4 use vars qw(@ISA $VERSION);
7 $VERSION = eval $VERSION;
9 my %module = (MacOS => 'Mac',
14 NetWare => 'Win32', # Yes, File::Spec::Win32 works on NetWare.
15 symbian => 'Win32', # Yes, File::Spec::Win32 works on symbian.
16 dos => 'OS2', # Yes, File::Spec::OS2 works on DJGPP.
20 my $module = $module{$^O} || 'Unix';
22 require "File/Spec/$module.pm";
23 @ISA = ("File::Spec::$module");
31 File::Spec - portably perform operations on file names
37 $x=File::Spec->catfile('a', 'b', 'c');
39 which returns 'a/b/c' under Unix. Or:
41 use File::Spec::Functions;
43 $x = catfile('a', 'b', 'c');
47 This module is designed to support operations commonly performed on file
48 specifications (usually called "file names", but not to be confused with the
49 contents of a file, or Perl's file handles), such as concatenating several
50 directory and file names into a single path, or determining whether a path
51 is rooted. It is based on code directly taken from MakeMaker 5.17, code
52 written by Andreas KE<ouml>nig, Andy Dougherty, Charles Bailey, Ilya
53 Zakharevich, Paul Schinder, and others.
55 Since these functions are different for most operating systems, each set of
56 OS specific routines is available in a separate module, including:
64 The module appropriate for the current OS is automatically loaded by
65 File::Spec. Since some modules (like VMS) make use of facilities available
66 only under that OS, it may not be possible to load all modules under all
69 Since File::Spec is object oriented, subroutines should not be called directly,
72 File::Spec::catfile('a','b');
74 but rather as class methods:
76 File::Spec->catfile('a','b');
78 For simple uses, L<File::Spec::Functions> provides convenient functional
79 forms of these methods.
88 No physical check on the filesystem, but a logical cleanup of a
91 $cpath = File::Spec->canonpath( $path ) ;
93 Note that this does *not* collapse F<x/../y> sections into F<y>. This
94 is by design. If F</foo> on your system is a symlink to F</bar/baz>,
95 then F</foo/../quux> is actually F</bar/quux>, not F</quux> as a naive
96 F<../>-removal would give you. If you want to do this kind of
97 processing, you probably want C<Cwd>'s C<realpath()> function to
98 actually traverse the filesystem cleaning up paths like this.
103 Concatenate two or more directory names to form a complete path ending
104 with a directory. But remove the trailing slash from the resulting
105 string, because it doesn't look good, isn't necessary and confuses
106 OS/2. Of course, if this is the root directory, don't cut off the
109 $path = File::Spec->catdir( @directories );
114 Concatenate one or more directory names and a filename to form a
115 complete path ending with a filename
117 $path = File::Spec->catfile( @directories, $filename );
122 Returns a string representation of the current directory.
124 $curdir = File::Spec->curdir();
129 Returns a string representation of the null device.
131 $devnull = File::Spec->devnull();
136 Returns a string representation of the root directory.
138 $rootdir = File::Spec->rootdir();
143 Returns a string representation of the first writable directory from a
144 list of possible temporary directories. Returns the current directory
145 if no writable temporary directories are found. The list of directories
146 checked depends on the platform; e.g. File::Spec::Unix checks C<$ENV{TMPDIR}>
147 (unless taint is on) and F</tmp>.
149 $tmpdir = File::Spec->tmpdir();
154 Returns a string representation of the parent directory.
156 $updir = File::Spec->updir();
160 Given a list of file names, strip out those that refer to a parent
161 directory. (Does not strip symlinks, only '.', '..', and equivalents.)
163 @paths = File::Spec->no_upwards( @paths );
167 Returns a true or false value indicating, respectively, that alphabetic
168 case is not or is significant when comparing file specifications.
170 $is_case_tolerant = File::Spec->case_tolerant();
172 =item file_name_is_absolute
174 Takes as its argument a path, and returns true if it is an absolute path.
176 $is_absolute = File::Spec->file_name_is_absolute( $path );
178 This does not consult the local filesystem on Unix, Win32, OS/2, or
179 Mac OS (Classic). It does consult the working environment for VMS
180 (see L<File::Spec::VMS/file_name_is_absolute>).
185 Takes no argument. Returns the environment variable C<PATH> (or the local
186 platform's equivalent) as a list.
188 @PATH = File::Spec->path();
193 join is the same as catfile.
196 X<splitpath> X<split, path>
198 Splits a path in to volume, directory, and filename portions. On systems
199 with no concept of volume, returns '' for volume.
201 ($volume,$directories,$file) = File::Spec->splitpath( $path );
202 ($volume,$directories,$file) = File::Spec->splitpath( $path, $no_file );
204 For systems with no syntax differentiating filenames from directories,
205 assumes that the last file is a path unless C<$no_file> is true or a
206 trailing separator or F</.> or F</..> is present. On Unix, this means that C<$no_file>
207 true makes this return ( '', $path, '' ).
209 The directory portion may or may not be returned with a trailing '/'.
211 The results can be passed to L</catpath()> to get back a path equivalent to
212 (usually identical to) the original path.
215 X<splitdir> X<split, dir>
217 The opposite of L</catdir()>.
219 @dirs = File::Spec->splitdir( $directories );
221 C<$directories> must be only the directory portion of the path on systems
222 that have the concept of a volume or that have path syntax that differentiates
223 files from directories.
225 Unlike just splitting the directories on the separator, empty
226 directory names (C<''>) can be returned, because these are significant
231 Takes volume, directory and file portions and returns an entire path. Under
232 Unix, C<$volume> is ignored, and directory and file are concatenated. A '/' is
233 inserted if need be. On other OSes, C<$volume> is significant.
235 $full_path = File::Spec->catpath( $volume, $directory, $file );
238 X<abs2rel> X<absolute, path> X<relative, path>
240 Takes a destination path and an optional base path returns a relative path
241 from the base path to the destination path:
243 $rel_path = File::Spec->abs2rel( $path ) ;
244 $rel_path = File::Spec->abs2rel( $path, $base ) ;
246 If C<$base> is not present or '', then L<Cwd::cwd()|Cwd> is used. If C<$base> is
247 relative, then it is converted to absolute form using
248 L</rel2abs()>. This means that it is taken to be relative to
251 On systems with the concept of volume, if C<$path> and C<$base> appear to be
252 on two different volumes, we will not attempt to resolve the two
253 paths, and we will instead simply return C<$path>. Note that previous
254 versions of this module ignored the volume of C<$base>, which resulted in
255 garbage results part of the time.
257 On systems that have a grammar that indicates filenames, this ignores the
258 C<$base> filename as well. Otherwise all path components are assumed to be
261 If C<$path> is relative, it is converted to absolute form using L</rel2abs()>.
262 This means that it is taken to be relative to L<Cwd::cwd()|Cwd>.
264 No checks against the filesystem are made. On VMS, there is
265 interaction with the working environment, as logicals and
268 Based on code written by Shigio Yamaguchi.
271 X<rel2abs> X<absolute, path> X<relative, path>
273 Converts a relative path to an absolute path.
275 $abs_path = File::Spec->rel2abs( $path ) ;
276 $abs_path = File::Spec->rel2abs( $path, $base ) ;
278 If C<$base> is not present or '', then L<Cwd::cwd()|Cwd> is used. If C<$base> is relative,
279 then it is converted to absolute form using L</rel2abs()>. This means that it
280 is taken to be relative to L<Cwd::cwd()|Cwd>.
282 On systems with the concept of volume, if C<$path> and C<$base> appear to be
283 on two different volumes, we will not attempt to resolve the two
284 paths, and we will instead simply return C<$path>. Note that previous
285 versions of this module ignored the volume of C<$base>, which resulted in
286 garbage results part of the time.
288 On systems that have a grammar that indicates filenames, this ignores the
289 C<$base> filename as well. Otherwise all path components are assumed to be
292 If C<$path> is absolute, it is cleaned up and returned using L</canonpath()>.
294 No checks against the filesystem are made. On VMS, there is
295 interaction with the working environment, as logicals and
298 Based on code written by Shigio Yamaguchi.
302 For further information, please see L<File::Spec::Unix>,
303 L<File::Spec::Mac>, L<File::Spec::OS2>, L<File::Spec::Win32>, or
308 L<File::Spec::Unix>, L<File::Spec::Mac>, L<File::Spec::OS2>,
309 L<File::Spec::Win32>, L<File::Spec::VMS>, L<File::Spec::Functions>,
310 L<ExtUtils::MakeMaker>
314 Currently maintained by Ken Williams C<< <KWILLIAMS@cpan.org> >>.
316 The vast majority of the code was written by
317 Kenneth Albanowski C<< <kjahds@kjahds.com> >>,
318 Andy Dougherty C<< <doughera@lafayette.edu> >>,
319 Andreas KE<ouml>nig C<< <A.Koenig@franz.ww.TU-Berlin.DE> >>,
320 Tim Bunce C<< <Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk> >>.
321 VMS support by Charles Bailey C<< <bailey@newman.upenn.edu> >>.
322 OS/2 support by Ilya Zakharevich C<< <ilya@math.ohio-state.edu> >>.
323 Mac support by Paul Schinder C<< <schinder@pobox.com> >>, and
324 Thomas Wegner C<< <wegner_thomas@yahoo.com> >>.
325 abs2rel() and rel2abs() written by Shigio Yamaguchi C<< <shigio@tamacom.com> >>,
326 modified by Barrie Slaymaker C<< <barries@slaysys.com> >>.
327 splitpath(), splitdir(), catpath() and catdir() by Barrie Slaymaker.
331 Copyright (c) 2004 by the Perl 5 Porters. All rights reserved.
333 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
334 it under the same terms as Perl itself.