1 package SQL::Abstract; # see doc at end of file
10 our @EXPORT_OK = qw(is_plain_value is_literal_value);
20 *SQL::Abstract::_ENV_::DETECT_AUTOGENERATED_STRINGIFICATION = $ENV{SQLA_ISVALUE_IGNORE_AUTOGENERATED_STRINGIFICATION}
26 #======================================================================
28 #======================================================================
30 our $VERSION = '1.87';
32 # This would confuse some packagers
33 $VERSION = eval $VERSION if $VERSION =~ /_/; # numify for warning-free dev releases
37 # special operators (-in, -between). May be extended/overridden by user.
38 # See section WHERE: BUILTIN SPECIAL OPERATORS below for implementation
39 my @BUILTIN_SPECIAL_OPS = (
40 {regex => qr/^ (?: not \s )? between $/ix, handler => sub { die "NOPE" }},
41 {regex => qr/^ is (?: \s+ not )? $/ix, handler => sub { die "NOPE" }},
42 {regex => qr/^ (?: not \s )? in $/ix, handler => sub { die "NOPE" }},
43 {regex => qr/^ ident $/ix, handler => sub { die "NOPE" }},
44 {regex => qr/^ value $/ix, handler => sub { die "NOPE" }},
47 #======================================================================
48 # DEBUGGING AND ERROR REPORTING
49 #======================================================================
52 return unless $_[0]->{debug}; shift; # a little faster
53 my $func = (caller(1))[3];
54 warn "[$func] ", @_, "\n";
58 my($func) = (caller(1))[3];
59 Carp::carp "[$func] Warning: ", @_;
63 my($func) = (caller(1))[3];
64 Carp::croak "[$func] Fatal: ", @_;
67 sub is_literal_value ($) {
68 ref $_[0] eq 'SCALAR' ? [ ${$_[0]} ]
69 : ( ref $_[0] eq 'REF' and ref ${$_[0]} eq 'ARRAY' ) ? [ @${ $_[0] } ]
73 sub is_undef_value ($) {
77 and exists $_[0]->{-value}
78 and not defined $_[0]->{-value}
82 # FIXME XSify - this can be done so much more efficiently
83 sub is_plain_value ($) {
85 ! length ref $_[0] ? \($_[0])
87 ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' and keys %{$_[0]} == 1
89 exists $_[0]->{-value}
90 ) ? \($_[0]->{-value})
92 # reuse @_ for even moar speedz
93 defined ( $_[1] = Scalar::Util::blessed $_[0] )
95 # deliberately not using Devel::OverloadInfo - the checks we are
96 # intersted in are much more limited than the fullblown thing, and
97 # this is a very hot piece of code
99 # simply using ->can('(""') can leave behind stub methods that
100 # break actually using the overload later (see L<perldiag/Stub
101 # found while resolving method "%s" overloading "%s" in package
102 # "%s"> and the source of overload::mycan())
104 # either has stringification which DBI SHOULD prefer out of the box
105 grep { *{ (qq[${_}::(""]) }{CODE} } @{ $_[2] = mro::get_linear_isa( $_[1] ) }
107 # has nummification or boolification, AND fallback is *not* disabled
109 SQL::Abstract::_ENV_::DETECT_AUTOGENERATED_STRINGIFICATION
112 grep { *{"${_}::(0+"}{CODE} } @{$_[2]}
114 grep { *{"${_}::(bool"}{CODE} } @{$_[2]}
118 # no fallback specified at all
119 ! ( ($_[3]) = grep { *{"${_}::()"}{CODE} } @{$_[2]} )
121 # fallback explicitly undef
122 ! defined ${"$_[3]::()"}
135 #======================================================================
137 #======================================================================
141 my $class = ref($self) || $self;
142 my %opt = (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH') ? %{$_[0]} : @_;
144 # choose our case by keeping an option around
145 delete $opt{case} if $opt{case} && $opt{case} ne 'lower';
147 # default logic for interpreting arrayrefs
148 $opt{logic} = $opt{logic} ? uc $opt{logic} : 'OR';
150 # how to return bind vars
151 $opt{bindtype} ||= 'normal';
153 # default comparison is "=", but can be overridden
156 # try to recognize which are the 'equality' and 'inequality' ops
157 # (temporary quickfix (in 2007), should go through a more seasoned API)
158 $opt{equality_op} = qr/^( \Q$opt{cmp}\E | \= )$/ix;
159 $opt{inequality_op} = qr/^( != | <> )$/ix;
161 $opt{like_op} = qr/^ (is_)?r?like $/xi;
162 $opt{not_like_op} = qr/^ (is_)?not_r?like $/xi;
165 $opt{sqltrue} ||= '1=1';
166 $opt{sqlfalse} ||= '0=1';
169 $opt{special_ops} ||= [];
171 if ($class->isa('DBIx::Class::SQLMaker')) {
172 $opt{warn_once_on_nest} = 1;
173 $opt{disable_old_special_ops} = 1;
177 $opt{unary_ops} ||= [];
179 # rudimentary sanity-check for user supplied bits treated as functions/operators
180 # If a purported function matches this regular expression, an exception is thrown.
181 # Literal SQL is *NOT* subject to this check, only functions (and column names
182 # when quoting is not in effect)
185 # need to guard against ()'s in column names too, but this will break tons of
186 # hacks... ideas anyone?
187 $opt{injection_guard} ||= qr/
193 $opt{expand_unary} = {};
196 not => '_expand_not',
197 bool => '_expand_bool',
198 and => '_expand_op_andor',
199 or => '_expand_op_andor',
200 nest => '_expand_nest',
201 bind => '_expand_bind',
203 not_in => '_expand_in',
204 row => '_expand_row',
205 between => '_expand_between',
206 not_between => '_expand_between',
208 (map +($_ => '_expand_op_is'), ('is', 'is_not')),
209 ident => '_expand_ident',
210 value => '_expand_value',
211 func => '_expand_func',
215 'between' => '_expand_between',
216 'not_between' => '_expand_between',
217 'in' => '_expand_in',
218 'not_in' => '_expand_in',
219 'nest' => '_expand_nest',
220 (map +($_ => '_expand_op_andor'), ('and', 'or')),
221 (map +($_ => '_expand_op_is'), ('is', 'is_not')),
222 'ident' => '_expand_ident',
223 'value' => '_expand_value',
227 (map +($_, "_render_$_"), qw(op func bind ident literal row)),
232 (map +($_ => '_render_op_between'), 'between', 'not_between'),
233 (map +($_ => '_render_op_in'), 'in', 'not_in'),
234 (map +($_ => '_render_unop_postfix'),
235 'is_null', 'is_not_null', 'asc', 'desc',
237 (not => '_render_unop_paren'),
238 (map +($_ => '_render_op_andor'), qw(and or)),
239 ',' => '_render_op_multop',
242 return bless \%opt, $class;
245 sub sqltrue { +{ -literal => [ $_[0]->{sqltrue} ] } }
246 sub sqlfalse { +{ -literal => [ $_[0]->{sqlfalse} ] } }
248 sub _assert_pass_injection_guard {
249 if ($_[1] =~ $_[0]->{injection_guard}) {
250 my $class = ref $_[0];
251 puke "Possible SQL injection attempt '$_[1]'. If this is indeed a part of the "
252 . "desired SQL use literal SQL ( \'...' or \[ '...' ] ) or supply your own "
253 . "{injection_guard} attribute to ${class}->new()"
258 #======================================================================
260 #======================================================================
264 my $table = $self->_table(shift);
265 my $data = shift || return;
270 my ($f_aqt, $v_aqt) = $self->_expand_insert_values($data);
272 my @parts = ([ $self->_sqlcase('insert into').' '.$table ]);
273 push @parts, [ $self->render_aqt($f_aqt) ] if $f_aqt;
274 push @parts, [ $self->_sqlcase('values') ], [ $self->render_aqt($v_aqt) ];
276 if ($options->{returning}) {
277 push @parts, [ $self->_insert_returning($options) ];
280 return $self->_join_parts(' ', @parts);
283 sub _expand_insert_values {
284 my ($self, $data) = @_;
285 if (is_literal_value($data)) {
286 (undef, $self->expand_expr($data));
288 my ($fields, $values) = (
289 ref($data) eq 'HASH' ?
290 ([ sort keys %$data ], [ @{$data}{sort keys %$data} ])
294 # no names (arrayref) means can't generate bindtype
295 !($fields) && $self->{bindtype} eq 'columns'
296 && belch "can't do 'columns' bindtype when called with arrayref";
300 ? $self->expand_expr({ -row => $fields }, -ident)
305 local our $Cur_Col_Meta = $fields->[$_];
306 $self->_expand_insert_value($values->[$_])
313 # So that subclasses can override INSERT ... RETURNING separately from
314 # UPDATE and DELETE (e.g. DBIx::Class::SQLMaker::Oracle does this)
315 sub _insert_returning { shift->_returning(@_) }
318 my ($self, $options) = @_;
320 my $f = $options->{returning};
322 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->render_aqt(
323 $self->_expand_maybe_list_expr($f, -ident)
326 ? $self->_sqlcase(' returning ') . $sql
327 : ($self->_sqlcase(' returning ').$sql, @bind);
330 sub _expand_insert_value {
333 my $k = our $Cur_Col_Meta;
335 if (ref($v) eq 'ARRAY') {
336 if ($self->{array_datatypes}) {
337 return +{ -bind => [ $k, $v ] };
339 my ($sql, @bind) = @$v;
340 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
341 return +{ -literal => $v };
343 if (ref($v) eq 'HASH') {
344 if (grep !/^-/, keys %$v) {
345 belch "HASH ref as bind value in insert is not supported";
346 return +{ -bind => [ $k, $v ] };
350 return +{ -bind => [ $k, undef ] };
352 return $self->expand_expr($v);
357 #======================================================================
359 #======================================================================
364 my $table = $self->_table(shift);
365 my $data = shift || return;
369 # first build the 'SET' part of the sql statement
370 puke "Unsupported data type specified to \$sql->update"
371 unless ref $data eq 'HASH';
373 my ($sql, @all_bind) = $self->_update_set_values($data);
374 $sql = $self->_sqlcase('update ') . $table . $self->_sqlcase(' set ')
378 my($where_sql, @where_bind) = $self->where($where);
380 push @all_bind, @where_bind;
383 if ($options->{returning}) {
384 my ($returning_sql, @returning_bind) = $self->_update_returning($options);
385 $sql .= $returning_sql;
386 push @all_bind, @returning_bind;
389 return wantarray ? ($sql, @all_bind) : $sql;
392 sub _update_set_values {
393 my ($self, $data) = @_;
395 return $self->render_aqt(
396 $self->_expand_update_set_values($data),
400 sub _expand_update_set_values {
401 my ($self, $data) = @_;
402 $self->_expand_maybe_list_expr( [
405 $set = { -bind => $_ } unless defined $set;
406 +{ -op => [ '=', $self->_expand_ident(-ident => $k), $set ] };
412 ? ($self->{array_datatypes}
413 ? [ $k, +{ -bind => [ $k, $v ] } ]
414 : [ $k, +{ -literal => $v } ])
416 local our $Cur_Col_Meta = $k;
417 [ $k, $self->_expand_expr($v) ]
424 # So that subclasses can override UPDATE ... RETURNING separately from
426 sub _update_returning { shift->_returning(@_) }
430 #======================================================================
432 #======================================================================
437 my $table = $self->_table(shift);
438 my $fields = shift || '*';
442 my ($fields_sql, @bind) = $self->_select_fields($fields);
444 my ($where_sql, @where_bind) = $self->where($where, $order);
445 push @bind, @where_bind;
447 my $sql = join(' ', $self->_sqlcase('select'), $fields_sql,
448 $self->_sqlcase('from'), $table)
451 return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql;
455 my ($self, $fields) = @_;
456 return $fields unless ref($fields);
457 return $self->render_aqt(
458 $self->_expand_maybe_list_expr($fields, '-ident')
462 #======================================================================
464 #======================================================================
469 my $table = $self->_table(shift);
473 my($where_sql, @bind) = $self->where($where);
474 my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('delete from ') . $table . $where_sql;
476 if ($options->{returning}) {
477 my ($returning_sql, @returning_bind) = $self->_delete_returning($options);
478 $sql .= $returning_sql;
479 push @bind, @returning_bind;
482 return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql;
485 # So that subclasses can override DELETE ... RETURNING separately from
487 sub _delete_returning { shift->_returning(@_) }
491 #======================================================================
493 #======================================================================
497 # Finally, a separate routine just to handle WHERE clauses
499 my ($self, $where, $order) = @_;
501 local $self->{convert_where} = $self->{convert};
504 my ($sql, @bind) = defined($where)
505 ? $self->_recurse_where($where)
507 $sql = (defined $sql and length $sql) ? $self->_sqlcase(' where ') . "( $sql )" : '';
511 my ($order_sql, @order_bind) = $self->_order_by($order);
513 push @bind, @order_bind;
516 return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql;
519 { our $Default_Scalar_To = -value }
522 my ($self, $expr, $default_scalar_to) = @_;
523 local our $Default_Scalar_To = $default_scalar_to if $default_scalar_to;
524 $self->_expand_expr($expr);
528 my ($self, $aqt) = @_;
529 my ($k, $v, @rest) = %$aqt;
531 die "Not a node type: $k" unless $k =~ s/^-//;
532 if (my $meth = $self->{render}{$k}) {
533 return $self->$meth($v);
535 die "notreached: $k";
539 my ($self, $expr, $default_scalar_to) = @_;
540 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->render_aqt(
541 $self->expand_expr($expr, $default_scalar_to)
543 return (wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql);
547 my ($self, $raw) = @_;
548 s/^-(?=.)//, s/\s+/_/g for my $op = lc $raw;
553 my ($self, $expr) = @_;
554 our $Expand_Depth ||= 0; local $Expand_Depth = $Expand_Depth + 1;
555 return undef unless defined($expr);
556 if (ref($expr) eq 'HASH') {
557 return undef unless my $kc = keys %$expr;
559 return $self->_expand_op_andor(and => $expr);
561 my ($key, $value) = %$expr;
562 if ($key =~ /^-/ and $key =~ s/ [_\s]? \d+ $//x ) {
563 belch 'Use of [and|or|nest]_N modifiers is deprecated and will be removed in SQLA v2.0. '
564 . "You probably wanted ...-and => [ $key => COND1, $key => COND2 ... ]";
566 return $self->_expand_hashpair($key, $value);
568 if (ref($expr) eq 'ARRAY') {
569 return $self->_expand_op_andor(lc($self->{logic}), $expr);
571 if (my $literal = is_literal_value($expr)) {
572 return +{ -literal => $literal };
574 if (!ref($expr) or Scalar::Util::blessed($expr)) {
575 return $self->_expand_scalar($expr);
580 sub _expand_hashpair {
581 my ($self, $k, $v) = @_;
582 unless (defined($k) and length($k)) {
583 if (defined($k) and my $literal = is_literal_value($v)) {
584 belch 'Hash-pairs consisting of an empty string with a literal are deprecated, and will be removed in 2.0: use -and => [ $literal ] instead';
585 return { -literal => $literal };
587 puke "Supplying an empty left hand side argument is not supported";
590 return $self->_expand_hashpair_op($k, $v);
591 } elsif ($k =~ /^[^\w]/i) {
592 my ($lhs, @rhs) = @$v;
593 return $self->_expand_op(
594 -op, [ $k, $self->expand_expr($lhs, -ident), @rhs ]
597 return $self->_expand_hashpair_ident($k, $v);
600 sub _expand_hashpair_ident {
601 my ($self, $k, $v) = @_;
603 local our $Cur_Col_Meta = $k;
605 # hash with multiple or no elements is andor
607 if (ref($v) eq 'HASH' and keys %$v != 1) {
608 return $self->_expand_op_andor(and => $v, $k);
611 # undef needs to be re-sent with cmp to achieve IS/IS NOT NULL
613 if (is_undef_value($v)) {
614 return $self->_expand_hashpair_cmp($k => undef);
617 # scalars and objects get expanded as whatever requested or values
619 if (!ref($v) or Scalar::Util::blessed($v)) {
620 return $self->_expand_hashpair_scalar($k, $v);
623 # single key hashref is a hashtriple
625 if (ref($v) eq 'HASH') {
626 return $self->_expand_hashtriple($k, %$v);
629 # arrayref needs re-engineering over the elements
631 if (ref($v) eq 'ARRAY') {
632 return $self->sqlfalse unless @$v;
633 $self->_debug("ARRAY($k) means distribute over elements");
635 $v->[0] =~ /^-(and|or)$/i
636 ? (shift(@{$v = [ @$v ]}), $1)
637 : lc($self->{logic} || 'OR')
639 return $self->_expand_op_andor(
644 if (my $literal = is_literal_value($v)) {
646 belch 'Hash-pairs consisting of an empty string with a literal are deprecated, and will be removed in 2.0: use -and => [ $literal ] instead';
649 my ($sql, @bind) = @$literal;
650 if ($self->{bindtype} eq 'columns') {
652 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype($_);
655 return +{ -literal => [ $self->_quote($k).' '.$sql, @bind ] };
661 my ($self, $expr) = @_;
663 return $self->_expand_expr({ (our $Default_Scalar_To) => $expr });
666 sub _expand_hashpair_scalar {
667 my ($self, $k, $v) = @_;
669 return $self->_expand_hashpair_cmp(
670 $k, $self->_expand_scalar($v),
674 sub _expand_hashpair_op {
675 my ($self, $k, $v) = @_;
677 $self->_assert_pass_injection_guard($k =~ /\A-(.*)\Z/s);
679 my $op = $self->_normalize_op($k);
681 if (my $exp = $self->{expand}{$op}) {
682 return $self->$exp($op, $v);
685 # Ops prefixed with -not_ get converted
687 if (my ($rest) = $op =~/^not_(.*)$/) {
690 $self->_expand_expr({ "-${rest}", $v })
696 my $op = join(' ', split '_', $op);
698 # the old special op system requires illegality for top-level use
701 (our $Expand_Depth) == 1
703 List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{special_ops}}
705 $self->{disable_old_special_ops}
706 and List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @BUILTIN_SPECIAL_OPS
710 puke "Illegal use of top-level '-$op'"
713 # the old unary op system means we should touch nothing and let it work
715 if (my $us = List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{unary_ops}}) {
716 return { -op => [ $op, $v ] };
720 # an explicit node type is currently assumed to be expanded (this is almost
721 # certainly wrong and there should be expansion anyway)
723 if ($self->{render}{$op}) {
727 my $type = $self->{unknown_unop_always_func} ? -func : -op;
734 and (keys %$v)[0] =~ /^-/
737 (List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{special_ops}})
746 ($type eq -func and ref($v) eq 'ARRAY')
747 ? map $self->_expand_expr($_), @$v
748 : $self->_expand_expr($v)
752 sub _expand_hashpair_cmp {
753 my ($self, $k, $v) = @_;
754 $self->_expand_hashtriple($k, $self->{cmp}, $v);
757 sub _expand_hashtriple {
758 my ($self, $k, $vk, $vv) = @_;
760 my $ik = $self->_expand_ident(-ident => $k);
762 my $op = $self->_normalize_op($vk);
763 $self->_assert_pass_injection_guard($op);
765 if ($op =~ s/ _? \d+ $//x ) {
766 return $self->_expand_expr($k, { $vk, $vv });
768 if (my $x = $self->{expand_op}{$op}) {
769 local our $Cur_Col_Meta = $k;
770 return $self->$x($op, $vv, $k);
774 my $op = join(' ', split '_', $op);
776 if (my $us = List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{special_ops}}) {
777 return { -op => [ $op, $ik, $vv ] };
779 if (my $us = List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{unary_ops}}) {
783 { -op => [ $op, $vv ] }
787 if (ref($vv) eq 'ARRAY') {
789 my $logic = (defined($raw[0]) and $raw[0] =~ /^-(and|or)$/i)
790 ? (shift(@raw), $1) : 'or';
791 my @values = map +{ $vk => $_ }, @raw;
793 $op =~ $self->{inequality_op}
794 or $op =~ $self->{not_like_op}
796 if (lc($logic) eq 'or' and @values > 1) {
797 belch "A multi-element arrayref as an argument to the inequality op '${\uc(join ' ', split '_', $op)}' "
798 . 'is technically equivalent to an always-true 1=1 (you probably wanted '
799 . "to say ...{ \$inequality_op => [ -and => \@values ] }... instead)"
804 # try to DWIM on equality operators
805 return ($self->_dwim_op_to_is($op,
806 "Supplying an empty arrayref to '%s' is deprecated",
807 "operator '%s' applied on an empty array (field '$k')"
808 ) ? $self->sqlfalse : $self->sqltrue);
810 return $self->_expand_op_andor($logic => \@values, $k);
812 if (is_undef_value($vv)) {
813 my $is = ($self->_dwim_op_to_is($op,
814 "Supplying an undefined argument to '%s' is deprecated",
815 "unexpected operator '%s' with undef operand",
816 ) ? 'is' : 'is not');
818 return $self->_expand_hashpair($k => { $is, undef });
820 local our $Cur_Col_Meta = $k;
824 $self->_expand_expr($vv)
829 my ($self, $raw, $empty, $fail) = @_;
831 my $op = $self->_normalize_op($raw);
833 if ($op =~ /^not$/i) {
836 if ($op =~ $self->{equality_op}) {
839 if ($op =~ $self->{like_op}) {
840 belch(sprintf $empty, uc(join ' ', split '_', $op));
843 if ($op =~ $self->{inequality_op}) {
846 if ($op =~ $self->{not_like_op}) {
847 belch(sprintf $empty, uc(join ' ', split '_', $op));
850 puke(sprintf $fail, $op);
854 my ($self, undef, $args) = @_;
855 my ($func, @args) = @$args;
856 return { -func => [ $func, map $self->expand_expr($_), @args ] };
860 my ($self, undef, $body, $k) = @_;
861 return $self->_expand_hashpair_cmp(
862 $k, { -ident => $body }
864 unless (defined($body) or (ref($body) and ref($body) eq 'ARRAY')) {
865 puke "-ident requires a single plain scalar argument (a quotable identifier) or an arrayref of identifier parts";
867 my @parts = map split(/\Q${\($self->{name_sep}||'.')}\E/, $_),
868 ref($body) ? @$body : $body;
869 return { -ident => $parts[-1] } if $self->{_dequalify_idents};
870 unless ($self->{quote_char}) {
871 $self->_assert_pass_injection_guard($_) for @parts;
873 return +{ -ident => \@parts };
877 return $_[0]->_expand_hashpair_cmp(
878 $_[3], { -value => $_[2] },
880 +{ -bind => [ our $Cur_Col_Meta, $_[2] ] };
884 +{ -op => [ 'not', $_[0]->_expand_expr($_[2]) ] };
888 my ($self, undef, $args) = @_;
889 +{ -row => [ map $self->expand_expr($_), @$args ] };
893 my ($self, undef, $args) = @_;
894 my ($op, @opargs) = @$args;
895 if (my $exp = $self->{expand_op}{$op}) {
896 return $self->$exp($op, \@opargs);
898 +{ -op => [ $op, map $self->expand_expr($_), @opargs ] };
902 my ($self, undef, $v) = @_;
904 return $self->_expand_expr($v);
906 puke "-bool => undef not supported" unless defined($v);
907 return $self->_expand_ident(-ident => $v);
910 sub _expand_op_andor {
911 my ($self, $logop, $v, $k) = @_;
913 $v = [ map +{ $k, $_ },
915 ? (map +{ $_ => $v->{$_} }, sort keys %$v)
919 if (ref($v) eq 'HASH') {
920 return undef unless keys %$v;
923 map $self->_expand_expr({ $_ => $v->{$_} }),
927 if (ref($v) eq 'ARRAY') {
928 $logop eq 'and' or $logop eq 'or' or puke "unknown logic: $logop";
931 (ref($_) eq 'ARRAY' and @$_)
932 or (ref($_) eq 'HASH' and %$_)
938 while (my ($el) = splice @expr, 0, 1) {
939 puke "Supplying an empty left hand side argument is not supported in array-pairs"
940 unless defined($el) and length($el);
941 my $elref = ref($el);
943 local our $Expand_Depth = 0;
944 push(@res, grep defined, $self->_expand_expr({ $el, shift(@expr) }));
945 } elsif ($elref eq 'ARRAY') {
946 push(@res, grep defined, $self->_expand_expr($el)) if @$el;
947 } elsif (my $l = is_literal_value($el)) {
948 push @res, { -literal => $l };
949 } elsif ($elref eq 'HASH') {
950 local our $Expand_Depth = 0;
951 push @res, grep defined, $self->_expand_expr($el) if %$el;
957 # return $res[0] if @res == 1;
958 return { -op => [ $logop, @res ] };
964 my ($self, $op, $vv, $k) = @_;
965 ($k, $vv) = @$vv unless defined $k;
966 puke "$op can only take undef as argument"
970 and exists($vv->{-value})
971 and !defined($vv->{-value})
973 return +{ -op => [ $op.'_null', $self->expand_expr($k, -ident) ] };
976 sub _expand_between {
977 my ($self, $op, $vv, $k) = @_;
978 $k = shift @{$vv = [ @$vv ]} unless defined $k;
979 my @rhs = map $self->_expand_expr($_),
980 ref($vv) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$vv : $vv;
982 (@rhs == 1 and ref($rhs[0]) eq 'HASH' and $rhs[0]->{-literal})
984 (@rhs == 2 and defined($rhs[0]) and defined($rhs[1]))
986 puke "Operator '${\uc($op)}' requires either an arrayref with two defined values or expressions, or a single literal scalarref/arrayref-ref";
990 $self->expand_expr(ref($k) ? $k : { -ident => $k }),
996 my ($self, $op, $vv, $k) = @_;
997 $k = shift @{$vv = [ @$vv ]} unless defined $k;
998 if (my $literal = is_literal_value($vv)) {
999 my ($sql, @bind) = @$literal;
1000 my $opened_sql = $self->_open_outer_paren($sql);
1002 $op, $self->expand_expr($k, -ident),
1003 { -literal => [ $opened_sql, @bind ] }
1007 'SQL::Abstract before v1.75 used to generate incorrect SQL when the '
1008 . "-${\uc($op)} operator was given an undef-containing list: !!!AUDIT YOUR CODE "
1009 . 'AND DATA!!! (the upcoming Data::Query-based version of SQL::Abstract '
1010 . 'will emit the logically correct SQL instead of raising this exception)'
1012 puke("Argument passed to the '${\uc($op)}' operator can not be undefined")
1014 my @rhs = map $self->expand_expr($_, -value),
1015 map { defined($_) ? $_: puke($undef_err) }
1016 (ref($vv) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$vv : $vv);
1017 return $self->${\($op =~ /^not/ ? 'sqltrue' : 'sqlfalse')} unless @rhs;
1021 $self->expand_expr($k, -ident),
1027 my ($self, undef, $v) = @_;
1028 # DBIx::Class requires a nest warning to be emitted once but the private
1029 # method it overrode to do so no longer exists
1030 if ($self->{warn_once_on_nest}) {
1031 unless (our $Nest_Warned) {
1033 "-nest in search conditions is deprecated, you most probably wanted:\n"
1034 .q|{..., -and => [ \%cond0, \@cond1, \'cond2', \[ 'cond3', [ col => bind ] ], etc. ], ... }|
1039 return $self->_expand_expr($v);
1043 my ($self, undef, $bind) = @_;
1044 return { -bind => $bind };
1047 sub _recurse_where {
1048 my ($self, $where, $logic) = @_;
1050 # Special case: top level simple string treated as literal
1052 my $where_exp = (ref($where)
1053 ? $self->_expand_expr($where, $logic)
1054 : { -literal => [ $where ] });
1056 # dispatch expanded expression
1058 my ($sql, @bind) = defined($where_exp) ? $self->render_aqt($where_exp) : (undef);
1059 # DBIx::Class used to call _recurse_where in scalar context
1060 # something else might too...
1062 return ($sql, @bind);
1065 belch "Calling _recurse_where in scalar context is deprecated and will go away before 2.0";
1071 my ($self, $ident) = @_;
1073 return $self->_convert($self->_quote($ident));
1077 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1078 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_render_op([ ',', @$values ]);
1079 return "($sql)", @bind;
1083 my ($self, $rest) = @_;
1084 my ($func, @args) = @$rest;
1085 if (ref($func) eq 'HASH') {
1086 $func = $self->render_aqt($func);
1091 push @arg_sql, shift @x;
1093 } map [ $self->render_aqt($_) ], @args;
1094 return ($self->_sqlcase($func).'('.join(', ', @arg_sql).')', @bind);
1098 my ($self, $bind) = @_;
1099 return ($self->_convert('?'), $self->_bindtype(@$bind));
1102 sub _render_literal {
1103 my ($self, $literal) = @_;
1104 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@{$literal}[1..$#$literal]);
1109 my ($self, $v) = @_;
1110 my ($op, @args) = @$v;
1111 if (my $r = $self->{render_op}{$op}) {
1112 return $self->$r($op, \@args);
1117 my $op = join(' ', split '_', $op);
1119 my $ss = List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{special_ops}};
1120 if ($ss and @args > 1) {
1121 puke "Special op '${op}' requires first value to be identifier"
1122 unless my ($ident) = map $_->{-ident}, grep ref($_) eq 'HASH', $args[0];
1123 my $k = join(($self->{name_sep}||'.'), @$ident);
1124 local our $Expand_Depth = 1;
1125 return $self->${\($ss->{handler})}($k, $op, $args[1]);
1127 if (my $us = List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{unary_ops}}) {
1128 return $self->${\($us->{handler})}($op, $args[0]);
1131 return $self->_render_unop_paren($op, \@args);
1135 return $self->_render_unop_prefix($op, \@args);
1137 return $self->_render_op_multop($op, \@args);
1143 sub _render_op_between {
1144 my ($self, $op, $args) = @_;
1145 my ($left, $low, $high) = @$args;
1146 my ($rhsql, @rhbind) = do {
1148 puke "Single arg to between must be a literal"
1149 unless $low->{-literal};
1152 my ($l, $h) = map [ $self->render_aqt($_) ], $low, $high;
1153 (join(' ', $l->[0], $self->_sqlcase('and'), $h->[0]),
1154 @{$l}[1..$#$l], @{$h}[1..$#$h])
1157 my ($lhsql, @lhbind) = $self->render_aqt($left);
1161 $self->_sqlcase(join ' ', split '_', $op),
1169 my ($self, $op, $args) = @_;
1170 my ($lhs, @rhs) = @$args;
1173 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->render_aqt($_);
1174 push @in_bind, @bind;
1177 my ($lhsql, @lbind) = $self->render_aqt($lhs);
1179 $lhsql.' '.$self->_sqlcase(join ' ', split '_', $op).' ( '
1180 .join(', ', @in_sql)
1186 sub _render_op_andor {
1187 my ($self, $op, $args) = @_;
1188 my @parts = grep length($_->[0]), map [ $self->render_aqt($_) ], @$args;
1189 return '' unless @parts;
1190 return @{$parts[0]} if @parts == 1;
1191 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_join_parts(' '.$self->_sqlcase($op).' ', @parts);
1192 return '( '.$sql.' )', @bind;
1195 sub _render_op_multop {
1196 my ($self, $op, $args) = @_;
1197 my @parts = grep length($_->[0]), map [ $self->render_aqt($_) ], @$args;
1198 return '' unless @parts;
1199 return @{$parts[0]} if @parts == 1;
1200 my $join = ($op eq ','
1202 : ' '.$self->_sqlcase(join ' ', split '_', $op).' '
1204 return $self->_join_parts($join, @parts);
1208 my ($self, $join, @parts) = @_;
1210 join($join, map $_->[0], @parts),
1211 (wantarray ? (map @{$_}[1..$#$_], @parts) : ()),
1215 sub _render_unop_paren {
1216 my ($self, $op, $v) = @_;
1217 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_render_unop_prefix($op, $v);
1218 return "(${sql})", @bind;
1221 sub _render_unop_prefix {
1222 my ($self, $op, $v) = @_;
1223 my ($expr_sql, @bind) = $self->render_aqt($v->[0]);
1225 my $op_sql = $self->_sqlcase($op); # join ' ', split '_', $op);
1226 return ("${op_sql} ${expr_sql}", @bind);
1229 sub _render_unop_postfix {
1230 my ($self, $op, $v) = @_;
1231 my ($expr_sql, @bind) = $self->render_aqt($v->[0]);
1232 my $op_sql = $self->_sqlcase(join ' ', split '_', $op);
1233 return ($expr_sql.' '.$op_sql, @bind);
1236 # Some databases (SQLite) treat col IN (1, 2) different from
1237 # col IN ( (1, 2) ). Use this to strip all outer parens while
1238 # adding them back in the corresponding method
1239 sub _open_outer_paren {
1240 my ($self, $sql) = @_;
1242 while (my ($inner) = $sql =~ /^ \s* \( (.*) \) \s* $/xs) {
1244 # there are closing parens inside, need the heavy duty machinery
1245 # to reevaluate the extraction starting from $sql (full reevaluation)
1246 if ($inner =~ /\)/) {
1247 require Text::Balanced;
1249 my (undef, $remainder) = do {
1250 # idiotic design - writes to $@ but *DOES NOT* throw exceptions
1252 Text::Balanced::extract_bracketed($sql, '()', qr/\s*/);
1255 # the entire expression needs to be a balanced bracketed thing
1256 # (after an extract no remainder sans trailing space)
1257 last if defined $remainder and $remainder =~ /\S/;
1267 #======================================================================
1269 #======================================================================
1271 sub _expand_order_by {
1272 my ($self, $arg) = @_;
1274 return unless defined($arg) and not (ref($arg) eq 'ARRAY' and !@$arg);
1276 return $self->_expand_maybe_list_expr($arg)
1277 if ref($arg) eq 'HASH' and ($arg->{-op}||[''])->[0] eq ',';
1279 my $expander = sub {
1280 my ($self, $dir, $expr) = @_;
1281 my @to_expand = ref($expr) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$expr : $expr;
1282 foreach my $arg (@to_expand) {
1286 and grep /^-(asc|desc)$/, keys %$arg
1288 puke "ordering direction hash passed to order by must have exactly one key (-asc or -desc)";
1292 defined($dir) ? { -op => [ $dir =~ /^-?(.*)$/ ,=> $_ ] } : $_
1294 map $self->expand_expr($_, -ident),
1295 map ref($_) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$_ : $_, @to_expand;
1296 return undef unless @exp;
1297 return undef if @exp == 1 and not defined($exp[0]);
1298 return +{ -op => [ ',', @exp ] };
1301 local @{$self->{expand}}{qw(asc desc)} = (($expander) x 2);
1303 return $self->$expander(undef, $arg);
1307 my ($self, $arg) = @_;
1309 return '' unless defined(my $expanded = $self->_expand_order_by($arg));
1311 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->render_aqt($expanded);
1313 return '' unless length($sql);
1315 my $final_sql = $self->_sqlcase(' order by ').$sql;
1317 return wantarray ? ($final_sql, @bind) : $final_sql;
1320 # _order_by no longer needs to call this so doesn't but DBIC uses it.
1322 sub _order_by_chunks {
1323 my ($self, $arg) = @_;
1325 return () unless defined(my $expanded = $self->_expand_order_by($arg));
1327 return $self->_chunkify_order_by($expanded);
1330 sub _chunkify_order_by {
1331 my ($self, $expanded) = @_;
1333 return grep length, $self->render_aqt($expanded)
1334 if $expanded->{-ident} or @{$expanded->{-literal}||[]} == 1;
1337 if (ref() eq 'HASH' and $_->{-op} and $_->{-op}[0] eq ',') {
1338 my ($comma, @list) = @{$_->{-op}};
1339 return map $self->_chunkify_order_by($_), @list;
1341 return [ $self->render_aqt($_) ];
1345 #======================================================================
1346 # DATASOURCE (FOR NOW, JUST PLAIN TABLE OR LIST OF TABLES)
1347 #======================================================================
1353 $self->_expand_maybe_list_expr($from, -ident)
1358 #======================================================================
1360 #======================================================================
1362 sub _expand_maybe_list_expr {
1363 my ($self, $expr, $default) = @_;
1365 ',', map $self->expand_expr($_, $default),
1366 @{$expr->{-op}}[1..$#{$expr->{-op}}]
1367 ] } if ref($expr) eq 'HASH' and ($expr->{-op}||[''])->[0] eq ',';
1368 return +{ -op => [ ',',
1369 map $self->expand_expr($_, $default),
1370 ref($expr) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$expr : $expr
1374 # highly optimized, as it's called way too often
1376 # my ($self, $label) = @_;
1378 return '' unless defined $_[1];
1379 return ${$_[1]} if ref($_[1]) eq 'SCALAR';
1380 puke 'Identifier cannot be hashref' if ref($_[1]) eq 'HASH';
1382 unless ($_[0]->{quote_char}) {
1383 if (ref($_[1]) eq 'ARRAY') {
1384 return join($_[0]->{name_sep}||'.', @{$_[1]});
1386 $_[0]->_assert_pass_injection_guard($_[1]);
1391 my $qref = ref $_[0]->{quote_char};
1393 !$qref ? ($_[0]->{quote_char}, $_[0]->{quote_char})
1394 : ($qref eq 'ARRAY') ? @{$_[0]->{quote_char}}
1395 : puke "Unsupported quote_char format: $_[0]->{quote_char}";
1397 my $esc = $_[0]->{escape_char} || $r;
1399 # parts containing * are naturally unquoted
1401 $_[0]->{name_sep}||'',
1405 : do { (my $n = $_) =~ s/(\Q$esc\E|\Q$r\E)/$esc$1/g; $l . $n . $r }
1407 (ref($_[1]) eq 'ARRAY'
1411 ? split (/\Q$_[0]->{name_sep}\E/, $_[1] )
1419 # Conversion, if applicable
1421 #my ($self, $arg) = @_;
1422 if ($_[0]->{convert_where}) {
1423 return $_[0]->_sqlcase($_[0]->{convert_where}) .'(' . $_[1] . ')';
1430 #my ($self, $col, @vals) = @_;
1431 # called often - tighten code
1432 return $_[0]->{bindtype} eq 'columns'
1433 ? map {[$_[1], $_]} @_[2 .. $#_]
1438 # Dies if any element of @bind is not in [colname => value] format
1439 # if bindtype is 'columns'.
1440 sub _assert_bindval_matches_bindtype {
1441 # my ($self, @bind) = @_;
1443 if ($self->{bindtype} eq 'columns') {
1445 if (!defined $_ || ref($_) ne 'ARRAY' || @$_ != 2) {
1446 puke "bindtype 'columns' selected, you need to pass: [column_name => bind_value]"
1452 sub _join_sql_clauses {
1453 my ($self, $logic, $clauses_aref, $bind_aref) = @_;
1455 if (@$clauses_aref > 1) {
1456 my $join = " " . $self->_sqlcase($logic) . " ";
1457 my $sql = '( ' . join($join, @$clauses_aref) . ' )';
1458 return ($sql, @$bind_aref);
1460 elsif (@$clauses_aref) {
1461 return ($clauses_aref->[0], @$bind_aref); # no parentheses
1464 return (); # if no SQL, ignore @$bind_aref
1469 # Fix SQL case, if so requested
1471 # LDNOTE: if $self->{case} is true, then it contains 'lower', so we
1472 # don't touch the argument ... crooked logic, but let's not change it!
1473 return $_[0]->{case} ? $_[1] : uc($_[1]);
1477 #======================================================================
1478 # DISPATCHING FROM REFKIND
1479 #======================================================================
1482 my ($self, $data) = @_;
1484 return 'UNDEF' unless defined $data;
1486 # blessed objects are treated like scalars
1487 my $ref = (Scalar::Util::blessed $data) ? '' : ref $data;
1489 return 'SCALAR' unless $ref;
1492 while ($ref eq 'REF') {
1494 $ref = (Scalar::Util::blessed $data) ? '' : ref $data;
1498 return ($ref||'SCALAR') . ('REF' x $n_steps);
1502 my ($self, $data) = @_;
1503 my @try = ($self->_refkind($data));
1504 push @try, 'SCALAR_or_UNDEF' if $try[0] eq 'SCALAR' || $try[0] eq 'UNDEF';
1505 push @try, 'FALLBACK';
1509 sub _METHOD_FOR_refkind {
1510 my ($self, $meth_prefix, $data) = @_;
1513 for (@{$self->_try_refkind($data)}) {
1514 $method = $self->can($meth_prefix."_".$_)
1518 return $method || puke "cannot dispatch on '$meth_prefix' for ".$self->_refkind($data);
1522 sub _SWITCH_refkind {
1523 my ($self, $data, $dispatch_table) = @_;
1526 for (@{$self->_try_refkind($data)}) {
1527 $coderef = $dispatch_table->{$_}
1531 puke "no dispatch entry for ".$self->_refkind($data)
1540 #======================================================================
1541 # VALUES, GENERATE, AUTOLOAD
1542 #======================================================================
1544 # LDNOTE: original code from nwiger, didn't touch code in that section
1545 # I feel the AUTOLOAD stuff should not be the default, it should
1546 # only be activated on explicit demand by user.
1550 my $data = shift || return;
1551 puke "Argument to ", __PACKAGE__, "->values must be a \\%hash"
1552 unless ref $data eq 'HASH';
1555 foreach my $k (sort keys %$data) {
1556 my $v = $data->{$k};
1557 $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, {
1559 if ($self->{array_datatypes}) { # array datatype
1560 push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($k, $v);
1562 else { # literal SQL with bind
1563 my ($sql, @bind) = @$v;
1564 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
1565 push @all_bind, @bind;
1568 ARRAYREFREF => sub { # literal SQL with bind
1569 my ($sql, @bind) = @${$v};
1570 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
1571 push @all_bind, @bind;
1573 SCALARREF => sub { # literal SQL without bind
1575 SCALAR_or_UNDEF => sub {
1576 push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($k, $v);
1587 my(@sql, @sqlq, @sqlv);
1591 if ($ref eq 'HASH') {
1592 for my $k (sort keys %$_) {
1595 my $label = $self->_quote($k);
1596 if ($r eq 'ARRAY') {
1597 # literal SQL with bind
1598 my ($sql, @bind) = @$v;
1599 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
1600 push @sqlq, "$label = $sql";
1602 } elsif ($r eq 'SCALAR') {
1603 # literal SQL without bind
1604 push @sqlq, "$label = $$v";
1606 push @sqlq, "$label = ?";
1607 push @sqlv, $self->_bindtype($k, $v);
1610 push @sql, $self->_sqlcase('set'), join ', ', @sqlq;
1611 } elsif ($ref eq 'ARRAY') {
1612 # unlike insert(), assume these are ONLY the column names, i.e. for SQL
1615 if ($r eq 'ARRAY') { # literal SQL with bind
1616 my ($sql, @bind) = @$v;
1617 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
1620 } elsif ($r eq 'SCALAR') { # literal SQL without bind
1621 # embedded literal SQL
1628 push @sql, '(' . join(', ', @sqlq) . ')';
1629 } elsif ($ref eq 'SCALAR') {
1633 # strings get case twiddled
1634 push @sql, $self->_sqlcase($_);
1638 my $sql = join ' ', @sql;
1640 # this is pretty tricky
1641 # if ask for an array, return ($stmt, @bind)
1642 # otherwise, s/?/shift @sqlv/ to put it inline
1644 return ($sql, @sqlv);
1646 1 while $sql =~ s/\?/my $d = shift(@sqlv);
1647 ref $d ? $d->[1] : $d/e;
1656 # This allows us to check for a local, then _form, attr
1658 my($name) = $AUTOLOAD =~ /.*::(.+)/;
1659 return $self->generate($name, @_);
1670 SQL::Abstract - Generate SQL from Perl data structures
1676 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new;
1678 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->select($source, \@fields, \%where, $order);
1680 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert($table, \%fieldvals || \@values);
1682 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update($table, \%fieldvals, \%where);
1684 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->delete($table, \%where);
1686 # Then, use these in your DBI statements
1687 my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt);
1688 $sth->execute(@bind);
1690 # Just generate the WHERE clause
1691 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->where(\%where, $order);
1693 # Return values in the same order, for hashed queries
1694 # See PERFORMANCE section for more details
1695 my @bind = $sql->values(\%fieldvals);
1699 This module was inspired by the excellent L<DBIx::Abstract>.
1700 However, in using that module I found that what I really wanted
1701 to do was generate SQL, but still retain complete control over my
1702 statement handles and use the DBI interface. So, I set out to
1703 create an abstract SQL generation module.
1705 While based on the concepts used by L<DBIx::Abstract>, there are
1706 several important differences, especially when it comes to WHERE
1707 clauses. I have modified the concepts used to make the SQL easier
1708 to generate from Perl data structures and, IMO, more intuitive.
1709 The underlying idea is for this module to do what you mean, based
1710 on the data structures you provide it. The big advantage is that
1711 you don't have to modify your code every time your data changes,
1712 as this module figures it out.
1714 To begin with, an SQL INSERT is as easy as just specifying a hash
1715 of C<key=value> pairs:
1718 name => 'Jimbo Bobson',
1719 phone => '123-456-7890',
1720 address => '42 Sister Lane',
1721 city => 'St. Louis',
1722 state => 'Louisiana',
1725 The SQL can then be generated with this:
1727 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('people', \%data);
1729 Which would give you something like this:
1731 $stmt = "INSERT INTO people
1732 (address, city, name, phone, state)
1733 VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)";
1734 @bind = ('42 Sister Lane', 'St. Louis', 'Jimbo Bobson',
1735 '123-456-7890', 'Louisiana');
1737 These are then used directly in your DBI code:
1739 my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt);
1740 $sth->execute(@bind);
1742 =head2 Inserting and Updating Arrays
1744 If your database has array types (like for example Postgres),
1745 activate the special option C<< array_datatypes => 1 >>
1746 when creating the C<SQL::Abstract> object.
1747 Then you may use an arrayref to insert and update database array types:
1749 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(array_datatypes => 1);
1751 planets => [qw/Mercury Venus Earth Mars/]
1754 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('solar_system', \%data);
1758 $stmt = "INSERT INTO solar_system (planets) VALUES (?)"
1760 @bind = (['Mercury', 'Venus', 'Earth', 'Mars']);
1763 =head2 Inserting and Updating SQL
1765 In order to apply SQL functions to elements of your C<%data> you may
1766 specify a reference to an arrayref for the given hash value. For example,
1767 if you need to execute the Oracle C<to_date> function on a value, you can
1768 say something like this:
1772 date_entered => \[ "to_date(?,'MM/DD/YYYY')", "03/02/2003" ],
1775 The first value in the array is the actual SQL. Any other values are
1776 optional and would be included in the bind values array. This gives
1779 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('people', \%data);
1781 $stmt = "INSERT INTO people (name, date_entered)
1782 VALUES (?, to_date(?,'MM/DD/YYYY'))";
1783 @bind = ('Bill', '03/02/2003');
1785 An UPDATE is just as easy, all you change is the name of the function:
1787 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update('people', \%data);
1789 Notice that your C<%data> isn't touched; the module will generate
1790 the appropriately quirky SQL for you automatically. Usually you'll
1791 want to specify a WHERE clause for your UPDATE, though, which is
1792 where handling C<%where> hashes comes in handy...
1794 =head2 Complex where statements
1796 This module can generate pretty complicated WHERE statements
1797 easily. For example, simple C<key=value> pairs are taken to mean
1798 equality, and if you want to see if a field is within a set
1799 of values, you can use an arrayref. Let's say we wanted to
1800 SELECT some data based on this criteria:
1803 requestor => 'inna',
1804 worker => ['nwiger', 'rcwe', 'sfz'],
1805 status => { '!=', 'completed' }
1808 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->select('tickets', '*', \%where);
1810 The above would give you something like this:
1812 $stmt = "SELECT * FROM tickets WHERE
1813 ( requestor = ? ) AND ( status != ? )
1814 AND ( worker = ? OR worker = ? OR worker = ? )";
1815 @bind = ('inna', 'completed', 'nwiger', 'rcwe', 'sfz');
1817 Which you could then use in DBI code like so:
1819 my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt);
1820 $sth->execute(@bind);
1826 The methods are simple. There's one for every major SQL operation,
1827 and a constructor you use first. The arguments are specified in a
1828 similar order for each method (table, then fields, then a where
1829 clause) to try and simplify things.
1831 =head2 new(option => 'value')
1833 The C<new()> function takes a list of options and values, and returns
1834 a new B<SQL::Abstract> object which can then be used to generate SQL
1835 through the methods below. The options accepted are:
1841 If set to 'lower', then SQL will be generated in all lowercase. By
1842 default SQL is generated in "textbook" case meaning something like:
1844 SELECT a_field FROM a_table WHERE some_field LIKE '%someval%'
1846 Any setting other than 'lower' is ignored.
1850 This determines what the default comparison operator is. By default
1851 it is C<=>, meaning that a hash like this:
1853 %where = (name => 'nwiger', email => 'nate@wiger.org');
1855 Will generate SQL like this:
1857 WHERE name = 'nwiger' AND email = 'nate@wiger.org'
1859 However, you may want loose comparisons by default, so if you set
1860 C<cmp> to C<like> you would get SQL such as:
1862 WHERE name like 'nwiger' AND email like 'nate@wiger.org'
1864 You can also override the comparison on an individual basis - see
1865 the huge section on L</"WHERE CLAUSES"> at the bottom.
1867 =item sqltrue, sqlfalse
1869 Expressions for inserting boolean values within SQL statements.
1870 By default these are C<1=1> and C<1=0>. They are used
1871 by the special operators C<-in> and C<-not_in> for generating
1872 correct SQL even when the argument is an empty array (see below).
1876 This determines the default logical operator for multiple WHERE
1877 statements in arrays or hashes. If absent, the default logic is "or"
1878 for arrays, and "and" for hashes. This means that a WHERE
1882 event_date => {'>=', '2/13/99'},
1883 event_date => {'<=', '4/24/03'},
1886 will generate SQL like this:
1888 WHERE event_date >= '2/13/99' OR event_date <= '4/24/03'
1890 This is probably not what you want given this query, though (look
1891 at the dates). To change the "OR" to an "AND", simply specify:
1893 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(logic => 'and');
1895 Which will change the above C<WHERE> to:
1897 WHERE event_date >= '2/13/99' AND event_date <= '4/24/03'
1899 The logic can also be changed locally by inserting
1900 a modifier in front of an arrayref:
1902 @where = (-and => [event_date => {'>=', '2/13/99'},
1903 event_date => {'<=', '4/24/03'} ]);
1905 See the L</"WHERE CLAUSES"> section for explanations.
1909 This will automatically convert comparisons using the specified SQL
1910 function for both column and value. This is mostly used with an argument
1911 of C<upper> or C<lower>, so that the SQL will have the effect of
1912 case-insensitive "searches". For example, this:
1914 $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(convert => 'upper');
1915 %where = (keywords => 'MaKe iT CAse inSeNSItive');
1917 Will turn out the following SQL:
1919 WHERE upper(keywords) like upper('MaKe iT CAse inSeNSItive')
1921 The conversion can be C<upper()>, C<lower()>, or any other SQL function
1922 that can be applied symmetrically to fields (actually B<SQL::Abstract> does
1923 not validate this option; it will just pass through what you specify verbatim).
1927 This is a kludge because many databases suck. For example, you can't
1928 just bind values using DBI's C<execute()> for Oracle C<CLOB> or C<BLOB> fields.
1929 Instead, you have to use C<bind_param()>:
1931 $sth->bind_param(1, 'reg data');
1932 $sth->bind_param(2, $lots, {ora_type => ORA_CLOB});
1934 The problem is, B<SQL::Abstract> will normally just return a C<@bind> array,
1935 which loses track of which field each slot refers to. Fear not.
1937 If you specify C<bindtype> in new, you can determine how C<@bind> is returned.
1938 Currently, you can specify either C<normal> (default) or C<columns>. If you
1939 specify C<columns>, you will get an array that looks like this:
1941 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(bindtype => 'columns');
1942 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert(...);
1945 [ 'column1', 'value1' ],
1946 [ 'column2', 'value2' ],
1947 [ 'column3', 'value3' ],
1950 You can then iterate through this manually, using DBI's C<bind_param()>.
1952 $sth->prepare($stmt);
1955 my($col, $data) = @$_;
1956 if ($col eq 'details' || $col eq 'comments') {
1957 $sth->bind_param($i, $data, {ora_type => ORA_CLOB});
1958 } elsif ($col eq 'image') {
1959 $sth->bind_param($i, $data, {ora_type => ORA_BLOB});
1961 $sth->bind_param($i, $data);
1965 $sth->execute; # execute without @bind now
1967 Now, why would you still use B<SQL::Abstract> if you have to do this crap?
1968 Basically, the advantage is still that you don't have to care which fields
1969 are or are not included. You could wrap that above C<for> loop in a simple
1970 sub called C<bind_fields()> or something and reuse it repeatedly. You still
1971 get a layer of abstraction over manual SQL specification.
1973 Note that if you set L</bindtype> to C<columns>, the C<\[ $sql, @bind ]>
1974 construct (see L</Literal SQL with placeholders and bind values (subqueries)>)
1975 will expect the bind values in this format.
1979 This is the character that a table or column name will be quoted
1980 with. By default this is an empty string, but you could set it to
1981 the character C<`>, to generate SQL like this:
1983 SELECT `a_field` FROM `a_table` WHERE `some_field` LIKE '%someval%'
1985 Alternatively, you can supply an array ref of two items, the first being the left
1986 hand quote character, and the second the right hand quote character. For
1987 example, you could supply C<['[',']']> for SQL Server 2000 compliant quotes
1988 that generates SQL like this:
1990 SELECT [a_field] FROM [a_table] WHERE [some_field] LIKE '%someval%'
1992 Quoting is useful if you have tables or columns names that are reserved
1993 words in your database's SQL dialect.
1997 This is the character that will be used to escape L</quote_char>s appearing
1998 in an identifier before it has been quoted.
2000 The parameter default in case of a single L</quote_char> character is the quote
2003 When opening-closing-style quoting is used (L</quote_char> is an arrayref)
2004 this parameter defaults to the B<closing (right)> L</quote_char>. Occurrences
2005 of the B<opening (left)> L</quote_char> within the identifier are currently left
2006 untouched. The default for opening-closing-style quotes may change in future
2007 versions, thus you are B<strongly encouraged> to specify the escape character
2012 This is the character that separates a table and column name. It is
2013 necessary to specify this when the C<quote_char> option is selected,
2014 so that tables and column names can be individually quoted like this:
2016 SELECT `table`.`one_field` FROM `table` WHERE `table`.`other_field` = 1
2018 =item injection_guard
2020 A regular expression C<qr/.../> that is applied to any C<-function> and unquoted
2021 column name specified in a query structure. This is a safety mechanism to avoid
2022 injection attacks when mishandling user input e.g.:
2024 my %condition_as_column_value_pairs = get_values_from_user();
2025 $sqla->select( ... , \%condition_as_column_value_pairs );
2027 If the expression matches an exception is thrown. Note that literal SQL
2028 supplied via C<\'...'> or C<\['...']> is B<not> checked in any way.
2030 Defaults to checking for C<;> and the C<GO> keyword (TransactSQL)
2032 =item array_datatypes
2034 When this option is true, arrayrefs in INSERT or UPDATE are
2035 interpreted as array datatypes and are passed directly
2037 When this option is false, arrayrefs are interpreted
2038 as literal SQL, just like refs to arrayrefs
2039 (but this behavior is for backwards compatibility; when writing
2040 new queries, use the "reference to arrayref" syntax
2046 Takes a reference to a list of "special operators"
2047 to extend the syntax understood by L<SQL::Abstract>.
2048 See section L</"SPECIAL OPERATORS"> for details.
2052 Takes a reference to a list of "unary operators"
2053 to extend the syntax understood by L<SQL::Abstract>.
2054 See section L</"UNARY OPERATORS"> for details.
2060 =head2 insert($table, \@values || \%fieldvals, \%options)
2062 This is the simplest function. You simply give it a table name
2063 and either an arrayref of values or hashref of field/value pairs.
2064 It returns an SQL INSERT statement and a list of bind values.
2065 See the sections on L</"Inserting and Updating Arrays"> and
2066 L</"Inserting and Updating SQL"> for information on how to insert
2067 with those data types.
2069 The optional C<\%options> hash reference may contain additional
2070 options to generate the insert SQL. Currently supported options
2077 Takes either a scalar of raw SQL fields, or an array reference of
2078 field names, and adds on an SQL C<RETURNING> statement at the end.
2079 This allows you to return data generated by the insert statement
2080 (such as row IDs) without performing another C<SELECT> statement.
2081 Note, however, this is not part of the SQL standard and may not
2082 be supported by all database engines.
2086 =head2 update($table, \%fieldvals, \%where, \%options)
2088 This takes a table, hashref of field/value pairs, and an optional
2089 hashref L<WHERE clause|/WHERE CLAUSES>. It returns an SQL UPDATE function and a list
2091 See the sections on L</"Inserting and Updating Arrays"> and
2092 L</"Inserting and Updating SQL"> for information on how to insert
2093 with those data types.
2095 The optional C<\%options> hash reference may contain additional
2096 options to generate the update SQL. Currently supported options
2103 See the C<returning> option to
2104 L<insert|/insert($table, \@values || \%fieldvals, \%options)>.
2108 =head2 select($source, $fields, $where, $order)
2110 This returns a SQL SELECT statement and associated list of bind values, as
2111 specified by the arguments:
2117 Specification of the 'FROM' part of the statement.
2118 The argument can be either a plain scalar (interpreted as a table
2119 name, will be quoted), or an arrayref (interpreted as a list
2120 of table names, joined by commas, quoted), or a scalarref
2121 (literal SQL, not quoted).
2125 Specification of the list of fields to retrieve from
2127 The argument can be either an arrayref (interpreted as a list
2128 of field names, will be joined by commas and quoted), or a
2129 plain scalar (literal SQL, not quoted).
2130 Please observe that this API is not as flexible as that of
2131 the first argument C<$source>, for backwards compatibility reasons.
2135 Optional argument to specify the WHERE part of the query.
2136 The argument is most often a hashref, but can also be
2137 an arrayref or plain scalar --
2138 see section L<WHERE clause|/"WHERE CLAUSES"> for details.
2142 Optional argument to specify the ORDER BY part of the query.
2143 The argument can be a scalar, a hashref or an arrayref
2144 -- see section L<ORDER BY clause|/"ORDER BY CLAUSES">
2150 =head2 delete($table, \%where, \%options)
2152 This takes a table name and optional hashref L<WHERE clause|/WHERE CLAUSES>.
2153 It returns an SQL DELETE statement and list of bind values.
2155 The optional C<\%options> hash reference may contain additional
2156 options to generate the delete SQL. Currently supported options
2163 See the C<returning> option to
2164 L<insert|/insert($table, \@values || \%fieldvals, \%options)>.
2168 =head2 where(\%where, $order)
2170 This is used to generate just the WHERE clause. For example,
2171 if you have an arbitrary data structure and know what the
2172 rest of your SQL is going to look like, but want an easy way
2173 to produce a WHERE clause, use this. It returns an SQL WHERE
2174 clause and list of bind values.
2177 =head2 values(\%data)
2179 This just returns the values from the hash C<%data>, in the same
2180 order that would be returned from any of the other above queries.
2181 Using this allows you to markedly speed up your queries if you
2182 are affecting lots of rows. See below under the L</"PERFORMANCE"> section.
2184 =head2 generate($any, 'number', $of, \@data, $struct, \%types)
2186 Warning: This is an experimental method and subject to change.
2188 This returns arbitrarily generated SQL. It's a really basic shortcut.
2189 It will return two different things, depending on return context:
2191 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->generate('create table', \$table, \@fields);
2192 my $stmt_and_val = $sql->generate('create table', \$table, \@fields);
2194 These would return the following:
2196 # First calling form
2197 $stmt = "CREATE TABLE test (?, ?)";
2198 @bind = (field1, field2);
2200 # Second calling form
2201 $stmt_and_val = "CREATE TABLE test (field1, field2)";
2203 Depending on what you're trying to do, it's up to you to choose the correct
2204 format. In this example, the second form is what you would want.
2208 $sql->generate('alter session', { nls_date_format => 'MM/YY' });
2212 ALTER SESSION SET nls_date_format = 'MM/YY'
2214 You get the idea. Strings get their case twiddled, but everything
2215 else remains verbatim.
2217 =head1 EXPORTABLE FUNCTIONS
2219 =head2 is_plain_value
2221 Determines if the supplied argument is a plain value as understood by this
2226 =item * The value is C<undef>
2228 =item * The value is a non-reference
2230 =item * The value is an object with stringification overloading
2232 =item * The value is of the form C<< { -value => $anything } >>
2236 On failure returns C<undef>, on success returns a B<scalar> reference
2237 to the original supplied argument.
2243 The stringification overloading detection is rather advanced: it takes
2244 into consideration not only the presence of a C<""> overload, but if that
2245 fails also checks for enabled
2246 L<autogenerated versions of C<"">|overload/Magic Autogeneration>, based
2247 on either C<0+> or C<bool>.
2249 Unfortunately testing in the field indicates that this
2250 detection B<< may tickle a latent bug in perl versions before 5.018 >>,
2251 but only when very large numbers of stringifying objects are involved.
2252 At the time of writing ( Sep 2014 ) there is no clear explanation of
2253 the direct cause, nor is there a manageably small test case that reliably
2254 reproduces the problem.
2256 If you encounter any of the following exceptions in B<random places within
2257 your application stack> - this module may be to blame:
2259 Operation "ne": no method found,
2260 left argument in overloaded package <something>,
2261 right argument in overloaded package <something>
2265 Stub found while resolving method "???" overloading """" in package <something>
2267 If you fall victim to the above - please attempt to reduce the problem
2268 to something that could be sent to the L<SQL::Abstract developers
2269 |DBIx::Class/GETTING HELP/SUPPORT>
2270 (either publicly or privately). As a workaround in the meantime you can
2271 set C<$ENV{SQLA_ISVALUE_IGNORE_AUTOGENERATED_STRINGIFICATION}> to a true
2272 value, which will most likely eliminate your problem (at the expense of
2273 not being able to properly detect exotic forms of stringification).
2275 This notice and environment variable will be removed in a future version,
2276 as soon as the underlying problem is found and a reliable workaround is
2281 =head2 is_literal_value
2283 Determines if the supplied argument is a literal value as understood by this
2288 =item * C<\$sql_string>
2290 =item * C<\[ $sql_string, @bind_values ]>
2294 On failure returns C<undef>, on success returns an B<array> reference
2295 containing the unpacked version of the supplied literal SQL and bind values.
2297 =head1 WHERE CLAUSES
2301 This module uses a variation on the idea from L<DBIx::Abstract>. It
2302 is B<NOT>, repeat I<not> 100% compatible. B<The main logic of this
2303 module is that things in arrays are OR'ed, and things in hashes
2306 The easiest way to explain is to show lots of examples. After
2307 each C<%where> hash shown, it is assumed you used:
2309 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->where(\%where);
2311 However, note that the C<%where> hash can be used directly in any
2312 of the other functions as well, as described above.
2314 =head2 Key-value pairs
2316 So, let's get started. To begin, a simple hash:
2320 status => 'completed'
2323 Is converted to SQL C<key = val> statements:
2325 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status = ?";
2326 @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed');
2328 One common thing I end up doing is having a list of values that
2329 a field can be in. To do this, simply specify a list inside of
2334 status => ['assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending'];
2337 This simple code will create the following:
2339 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND ( status = ? OR status = ? OR status = ? )";
2340 @bind = ('nwiger', 'assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending');
2342 A field associated to an empty arrayref will be considered a
2343 logical false and will generate 0=1.
2345 =head2 Tests for NULL values
2347 If the value part is C<undef> then this is converted to SQL <IS NULL>
2356 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status IS NULL";
2359 To test if a column IS NOT NULL:
2363 status => { '!=', undef },
2366 =head2 Specific comparison operators
2368 If you want to specify a different type of operator for your comparison,
2369 you can use a hashref for a given column:
2373 status => { '!=', 'completed' }
2376 Which would generate:
2378 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status != ?";
2379 @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed');
2381 To test against multiple values, just enclose the values in an arrayref:
2383 status => { '=', ['assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending'] };
2385 Which would give you:
2387 "WHERE status = ? OR status = ? OR status = ?"
2390 The hashref can also contain multiple pairs, in which case it is expanded
2391 into an C<AND> of its elements:
2395 status => { '!=', 'completed', -not_like => 'pending%' }
2398 # Or more dynamically, like from a form
2399 $where{user} = 'nwiger';
2400 $where{status}{'!='} = 'completed';
2401 $where{status}{'-not_like'} = 'pending%';
2403 # Both generate this
2404 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status != ? AND status NOT LIKE ?";
2405 @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed', 'pending%');
2408 To get an OR instead, you can combine it with the arrayref idea:
2412 priority => [ { '=', 2 }, { '>', 5 } ]
2415 Which would generate:
2417 $stmt = "WHERE ( priority = ? OR priority > ? ) AND user = ?";
2418 @bind = ('2', '5', 'nwiger');
2420 If you want to include literal SQL (with or without bind values), just use a
2421 scalar reference or reference to an arrayref as the value:
2424 date_entered => { '>' => \["to_date(?, 'MM/DD/YYYY')", "11/26/2008"] },
2425 date_expires => { '<' => \"now()" }
2428 Which would generate:
2430 $stmt = "WHERE date_entered > to_date(?, 'MM/DD/YYYY') AND date_expires < now()";
2431 @bind = ('11/26/2008');
2434 =head2 Logic and nesting operators
2436 In the example above,
2437 there is a subtle trap if you want to say something like
2438 this (notice the C<AND>):
2440 WHERE priority != ? AND priority != ?
2442 Because, in Perl you I<can't> do this:
2444 priority => { '!=' => 2, '!=' => 1 }
2446 As the second C<!=> key will obliterate the first. The solution
2447 is to use the special C<-modifier> form inside an arrayref:
2449 priority => [ -and => {'!=', 2},
2453 Normally, these would be joined by C<OR>, but the modifier tells it
2454 to use C<AND> instead. (Hint: You can use this in conjunction with the
2455 C<logic> option to C<new()> in order to change the way your queries
2456 work by default.) B<Important:> Note that the C<-modifier> goes
2457 B<INSIDE> the arrayref, as an extra first element. This will
2458 B<NOT> do what you think it might:
2460 priority => -and => [{'!=', 2}, {'!=', 1}] # WRONG!
2462 Here is a quick list of equivalencies, since there is some overlap:
2465 status => {'!=', 'completed', 'not like', 'pending%' }
2466 status => [ -and => {'!=', 'completed'}, {'not like', 'pending%'}]
2469 status => {'=', ['assigned', 'in-progress']}
2470 status => [ -or => {'=', 'assigned'}, {'=', 'in-progress'}]
2471 status => [ {'=', 'assigned'}, {'=', 'in-progress'} ]
2475 =head2 Special operators: IN, BETWEEN, etc.
2477 You can also use the hashref format to compare a list of fields using the
2478 C<IN> comparison operator, by specifying the list as an arrayref:
2481 status => 'completed',
2482 reportid => { -in => [567, 2335, 2] }
2485 Which would generate:
2487 $stmt = "WHERE status = ? AND reportid IN (?,?,?)";
2488 @bind = ('completed', '567', '2335', '2');
2490 The reverse operator C<-not_in> generates SQL C<NOT IN> and is used in
2493 If the argument to C<-in> is an empty array, 'sqlfalse' is generated
2494 (by default: C<1=0>). Similarly, C<< -not_in => [] >> generates
2495 'sqltrue' (by default: C<1=1>).
2497 In addition to the array you can supply a chunk of literal sql or
2498 literal sql with bind:
2501 customer => { -in => \[
2502 'SELECT cust_id FROM cust WHERE balance > ?',
2505 status => { -in => \'SELECT status_codes FROM states' },
2511 customer IN ( SELECT cust_id FROM cust WHERE balance > ? )
2512 AND status IN ( SELECT status_codes FROM states )
2516 Finally, if the argument to C<-in> is not a reference, it will be
2517 treated as a single-element array.
2519 Another pair of operators is C<-between> and C<-not_between>,
2520 used with an arrayref of two values:
2524 completion_date => {
2525 -not_between => ['2002-10-01', '2003-02-06']
2531 WHERE user = ? AND completion_date NOT BETWEEN ( ? AND ? )
2533 Just like with C<-in> all plausible combinations of literal SQL
2537 start0 => { -between => [ 1, 2 ] },
2538 start1 => { -between => \["? AND ?", 1, 2] },
2539 start2 => { -between => \"lower(x) AND upper(y)" },
2540 start3 => { -between => [
2542 \["upper(?)", 'stuff' ],
2549 ( start0 BETWEEN ? AND ? )
2550 AND ( start1 BETWEEN ? AND ? )
2551 AND ( start2 BETWEEN lower(x) AND upper(y) )
2552 AND ( start3 BETWEEN lower(x) AND upper(?) )
2554 @bind = (1, 2, 1, 2, 'stuff');
2557 These are the two builtin "special operators"; but the
2558 list can be expanded: see section L</"SPECIAL OPERATORS"> below.
2560 =head2 Unary operators: bool
2562 If you wish to test against boolean columns or functions within your
2563 database you can use the C<-bool> and C<-not_bool> operators. For
2564 example to test the column C<is_user> being true and the column
2565 C<is_enabled> being false you would use:-
2569 -not_bool => 'is_enabled',
2574 WHERE is_user AND NOT is_enabled
2576 If a more complex combination is required, testing more conditions,
2577 then you should use the and/or operators:-
2582 -not_bool => { two=> { -rlike => 'bar' } },
2583 -not_bool => { three => [ { '=', 2 }, { '>', 5 } ] },
2594 (NOT ( three = ? OR three > ? ))
2597 =head2 Nested conditions, -and/-or prefixes
2599 So far, we've seen how multiple conditions are joined with a top-level
2600 C<AND>. We can change this by putting the different conditions we want in
2601 hashes and then putting those hashes in an array. For example:
2606 status => { -like => ['pending%', 'dispatched'] },
2610 status => 'unassigned',
2614 This data structure would create the following:
2616 $stmt = "WHERE ( user = ? AND ( status LIKE ? OR status LIKE ? ) )
2617 OR ( user = ? AND status = ? ) )";
2618 @bind = ('nwiger', 'pending', 'dispatched', 'robot', 'unassigned');
2621 Clauses in hashrefs or arrayrefs can be prefixed with an C<-and> or C<-or>
2622 to change the logic inside:
2628 -and => [ workhrs => {'>', 20}, geo => 'ASIA' ],
2629 -or => { workhrs => {'<', 50}, geo => 'EURO' },
2636 $stmt = "WHERE ( user = ?
2637 AND ( ( workhrs > ? AND geo = ? )
2638 OR ( workhrs < ? OR geo = ? ) ) )";
2639 @bind = ('nwiger', '20', 'ASIA', '50', 'EURO');
2641 =head3 Algebraic inconsistency, for historical reasons
2643 C<Important note>: when connecting several conditions, the C<-and->|C<-or>
2644 operator goes C<outside> of the nested structure; whereas when connecting
2645 several constraints on one column, the C<-and> operator goes
2646 C<inside> the arrayref. Here is an example combining both features:
2649 -and => [a => 1, b => 2],
2650 -or => [c => 3, d => 4],
2651 e => [-and => {-like => 'foo%'}, {-like => '%bar'} ]
2656 WHERE ( ( ( a = ? AND b = ? )
2657 OR ( c = ? OR d = ? )
2658 OR ( e LIKE ? AND e LIKE ? ) ) )
2660 This difference in syntax is unfortunate but must be preserved for
2661 historical reasons. So be careful: the two examples below would
2662 seem algebraically equivalent, but they are not
2665 { -like => 'foo%' },
2666 { -like => '%bar' },
2668 # yields: WHERE ( ( col LIKE ? AND col LIKE ? ) )
2671 { col => { -like => 'foo%' } },
2672 { col => { -like => '%bar' } },
2674 # yields: WHERE ( ( col LIKE ? OR col LIKE ? ) )
2677 =head2 Literal SQL and value type operators
2679 The basic premise of SQL::Abstract is that in WHERE specifications the "left
2680 side" is a column name and the "right side" is a value (normally rendered as
2681 a placeholder). This holds true for both hashrefs and arrayref pairs as you
2682 see in the L</WHERE CLAUSES> examples above. Sometimes it is necessary to
2683 alter this behavior. There are several ways of doing so.
2687 This is a virtual operator that signals the string to its right side is an
2688 identifier (a column name) and not a value. For example to compare two
2689 columns you would write:
2692 priority => { '<', 2 },
2693 requestor => { -ident => 'submitter' },
2698 $stmt = "WHERE priority < ? AND requestor = submitter";
2701 If you are maintaining legacy code you may see a different construct as
2702 described in L</Deprecated usage of Literal SQL>, please use C<-ident> in new
2707 This is a virtual operator that signals that the construct to its right side
2708 is a value to be passed to DBI. This is for example necessary when you want
2709 to write a where clause against an array (for RDBMS that support such
2710 datatypes). For example:
2713 array => { -value => [1, 2, 3] }
2718 $stmt = 'WHERE array = ?';
2719 @bind = ([1, 2, 3]);
2721 Note that if you were to simply say:
2727 the result would probably not be what you wanted:
2729 $stmt = 'WHERE array = ? OR array = ? OR array = ?';
2734 Finally, sometimes only literal SQL will do. To include a random snippet
2735 of SQL verbatim, you specify it as a scalar reference. Consider this only
2736 as a last resort. Usually there is a better way. For example:
2739 priority => { '<', 2 },
2740 requestor => { -in => \'(SELECT name FROM hitmen)' },
2745 $stmt = "WHERE priority < ? AND requestor IN (SELECT name FROM hitmen)"
2748 Note that in this example, you only get one bind parameter back, since
2749 the verbatim SQL is passed as part of the statement.
2753 Never use untrusted input as a literal SQL argument - this is a massive
2754 security risk (there is no way to check literal snippets for SQL
2755 injections and other nastyness). If you need to deal with untrusted input
2756 use literal SQL with placeholders as described next.
2758 =head3 Literal SQL with placeholders and bind values (subqueries)
2760 If the literal SQL to be inserted has placeholders and bind values,
2761 use a reference to an arrayref (yes this is a double reference --
2762 not so common, but perfectly legal Perl). For example, to find a date
2763 in Postgres you can use something like this:
2766 date_column => \[ "= date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer", 10 ]
2771 $stmt = "WHERE ( date_column = date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer )"
2774 Note that you must pass the bind values in the same format as they are returned
2775 by L<where|/where(\%where, $order)>. This means that if you set L</bindtype>
2776 to C<columns>, you must provide the bind values in the
2777 C<< [ column_meta => value ] >> format, where C<column_meta> is an opaque
2778 scalar value; most commonly the column name, but you can use any scalar value
2779 (including references and blessed references), L<SQL::Abstract> will simply
2780 pass it through intact. So if C<bindtype> is set to C<columns> the above
2781 example will look like:
2784 date_column => \[ "= date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer", [ {} => 10 ] ]
2787 Literal SQL is especially useful for nesting parenthesized clauses in the
2788 main SQL query. Here is a first example:
2790 my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind) = ("SELECT c1 FROM t1 WHERE c2 < ? AND c3 LIKE ?",
2794 bar => \["IN ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind],
2799 $stmt = "WHERE (foo = ? AND bar IN (SELECT c1 FROM t1
2800 WHERE c2 < ? AND c3 LIKE ?))";
2801 @bind = (1234, 100, "foo%");
2803 Other subquery operators, like for example C<"E<gt> ALL"> or C<"NOT IN">,
2804 are expressed in the same way. Of course the C<$sub_stmt> and
2805 its associated bind values can be generated through a former call
2808 my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind)
2809 = $sql->select("t1", "c1", {c2 => {"<" => 100},
2810 c3 => {-like => "foo%"}});
2813 bar => \["> ALL ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind],
2816 In the examples above, the subquery was used as an operator on a column;
2817 but the same principle also applies for a clause within the main C<%where>
2818 hash, like an EXISTS subquery:
2820 my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind)
2821 = $sql->select("t1", "*", {c1 => 1, c2 => \"> t0.c0"});
2822 my %where = ( -and => [
2824 \["EXISTS ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind],
2829 $stmt = "WHERE (foo = ? AND EXISTS (SELECT * FROM t1
2830 WHERE c1 = ? AND c2 > t0.c0))";
2834 Observe that the condition on C<c2> in the subquery refers to
2835 column C<t0.c0> of the main query: this is I<not> a bind
2836 value, so we have to express it through a scalar ref.
2837 Writing C<< c2 => {">" => "t0.c0"} >> would have generated
2838 C<< c2 > ? >> with bind value C<"t0.c0"> ... not exactly
2839 what we wanted here.
2841 Finally, here is an example where a subquery is used
2842 for expressing unary negation:
2844 my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind)
2845 = $sql->where({age => [{"<" => 10}, {">" => 20}]});
2846 $sub_stmt =~ s/^ where //i; # don't want "WHERE" in the subclause
2848 lname => {like => '%son%'},
2849 \["NOT ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind],
2854 $stmt = "lname LIKE ? AND NOT ( age < ? OR age > ? )"
2855 @bind = ('%son%', 10, 20)
2857 =head3 Deprecated usage of Literal SQL
2859 Below are some examples of archaic use of literal SQL. It is shown only as
2860 reference for those who deal with legacy code. Each example has a much
2861 better, cleaner and safer alternative that users should opt for in new code.
2867 my %where = ( requestor => \'IS NOT NULL' )
2869 $stmt = "WHERE requestor IS NOT NULL"
2871 This used to be the way of generating NULL comparisons, before the handling
2872 of C<undef> got formalized. For new code please use the superior syntax as
2873 described in L</Tests for NULL values>.
2877 my %where = ( requestor => \'= submitter' )
2879 $stmt = "WHERE requestor = submitter"
2881 This used to be the only way to compare columns. Use the superior L</-ident>
2882 method for all new code. For example an identifier declared in such a way
2883 will be properly quoted if L</quote_char> is properly set, while the legacy
2884 form will remain as supplied.
2888 my %where = ( is_ready => \"", completed => { '>', '2012-12-21' } )
2890 $stmt = "WHERE completed > ? AND is_ready"
2891 @bind = ('2012-12-21')
2893 Using an empty string literal used to be the only way to express a boolean.
2894 For all new code please use the much more readable
2895 L<-bool|/Unary operators: bool> operator.
2901 These pages could go on for a while, since the nesting of the data
2902 structures this module can handle are pretty much unlimited (the
2903 module implements the C<WHERE> expansion as a recursive function
2904 internally). Your best bet is to "play around" with the module a
2905 little to see how the data structures behave, and choose the best
2906 format for your data based on that.
2908 And of course, all the values above will probably be replaced with
2909 variables gotten from forms or the command line. After all, if you
2910 knew everything ahead of time, you wouldn't have to worry about
2911 dynamically-generating SQL and could just hardwire it into your
2914 =head1 ORDER BY CLAUSES
2916 Some functions take an order by clause. This can either be a scalar (just a
2917 column name), a hashref of C<< { -desc => 'col' } >> or C<< { -asc => 'col' }
2918 >>, a scalarref, an arrayref-ref, or an arrayref of any of the previous
2921 Given | Will Generate
2922 ---------------------------------------------------------------
2924 'colA' | ORDER BY colA
2926 [qw/colA colB/] | ORDER BY colA, colB
2928 {-asc => 'colA'} | ORDER BY colA ASC
2930 {-desc => 'colB'} | ORDER BY colB DESC
2932 ['colA', {-asc => 'colB'}] | ORDER BY colA, colB ASC
2934 { -asc => [qw/colA colB/] } | ORDER BY colA ASC, colB ASC
2936 \'colA DESC' | ORDER BY colA DESC
2938 \[ 'FUNC(colA, ?)', $x ] | ORDER BY FUNC(colA, ?)
2939 | /* ...with $x bound to ? */
2942 { -asc => 'colA' }, | colA ASC,
2943 { -desc => [qw/colB/] }, | colB DESC,
2944 { -asc => [qw/colC colD/] },| colC ASC, colD ASC,
2945 \'colE DESC', | colE DESC,
2946 \[ 'FUNC(colF, ?)', $x ], | FUNC(colF, ?)
2947 ] | /* ...with $x bound to ? */
2948 ===============================================================
2952 =head1 SPECIAL OPERATORS
2954 my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(special_ops => [
2958 my ($self, $field, $op, $arg) = @_;
2964 handler => 'method_name',
2968 A "special operator" is a SQL syntactic clause that can be
2969 applied to a field, instead of a usual binary operator.
2972 WHERE field IN (?, ?, ?)
2973 WHERE field BETWEEN ? AND ?
2974 WHERE MATCH(field) AGAINST (?, ?)
2976 Special operators IN and BETWEEN are fairly standard and therefore
2977 are builtin within C<SQL::Abstract> (as the overridable methods
2978 C<_where_field_IN> and C<_where_field_BETWEEN>). For other operators,
2979 like the MATCH .. AGAINST example above which is specific to MySQL,
2980 you can write your own operator handlers - supply a C<special_ops>
2981 argument to the C<new> method. That argument takes an arrayref of
2982 operator definitions; each operator definition is a hashref with two
2989 the regular expression to match the operator
2993 Either a coderef or a plain scalar method name. In both cases
2994 the expected return is C<< ($sql, @bind) >>.
2996 When supplied with a method name, it is simply called on the
2997 L<SQL::Abstract> object as:
2999 $self->$method_name($field, $op, $arg)
3003 $field is the LHS of the operator
3004 $op is the part that matched the handler regex
3007 When supplied with a coderef, it is called as:
3009 $coderef->($self, $field, $op, $arg)
3014 For example, here is an implementation
3015 of the MATCH .. AGAINST syntax for MySQL
3017 my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(special_ops => [
3019 # special op for MySql MATCH (field) AGAINST(word1, word2, ...)
3020 {regex => qr/^match$/i,
3022 my ($self, $field, $op, $arg) = @_;
3023 $arg = [$arg] if not ref $arg;
3024 my $label = $self->_quote($field);
3025 my ($placeholder) = $self->_convert('?');
3026 my $placeholders = join ", ", (($placeholder) x @$arg);
3027 my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('match') . " ($label) "
3028 . $self->_sqlcase('against') . " ($placeholders) ";
3029 my @bind = $self->_bindtype($field, @$arg);
3030 return ($sql, @bind);
3037 =head1 UNARY OPERATORS
3039 my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(unary_ops => [
3043 my ($self, $op, $arg) = @_;
3049 handler => 'method_name',
3053 A "unary operator" is a SQL syntactic clause that can be
3054 applied to a field - the operator goes before the field
3056 You can write your own operator handlers - supply a C<unary_ops>
3057 argument to the C<new> method. That argument takes an arrayref of
3058 operator definitions; each operator definition is a hashref with two
3065 the regular expression to match the operator
3069 Either a coderef or a plain scalar method name. In both cases
3070 the expected return is C<< $sql >>.
3072 When supplied with a method name, it is simply called on the
3073 L<SQL::Abstract> object as:
3075 $self->$method_name($op, $arg)
3079 $op is the part that matched the handler regex
3080 $arg is the RHS or argument of the operator
3082 When supplied with a coderef, it is called as:
3084 $coderef->($self, $op, $arg)
3092 Thanks to some benchmarking by Mark Stosberg, it turns out that
3093 this module is many orders of magnitude faster than using C<DBIx::Abstract>.
3094 I must admit this wasn't an intentional design issue, but it's a
3095 byproduct of the fact that you get to control your C<DBI> handles
3098 To maximize performance, use a code snippet like the following:
3100 # prepare a statement handle using the first row
3101 # and then reuse it for the rest of the rows
3103 for my $href (@array_of_hashrefs) {
3104 $stmt ||= $sql->insert('table', $href);
3105 $sth ||= $dbh->prepare($stmt);
3106 $sth->execute($sql->values($href));
3109 The reason this works is because the keys in your C<$href> are sorted
3110 internally by B<SQL::Abstract>. Thus, as long as your data retains
3111 the same structure, you only have to generate the SQL the first time
3112 around. On subsequent queries, simply use the C<values> function provided
3113 by this module to return your values in the correct order.
3115 However this depends on the values having the same type - if, for
3116 example, the values of a where clause may either have values
3117 (resulting in sql of the form C<column = ?> with a single bind
3118 value), or alternatively the values might be C<undef> (resulting in
3119 sql of the form C<column IS NULL> with no bind value) then the
3120 caching technique suggested will not work.
3124 If you use my C<CGI::FormBuilder> module at all, you'll hopefully
3125 really like this part (I do, at least). Building up a complex query
3126 can be as simple as the following:
3133 use CGI::FormBuilder;
3136 my $form = CGI::FormBuilder->new(...);
3137 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new;
3139 if ($form->submitted) {
3140 my $field = $form->field;
3141 my $id = delete $field->{id};
3142 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update('table', $field, {id => $id});
3145 Of course, you would still have to connect using C<DBI> to run the
3146 query, but the point is that if you make your form look like your
3147 table, the actual query script can be extremely simplistic.
3149 If you're B<REALLY> lazy (I am), check out C<HTML::QuickTable> for
3150 a fast interface to returning and formatting data. I frequently
3151 use these three modules together to write complex database query
3152 apps in under 50 lines.
3154 =head1 HOW TO CONTRIBUTE
3156 Contributions are always welcome, in all usable forms (we especially
3157 welcome documentation improvements). The delivery methods include git-
3158 or unified-diff formatted patches, GitHub pull requests, or plain bug
3159 reports either via RT or the Mailing list. Contributors are generally
3160 granted full access to the official repository after their first several
3161 patches pass successful review.
3163 This project is maintained in a git repository. The code and related tools are
3164 accessible at the following locations:
3168 =item * Official repo: L<git://git.shadowcat.co.uk/dbsrgits/SQL-Abstract.git>
3170 =item * Official gitweb: L<http://git.shadowcat.co.uk/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=dbsrgits/SQL-Abstract.git>
3172 =item * GitHub mirror: L<https://github.com/dbsrgits/sql-abstract>
3174 =item * Authorized committers: L<ssh://dbsrgits@git.shadowcat.co.uk/SQL-Abstract.git>
3180 Version 1.50 was a major internal refactoring of C<SQL::Abstract>.
3181 Great care has been taken to preserve the I<published> behavior
3182 documented in previous versions in the 1.* family; however,
3183 some features that were previously undocumented, or behaved
3184 differently from the documentation, had to be changed in order
3185 to clarify the semantics. Hence, client code that was relying
3186 on some dark areas of C<SQL::Abstract> v1.*
3187 B<might behave differently> in v1.50.
3189 The main changes are:
3195 support for literal SQL through the C<< \ [ $sql, @bind ] >> syntax.
3199 support for the { operator => \"..." } construct (to embed literal SQL)
3203 support for the { operator => \["...", @bind] } construct (to embed literal SQL with bind values)
3207 optional support for L<array datatypes|/"Inserting and Updating Arrays">
3211 defensive programming: check arguments
3215 fixed bug with global logic, which was previously implemented
3216 through global variables yielding side-effects. Prior versions would
3217 interpret C<< [ {cond1, cond2}, [cond3, cond4] ] >>
3218 as C<< "(cond1 AND cond2) OR (cond3 AND cond4)" >>.
3219 Now this is interpreted
3220 as C<< "(cond1 AND cond2) OR (cond3 OR cond4)" >>.
3225 fixed semantics of _bindtype on array args
3229 dropped the C<_anoncopy> of the %where tree. No longer necessary,
3230 we just avoid shifting arrays within that tree.
3234 dropped the C<_modlogic> function
3238 =head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
3240 There are a number of individuals that have really helped out with
3241 this module. Unfortunately, most of them submitted bugs via CPAN
3242 so I have no idea who they are! But the people I do know are:
3244 Ash Berlin (order_by hash term support)
3245 Matt Trout (DBIx::Class support)
3246 Mark Stosberg (benchmarking)
3247 Chas Owens (initial "IN" operator support)
3248 Philip Collins (per-field SQL functions)
3249 Eric Kolve (hashref "AND" support)
3250 Mike Fragassi (enhancements to "BETWEEN" and "LIKE")
3251 Dan Kubb (support for "quote_char" and "name_sep")
3252 Guillermo Roditi (patch to cleanup "IN" and "BETWEEN", fix and tests for _order_by)
3253 Laurent Dami (internal refactoring, extensible list of special operators, literal SQL)
3254 Norbert Buchmuller (support for literal SQL in hashpair, misc. fixes & tests)
3255 Peter Rabbitson (rewrite of SQLA::Test, misc. fixes & tests)
3256 Oliver Charles (support for "RETURNING" after "INSERT")
3262 L<DBIx::Class>, L<DBIx::Abstract>, L<CGI::FormBuilder>, L<HTML::QuickTable>.
3266 Copyright (c) 2001-2007 Nathan Wiger <nwiger@cpan.org>. All Rights Reserved.
3268 This module is actively maintained by Matt Trout <mst@shadowcatsystems.co.uk>
3270 For support, your best bet is to try the C<DBIx::Class> users mailing list.
3271 While not an official support venue, C<DBIx::Class> makes heavy use of
3272 C<SQL::Abstract>, and as such list members there are very familiar with
3273 how to create queries.
3277 This module is free software; you may copy this under the same
3278 terms as perl itself (either the GNU General Public License or
3279 the Artistic License)