, as
2575 specified by the arguments:
2581 Specification of the 'FROM' part of the statement.
2582 The argument can be either a plain scalar (interpreted as a table
2583 name, will be quoted), or an arrayref (interpreted as a list
2584 of table names, joined by commas, quoted), or a scalarref
2585 (literal SQL, not quoted).
2589 Specification of the list of fields to retrieve from
2591 The argument can be either an arrayref (interpreted as a list
2592 of field names, will be joined by commas and quoted), or a
2593 plain scalar (literal SQL, not quoted).
2594 Please observe that this API is not as flexible as that of
2595 the first argument C<$source>, for backwards compatibility reasons.
2599 Optional argument to specify the WHERE part of the query.
2600 The argument is most often a hashref, but can also be
2601 an arrayref or plain scalar --
2602 see section L<WHERE clause|/"WHERE CLAUSES"> for details.
2606 Optional argument to specify the ORDER BY part of the query.
2607 The argument can be a scalar, a hashref or an arrayref
2608 -- see section L<ORDER BY clause|/"ORDER BY CLAUSES">
2614 =head2 delete($table, \%where, \%options)
2616 This takes a table name and optional hashref L<WHERE clause|/WHERE CLAUSES>.
2617 It returns an SQL DELETE statement and list of bind values.
2619 The optional C<\%options> hash reference may contain additional
2620 options to generate the delete SQL. Currently supported options
2627 See the C<returning> option to
2628 L<insert|/insert($table, \@values || \%fieldvals, \%options)>.
2632 =head2 where(\%where, $order)
2634 This is used to generate just the WHERE clause. For example,
2635 if you have an arbitrary data structure and know what the
2636 rest of your SQL is going to look like, but want an easy way
2637 to produce a WHERE clause, use this. It returns an SQL WHERE
2638 clause and list of bind values.
2641 =head2 values(\%data)
2643 This just returns the values from the hash C<%data>, in the same
2644 order that would be returned from any of the other above queries.
2645 Using this allows you to markedly speed up your queries if you
2646 are affecting lots of rows. See below under the L</"PERFORMANCE"> section.
2648 =head2 generate($any, 'number', $of, \@data, $struct, \%types)
2650 Warning: This is an experimental method and subject to change.
2652 This returns arbitrarily generated SQL. It's a really basic shortcut.
2653 It will return two different things, depending on return context:
2655 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->generate('create table', \$table, \@fields);
2656 my $stmt_and_val = $sql->generate('create table', \$table, \@fields);
2658 These would return the following:
2660 # First calling form
2661 $stmt = "CREATE TABLE test (?, ?)";
2662 @bind = (field1, field2);
2664 # Second calling form
2665 $stmt_and_val = "CREATE TABLE test (field1, field2)";
2667 Depending on what you're trying to do, it's up to you to choose the correct
2668 format. In this example, the second form is what you would want.
2672 $sql->generate('alter session', { nls_date_format => 'MM/YY' });
2676 ALTER SESSION SET nls_date_format = 'MM/YY'
2678 You get the idea. Strings get their case twiddled, but everything
2679 else remains verbatim.
2681 =head1 EXPORTABLE FUNCTIONS
2683 =head2 is_plain_value
2685 Determines if the supplied argument is a plain value as understood by this
2690 =item * The value is C<undef>
2692 =item * The value is a non-reference
2694 =item * The value is an object with stringification overloading
2696 =item * The value is of the form C<< { -value => $anything } >>
2700 On failure returns C<undef>, on success returns a B<scalar> reference
2701 to the original supplied argument.
2707 The stringification overloading detection is rather advanced: it takes
2708 into consideration not only the presence of a C<""> overload, but if that
2709 fails also checks for enabled
2710 L<autogenerated versions of C<"">|overload/Magic Autogeneration>, based
2711 on either C<0+> or C<bool>.
2713 Unfortunately testing in the field indicates that this
2714 detection B<< may tickle a latent bug in perl versions before 5.018 >>,
2715 but only when very large numbers of stringifying objects are involved.
2716 At the time of writing ( Sep 2014 ) there is no clear explanation of
2717 the direct cause, nor is there a manageably small test case that reliably
2718 reproduces the problem.
2720 If you encounter any of the following exceptions in B<random places within
2721 your application stack> - this module may be to blame:
2723 Operation "ne": no method found,
2724 left argument in overloaded package <something>,
2725 right argument in overloaded package <something>
2729 Stub found while resolving method "???" overloading """" in package <something>
2731 If you fall victim to the above - please attempt to reduce the problem
2732 to something that could be sent to the L<SQL::Abstract developers
2733 |DBIx::Class/GETTING HELP/SUPPORT>
2734 (either publicly or privately). As a workaround in the meantime you can
2735 set C<$ENV{SQLA_ISVALUE_IGNORE_AUTOGENERATED_STRINGIFICATION}> to a true
2736 value, which will most likely eliminate your problem (at the expense of
2737 not being able to properly detect exotic forms of stringification).
2739 This notice and environment variable will be removed in a future version,
2740 as soon as the underlying problem is found and a reliable workaround is
2745 =head2 is_literal_value
2747 Determines if the supplied argument is a literal value as understood by this
2752 =item * C<\$sql_string>
2754 =item * C<\[ $sql_string, @bind_values ]>
2758 On failure returns C<undef>, on success returns an B<array> reference
2759 containing the unpacked version of the supplied literal SQL and bind values.
2761 =head1 WHERE CLAUSES
2765 This module uses a variation on the idea from L<DBIx::Abstract>. It
2766 is B<NOT>, repeat I<not> 100% compatible. B<The main logic of this
2767 module is that things in arrays are OR'ed, and things in hashes
2770 The easiest way to explain is to show lots of examples. After
2771 each C<%where> hash shown, it is assumed you used:
2773 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->where(\%where);
2775 However, note that the C<%where> hash can be used directly in any
2776 of the other functions as well, as described above.
2778 =head2 Key-value pairs
2780 So, let's get started. To begin, a simple hash:
2784 status => 'completed'
2787 Is converted to SQL C<key = val> statements:
2789 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status = ?";
2790 @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed');
2792 One common thing I end up doing is having a list of values that
2793 a field can be in. To do this, simply specify a list inside of
2798 status => ['assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending'];
2801 This simple code will create the following:
2803 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND ( status = ? OR status = ? OR status = ? )";
2804 @bind = ('nwiger', 'assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending');
2806 A field associated to an empty arrayref will be considered a
2807 logical false and will generate 0=1.
2809 =head2 Tests for NULL values
2811 If the value part is C<undef> then this is converted to SQL <IS NULL>
2820 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status IS NULL";
2823 To test if a column IS NOT NULL:
2827 status => { '!=', undef },
2830 =head2 Specific comparison operators
2832 If you want to specify a different type of operator for your comparison,
2833 you can use a hashref for a given column:
2837 status => { '!=', 'completed' }
2840 Which would generate:
2842 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status != ?";
2843 @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed');
2845 To test against multiple values, just enclose the values in an arrayref:
2847 status => { '=', ['assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending'] };
2849 Which would give you:
2851 "WHERE status = ? OR status = ? OR status = ?"
2854 The hashref can also contain multiple pairs, in which case it is expanded
2855 into an C<AND> of its elements:
2859 status => { '!=', 'completed', -not_like => 'pending%' }
2862 # Or more dynamically, like from a form
2863 $where{user} = 'nwiger';
2864 $where{status}{'!='} = 'completed';
2865 $where{status}{'-not_like'} = 'pending%';
2867 # Both generate this
2868 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status != ? AND status NOT LIKE ?";
2869 @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed', 'pending%');
2872 To get an OR instead, you can combine it with the arrayref idea:
2876 priority => [ { '=', 2 }, { '>', 5 } ]
2879 Which would generate:
2881 $stmt = "WHERE ( priority = ? OR priority > ? ) AND user = ?";
2882 @bind = ('2', '5', 'nwiger');
2884 If you want to include literal SQL (with or without bind values), just use a
2885 scalar reference or reference to an arrayref as the value:
2888 date_entered => { '>' => \["to_date(?, 'MM/DD/YYYY')", "11/26/2008"] },
2889 date_expires => { '<' => \"now()" }
2892 Which would generate:
2894 $stmt = "WHERE date_entered > to_date(?, 'MM/DD/YYYY') AND date_expires < now()";
2895 @bind = ('11/26/2008');
2898 =head2 Logic and nesting operators
2900 In the example above,
2901 there is a subtle trap if you want to say something like
2902 this (notice the C<AND>):
2904 WHERE priority != ? AND priority != ?
2906 Because, in Perl you I<can't> do this:
2908 priority => { '!=' => 2, '!=' => 1 }
2910 As the second C<!=> key will obliterate the first. The solution
2911 is to use the special C<-modifier> form inside an arrayref:
2913 priority => [ -and => {'!=', 2},
2917 Normally, these would be joined by C<OR>, but the modifier tells it
2918 to use C<AND> instead. (Hint: You can use this in conjunction with the
2919 C<logic> option to C<new()> in order to change the way your queries
2920 work by default.) B<Important:> Note that the C<-modifier> goes
2921 B<INSIDE> the arrayref, as an extra first element. This will
2922 B<NOT> do what you think it might:
2924 priority => -and => [{'!=', 2}, {'!=', 1}] # WRONG!
2926 Here is a quick list of equivalencies, since there is some overlap:
2929 status => {'!=', 'completed', 'not like', 'pending%' }
2930 status => [ -and => {'!=', 'completed'}, {'not like', 'pending%'}]
2933 status => {'=', ['assigned', 'in-progress']}
2934 status => [ -or => {'=', 'assigned'}, {'=', 'in-progress'}]
2935 status => [ {'=', 'assigned'}, {'=', 'in-progress'} ]
2939 =head2 Special operators: IN, BETWEEN, etc.
2941 You can also use the hashref format to compare a list of fields using the
2942 C<IN> comparison operator, by specifying the list as an arrayref:
2945 status => 'completed',
2946 reportid => { -in => [567, 2335, 2] }
2949 Which would generate:
2951 $stmt = "WHERE status = ? AND reportid IN (?,?,?)";
2952 @bind = ('completed', '567', '2335', '2');
2954 The reverse operator C<-not_in> generates SQL C<NOT IN> and is used in
2957 If the argument to C<-in> is an empty array, 'sqlfalse' is generated
2958 (by default: C<1=0>). Similarly, C<< -not_in => [] >> generates
2959 'sqltrue' (by default: C<1=1>).
2961 In addition to the array you can supply a chunk of literal sql or
2962 literal sql with bind:
2965 customer => { -in => \[
2966 'SELECT cust_id FROM cust WHERE balance > ?',
2969 status => { -in => \'SELECT status_codes FROM states' },
2975 customer IN ( SELECT cust_id FROM cust WHERE balance > ? )
2976 AND status IN ( SELECT status_codes FROM states )
2980 Finally, if the argument to C<-in> is not a reference, it will be
2981 treated as a single-element array.
2983 Another pair of operators is C<-between> and C<-not_between>,
2984 used with an arrayref of two values:
2988 completion_date => {
2989 -not_between => ['2002-10-01', '2003-02-06']
2995 WHERE user = ? AND completion_date NOT BETWEEN ( ? AND ? )
2997 Just like with C<-in> all plausible combinations of literal SQL
3001 start0 => { -between => [ 1, 2 ] },
3002 start1 => { -between => \["? AND ?", 1, 2] },
3003 start2 => { -between => \"lower(x) AND upper(y)" },
3004 start3 => { -between => [
3006 \["upper(?)", 'stuff' ],
3013 ( start0 BETWEEN ? AND ? )
3014 AND ( start1 BETWEEN ? AND ? )
3015 AND ( start2 BETWEEN lower(x) AND upper(y) )
3016 AND ( start3 BETWEEN lower(x) AND upper(?) )
3018 @bind = (1, 2, 1, 2, 'stuff');
3021 These are the two builtin "special operators"; but the
3022 list can be expanded: see section L</"SPECIAL OPERATORS"> below.
3024 =head2 Unary operators: bool
3026 If you wish to test against boolean columns or functions within your
3027 database you can use the C<-bool> and C<-not_bool> operators. For
3028 example to test the column C<is_user> being true and the column
3029 C<is_enabled> being false you would use:-
3033 -not_bool => 'is_enabled',
3038 WHERE is_user AND NOT is_enabled
3040 If a more complex combination is required, testing more conditions,
3041 then you should use the and/or operators:-
3046 -not_bool => { two=> { -rlike => 'bar' } },
3047 -not_bool => { three => [ { '=', 2 }, { '>', 5 } ] },
3058 (NOT ( three = ? OR three > ? ))
3061 =head2 Nested conditions, -and/-or prefixes
3063 So far, we've seen how multiple conditions are joined with a top-level
3064 C<AND>. We can change this by putting the different conditions we want in
3065 hashes and then putting those hashes in an array. For example:
3070 status => { -like => ['pending%', 'dispatched'] },
3074 status => 'unassigned',
3078 This data structure would create the following:
3080 $stmt = "WHERE ( user = ? AND ( status LIKE ? OR status LIKE ? ) )
3081 OR ( user = ? AND status = ? ) )";
3082 @bind = ('nwiger', 'pending', 'dispatched', 'robot', 'unassigned');
3085 Clauses in hashrefs or arrayrefs can be prefixed with an C<-and> or C<-or>
3086 to change the logic inside:
3092 -and => [ workhrs => {'>', 20}, geo => 'ASIA' ],
3093 -or => { workhrs => {'<', 50}, geo => 'EURO' },
3100 $stmt = "WHERE ( user = ?
3101 AND ( ( workhrs > ? AND geo = ? )
3102 OR ( workhrs < ? OR geo = ? ) ) )";
3103 @bind = ('nwiger', '20', 'ASIA', '50', 'EURO');
3105 =head3 Algebraic inconsistency, for historical reasons
3107 C<Important note>: when connecting several conditions, the C<-and->|C<-or>
3108 operator goes C<outside> of the nested structure; whereas when connecting
3109 several constraints on one column, the C<-and> operator goes
3110 C<inside> the arrayref. Here is an example combining both features:
3113 -and => [a => 1, b => 2],
3114 -or => [c => 3, d => 4],
3115 e => [-and => {-like => 'foo%'}, {-like => '%bar'} ]
3120 WHERE ( ( ( a = ? AND b = ? )
3121 OR ( c = ? OR d = ? )
3122 OR ( e LIKE ? AND e LIKE ? ) ) )
3124 This difference in syntax is unfortunate but must be preserved for
3125 historical reasons. So be careful: the two examples below would
3126 seem algebraically equivalent, but they are not
3129 { -like => 'foo%' },
3130 { -like => '%bar' },
3132 # yields: WHERE ( ( col LIKE ? AND col LIKE ? ) )
3135 { col => { -like => 'foo%' } },
3136 { col => { -like => '%bar' } },
3138 # yields: WHERE ( ( col LIKE ? OR col LIKE ? ) )
3141 =head2 Literal SQL and value type operators
3143 The basic premise of SQL::Abstract is that in WHERE specifications the "left
3144 side" is a column name and the "right side" is a value (normally rendered as
3145 a placeholder). This holds true for both hashrefs and arrayref pairs as you
3146 see in the L</WHERE CLAUSES> examples above. Sometimes it is necessary to
3147 alter this behavior. There are several ways of doing so.
3151 This is a virtual operator that signals the string to its right side is an
3152 identifier (a column name) and not a value. For example to compare two
3153 columns you would write:
3156 priority => { '<', 2 },
3157 requestor => { -ident => 'submitter' },
3162 $stmt = "WHERE priority < ? AND requestor = submitter";
3165 If you are maintaining legacy code you may see a different construct as
3166 described in L</Deprecated usage of Literal SQL>, please use C<-ident> in new
3171 This is a virtual operator that signals that the construct to its right side
3172 is a value to be passed to DBI. This is for example necessary when you want
3173 to write a where clause against an array (for RDBMS that support such
3174 datatypes). For example:
3177 array => { -value => [1, 2, 3] }
3182 $stmt = 'WHERE array = ?';
3183 @bind = ([1, 2, 3]);
3185 Note that if you were to simply say:
3191 the result would probably not be what you wanted:
3193 $stmt = 'WHERE array = ? OR array = ? OR array = ?';
3198 Finally, sometimes only literal SQL will do. To include a random snippet
3199 of SQL verbatim, you specify it as a scalar reference. Consider this only
3200 as a last resort. Usually there is a better way. For example:
3203 priority => { '<', 2 },
3204 requestor => { -in => \'(SELECT name FROM hitmen)' },
3209 $stmt = "WHERE priority < ? AND requestor IN (SELECT name FROM hitmen)"
3212 Note that in this example, you only get one bind parameter back, since
3213 the verbatim SQL is passed as part of the statement.
3217 Never use untrusted input as a literal SQL argument - this is a massive
3218 security risk (there is no way to check literal snippets for SQL
3219 injections and other nastyness). If you need to deal with untrusted input
3220 use literal SQL with placeholders as described next.
3222 =head3 Literal SQL with placeholders and bind values (subqueries)
3224 If the literal SQL to be inserted has placeholders and bind values,
3225 use a reference to an arrayref (yes this is a double reference --
3226 not so common, but perfectly legal Perl). For example, to find a date
3227 in Postgres you can use something like this:
3230 date_column => \[ "= date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer", 10 ]
3235 $stmt = "WHERE ( date_column = date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer )"
3238 Note that you must pass the bind values in the same format as they are returned
3239 by L<where|/where(\%where, $order)>. This means that if you set L</bindtype>
3240 to C<columns>, you must provide the bind values in the
3241 C<< [ column_meta => value ] >> format, where C<column_meta> is an opaque
3242 scalar value; most commonly the column name, but you can use any scalar value
3243 (including references and blessed references), L<SQL::Abstract> will simply
3244 pass it through intact. So if C<bindtype> is set to C<columns> the above
3245 example will look like:
3248 date_column => \[ "= date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer", [ {} => 10 ] ]
3251 Literal SQL is especially useful for nesting parenthesized clauses in the
3252 main SQL query. Here is a first example:
3254 my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind) = ("SELECT c1 FROM t1 WHERE c2 < ? AND c3 LIKE ?",
3258 bar => \["IN ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind],
3263 $stmt = "WHERE (foo = ? AND bar IN (SELECT c1 FROM t1
3264 WHERE c2 < ? AND c3 LIKE ?))";
3265 @bind = (1234, 100, "foo%");
3267 Other subquery operators, like for example C<"E<gt> ALL"> or C<"NOT IN">,
3268 are expressed in the same way. Of course the C<$sub_stmt> and
3269 its associated bind values can be generated through a former call
3272 my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind)
3273 = $sql->select("t1", "c1", {c2 => {"<" => 100},
3274 c3 => {-like => "foo%"}});
3277 bar => \["> ALL ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind],
3280 In the examples above, the subquery was used as an operator on a column;
3281 but the same principle also applies for a clause within the main C<%where>
3282 hash, like an EXISTS subquery:
3284 my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind)
3285 = $sql->select("t1", "*", {c1 => 1, c2 => \"> t0.c0"});
3286 my %where = ( -and => [
3288 \["EXISTS ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind],
3293 $stmt = "WHERE (foo = ? AND EXISTS (SELECT * FROM t1
3294 WHERE c1 = ? AND c2 > t0.c0))";
3298 Observe that the condition on C<c2> in the subquery refers to
3299 column C<t0.c0> of the main query: this is I<not> a bind
3300 value, so we have to express it through a scalar ref.
3301 Writing C<< c2 => {">" => "t0.c0"} >> would have generated
3302 C<< c2 > ? >> with bind value C<"t0.c0"> ... not exactly
3303 what we wanted here.
3305 Finally, here is an example where a subquery is used
3306 for expressing unary negation:
3308 my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind)
3309 = $sql->where({age => [{"<" => 10}, {">" => 20}]});
3310 $sub_stmt =~ s/^ where //i; # don't want "WHERE" in the subclause
3312 lname => {like => '%son%'},
3313 \["NOT ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind],
3318 $stmt = "lname LIKE ? AND NOT ( age < ? OR age > ? )"
3319 @bind = ('%son%', 10, 20)
3321 =head3 Deprecated usage of Literal SQL
3323 Below are some examples of archaic use of literal SQL. It is shown only as
3324 reference for those who deal with legacy code. Each example has a much
3325 better, cleaner and safer alternative that users should opt for in new code.
3331 my %where = ( requestor => \'IS NOT NULL' )
3333 $stmt = "WHERE requestor IS NOT NULL"
3335 This used to be the way of generating NULL comparisons, before the handling
3336 of C<undef> got formalized. For new code please use the superior syntax as
3337 described in L</Tests for NULL values>.
3341 my %where = ( requestor => \'= submitter' )
3343 $stmt = "WHERE requestor = submitter"
3345 This used to be the only way to compare columns. Use the superior L</-ident>
3346 method for all new code. For example an identifier declared in such a way
3347 will be properly quoted if L</quote_char> is properly set, while the legacy
3348 form will remain as supplied.
3352 my %where = ( is_ready => \"", completed => { '>', '2012-12-21' } )
3354 $stmt = "WHERE completed > ? AND is_ready"
3355 @bind = ('2012-12-21')
3357 Using an empty string literal used to be the only way to express a boolean.
3358 For all new code please use the much more readable
3359 L<-bool|/Unary operators: bool> operator.
3365 These pages could go on for a while, since the nesting of the data
3366 structures this module can handle are pretty much unlimited (the
3367 module implements the C<WHERE> expansion as a recursive function
3368 internally). Your best bet is to "play around" with the module a
3369 little to see how the data structures behave, and choose the best
3370 format for your data based on that.
3372 And of course, all the values above will probably be replaced with
3373 variables gotten from forms or the command line. After all, if you
3374 knew everything ahead of time, you wouldn't have to worry about
3375 dynamically-generating SQL and could just hardwire it into your
3378 =head1 ORDER BY CLAUSES
3380 Some functions take an order by clause. This can either be a scalar (just a
3381 column name), a hashref of C<< { -desc => 'col' } >> or C<< { -asc => 'col' }
3382 >>, a scalarref, an arrayref-ref, or an arrayref of any of the previous
3385 Given | Will Generate
3386 ---------------------------------------------------------------
3388 'colA' | ORDER BY colA
3390 [qw/colA colB/] | ORDER BY colA, colB
3392 {-asc => 'colA'} | ORDER BY colA ASC
3394 {-desc => 'colB'} | ORDER BY colB DESC
3396 ['colA', {-asc => 'colB'}] | ORDER BY colA, colB ASC
3398 { -asc => [qw/colA colB/] } | ORDER BY colA ASC, colB ASC
3400 \'colA DESC' | ORDER BY colA DESC
3402 \[ 'FUNC(colA, ?)', $x ] | ORDER BY FUNC(colA, ?)
3403 | /* ...with $x bound to ? */
3406 { -asc => 'colA' }, | colA ASC,
3407 { -desc => [qw/colB/] }, | colB DESC,
3408 { -asc => [qw/colC colD/] },| colC ASC, colD ASC,
3409 \'colE DESC', | colE DESC,
3410 \[ 'FUNC(colF, ?)', $x ], | FUNC(colF, ?)
3411 ] | /* ...with $x bound to ? */
3412 ===============================================================
3416 =head1 SPECIAL OPERATORS
3418 my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(special_ops => [
3422 my ($self, $field, $op, $arg) = @_;
3428 handler => 'method_name',
3432 A "special operator" is a SQL syntactic clause that can be
3433 applied to a field, instead of a usual binary operator.
3436 WHERE field IN (?, ?, ?)
3437 WHERE field BETWEEN ? AND ?
3438 WHERE MATCH(field) AGAINST (?, ?)
3440 Special operators IN and BETWEEN are fairly standard and therefore
3441 are builtin within C<SQL::Abstract> (as the overridable methods
3442 C<_where_field_IN> and C<_where_field_BETWEEN>). For other operators,
3443 like the MATCH .. AGAINST example above which is specific to MySQL,
3444 you can write your own operator handlers - supply a C<special_ops>
3445 argument to the C<new> method. That argument takes an arrayref of
3446 operator definitions; each operator definition is a hashref with two
3453 the regular expression to match the operator
3457 Either a coderef or a plain scalar method name. In both cases
3458 the expected return is C<< ($sql, @bind) >>.
3460 When supplied with a method name, it is simply called on the
3461 L<SQL::Abstract> object as:
3463 $self->$method_name($field, $op, $arg)
3467 $field is the LHS of the operator
3468 $op is the part that matched the handler regex
3471 When supplied with a coderef, it is called as:
3473 $coderef->($self, $field, $op, $arg)
3478 For example, here is an implementation
3479 of the MATCH .. AGAINST syntax for MySQL
3481 my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(special_ops => [
3483 # special op for MySql MATCH (field) AGAINST(word1, word2, ...)
3484 {regex => qr/^match$/i,
3486 my ($self, $field, $op, $arg) = @_;
3487 $arg = [$arg] if not ref $arg;
3488 my $label = $self->_quote($field);
3489 my ($placeholder) = $self->_convert('?');
3490 my $placeholders = join ", ", (($placeholder) x @$arg);
3491 my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('match') . " ($label) "
3492 . $self->_sqlcase('against') . " ($placeholders) ";
3493 my @bind = $self->_bindtype($field, @$arg);
3494 return ($sql, @bind);
3501 =head1 UNARY OPERATORS
3503 my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(unary_ops => [
3507 my ($self, $op, $arg) = @_;
3513 handler => 'method_name',
3517 A "unary operator" is a SQL syntactic clause that can be
3518 applied to a field - the operator goes before the field
3520 You can write your own operator handlers - supply a C<unary_ops>
3521 argument to the C<new> method. That argument takes an arrayref of
3522 operator definitions; each operator definition is a hashref with two
3529 the regular expression to match the operator
3533 Either a coderef or a plain scalar method name. In both cases
3534 the expected return is C<< $sql >>.
3536 When supplied with a method name, it is simply called on the
3537 L<SQL::Abstract> object as:
3539 $self->$method_name($op, $arg)
3543 $op is the part that matched the handler regex
3544 $arg is the RHS or argument of the operator
3546 When supplied with a coderef, it is called as:
3548 $coderef->($self, $op, $arg)
3556 Thanks to some benchmarking by Mark Stosberg, it turns out that
3557 this module is many orders of magnitude faster than using C<DBIx::Abstract>.
3558 I must admit this wasn't an intentional design issue, but it's a
3559 byproduct of the fact that you get to control your C<DBI> handles
3562 To maximize performance, use a code snippet like the following:
3564 # prepare a statement handle using the first row
3565 # and then reuse it for the rest of the rows
3567 for my $href (@array_of_hashrefs) {
3568 $stmt ||= $sql->insert('table', $href);
3569 $sth ||= $dbh->prepare($stmt);
3570 $sth->execute($sql->values($href));
3573 The reason this works is because the keys in your C<$href> are sorted
3574 internally by B<SQL::Abstract>. Thus, as long as your data retains
3575 the same structure, you only have to generate the SQL the first time
3576 around. On subsequent queries, simply use the C<values> function provided
3577 by this module to return your values in the correct order.
3579 However this depends on the values having the same type - if, for
3580 example, the values of a where clause may either have values
3581 (resulting in sql of the form C<column = ?> with a single bind
3582 value), or alternatively the values might be C<undef> (resulting in
3583 sql of the form C<column IS NULL> with no bind value) then the
3584 caching technique suggested will not work.
3588 If you use my C<CGI::FormBuilder> module at all, you'll hopefully
3589 really like this part (I do, at least). Building up a complex query
3590 can be as simple as the following:
3597 use CGI::FormBuilder;
3600 my $form = CGI::FormBuilder->new(...);
3601 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new;
3603 if ($form->submitted) {
3604 my $field = $form->field;
3605 my $id = delete $field->{id};
3606 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update('table', $field, {id => $id});
3609 Of course, you would still have to connect using C<DBI> to run the
3610 query, but the point is that if you make your form look like your
3611 table, the actual query script can be extremely simplistic.
3613 If you're B<REALLY> lazy (I am), check out C<HTML::QuickTable> for
3614 a fast interface to returning and formatting data. I frequently
3615 use these three modules together to write complex database query
3616 apps in under 50 lines.
3618 =head1 HOW TO CONTRIBUTE
3620 Contributions are always welcome, in all usable forms (we especially
3621 welcome documentation improvements). The delivery methods include git-
3622 or unified-diff formatted patches, GitHub pull requests, or plain bug
3623 reports either via RT or the Mailing list. Contributors are generally
3624 granted full access to the official repository after their first several
3625 patches pass successful review.
3627 This project is maintained in a git repository. The code and related tools are
3628 accessible at the following locations:
3632 =item * Official repo: L<git://git.shadowcat.co.uk/dbsrgits/SQL-Abstract.git>
3634 =item * Official gitweb: L<http://git.shadowcat.co.uk/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=dbsrgits/SQL-Abstract.git>
3636 =item * GitHub mirror: L<https://github.com/dbsrgits/sql-abstract>
3638 =item * Authorized committers: L<ssh://dbsrgits@git.shadowcat.co.uk/SQL-Abstract.git>
3644 Version 1.50 was a major internal refactoring of C<SQL::Abstract>.
3645 Great care has been taken to preserve the I<published> behavior
3646 documented in previous versions in the 1.* family; however,
3647 some features that were previously undocumented, or behaved
3648 differently from the documentation, had to be changed in order
3649 to clarify the semantics. Hence, client code that was relying
3650 on some dark areas of C<SQL::Abstract> v1.*
3651 B<might behave differently> in v1.50.
3653 The main changes are:
3659 support for literal SQL through the C<< \ [ $sql, @bind ] >> syntax.
3663 support for the { operator => \"..." } construct (to embed literal SQL)
3667 support for the { operator => \["...", @bind] } construct (to embed literal SQL with bind values)
3671 optional support for L<array datatypes|/"Inserting and Updating Arrays">
3675 defensive programming: check arguments
3679 fixed bug with global logic, which was previously implemented
3680 through global variables yielding side-effects. Prior versions would
3681 interpret C<< [ {cond1, cond2}, [cond3, cond4] ] >>
3682 as C<< "(cond1 AND cond2) OR (cond3 AND cond4)" >>.
3683 Now this is interpreted
3684 as C<< "(cond1 AND cond2) OR (cond3 OR cond4)" >>.
3689 fixed semantics of _bindtype on array args
3693 dropped the C<_anoncopy> of the %where tree. No longer necessary,
3694 we just avoid shifting arrays within that tree.
3698 dropped the C<_modlogic> function
3702 =head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
3704 There are a number of individuals that have really helped out with
3705 this module. Unfortunately, most of them submitted bugs via CPAN
3706 so I have no idea who they are! But the people I do know are:
3708 Ash Berlin (order_by hash term support)
3709 Matt Trout (DBIx::Class support)
3710 Mark Stosberg (benchmarking)
3711 Chas Owens (initial "IN" operator support)
3712 Philip Collins (per-field SQL functions)
3713 Eric Kolve (hashref "AND" support)
3714 Mike Fragassi (enhancements to "BETWEEN" and "LIKE")
3715 Dan Kubb (support for "quote_char" and "name_sep")
3716 Guillermo Roditi (patch to cleanup "IN" and "BETWEEN", fix and tests for _order_by)
3717 Laurent Dami (internal refactoring, extensible list of special operators, literal SQL)
3718 Norbert Buchmuller (support for literal SQL in hashpair, misc. fixes & tests)
3719 Peter Rabbitson (rewrite of SQLA::Test, misc. fixes & tests)
3720 Oliver Charles (support for "RETURNING" after "INSERT")
3726 L<DBIx::Class>, L<DBIx::Abstract>, L<CGI::FormBuilder>, L<HTML::QuickTable>.
3730 Copyright (c) 2001-2007 Nathan Wiger <nwiger@cpan.org>. All Rights Reserved.
3732 This module is actively maintained by Matt Trout <mst@shadowcatsystems.co.uk>
3734 For support, your best bet is to try the C<DBIx::Class> users mailing list.
3735 While not an official support venue, C<DBIx::Class> makes heavy use of
3736 C<SQL::Abstract>, and as such list members there are very familiar with
3737 how to create queries.
3741 This module is free software; you may copy this under the same
3742 terms as perl itself (either the GNU General Public License or
3743 the Artistic License)