1 package SQL::Abstract; # see doc at end of file
6 use Module::Runtime qw(use_module);
11 $VERSION = eval $VERSION;
14 my($func) = (caller(1))[3];
15 Carp::carp "[$func] Warning: ", @_;
19 my($func) = (caller(1))[3];
20 Carp::croak "[$func] Fatal: ", @_;
23 has converter => (is => 'lazy', clearer => 'clear_converter');
26 is => 'ro', coerce => sub { $_[0] eq 'lower' ? 'lower' : undef }
30 is => 'ro', coerce => sub { uc($_[0]) }, default => sub { 'OR' }
34 is => 'ro', default => sub { 'normal' }
37 has cmp => (is => 'ro', default => sub { '=' });
39 has sqltrue => (is => 'ro', default => sub { '1=1' });
40 has sqlfalse => (is => 'ro', default => sub { '0=1' });
42 has special_ops => (is => 'ro', default => sub { [] });
43 has unary_ops => (is => 'ro', default => sub { [] });
46 # need to guard against ()'s in column names too, but this will break tons of
47 # hacks... ideas anyone?
49 has injection_guard => (
60 has renderer => (is => 'lazy', clearer => 'clear_renderer');
63 is => 'rw', default => sub { '.' },
65 $_[0]->clear_renderer;
66 $_[0]->clear_converter;
73 $_[0]->clear_renderer;
74 $_[0]->clear_converter;
79 is => 'rw', default => sub { 1 },
81 $_[0]->clear_renderer;
82 $_[0]->clear_converter;
86 has convert => (is => 'ro');
88 has array_datatypes => (is => 'ro');
90 has converter_class => (
91 is => 'ro', default => sub { 'SQL::Abstract::Converter' }
94 has renderer_class => (
95 is => 'ro', default => sub { 'Data::Query::Renderer::SQL::Naive' }
100 Scalar::Util::weaken($self);
102 lower_case => $self->case,
103 default_logic => $self->logic,
104 bind_meta => not($self->bindtype eq 'normal'),
105 identifier_sep => $self->name_sep,
106 (map +($_ => $self->$_), qw(
107 cmp sqltrue sqlfalse injection_guard convert array_datatypes
111 my $sub = $_->{handler};
114 handler => sub { $self->$sub(@_) }
116 } @{$self->special_ops}
118 renderer_will_quote => (
119 defined($self->quote_char) and $self->always_quote
124 sub _build_converter {
126 use_module($self->converter_class)->new($self->_converter_args);
132 for ($self->quote_char) {
133 $chars = defined() ? (ref() ? $_ : [$_]) : ['',''];
136 quote_chars => $chars, always_quote => $self->always_quote,
137 identifier_sep => $self->name_sep,
138 ($self->case ? (lc_keywords => 1) : ()), # always 'lower' if it exists
142 sub _build_renderer {
144 use_module($self->renderer_class)->new($self->_renderer_args);
148 my ($self, $dq) = @_;
152 my ($sql, @bind) = @{$self->renderer->render($dq)};
154 ($self->{bindtype} eq 'normal'
155 ? ($sql, map $_->{value}, @bind)
156 : ($sql, map [ $_->{value_meta}, $_->{value} ], @bind)
162 my ($self, $type, @args) = @_;
163 $self->_render_dq($self->converter->${\"_${type}_to_dq"}(@args));
166 sub insert { shift->_render_sqla(insert => @_) }
168 sub update { shift->_render_sqla(update => @_) }
170 sub select { shift->_render_sqla(select => @_) }
172 sub delete { shift->_render_sqla(delete => @_) }
175 my ($self, $where, $order) = @_;
181 ($sql, @bind) = $self->_recurse_where($where) if defined($where);
182 $sql = $sql ? $self->_sqlcase(' where ') . "( $sql )" : '';
186 $sql .= $self->_order_by($order);
189 return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql;
192 sub _recurse_where { shift->_render_sqla(where => @_) }
195 my ($self, $arg) = @_;
196 if (my $dq = $self->converter->_order_by_to_dq($arg)) {
197 # SQLA generates ' ORDER BY foo'. The hilarity.
199 ? do { my @r = $self->_render_dq($dq); $r[0] = ' '.$r[0]; @r }
200 : ' '.$self->_render_dq($dq);
206 # highly optimized, as it's called way too often
208 # my ($self, $label) = @_;
210 return '' unless defined $_[1];
211 return ${$_[1]} if ref($_[1]) eq 'SCALAR';
213 unless ($_[0]->{quote_char}) {
214 $_[0]->_assert_pass_injection_guard($_[1]);
218 my $qref = ref $_[0]->{quote_char};
221 ($l, $r) = ( $_[0]->{quote_char}, $_[0]->{quote_char} );
223 elsif ($qref eq 'ARRAY') {
224 ($l, $r) = @{$_[0]->{quote_char}};
227 puke "Unsupported quote_char format: $_[0]->{quote_char}";
230 # parts containing * are naturally unquoted
231 return join( $_[0]->{name_sep}||'', map
232 { $_ eq '*' ? $_ : $l . $_ . $r }
233 ( $_[0]->{name_sep} ? split (/\Q$_[0]->{name_sep}\E/, $_[1] ) : $_[1] )
237 sub _assert_pass_injection_guard {
238 if ($_[1] =~ $_[0]->{injection_guard}) {
239 my $class = ref $_[0];
240 die "Possible SQL injection attempt '$_[1]'. If this is indeed a part of the
242 . "desired SQL use literal SQL ( \'...' or \[ '...' ] ) or supply your own
244 . "{injection_guard} attribute to ${class}->new()"
248 # Conversion, if applicable
250 #my ($self, $arg) = @_;
252 # LDNOTE : modified the previous implementation below because
253 # it was not consistent : the first "return" is always an array,
254 # the second "return" is context-dependent. Anyway, _convert
255 # seems always used with just a single argument, so make it a
257 # return @_ unless $self->{convert};
258 # my $conv = $self->_sqlcase($self->{convert});
259 # my @ret = map { $conv.'('.$_.')' } @_;
260 # return wantarray ? @ret : $ret[0];
261 if ($_[0]->{convert}) {
262 return $_[0]->_sqlcase($_[0]->{convert}) .'(' . $_[1] . ')';
269 #my ($self, $col, @vals) = @_;
271 #LDNOTE : changed original implementation below because it did not make
272 # sense when bindtype eq 'columns' and @vals > 1.
273 # return $self->{bindtype} eq 'columns' ? [ $col, @vals ] : @vals;
275 # called often - tighten code
276 return $_[0]->{bindtype} eq 'columns'
277 ? map {[$_[1], $_]} @_[2 .. $#_]
282 # Dies if any element of @bind is not in [colname => value] format
283 # if bindtype is 'columns'.
284 sub _assert_bindval_matches_bindtype {
285 # my ($self, @bind) = @_;
287 if ($self->{bindtype} eq 'columns') {
289 if (!defined $_ || ref($_) ne 'ARRAY' || @$_ != 2) {
290 puke "bindtype 'columns' selected, you need to pass: [column_name => bind_value]"
296 # Fix SQL case, if so requested
298 # LDNOTE: if $self->{case} is true, then it contains 'lower', so we
299 # don't touch the argument ... crooked logic, but let's not change it!
300 return $_[0]->{case} ? $_[1] : uc($_[1]);
305 my $data = shift || return;
306 puke "Argument to ", __PACKAGE__, "->values must be a \\%hash"
307 unless ref $data eq 'HASH';
310 foreach my $k ( sort keys %$data ) {
312 local our $Cur_Col_Meta = $k;
313 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_render_sqla(
316 push @all_bind, @bind;
325 my(@sql, @sqlq, @sqlv);
329 if ($ref eq 'HASH') {
330 for my $k (sort keys %$_) {
333 my $label = $self->_quote($k);
335 # literal SQL with bind
336 my ($sql, @bind) = @$v;
337 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
338 push @sqlq, "$label = $sql";
340 } elsif ($r eq 'SCALAR') {
341 # literal SQL without bind
342 push @sqlq, "$label = $$v";
344 push @sqlq, "$label = ?";
345 push @sqlv, $self->_bindtype($k, $v);
348 push @sql, $self->_sqlcase('set'), join ', ', @sqlq;
349 } elsif ($ref eq 'ARRAY') {
350 # unlike insert(), assume these are ONLY the column names, i.e. for SQL
353 if ($r eq 'ARRAY') { # literal SQL with bind
354 my ($sql, @bind) = @$v;
355 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
358 } elsif ($r eq 'SCALAR') { # literal SQL without bind
359 # embedded literal SQL
366 push @sql, '(' . join(', ', @sqlq) . ')';
367 } elsif ($ref eq 'SCALAR') {
371 # strings get case twiddled
372 push @sql, $self->_sqlcase($_);
376 my $sql = join ' ', @sql;
378 # this is pretty tricky
379 # if ask for an array, return ($stmt, @bind)
380 # otherwise, s/?/shift @sqlv/ to put it inline
382 return ($sql, @sqlv);
384 1 while $sql =~ s/\?/my $d = shift(@sqlv);
385 ref $d ? $d->[1] : $d/e;
397 SQL::Abstract - Generate SQL from Perl data structures
403 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new;
405 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->select($table, \@fields, \%where, \@order);
407 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert($table, \%fieldvals || \@values);
409 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update($table, \%fieldvals, \%where);
411 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->delete($table, \%where);
413 # Then, use these in your DBI statements
414 my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt);
415 $sth->execute(@bind);
417 # Just generate the WHERE clause
418 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->where(\%where, \@order);
420 # Return values in the same order, for hashed queries
421 # See PERFORMANCE section for more details
422 my @bind = $sql->values(\%fieldvals);
426 This module was inspired by the excellent L<DBIx::Abstract>.
427 However, in using that module I found that what I really wanted
428 to do was generate SQL, but still retain complete control over my
429 statement handles and use the DBI interface. So, I set out to
430 create an abstract SQL generation module.
432 While based on the concepts used by L<DBIx::Abstract>, there are
433 several important differences, especially when it comes to WHERE
434 clauses. I have modified the concepts used to make the SQL easier
435 to generate from Perl data structures and, IMO, more intuitive.
436 The underlying idea is for this module to do what you mean, based
437 on the data structures you provide it. The big advantage is that
438 you don't have to modify your code every time your data changes,
439 as this module figures it out.
441 To begin with, an SQL INSERT is as easy as just specifying a hash
442 of C<key=value> pairs:
445 name => 'Jimbo Bobson',
446 phone => '123-456-7890',
447 address => '42 Sister Lane',
449 state => 'Louisiana',
452 The SQL can then be generated with this:
454 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('people', \%data);
456 Which would give you something like this:
458 $stmt = "INSERT INTO people
459 (address, city, name, phone, state)
460 VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)";
461 @bind = ('42 Sister Lane', 'St. Louis', 'Jimbo Bobson',
462 '123-456-7890', 'Louisiana');
464 These are then used directly in your DBI code:
466 my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt);
467 $sth->execute(@bind);
469 =head2 Inserting and Updating Arrays
471 If your database has array types (like for example Postgres),
472 activate the special option C<< array_datatypes => 1 >>
473 when creating the C<SQL::Abstract> object.
474 Then you may use an arrayref to insert and update database array types:
476 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(array_datatypes => 1);
478 planets => [qw/Mercury Venus Earth Mars/]
481 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('solar_system', \%data);
485 $stmt = "INSERT INTO solar_system (planets) VALUES (?)"
487 @bind = (['Mercury', 'Venus', 'Earth', 'Mars']);
490 =head2 Inserting and Updating SQL
492 In order to apply SQL functions to elements of your C<%data> you may
493 specify a reference to an arrayref for the given hash value. For example,
494 if you need to execute the Oracle C<to_date> function on a value, you can
495 say something like this:
499 date_entered => \["to_date(?,'MM/DD/YYYY')", "03/02/2003"],
502 The first value in the array is the actual SQL. Any other values are
503 optional and would be included in the bind values array. This gives
506 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('people', \%data);
508 $stmt = "INSERT INTO people (name, date_entered)
509 VALUES (?, to_date(?,'MM/DD/YYYY'))";
510 @bind = ('Bill', '03/02/2003');
512 An UPDATE is just as easy, all you change is the name of the function:
514 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update('people', \%data);
516 Notice that your C<%data> isn't touched; the module will generate
517 the appropriately quirky SQL for you automatically. Usually you'll
518 want to specify a WHERE clause for your UPDATE, though, which is
519 where handling C<%where> hashes comes in handy...
521 =head2 Complex where statements
523 This module can generate pretty complicated WHERE statements
524 easily. For example, simple C<key=value> pairs are taken to mean
525 equality, and if you want to see if a field is within a set
526 of values, you can use an arrayref. Let's say we wanted to
527 SELECT some data based on this criteria:
531 worker => ['nwiger', 'rcwe', 'sfz'],
532 status => { '!=', 'completed' }
535 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->select('tickets', '*', \%where);
537 The above would give you something like this:
539 $stmt = "SELECT * FROM tickets WHERE
540 ( requestor = ? ) AND ( status != ? )
541 AND ( worker = ? OR worker = ? OR worker = ? )";
542 @bind = ('inna', 'completed', 'nwiger', 'rcwe', 'sfz');
544 Which you could then use in DBI code like so:
546 my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt);
547 $sth->execute(@bind);
553 The functions are simple. There's one for each major SQL operation,
554 and a constructor you use first. The arguments are specified in a
555 similar order to each function (table, then fields, then a where
556 clause) to try and simplify things.
561 =head2 new(option => 'value')
563 The C<new()> function takes a list of options and values, and returns
564 a new B<SQL::Abstract> object which can then be used to generate SQL
565 through the methods below. The options accepted are:
571 If set to 'lower', then SQL will be generated in all lowercase. By
572 default SQL is generated in "textbook" case meaning something like:
574 SELECT a_field FROM a_table WHERE some_field LIKE '%someval%'
576 Any setting other than 'lower' is ignored.
580 This determines what the default comparison operator is. By default
581 it is C<=>, meaning that a hash like this:
583 %where = (name => 'nwiger', email => 'nate@wiger.org');
585 Will generate SQL like this:
587 WHERE name = 'nwiger' AND email = 'nate@wiger.org'
589 However, you may want loose comparisons by default, so if you set
590 C<cmp> to C<like> you would get SQL such as:
592 WHERE name like 'nwiger' AND email like 'nate@wiger.org'
594 You can also override the comparsion on an individual basis - see
595 the huge section on L</"WHERE CLAUSES"> at the bottom.
597 =item sqltrue, sqlfalse
599 Expressions for inserting boolean values within SQL statements.
600 By default these are C<1=1> and C<1=0>. They are used
601 by the special operators C<-in> and C<-not_in> for generating
602 correct SQL even when the argument is an empty array (see below).
606 This determines the default logical operator for multiple WHERE
607 statements in arrays or hashes. If absent, the default logic is "or"
608 for arrays, and "and" for hashes. This means that a WHERE
612 event_date => {'>=', '2/13/99'},
613 event_date => {'<=', '4/24/03'},
616 will generate SQL like this:
618 WHERE event_date >= '2/13/99' OR event_date <= '4/24/03'
620 This is probably not what you want given this query, though (look
621 at the dates). To change the "OR" to an "AND", simply specify:
623 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(logic => 'and');
625 Which will change the above C<WHERE> to:
627 WHERE event_date >= '2/13/99' AND event_date <= '4/24/03'
629 The logic can also be changed locally by inserting
630 a modifier in front of an arrayref :
632 @where = (-and => [event_date => {'>=', '2/13/99'},
633 event_date => {'<=', '4/24/03'} ]);
635 See the L</"WHERE CLAUSES"> section for explanations.
639 This will automatically convert comparisons using the specified SQL
640 function for both column and value. This is mostly used with an argument
641 of C<upper> or C<lower>, so that the SQL will have the effect of
642 case-insensitive "searches". For example, this:
644 $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(convert => 'upper');
645 %where = (keywords => 'MaKe iT CAse inSeNSItive');
647 Will turn out the following SQL:
649 WHERE upper(keywords) like upper('MaKe iT CAse inSeNSItive')
651 The conversion can be C<upper()>, C<lower()>, or any other SQL function
652 that can be applied symmetrically to fields (actually B<SQL::Abstract> does
653 not validate this option; it will just pass through what you specify verbatim).
657 This is a kludge because many databases suck. For example, you can't
658 just bind values using DBI's C<execute()> for Oracle C<CLOB> or C<BLOB> fields.
659 Instead, you have to use C<bind_param()>:
661 $sth->bind_param(1, 'reg data');
662 $sth->bind_param(2, $lots, {ora_type => ORA_CLOB});
664 The problem is, B<SQL::Abstract> will normally just return a C<@bind> array,
665 which loses track of which field each slot refers to. Fear not.
667 If you specify C<bindtype> in new, you can determine how C<@bind> is returned.
668 Currently, you can specify either C<normal> (default) or C<columns>. If you
669 specify C<columns>, you will get an array that looks like this:
671 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(bindtype => 'columns');
672 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert(...);
675 [ 'column1', 'value1' ],
676 [ 'column2', 'value2' ],
677 [ 'column3', 'value3' ],
680 You can then iterate through this manually, using DBI's C<bind_param()>.
682 $sth->prepare($stmt);
685 my($col, $data) = @$_;
686 if ($col eq 'details' || $col eq 'comments') {
687 $sth->bind_param($i, $data, {ora_type => ORA_CLOB});
688 } elsif ($col eq 'image') {
689 $sth->bind_param($i, $data, {ora_type => ORA_BLOB});
691 $sth->bind_param($i, $data);
695 $sth->execute; # execute without @bind now
697 Now, why would you still use B<SQL::Abstract> if you have to do this crap?
698 Basically, the advantage is still that you don't have to care which fields
699 are or are not included. You could wrap that above C<for> loop in a simple
700 sub called C<bind_fields()> or something and reuse it repeatedly. You still
701 get a layer of abstraction over manual SQL specification.
703 Note that if you set L</bindtype> to C<columns>, the C<\[$sql, @bind]>
704 construct (see L</Literal SQL with placeholders and bind values (subqueries)>)
705 will expect the bind values in this format.
709 This is the character that a table or column name will be quoted
710 with. By default this is an empty string, but you could set it to
711 the character C<`>, to generate SQL like this:
713 SELECT `a_field` FROM `a_table` WHERE `some_field` LIKE '%someval%'
715 Alternatively, you can supply an array ref of two items, the first being the left
716 hand quote character, and the second the right hand quote character. For
717 example, you could supply C<['[',']']> for SQL Server 2000 compliant quotes
718 that generates SQL like this:
720 SELECT [a_field] FROM [a_table] WHERE [some_field] LIKE '%someval%'
722 Quoting is useful if you have tables or columns names that are reserved
723 words in your database's SQL dialect.
727 This is the character that separates a table and column name. It is
728 necessary to specify this when the C<quote_char> option is selected,
729 so that tables and column names can be individually quoted like this:
731 SELECT `table`.`one_field` FROM `table` WHERE `table`.`other_field` = 1
733 =item injection_guard
735 A regular expression C<qr/.../> that is applied to any C<-function> and unquoted
736 column name specified in a query structure. This is a safety mechanism to avoid
737 injection attacks when mishandling user input e.g.:
739 my %condition_as_column_value_pairs = get_values_from_user();
740 $sqla->select( ... , \%condition_as_column_value_pairs );
742 If the expression matches an exception is thrown. Note that literal SQL
743 supplied via C<\'...'> or C<\['...']> is B<not> checked in any way.
745 Defaults to checking for C<;> and the C<GO> keyword (TransactSQL)
747 =item array_datatypes
749 When this option is true, arrayrefs in INSERT or UPDATE are
750 interpreted as array datatypes and are passed directly
752 When this option is false, arrayrefs are interpreted
753 as literal SQL, just like refs to arrayrefs
754 (but this behavior is for backwards compatibility; when writing
755 new queries, use the "reference to arrayref" syntax
761 Takes a reference to a list of "special operators"
762 to extend the syntax understood by L<SQL::Abstract>.
763 See section L</"SPECIAL OPERATORS"> for details.
767 Takes a reference to a list of "unary operators"
768 to extend the syntax understood by L<SQL::Abstract>.
769 See section L</"UNARY OPERATORS"> for details.
775 =head2 insert($table, \@values || \%fieldvals, \%options)
777 This is the simplest function. You simply give it a table name
778 and either an arrayref of values or hashref of field/value pairs.
779 It returns an SQL INSERT statement and a list of bind values.
780 See the sections on L</"Inserting and Updating Arrays"> and
781 L</"Inserting and Updating SQL"> for information on how to insert
782 with those data types.
784 The optional C<\%options> hash reference may contain additional
785 options to generate the insert SQL. Currently supported options
792 Takes either a scalar of raw SQL fields, or an array reference of
793 field names, and adds on an SQL C<RETURNING> statement at the end.
794 This allows you to return data generated by the insert statement
795 (such as row IDs) without performing another C<SELECT> statement.
796 Note, however, this is not part of the SQL standard and may not
797 be supported by all database engines.
801 =head2 update($table, \%fieldvals, \%where)
803 This takes a table, hashref of field/value pairs, and an optional
804 hashref L<WHERE clause|/WHERE CLAUSES>. It returns an SQL UPDATE function and a list
806 See the sections on L</"Inserting and Updating Arrays"> and
807 L</"Inserting and Updating SQL"> for information on how to insert
808 with those data types.
810 =head2 select($source, $fields, $where, $order)
812 This returns a SQL SELECT statement and associated list of bind values, as
813 specified by the arguments :
819 Specification of the 'FROM' part of the statement.
820 The argument can be either a plain scalar (interpreted as a table
821 name, will be quoted), or an arrayref (interpreted as a list
822 of table names, joined by commas, quoted), or a scalarref
823 (literal table name, not quoted), or a ref to an arrayref
824 (list of literal table names, joined by commas, not quoted).
828 Specification of the list of fields to retrieve from
830 The argument can be either an arrayref (interpreted as a list
831 of field names, will be joined by commas and quoted), or a
832 plain scalar (literal SQL, not quoted).
833 Please observe that this API is not as flexible as for
834 the first argument C<$table>, for backwards compatibility reasons.
838 Optional argument to specify the WHERE part of the query.
839 The argument is most often a hashref, but can also be
840 an arrayref or plain scalar --
841 see section L<WHERE clause|/"WHERE CLAUSES"> for details.
845 Optional argument to specify the ORDER BY part of the query.
846 The argument can be a scalar, a hashref or an arrayref
847 -- see section L<ORDER BY clause|/"ORDER BY CLAUSES">
853 =head2 delete($table, \%where)
855 This takes a table name and optional hashref L<WHERE clause|/WHERE CLAUSES>.
856 It returns an SQL DELETE statement and list of bind values.
858 =head2 where(\%where, \@order)
860 This is used to generate just the WHERE clause. For example,
861 if you have an arbitrary data structure and know what the
862 rest of your SQL is going to look like, but want an easy way
863 to produce a WHERE clause, use this. It returns an SQL WHERE
864 clause and list of bind values.
867 =head2 values(\%data)
869 This just returns the values from the hash C<%data>, in the same
870 order that would be returned from any of the other above queries.
871 Using this allows you to markedly speed up your queries if you
872 are affecting lots of rows. See below under the L</"PERFORMANCE"> section.
874 =head2 generate($any, 'number', $of, \@data, $struct, \%types)
876 Warning: This is an experimental method and subject to change.
878 This returns arbitrarily generated SQL. It's a really basic shortcut.
879 It will return two different things, depending on return context:
881 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->generate('create table', \$table, \@fields);
882 my $stmt_and_val = $sql->generate('create table', \$table, \@fields);
884 These would return the following:
887 $stmt = "CREATE TABLE test (?, ?)";
888 @bind = (field1, field2);
890 # Second calling form
891 $stmt_and_val = "CREATE TABLE test (field1, field2)";
893 Depending on what you're trying to do, it's up to you to choose the correct
894 format. In this example, the second form is what you would want.
898 $sql->generate('alter session', { nls_date_format => 'MM/YY' });
902 ALTER SESSION SET nls_date_format = 'MM/YY'
904 You get the idea. Strings get their case twiddled, but everything
905 else remains verbatim.
911 This module uses a variation on the idea from L<DBIx::Abstract>. It
912 is B<NOT>, repeat I<not> 100% compatible. B<The main logic of this
913 module is that things in arrays are OR'ed, and things in hashes
916 The easiest way to explain is to show lots of examples. After
917 each C<%where> hash shown, it is assumed you used:
919 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->where(\%where);
921 However, note that the C<%where> hash can be used directly in any
922 of the other functions as well, as described above.
924 =head2 Key-value pairs
926 So, let's get started. To begin, a simple hash:
930 status => 'completed'
933 Is converted to SQL C<key = val> statements:
935 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status = ?";
936 @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed');
938 One common thing I end up doing is having a list of values that
939 a field can be in. To do this, simply specify a list inside of
944 status => ['assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending'];
947 This simple code will create the following:
949 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND ( status = ? OR status = ? OR status = ? )";
950 @bind = ('nwiger', 'assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending');
952 A field associated to an empty arrayref will be considered a
953 logical false and will generate 0=1.
955 =head2 Tests for NULL values
957 If the value part is C<undef> then this is converted to SQL <IS NULL>
966 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status IS NULL";
969 To test if a column IS NOT NULL:
973 status => { '!=', undef },
976 =head2 Specific comparison operators
978 If you want to specify a different type of operator for your comparison,
979 you can use a hashref for a given column:
983 status => { '!=', 'completed' }
986 Which would generate:
988 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status != ?";
989 @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed');
991 To test against multiple values, just enclose the values in an arrayref:
993 status => { '=', ['assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending'] };
995 Which would give you:
997 "WHERE status = ? OR status = ? OR status = ?"
1000 The hashref can also contain multiple pairs, in which case it is expanded
1001 into an C<AND> of its elements:
1005 status => { '!=', 'completed', -not_like => 'pending%' }
1008 # Or more dynamically, like from a form
1009 $where{user} = 'nwiger';
1010 $where{status}{'!='} = 'completed';
1011 $where{status}{'-not_like'} = 'pending%';
1013 # Both generate this
1014 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status != ? AND status NOT LIKE ?";
1015 @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed', 'pending%');
1018 To get an OR instead, you can combine it with the arrayref idea:
1022 priority => [ { '=', 2 }, { '>', 5 } ]
1025 Which would generate:
1027 $stmt = "WHERE ( priority = ? OR priority > ? ) AND user = ?";
1028 @bind = ('2', '5', 'nwiger');
1030 If you want to include literal SQL (with or without bind values), just use a
1031 scalar reference or array reference as the value:
1034 date_entered => { '>' => \["to_date(?, 'MM/DD/YYYY')", "11/26/2008"] },
1035 date_expires => { '<' => \"now()" }
1038 Which would generate:
1040 $stmt = "WHERE date_entered > "to_date(?, 'MM/DD/YYYY') AND date_expires < now()";
1041 @bind = ('11/26/2008');
1044 =head2 Logic and nesting operators
1046 In the example above,
1047 there is a subtle trap if you want to say something like
1048 this (notice the C<AND>):
1050 WHERE priority != ? AND priority != ?
1052 Because, in Perl you I<can't> do this:
1054 priority => { '!=', 2, '!=', 1 }
1056 As the second C<!=> key will obliterate the first. The solution
1057 is to use the special C<-modifier> form inside an arrayref:
1059 priority => [ -and => {'!=', 2},
1063 Normally, these would be joined by C<OR>, but the modifier tells it
1064 to use C<AND> instead. (Hint: You can use this in conjunction with the
1065 C<logic> option to C<new()> in order to change the way your queries
1066 work by default.) B<Important:> Note that the C<-modifier> goes
1067 B<INSIDE> the arrayref, as an extra first element. This will
1068 B<NOT> do what you think it might:
1070 priority => -and => [{'!=', 2}, {'!=', 1}] # WRONG!
1072 Here is a quick list of equivalencies, since there is some overlap:
1075 status => {'!=', 'completed', 'not like', 'pending%' }
1076 status => [ -and => {'!=', 'completed'}, {'not like', 'pending%'}]
1079 status => {'=', ['assigned', 'in-progress']}
1080 status => [ -or => {'=', 'assigned'}, {'=', 'in-progress'}]
1081 status => [ {'=', 'assigned'}, {'=', 'in-progress'} ]
1085 =head2 Special operators : IN, BETWEEN, etc.
1087 You can also use the hashref format to compare a list of fields using the
1088 C<IN> comparison operator, by specifying the list as an arrayref:
1091 status => 'completed',
1092 reportid => { -in => [567, 2335, 2] }
1095 Which would generate:
1097 $stmt = "WHERE status = ? AND reportid IN (?,?,?)";
1098 @bind = ('completed', '567', '2335', '2');
1100 The reverse operator C<-not_in> generates SQL C<NOT IN> and is used in
1103 If the argument to C<-in> is an empty array, 'sqlfalse' is generated
1104 (by default : C<1=0>). Similarly, C<< -not_in => [] >> generates
1105 'sqltrue' (by default : C<1=1>).
1107 In addition to the array you can supply a chunk of literal sql or
1108 literal sql with bind:
1111 customer => { -in => \[
1112 'SELECT cust_id FROM cust WHERE balance > ?',
1115 status => { -in => \'SELECT status_codes FROM states' },
1121 customer IN ( SELECT cust_id FROM cust WHERE balance > ? )
1122 AND status IN ( SELECT status_codes FROM states )
1128 Another pair of operators is C<-between> and C<-not_between>,
1129 used with an arrayref of two values:
1133 completion_date => {
1134 -not_between => ['2002-10-01', '2003-02-06']
1140 WHERE user = ? AND completion_date NOT BETWEEN ( ? AND ? )
1142 Just like with C<-in> all plausible combinations of literal SQL
1146 start0 => { -between => [ 1, 2 ] },
1147 start1 => { -between => \["? AND ?", 1, 2] },
1148 start2 => { -between => \"lower(x) AND upper(y)" },
1149 start3 => { -between => [
1151 \["upper(?)", 'stuff' ],
1158 ( start0 BETWEEN ? AND ? )
1159 AND ( start1 BETWEEN ? AND ? )
1160 AND ( start2 BETWEEN lower(x) AND upper(y) )
1161 AND ( start3 BETWEEN lower(x) AND upper(?) )
1163 @bind = (1, 2, 1, 2, 'stuff');
1166 These are the two builtin "special operators"; but the
1167 list can be expanded : see section L</"SPECIAL OPERATORS"> below.
1169 =head2 Unary operators: bool
1171 If you wish to test against boolean columns or functions within your
1172 database you can use the C<-bool> and C<-not_bool> operators. For
1173 example to test the column C<is_user> being true and the column
1174 C<is_enabled> being false you would use:-
1178 -not_bool => 'is_enabled',
1183 WHERE is_user AND NOT is_enabled
1185 If a more complex combination is required, testing more conditions,
1186 then you should use the and/or operators:-
1193 -not_bool => 'four',
1199 WHERE one AND two AND three AND NOT four
1202 =head2 Nested conditions, -and/-or prefixes
1204 So far, we've seen how multiple conditions are joined with a top-level
1205 C<AND>. We can change this by putting the different conditions we want in
1206 hashes and then putting those hashes in an array. For example:
1211 status => { -like => ['pending%', 'dispatched'] },
1215 status => 'unassigned',
1219 This data structure would create the following:
1221 $stmt = "WHERE ( user = ? AND ( status LIKE ? OR status LIKE ? ) )
1222 OR ( user = ? AND status = ? ) )";
1223 @bind = ('nwiger', 'pending', 'dispatched', 'robot', 'unassigned');
1226 Clauses in hashrefs or arrayrefs can be prefixed with an C<-and> or C<-or>
1227 to change the logic inside :
1233 -and => [ workhrs => {'>', 20}, geo => 'ASIA' ],
1234 -or => { workhrs => {'<', 50}, geo => 'EURO' },
1241 WHERE ( user = ? AND (
1242 ( workhrs > ? AND geo = ? )
1243 OR ( workhrs < ? OR geo = ? )
1246 =head3 Algebraic inconsistency, for historical reasons
1248 C<Important note>: when connecting several conditions, the C<-and->|C<-or>
1249 operator goes C<outside> of the nested structure; whereas when connecting
1250 several constraints on one column, the C<-and> operator goes
1251 C<inside> the arrayref. Here is an example combining both features :
1254 -and => [a => 1, b => 2],
1255 -or => [c => 3, d => 4],
1256 e => [-and => {-like => 'foo%'}, {-like => '%bar'} ]
1261 WHERE ( ( ( a = ? AND b = ? )
1262 OR ( c = ? OR d = ? )
1263 OR ( e LIKE ? AND e LIKE ? ) ) )
1265 This difference in syntax is unfortunate but must be preserved for
1266 historical reasons. So be careful : the two examples below would
1267 seem algebraically equivalent, but they are not
1269 {col => [-and => {-like => 'foo%'}, {-like => '%bar'}]}
1270 # yields : WHERE ( ( col LIKE ? AND col LIKE ? ) )
1272 [-and => {col => {-like => 'foo%'}, {col => {-like => '%bar'}}]]
1273 # yields : WHERE ( ( col LIKE ? OR col LIKE ? ) )
1276 =head2 Literal SQL and value type operators
1278 The basic premise of SQL::Abstract is that in WHERE specifications the "left
1279 side" is a column name and the "right side" is a value (normally rendered as
1280 a placeholder). This holds true for both hashrefs and arrayref pairs as you
1281 see in the L</WHERE CLAUSES> examples above. Sometimes it is necessary to
1282 alter this behavior. There are several ways of doing so.
1286 This is a virtual operator that signals the string to its right side is an
1287 identifier (a column name) and not a value. For example to compare two
1288 columns you would write:
1291 priority => { '<', 2 },
1292 requestor => { -ident => 'submitter' },
1297 $stmt = "WHERE priority < ? AND requestor = submitter";
1300 If you are maintaining legacy code you may see a different construct as
1301 described in L</Deprecated usage of Literal SQL>, please use C<-ident> in new
1306 This is a virtual operator that signals that the construct to its right side
1307 is a value to be passed to DBI. This is for example necessary when you want
1308 to write a where clause against an array (for RDBMS that support such
1309 datatypes). For example:
1312 array => { -value => [1, 2, 3] }
1317 $stmt = 'WHERE array = ?';
1318 @bind = ([1, 2, 3]);
1320 Note that if you were to simply say:
1326 the result would porbably be not what you wanted:
1328 $stmt = 'WHERE array = ? OR array = ? OR array = ?';
1333 Finally, sometimes only literal SQL will do. To include a random snippet
1334 of SQL verbatim, you specify it as a scalar reference. Consider this only
1335 as a last resort. Usually there is a better way. For example:
1338 priority => { '<', 2 },
1339 requestor => { -in => \'(SELECT name FROM hitmen)' },
1344 $stmt = "WHERE priority < ? AND requestor IN (SELECT name FROM hitmen)"
1347 Note that in this example, you only get one bind parameter back, since
1348 the verbatim SQL is passed as part of the statement.
1352 Never use untrusted input as a literal SQL argument - this is a massive
1353 security risk (there is no way to check literal snippets for SQL
1354 injections and other nastyness). If you need to deal with untrusted input
1355 use literal SQL with placeholders as described next.
1357 =head3 Literal SQL with placeholders and bind values (subqueries)
1359 If the literal SQL to be inserted has placeholders and bind values,
1360 use a reference to an arrayref (yes this is a double reference --
1361 not so common, but perfectly legal Perl). For example, to find a date
1362 in Postgres you can use something like this:
1365 date_column => \[q/= date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer/, 10/]
1370 $stmt = "WHERE ( date_column = date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer )"
1373 Note that you must pass the bind values in the same format as they are returned
1374 by L</where>. That means that if you set L</bindtype> to C<columns>, you must
1375 provide the bind values in the C<< [ column_meta => value ] >> format, where
1376 C<column_meta> is an opaque scalar value; most commonly the column name, but
1377 you can use any scalar value (including references and blessed references),
1378 L<SQL::Abstract> will simply pass it through intact. So if C<bindtype> is set
1379 to C<columns> the above example will look like:
1382 date_column => \[q/= date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer/, [ dummy => 10 ]/]
1385 Literal SQL is especially useful for nesting parenthesized clauses in the
1386 main SQL query. Here is a first example :
1388 my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind) = ("SELECT c1 FROM t1 WHERE c2 < ? AND c3 LIKE ?",
1392 bar => \["IN ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind],
1397 $stmt = "WHERE (foo = ? AND bar IN (SELECT c1 FROM t1
1398 WHERE c2 < ? AND c3 LIKE ?))";
1399 @bind = (1234, 100, "foo%");
1401 Other subquery operators, like for example C<"E<gt> ALL"> or C<"NOT IN">,
1402 are expressed in the same way. Of course the C<$sub_stmt> and
1403 its associated bind values can be generated through a former call
1406 my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind)
1407 = $sql->select("t1", "c1", {c2 => {"<" => 100},
1408 c3 => {-like => "foo%"}});
1411 bar => \["> ALL ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind],
1414 In the examples above, the subquery was used as an operator on a column;
1415 but the same principle also applies for a clause within the main C<%where>
1416 hash, like an EXISTS subquery :
1418 my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind)
1419 = $sql->select("t1", "*", {c1 => 1, c2 => \"> t0.c0"});
1420 my %where = ( -and => [
1422 \["EXISTS ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind],
1427 $stmt = "WHERE (foo = ? AND EXISTS (SELECT * FROM t1
1428 WHERE c1 = ? AND c2 > t0.c0))";
1432 Observe that the condition on C<c2> in the subquery refers to
1433 column C<t0.c0> of the main query : this is I<not> a bind
1434 value, so we have to express it through a scalar ref.
1435 Writing C<< c2 => {">" => "t0.c0"} >> would have generated
1436 C<< c2 > ? >> with bind value C<"t0.c0"> ... not exactly
1437 what we wanted here.
1439 Finally, here is an example where a subquery is used
1440 for expressing unary negation:
1442 my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind)
1443 = $sql->where({age => [{"<" => 10}, {">" => 20}]});
1444 $sub_stmt =~ s/^ where //i; # don't want "WHERE" in the subclause
1446 lname => {like => '%son%'},
1447 \["NOT ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind],
1452 $stmt = "lname LIKE ? AND NOT ( age < ? OR age > ? )"
1453 @bind = ('%son%', 10, 20)
1455 =head3 Deprecated usage of Literal SQL
1457 Below are some examples of archaic use of literal SQL. It is shown only as
1458 reference for those who deal with legacy code. Each example has a much
1459 better, cleaner and safer alternative that users should opt for in new code.
1465 my %where = ( requestor => \'IS NOT NULL' )
1467 $stmt = "WHERE requestor IS NOT NULL"
1469 This used to be the way of generating NULL comparisons, before the handling
1470 of C<undef> got formalized. For new code please use the superior syntax as
1471 described in L</Tests for NULL values>.
1475 my %where = ( requestor => \'= submitter' )
1477 $stmt = "WHERE requestor = submitter"
1479 This used to be the only way to compare columns. Use the superior L</-ident>
1480 method for all new code. For example an identifier declared in such a way
1481 will be properly quoted if L</quote_char> is properly set, while the legacy
1482 form will remain as supplied.
1486 my %where = ( is_ready => \"", completed => { '>', '2012-12-21' } )
1488 $stmt = "WHERE completed > ? AND is_ready"
1489 @bind = ('2012-12-21')
1491 Using an empty string literal used to be the only way to express a boolean.
1492 For all new code please use the much more readable
1493 L<-bool|/Unary operators: bool> operator.
1499 These pages could go on for a while, since the nesting of the data
1500 structures this module can handle are pretty much unlimited (the
1501 module implements the C<WHERE> expansion as a recursive function
1502 internally). Your best bet is to "play around" with the module a
1503 little to see how the data structures behave, and choose the best
1504 format for your data based on that.
1506 And of course, all the values above will probably be replaced with
1507 variables gotten from forms or the command line. After all, if you
1508 knew everything ahead of time, you wouldn't have to worry about
1509 dynamically-generating SQL and could just hardwire it into your
1512 =head1 ORDER BY CLAUSES
1514 Some functions take an order by clause. This can either be a scalar (just a
1515 column name,) a hash of C<< { -desc => 'col' } >> or C<< { -asc => 'col' } >>,
1516 or an array of either of the two previous forms. Examples:
1518 Given | Will Generate
1519 ----------------------------------------------------------
1521 \'colA DESC' | ORDER BY colA DESC
1523 'colA' | ORDER BY colA
1525 [qw/colA colB/] | ORDER BY colA, colB
1527 {-asc => 'colA'} | ORDER BY colA ASC
1529 {-desc => 'colB'} | ORDER BY colB DESC
1531 ['colA', {-asc => 'colB'}] | ORDER BY colA, colB ASC
1533 { -asc => [qw/colA colB/] } | ORDER BY colA ASC, colB ASC
1536 { -asc => 'colA' }, | ORDER BY colA ASC, colB DESC,
1537 { -desc => [qw/colB/], | colC ASC, colD ASC
1538 { -asc => [qw/colC colD/],|
1540 ===========================================================
1544 =head1 SPECIAL OPERATORS
1546 my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(special_ops => [
1550 my ($self, $field, $op, $arg) = @_;
1556 handler => 'method_name',
1560 A "special operator" is a SQL syntactic clause that can be
1561 applied to a field, instead of a usual binary operator.
1564 WHERE field IN (?, ?, ?)
1565 WHERE field BETWEEN ? AND ?
1566 WHERE MATCH(field) AGAINST (?, ?)
1568 Special operators IN and BETWEEN are fairly standard and therefore
1569 are builtin within C<SQL::Abstract> (as the overridable methods
1570 C<_where_field_IN> and C<_where_field_BETWEEN>). For other operators,
1571 like the MATCH .. AGAINST example above which is specific to MySQL,
1572 you can write your own operator handlers - supply a C<special_ops>
1573 argument to the C<new> method. That argument takes an arrayref of
1574 operator definitions; each operator definition is a hashref with two
1581 the regular expression to match the operator
1585 Either a coderef or a plain scalar method name. In both cases
1586 the expected return is C<< ($sql, @bind) >>.
1588 When supplied with a method name, it is simply called on the
1589 L<SQL::Abstract/> object as:
1591 $self->$method_name ($field, $op, $arg)
1595 $op is the part that matched the handler regex
1596 $field is the LHS of the operator
1599 When supplied with a coderef, it is called as:
1601 $coderef->($self, $field, $op, $arg)
1606 For example, here is an implementation
1607 of the MATCH .. AGAINST syntax for MySQL
1609 my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(special_ops => [
1611 # special op for MySql MATCH (field) AGAINST(word1, word2, ...)
1612 {regex => qr/^match$/i,
1614 my ($self, $field, $op, $arg) = @_;
1615 $arg = [$arg] if not ref $arg;
1616 my $label = $self->_quote($field);
1617 my ($placeholder) = $self->_convert('?');
1618 my $placeholders = join ", ", (($placeholder) x @$arg);
1619 my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('match') . " ($label) "
1620 . $self->_sqlcase('against') . " ($placeholders) ";
1621 my @bind = $self->_bindtype($field, @$arg);
1622 return ($sql, @bind);
1629 =head1 UNARY OPERATORS
1631 my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(unary_ops => [
1635 my ($self, $op, $arg) = @_;
1641 handler => 'method_name',
1645 A "unary operator" is a SQL syntactic clause that can be
1646 applied to a field - the operator goes before the field
1648 You can write your own operator handlers - supply a C<unary_ops>
1649 argument to the C<new> method. That argument takes an arrayref of
1650 operator definitions; each operator definition is a hashref with two
1657 the regular expression to match the operator
1661 Either a coderef or a plain scalar method name. In both cases
1662 the expected return is C<< $sql >>.
1664 When supplied with a method name, it is simply called on the
1665 L<SQL::Abstract/> object as:
1667 $self->$method_name ($op, $arg)
1671 $op is the part that matched the handler regex
1672 $arg is the RHS or argument of the operator
1674 When supplied with a coderef, it is called as:
1676 $coderef->($self, $op, $arg)
1684 Thanks to some benchmarking by Mark Stosberg, it turns out that
1685 this module is many orders of magnitude faster than using C<DBIx::Abstract>.
1686 I must admit this wasn't an intentional design issue, but it's a
1687 byproduct of the fact that you get to control your C<DBI> handles
1690 To maximize performance, use a code snippet like the following:
1692 # prepare a statement handle using the first row
1693 # and then reuse it for the rest of the rows
1695 for my $href (@array_of_hashrefs) {
1696 $stmt ||= $sql->insert('table', $href);
1697 $sth ||= $dbh->prepare($stmt);
1698 $sth->execute($sql->values($href));
1701 The reason this works is because the keys in your C<$href> are sorted
1702 internally by B<SQL::Abstract>. Thus, as long as your data retains
1703 the same structure, you only have to generate the SQL the first time
1704 around. On subsequent queries, simply use the C<values> function provided
1705 by this module to return your values in the correct order.
1707 However this depends on the values having the same type - if, for
1708 example, the values of a where clause may either have values
1709 (resulting in sql of the form C<column = ?> with a single bind
1710 value), or alternatively the values might be C<undef> (resulting in
1711 sql of the form C<column IS NULL> with no bind value) then the
1712 caching technique suggested will not work.
1716 If you use my C<CGI::FormBuilder> module at all, you'll hopefully
1717 really like this part (I do, at least). Building up a complex query
1718 can be as simple as the following:
1722 use CGI::FormBuilder;
1725 my $form = CGI::FormBuilder->new(...);
1726 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new;
1728 if ($form->submitted) {
1729 my $field = $form->field;
1730 my $id = delete $field->{id};
1731 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update('table', $field, {id => $id});
1734 Of course, you would still have to connect using C<DBI> to run the
1735 query, but the point is that if you make your form look like your
1736 table, the actual query script can be extremely simplistic.
1738 If you're B<REALLY> lazy (I am), check out C<HTML::QuickTable> for
1739 a fast interface to returning and formatting data. I frequently
1740 use these three modules together to write complex database query
1741 apps in under 50 lines.
1747 =item * gitweb: L<http://git.shadowcat.co.uk/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=dbsrgits/SQL-Abstract.git>
1749 =item * git: L<git://git.shadowcat.co.uk/dbsrgits/SQL-Abstract.git>
1755 Version 1.50 was a major internal refactoring of C<SQL::Abstract>.
1756 Great care has been taken to preserve the I<published> behavior
1757 documented in previous versions in the 1.* family; however,
1758 some features that were previously undocumented, or behaved
1759 differently from the documentation, had to be changed in order
1760 to clarify the semantics. Hence, client code that was relying
1761 on some dark areas of C<SQL::Abstract> v1.*
1762 B<might behave differently> in v1.50.
1764 The main changes are :
1770 support for literal SQL through the C<< \ [$sql, bind] >> syntax.
1774 support for the { operator => \"..." } construct (to embed literal SQL)
1778 support for the { operator => \["...", @bind] } construct (to embed literal SQL with bind values)
1782 optional support for L<array datatypes|/"Inserting and Updating Arrays">
1786 defensive programming : check arguments
1790 fixed bug with global logic, which was previously implemented
1791 through global variables yielding side-effects. Prior versions would
1792 interpret C<< [ {cond1, cond2}, [cond3, cond4] ] >>
1793 as C<< "(cond1 AND cond2) OR (cond3 AND cond4)" >>.
1794 Now this is interpreted
1795 as C<< "(cond1 AND cond2) OR (cond3 OR cond4)" >>.
1800 fixed semantics of _bindtype on array args
1804 dropped the C<_anoncopy> of the %where tree. No longer necessary,
1805 we just avoid shifting arrays within that tree.
1809 dropped the C<_modlogic> function
1813 =head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
1815 There are a number of individuals that have really helped out with
1816 this module. Unfortunately, most of them submitted bugs via CPAN
1817 so I have no idea who they are! But the people I do know are:
1819 Ash Berlin (order_by hash term support)
1820 Matt Trout (DBIx::Class support)
1821 Mark Stosberg (benchmarking)
1822 Chas Owens (initial "IN" operator support)
1823 Philip Collins (per-field SQL functions)
1824 Eric Kolve (hashref "AND" support)
1825 Mike Fragassi (enhancements to "BETWEEN" and "LIKE")
1826 Dan Kubb (support for "quote_char" and "name_sep")
1827 Guillermo Roditi (patch to cleanup "IN" and "BETWEEN", fix and tests for _order_by)
1828 Laurent Dami (internal refactoring, extensible list of special operators, literal SQL)
1829 Norbert Buchmuller (support for literal SQL in hashpair, misc. fixes & tests)
1830 Peter Rabbitson (rewrite of SQLA::Test, misc. fixes & tests)
1831 Oliver Charles (support for "RETURNING" after "INSERT")
1837 L<DBIx::Class>, L<DBIx::Abstract>, L<CGI::FormBuilder>, L<HTML::QuickTable>.
1841 Copyright (c) 2001-2007 Nathan Wiger <nwiger@cpan.org>. All Rights Reserved.
1843 This module is actively maintained by Matt Trout <mst@shadowcatsystems.co.uk>
1845 For support, your best bet is to try the C<DBIx::Class> users mailing list.
1846 While not an official support venue, C<DBIx::Class> makes heavy use of
1847 C<SQL::Abstract>, and as such list members there are very familiar with
1848 how to create queries.
1852 This module is free software; you may copy this under the same
1853 terms as perl itself (either the GNU General Public License or
1854 the Artistic License)