8 $VERSION = eval $VERSION;
9 our $AUTHORITY = 'cpan:STEVAN';
11 use Scalar::Util 'blessed';
18 use Moose::Meta::Class;
19 use Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint;
20 use Moose::Meta::TypeCoercion;
21 use Moose::Meta::Attribute;
22 use Moose::Meta::Instance;
26 use Moose::Meta::Role;
27 use Moose::Meta::Role::Composite;
28 use Moose::Meta::Role::Application;
29 use Moose::Meta::Role::Application::RoleSummation;
30 use Moose::Meta::Role::Application::ToClass;
31 use Moose::Meta::Role::Application::ToRole;
32 use Moose::Meta::Role::Application::ToInstance;
34 use Moose::Util::TypeConstraints;
46 Moose->throw_error("Must derive at least one class") unless @_;
48 # this checks the metaclass to make sure
49 # it is correct, sometimes it can get out
50 # of sync when the classes are being built
51 Moose::Meta::Class->initialize($class)->superclasses(@_);
56 Moose::Util::apply_all_roles(Class::MOP::Class->initialize($class), @_);
63 Moose->throw_error('Usage: has \'name\' => ( key => value, ... )')
66 my %options = ( definition_context => Moose::Util::_caller_info(), @_ );
67 my $attrs = ( ref($name) eq 'ARRAY' ) ? $name : [ ($name) ];
68 Class::MOP::Class->initialize($class)->add_attribute( $_, %options ) for @$attrs;
73 Moose::Util::add_method_modifier($class, 'before', \@_);
78 Moose::Util::add_method_modifier($class, 'after', \@_);
83 Moose::Util::add_method_modifier($class, 'around', \@_);
91 # This check avoids a recursion loop - see
92 # t/100_bugs/020_super_recursion.t
93 return if defined $SUPER_PACKAGE && $SUPER_PACKAGE ne caller();
94 return unless $SUPER_BODY; $SUPER_BODY->(@SUPER_ARGS);
99 my ( $name, $method ) = @_;
100 Class::MOP::Class->initialize($class)->add_override_method_modifier( $name => $method );
105 our ( %INNER_BODY, %INNER_ARGS );
107 if ( my $body = $INNER_BODY{$pkg} ) {
108 my @args = @{ $INNER_ARGS{$pkg} };
109 local $INNER_ARGS{$pkg};
110 local $INNER_BODY{$pkg};
111 return $body->(@args);
119 my ( $name, $method ) = @_;
120 Class::MOP::Class->initialize($class)->add_augment_method_modifier( $name => $method );
123 Moose::Exporter->setup_import_methods(
125 qw( extends with has before after around override augment)
130 \&Scalar::Util::blessed,
135 # This used to be called as a function. This hack preserves
136 # backwards compatibility.
137 if ( $_[0] ne __PACKAGE__ ) {
138 return __PACKAGE__->init_meta(
148 my $class = $args{for_class}
149 or Moose->throw_error("Cannot call init_meta without specifying a for_class");
150 my $base_class = $args{base_class} || 'Moose::Object';
151 my $metaclass = $args{metaclass} || 'Moose::Meta::Class';
153 Moose->throw_error("The Metaclass $metaclass must be a subclass of Moose::Meta::Class.")
154 unless $metaclass->isa('Moose::Meta::Class');
156 # make a subtype for each Moose class
158 unless find_type_constraint($class);
162 if ( $meta = Class::MOP::get_metaclass_by_name($class) ) {
163 unless ( $meta->isa("Moose::Meta::Class") ) {
164 Moose->throw_error("$class already has a metaclass, but it does not inherit $metaclass ($meta)");
167 # no metaclass, no 'meta' method
169 # now we check whether our ancestors have metaclass, and if so borrow that
170 my ( undef, @isa ) = @{ $class->mro::get_linear_isa };
172 foreach my $ancestor ( @isa ) {
173 my $ancestor_meta = Class::MOP::get_metaclass_by_name($ancestor) || next;
175 my $ancestor_meta_class = ($ancestor_meta->is_immutable
176 ? $ancestor_meta->get_mutable_metaclass_name
177 : ref($ancestor_meta));
179 # if we have an ancestor metaclass that inherits $metaclass, we use
180 # that. This is like _fix_metaclass_incompatibility, but we can do it now.
182 # the case of having an ancestry is not very common, but arises in
184 unless ( $metaclass->isa( $ancestor_meta_class ) ) {
185 if ( $ancestor_meta_class->isa($metaclass) ) {
186 $metaclass = $ancestor_meta_class;
191 $meta = $metaclass->initialize($class);
194 if ( $class->can('meta') ) {
195 # check 'meta' method
197 # it may be inherited
200 # this is the case where the metaclass pragma
201 # was used before the 'use Moose' statement to
202 # override a specific class
203 my $method_meta = $class->meta;
205 ( blessed($method_meta) && $method_meta->isa('Moose::Meta::Class') )
206 || Moose->throw_error("$class already has a &meta function, but it does not return a Moose::Meta::Class ($method_meta)");
208 $meta = $method_meta;
211 unless ( $meta->has_method("meta") ) { # don't overwrite
212 # also check for inherited non moose 'meta' method?
213 # FIXME also skip this if the user requested by passing an option
216 # re-initialize so it inherits properly
217 $metaclass->initialize( ref($_[0]) || $_[0] );
222 # make sure they inherit from Moose::Object
223 $meta->superclasses($base_class)
224 unless $meta->superclasses();
229 # This may be used in some older MooseX extensions.
231 goto &Moose::Exporter::_get_caller;
234 ## make 'em all immutable
237 inline_constructor => 1,
238 constructor_name => "_new",
239 # these are Class::MOP accessors, so they need inlining
240 inline_accessors => 1
241 ) for grep { $_->is_mutable }
244 Moose::Meta::Attribute
246 Moose::Meta::Instance
248 Moose::Meta::TypeCoercion
249 Moose::Meta::TypeCoercion::Union
252 Moose::Meta::Method::Accessor
253 Moose::Meta::Method::Constructor
254 Moose::Meta::Method::Destructor
255 Moose::Meta::Method::Overridden
256 Moose::Meta::Method::Augmented
259 Moose::Meta::Role::Method
260 Moose::Meta::Role::Method::Required
261 Moose::Meta::Role::Method::Conflicting
263 Moose::Meta::Role::Composite
265 Moose::Meta::Role::Application
266 Moose::Meta::Role::Application::RoleSummation
267 Moose::Meta::Role::Application::ToClass
268 Moose::Meta::Role::Application::ToRole
269 Moose::Meta::Role::Application::ToInstance
280 Moose - A postmodern object system for Perl 5
285 use Moose; # automatically turns on strict and warnings
287 has 'x' => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Int');
288 has 'y' => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Int');
301 has 'z' => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Int');
303 after 'clear' => sub {
310 Moose is an extension of the Perl 5 object system.
312 The main goal of Moose is to make Perl 5 Object Oriented programming
313 easier, more consistent and less tedious. With Moose you can to think
314 more about what you want to do and less about the mechanics of OOP.
316 Additionally, Moose is built on top of L<Class::MOP>, which is a
317 metaclass system for Perl 5. This means that Moose not only makes
318 building normal Perl 5 objects better, but it provides the power of
319 metaclass programming as well.
323 If you're new to Moose, the best place to start is the
324 L<Moose::Manual> docs, followed by the L<Moose::Cookbook>. The intro
325 will show you what Moose is, and how it makes Perl 5 OO better.
327 The cookbook recipes on Moose basics will get you up to speed with
328 many of Moose's features quickly. Once you have an idea of what Moose
329 can do, you can use the API documentation to get more detail on
330 features which interest you.
332 =head2 Moose Extensions
334 The C<MooseX::> namespace is the official place to find Moose extensions.
335 These extensions can be found on the CPAN. The easiest way to find them
336 is to search for them (L<http://search.cpan.org/search?query=MooseX::>),
337 or to examine L<Task::Moose> which aims to keep an up-to-date, easily
338 installable list of Moose extensions.
340 =head1 BUILDING CLASSES WITH MOOSE
342 Moose makes every attempt to provide as much convenience as possible during
343 class construction/definition, but still stay out of your way if you want it
344 to. Here are a few items to note when building classes with Moose.
346 Unless specified with C<extends>, any class which uses Moose will
347 inherit from L<Moose::Object>.
349 Moose will also manage all attributes (including inherited ones) that are
350 defined with C<has>. And (assuming you call C<new>, which is inherited from
351 L<Moose::Object>) this includes properly initializing all instance slots,
352 setting defaults where appropriate, and performing any type constraint checking
355 =head1 PROVIDED METHODS
357 Moose provides a number of methods to all your classes, mostly through the
358 inheritance of L<Moose::Object>. There is however, one exception.
364 This is a method which provides access to the current class's metaclass.
368 =head1 EXPORTED FUNCTIONS
370 Moose will export a number of functions into the class's namespace which
371 may then be used to set up the class. These functions all work directly
372 on the current class.
376 =item B<extends (@superclasses)>
378 This function will set the superclass(es) for the current class.
380 This approach is recommended instead of C<use base>, because C<use base>
381 actually C<push>es onto the class's C<@ISA>, whereas C<extends> will
382 replace it. This is important to ensure that classes which do not have
383 superclasses still properly inherit from L<Moose::Object>.
385 =item B<with (@roles)>
387 This will apply a given set of C<@roles> to the local class.
389 =item B<has $name|@$names =E<gt> %options>
391 This will install an attribute of a given C<$name> into the current class. If
392 the first parameter is an array reference, it will create an attribute for
393 every C<$name> in the list. The C<%options> are the same as those provided by
394 L<Class::MOP::Attribute>, in addition to the list below which are provided by
395 Moose (L<Moose::Meta::Attribute> to be more specific):
399 =item I<is =E<gt> 'rw'|'ro'>
401 The I<is> option accepts either I<rw> (for read/write) or I<ro> (for read
402 only). These will create either a read/write accessor or a read-only
403 accessor respectively, using the same name as the C<$name> of the attribute.
405 If you need more control over how your accessors are named, you can
406 use the L<reader|Class::MOP::Attribute/reader>,
407 L<writer|Class::MOP::Attribute/writer> and
408 L<accessor|Class::MOP::Attribute/accessor> options inherited from
409 L<Class::MOP::Attribute>, however if you use those, you won't need the
412 =item I<isa =E<gt> $type_name>
414 The I<isa> option uses Moose's type constraint facilities to set up runtime
415 type checking for this attribute. Moose will perform the checks during class
416 construction, and within any accessors. The C<$type_name> argument must be a
417 string. The string may be either a class name or a type defined using
418 Moose's type definition features. (Refer to L<Moose::Util::TypeConstraints>
419 for information on how to define a new type, and how to retrieve type meta-data).
421 =item I<coerce =E<gt> (1|0)>
423 This will attempt to use coercion with the supplied type constraint to change
424 the value passed into any accessors or constructors. You B<must> have supplied
425 a type constraint in order for this to work. See L<Moose::Cookbook::Basics::Recipe5>
428 =item I<does =E<gt> $role_name>
430 This will accept the name of a role which the value stored in this attribute
431 is expected to have consumed.
433 =item I<required =E<gt> (1|0)>
435 This marks the attribute as being required. This means a value must be
436 supplied during class construction, I<or> the attribute must be lazy
437 and have either a default or a builder. Note that c<required> does not
438 say anything about the attribute's value, which can be C<undef>.
440 =item I<weak_ref =E<gt> (1|0)>
442 This will tell the class to store the value of this attribute as a weakened
443 reference. If an attribute is a weakened reference, it B<cannot> also be
446 =item I<lazy =E<gt> (1|0)>
448 This will tell the class to not create this slot until absolutely necessary.
449 If an attribute is marked as lazy it B<must> have a default supplied.
451 =item I<auto_deref =E<gt> (1|0)>
453 This tells the accessor whether to automatically dereference the value returned.
454 This is only legal if your C<isa> option is either C<ArrayRef> or C<HashRef>.
456 =item I<trigger =E<gt> $code>
458 The I<trigger> option is a CODE reference which will be called after
459 the value of the attribute is set. The CODE ref will be passed the
460 instance itself and the updated value. You B<can> have a trigger on
461 a read-only attribute.
463 B<NOTE:> Triggers will only fire when you B<assign> to the attribute,
464 either in the constructor, or using the writer. Default and built values will
465 B<not> cause the trigger to be fired.
467 =item I<handles =E<gt> ARRAY | HASH | REGEXP | ROLE | DUCKTYPE | CODE>
469 The I<handles> option provides Moose classes with automated delegation features.
470 This is a pretty complex and powerful option. It accepts many different option
471 formats, each with its own benefits and drawbacks.
473 B<NOTE:> The class being delegated to does not need to be a Moose based class,
474 which is why this feature is especially useful when wrapping non-Moose classes.
476 All I<handles> option formats share the following traits:
478 You cannot override a locally defined method with a delegated method; an
479 exception will be thrown if you try. That is to say, if you define C<foo> in
480 your class, you cannot override it with a delegated C<foo>. This is almost never
481 something you would want to do, and if it is, you should do it by hand and not
484 You cannot override any of the methods found in Moose::Object, or the C<BUILD>
485 and C<DEMOLISH> methods. These will not throw an exception, but will silently
486 move on to the next method in the list. My reasoning for this is that you would
487 almost never want to do this, since it usually breaks your class. As with
488 overriding locally defined methods, if you do want to do this, you should do it
489 manually, not with Moose.
491 You do not I<need> to have a reader (or accessor) for the attribute in order
492 to delegate to it. Moose will create a means of accessing the value for you,
493 however this will be several times B<less> efficient then if you had given
494 the attribute a reader (or accessor) to use.
496 Below is the documentation for each option format:
502 This is the most common usage for I<handles>. You basically pass a list of
503 method names to be delegated, and Moose will install a delegation method
508 This is the second most common usage for I<handles>. Instead of a list of
509 method names, you pass a HASH ref where each key is the method name you
510 want installed locally, and its value is the name of the original method
511 in the class being delegated to.
513 This can be very useful for recursive classes like trees. Here is a
514 quick example (soon to be expanded into a Moose::Cookbook recipe):
519 has 'node' => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Any');
524 default => sub { [] }
532 parent_node => 'node',
533 siblings => 'children',
537 In this example, the Tree package gets C<parent_node> and C<siblings> methods,
538 which delegate to the C<node> and C<children> methods (respectively) of the Tree
539 instance stored in the C<parent> slot.
543 The regexp option works very similar to the ARRAY option, except that it builds
544 the list of methods for you. It starts by collecting all possible methods of the
545 class being delegated to, then filters that list using the regexp supplied here.
547 B<NOTE:> An I<isa> option is required when using the regexp option format. This
548 is so that we can determine (at compile time) the method list from the class.
549 Without an I<isa> this is just not possible.
553 With the role option, you specify the name of a role whose "interface" then
554 becomes the list of methods to handle. The "interface" can be defined as; the
555 methods of the role and any required methods of the role. It should be noted
556 that this does B<not> include any method modifiers or generated attribute
557 methods (which is consistent with role composition).
561 With the duck type option, you pass a duck type object whose "interface" then
562 becomes the list of methods to handle. The "interface" can be defined as; the
563 list of methods passed to C<duck_type> to create a duck type object. For more
564 information on C<duck_type> please check
565 L<Moose::Util::TypeConstraints>.
569 This is the option to use when you really want to do something funky. You should
570 only use it if you really know what you are doing, as it involves manual
573 This takes a code reference, which should expect two arguments. The first is the
574 attribute meta-object this I<handles> is attached to. The second is the
575 metaclass of the class being delegated to. It expects you to return a hash (not
576 a HASH ref) of the methods you want mapped.
580 =item I<metaclass =E<gt> $metaclass_name>
582 This tells the class to use a custom attribute metaclass for this particular
583 attribute. Custom attribute metaclasses are useful for extending the
584 capabilities of the I<has> keyword: they are the simplest way to extend the MOP,
585 but they are still a fairly advanced topic and too much to cover here, see
586 L<Moose::Cookbook::Meta::Recipe1> for more information.
588 See L<Metaclass and Trait Name Resolution> for details on how a metaclass name
589 is resolved to a class name.
591 =item I<traits =E<gt> [ @role_names ]>
593 This tells Moose to take the list of C<@role_names> and apply them to the
594 attribute meta-object. This is very similar to the I<metaclass> option, but
595 allows you to use more than one extension at a time.
597 See L<Metaclass and Trait Name Resolution> for details on how a trait name is
598 resolved to a role name.
600 Also see L<Moose::Cookbook::Meta::Recipe3> for a metaclass trait
603 =item I<builder> => Str
605 The value of this key is the name of the method that will be called to
606 obtain the value used to initialize the attribute. See the L<builder
607 option docs in Class::MOP::Attribute|Class::MOP::Attribute/builder>
608 and/or L<Moose::Cookbook::Basics::Recipe9> for more information.
610 =item I<default> => SCALAR | CODE
612 The value of this key is the default value which will initialize the attribute.
614 NOTE: If the value is a simple scalar (string or number), then it can
615 be just passed as is. However, if you wish to initialize it with a
616 HASH or ARRAY ref, then you need to wrap that inside a CODE reference.
617 See the L<default option docs in
618 Class::MOP::Attribute|Class::MOP::Attribute/default> for more
621 =item I<clearer> => Str
623 Creates a method allowing you to clear the value, see the L<clearer option
624 docs in Class::MOP::Attribute|Class::MOP::Attribute/clearer> for more
627 =item I<predicate> => Str
629 Creates a method to perform a basic test to see if a value has been set in the
630 attribute, see the L<predicate option docs in
631 Class::MOP::Attribute|Class::MOP::Attribute/predicate> for more information.
633 =item I<lazy_build> => (0|1)
635 Automatically define lazy => 1 as well as builder => "_build_$attr", clearer =>
636 "clear_$attr', predicate => 'has_$attr' unless they are already defined.
638 =item I<initializer> => Str
640 This may be a method name (referring to a method on the class with
641 this attribute) or a CODE ref. The initializer is used to set the
642 attribute value on an instance when the attribute is set during
643 instance initialization (but not when the value is being assigned
644 to). See the L<initializer option docs in
645 Class::MOP::Attribute|Class::MOP::Attribute/initializer> for more
648 =item I<documentation> => $string
650 An arbitrary string that can be retrieved later by calling C<<
651 $attr->documentation >>.
657 =item B<has +$name =E<gt> %options>
659 This is variation on the normal attribute creator C<has> which allows you to
660 clone and extend an attribute from a superclass or from a role. Here is an
661 example of the superclass usage:
669 default => 'Hello, I am a Foo'
677 has '+message' => (default => 'Hello I am My::Foo');
679 What is happening here is that B<My::Foo> is cloning the C<message> attribute
680 from its parent class B<Foo>, retaining the C<is =E<gt> 'rw'> and C<isa =E<gt>
681 'Str'> characteristics, but changing the value in C<default>.
683 Here is another example, but within the context of a role:
691 default => 'Hello, I am a Foo'
699 has '+message' => (default => 'Hello I am My::Foo');
701 In this case, we are basically taking the attribute which the role supplied
702 and altering it within the bounds of this feature.
704 Note that you can only extend an attribute from either a superclass or a role,
705 you cannot extend an attribute in a role that composes over an attribute from
708 Aside from where the attributes come from (one from superclass, the other
709 from a role), this feature works exactly the same. This feature is restricted
710 somewhat, so as to try and force at least I<some> sanity into it. You are only
711 allowed to change the following attributes:
717 Change the default value of an attribute.
721 Change whether the attribute attempts to coerce a value passed to it.
725 Change if the attribute is required to have a value.
727 =item I<documentation>
729 Change the documentation string associated with the attribute.
733 Change if the attribute lazily initializes the slot.
737 You I<are> allowed to change the type without restriction.
739 It is recommended that you use this freedom with caution. We used to
740 only allow for extension only if the type was a subtype of the parent's
741 type, but we felt that was too restrictive and is better left as a
746 You are allowed to B<add> a new C<handles> definition, but you are B<not>
747 allowed to I<change> one.
751 You are allowed to B<add> a new C<builder> definition, but you are B<not>
752 allowed to I<change> one.
756 You are allowed to B<add> a new C<metaclass> definition, but you are
757 B<not> allowed to I<change> one.
761 You are allowed to B<add> additional traits to the C<traits> definition.
762 These traits will be composed into the attribute, but preexisting traits
763 B<are not> overridden, or removed.
767 =item B<before $name|@names =E<gt> sub { ... }>
769 =item B<after $name|@names =E<gt> sub { ... }>
771 =item B<around $name|@names =E<gt> sub { ... }>
773 These three items are syntactic sugar for the before, after, and around method
774 modifier features that L<Class::MOP> provides. More information on these may be
775 found in the L<Class::MOP::Class documentation|Class::MOP::Class/"Method
780 The keyword C<super> is a no-op when called outside of an C<override> method. In
781 the context of an C<override> method, it will call the next most appropriate
782 superclass method with the same arguments as the original method.
784 =item B<override ($name, &sub)>
786 An C<override> method is a way of explicitly saying "I am overriding this
787 method from my superclass". You can call C<super> within this method, and
788 it will work as expected. The same thing I<can> be accomplished with a normal
789 method call and the C<SUPER::> pseudo-package; it is really your choice.
793 The keyword C<inner>, much like C<super>, is a no-op outside of the context of
794 an C<augment> method. You can think of C<inner> as being the inverse of
795 C<super>; the details of how C<inner> and C<augment> work is best described in
796 the L<Moose::Cookbook::Basics::Recipe6>.
798 =item B<augment ($name, &sub)>
800 An C<augment> method, is a way of explicitly saying "I am augmenting this
801 method from my superclass". Once again, the details of how C<inner> and
802 C<augment> work is best described in the L<Moose::Cookbook::Basics::Recipe6>.
806 This is the C<Carp::confess> function, and exported here because I use it
811 This is the C<Scalar::Util::blessed> function, it is exported here because I
812 use it all the time. It is highly recommended that this is used instead of
813 C<ref> anywhere you need to test for an object's class name.
819 When you use Moose, you can specify which metaclass to use:
821 use Moose -metaclass => 'My::Meta::Class';
823 You can also specify traits which will be applied to your metaclass:
825 use Moose -traits => 'My::Trait';
827 This is very similar to the attribute traits feature. When you do
828 this, your class's C<meta> object will have the specified traits
829 applied to it. See L<Metaclass and Trait Name Resolution> for more
832 =head2 Metaclass and Trait Name Resolution
834 By default, when given a trait name, Moose simply tries to load a
835 class of the same name. If such a class does not exist, it then looks
836 for for a class matching
837 B<Moose::Meta::$type::Custom::Trait::$trait_name>. The C<$type>
838 variable here will be one of B<Attribute> or B<Class>, depending on
839 what the trait is being applied to.
841 If a class with this long name exists, Moose checks to see if it has
842 the method C<register_implementation>. This method is expected to
843 return the I<real> class name of the trait. If there is no
844 C<register_implementation> method, it will fall back to using
845 B<Moose::Meta::$type::Custom::Trait::$trait> as the trait name.
847 The lookup method for metaclasses is the same, except that it looks
848 for a class matching B<Moose::Meta::$type::Custom::$metaclass_name>.
850 If all this is confusing, take a look at
851 L<Moose::Cookbook::Meta::Recipe3>, which demonstrates how to create an
854 =head1 UNIMPORTING FUNCTIONS
858 Moose offers a way to remove the keywords it exports, through the C<unimport>
859 method. You simply have to say C<no Moose> at the bottom of your code for this
860 to work. Here is an example:
865 has 'first_name' => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Str');
866 has 'last_name' => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Str');
870 $self->first_name . ' ' . $self->last_name
873 no Moose; # keywords are removed from the Person package
875 =head1 EXTENDING AND EMBEDDING MOOSE
877 To learn more about extending Moose, we recommend checking out the
878 "Extending" recipes in the L<Moose::Cookbook>, starting with
879 L<Moose::Cookbook::Extending::Recipe1>, which provides an overview of
880 all the different ways you might extend Moose.
882 =head2 B<< Moose->init_meta(for_class => $class, base_class => $baseclass, metaclass => $metaclass) >>
884 The C<init_meta> method sets up the metaclass object for the class
885 specified by C<for_class>. This method injects a a C<meta> accessor
886 into the class so you can get at this object. It also sets the class's
887 superclass to C<base_class>, with L<Moose::Object> as the default.
889 C<init_meta> returns the metaclass object for C<$class>.
891 You can specify an alternate metaclass with the C<metaclass> option.
893 For more detail on this topic, see L<Moose::Cookbook::Extending::Recipe2>.
895 This method used to be documented as a function which accepted
896 positional parameters. This calling style will still work for
897 backwards compatibility, but is deprecated.
901 Moose's C<import> method supports the L<Sub::Exporter> form of C<{into =E<gt> $pkg}>
902 and C<{into_level =E<gt> 1}>.
904 B<NOTE>: Doing this is more or less deprecated. Use L<Moose::Exporter>
905 instead, which lets you stack multiple C<Moose.pm>-alike modules
906 sanely. It handles getting the exported functions into the right place
909 =head2 B<throw_error>
911 An alias for C<confess>, used by internally by Moose.
913 =head1 METACLASS COMPATIBILITY AND MOOSE
915 Metaclass compatibility is a thorny subject. You should start by
916 reading the "About Metaclass compatibility" section in the
919 Moose will attempt to resolve a few cases of metaclass incompatibility
920 when you set the superclasses for a class, unlike C<Class::MOP>, which
921 simply dies if the metaclasses are incompatible.
923 In actuality, Moose fixes incompatibility for I<all> of a class's
924 metaclasses, not just the class metaclass. That includes the instance
925 metaclass, attribute metaclass, as well as its constructor class and
926 destructor class. However, for simplicity this discussion will just
927 refer to "metaclass", meaning the class metaclass, most of the time.
929 Moose has two algorithms for fixing metaclass incompatibility.
931 The first algorithm is very simple. If all the metaclass for the
932 parent is a I<subclass> of the child's metaclass, then we simply
933 replace the child's metaclass with the parent's.
935 The second algorithm is more complicated. It tries to determine if the
936 metaclasses only "differ by roles". This means that the parent and
937 child's metaclass share a common ancestor in their respective
938 hierarchies, and that the subclasses under the common ancestor are
939 only different because of role applications. This case is actually
940 fairly common when you mix and match various C<MooseX::*> modules,
941 many of which apply roles to the metaclass.
943 If the parent and child do differ by roles, Moose replaces the
944 metaclass in the child with a newly created metaclass. This metaclass
945 is a subclass of the parent's metaclass, does all of the roles that
946 the child's metaclass did before being replaced. Effectively, this
947 means the new metaclass does all of the roles done by both the
948 parent's and child's original metaclasses.
950 Ultimately, this is all transparent to you except in the case of an
951 unresolvable conflict.
953 =head2 The MooseX:: namespace
955 Generally if you're writing an extension I<for> Moose itself you'll want
956 to put your extension in the C<MooseX::> namespace. This namespace is
957 specifically for extensions that make Moose better or different in some
958 fundamental way. It is traditionally B<not> for a package that just happens
959 to use Moose. This namespace follows from the examples of the C<LWPx::>
960 and C<DBIx::> namespaces that perform the same function for C<LWP> and C<DBI>
969 It should be noted that C<super> and C<inner> B<cannot> be used in the same
970 method. However, they may be combined within the same class hierarchy; see
971 F<t/014_override_augment_inner_super.t> for an example.
973 The reason for this is that C<super> is only valid within a method
974 with the C<override> modifier, and C<inner> will never be valid within an
975 C<override> method. In fact, C<augment> will skip over any C<override> methods
976 when searching for its appropriate C<inner>.
978 This might seem like a restriction, but I am of the opinion that keeping these
979 two features separate (yet interoperable) actually makes them easy to use, since
980 their behavior is then easier to predict. Time will tell whether I am right or
981 not (UPDATE: so far so good).
987 We offer both a mailing list and a very active IRC channel.
989 The mailing list is L<moose@perl.org>. You must be subscribed to send
990 a message. To subscribe, send an empty message to
991 L<moose-subscribe@perl.org>
993 You can also visit us at L<#moose on
994 irc.perl.org|irc://irc.perl.org/#moose>. This channel is quite active,
995 and questions at all levels (on Moose-related topics ;) are welcome.
997 =head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
1001 =item I blame Sam Vilain for introducing me to the insanity that is meta-models.
1003 =item I blame Audrey Tang for then encouraging my meta-model habit in #perl6.
1005 =item Without Yuval "nothingmuch" Kogman this module would not be possible,
1006 and it certainly wouldn't have this name ;P
1008 =item The basis of the TypeContraints module was Rob Kinyon's idea
1009 originally, I just ran with it.
1011 =item Thanks to mst & chansen and the whole #moose posse for all the
1012 early ideas/feature-requests/encouragement/bug-finding.
1014 =item Thanks to David "Theory" Wheeler for meta-discussions and spelling fixes.
1022 =item L<http://www.iinteractive.com/moose>
1024 This is the official web home of Moose, it contains links to our public SVN repository
1025 as well as links to a number of talks and articles on Moose and Moose related
1028 =item The Moose is flying, a tutorial by Randal Schwartz
1030 Part 1 - L<http://www.stonehenge.com/merlyn/LinuxMag/col94.html>
1032 Part 2 - L<http://www.stonehenge.com/merlyn/LinuxMag/col95.html>
1034 =item Several Moose extension modules in the C<MooseX::> namespace.
1036 See L<http://search.cpan.org/search?query=MooseX::> for extensions.
1038 =item Moose stats on ohloh.net - L<http://www.ohloh.net/projects/moose>
1046 =item The Art of the MetaObject Protocol
1048 I mention this in the L<Class::MOP> docs too, this book was critical in
1049 the development of both modules and is highly recommended.
1057 =item L<http://www.cs.utah.edu/plt/publications/oopsla04-gff.pdf>
1059 This paper (suggested by lbr on #moose) was what lead to the implementation
1060 of the C<super>/C<override> and C<inner>/C<augment> features. If you really
1061 want to understand them, I suggest you read this.
1067 All complex software has bugs lurking in it, and this module is no
1070 Please report any bugs to C<bug-moose@rt.cpan.org>, or through the web
1071 interface at L<http://rt.cpan.org>.
1073 =head1 FEATURE REQUESTS
1075 We are very strict about what features we add to the Moose core, especially
1076 the user-visible features. Instead we have made sure that the underlying
1077 meta-system of Moose is as extensible as possible so that you can add your
1078 own features easily.
1080 That said, occasionally there is a feature needed in the meta-system
1081 to support your planned extension, in which case you should either
1082 email the mailing list (moose@perl.org) or join us on IRC at
1083 L<irc://irc.perl.org/#moose> to discuss. The
1084 L<Moose::Manual::Contributing> has more detail about how and when you
1089 Moose is an open project, there are at this point dozens of people who have
1090 contributed, and can contribute. If you have added anything to the Moose
1091 project you have a commit bit on this file and can add your name to the list.
1095 However there are only a few people with the rights to release a new version
1096 of Moose. The Moose Cabal are the people to go to with questions regarding
1097 the wider purview of Moose, and help out maintaining not just the code
1098 but the community as well.
1100 Stevan (stevan) Little E<lt>stevan@iinteractive.comE<gt>
1102 Yuval (nothingmuch) Kogman
1104 Shawn (sartak) Moore E<lt>sartak@bestpractical.comE<gt>
1106 Dave (autarch) Rolsky E<lt>autarch@urth.orgE<gt>
1108 =head2 OTHER CONTRIBUTORS
1112 Adam (Alias) Kennedy
1114 Anders (Debolaz) Nor Berle
1116 Nathan (kolibrie) Gray
1118 Christian (chansen) Hansen
1120 Hans Dieter (confound) Pearcey
1122 Eric (ewilhelm) Wilhelm
1124 Guillermo (groditi) Roditi
1126 Jess (castaway) Robinson
1130 Robert (phaylon) Sedlacek
1134 Scott (konobi) McWhirter
1136 Shlomi (rindolf) Fish
1138 Chris (perigrin) Prather
1140 Wallace (wreis) Reis
1142 Jonathan (jrockway) Rockway
1144 Piotr (dexter) Roszatycki
1146 Sam (mugwump) Vilain
1150 Dylan Hardison (doc fixes)
1152 ... and many other #moose folks
1154 =head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
1156 Copyright 2006-2009 by Infinity Interactive, Inc.
1158 L<http://www.iinteractive.com>
1160 This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
1161 it under the same terms as Perl itself.