1 # File/Copy.pm. Written in 1994 by Aaron Sherman <ajs@ajs.com>. This
2 # source code has been placed in the public domain by the author.
3 # Please be kind and preserve the documentation.
5 # Additions copyright 1996 by Charles Bailey. Permission is granted
6 # to distribute the revised code under the same terms as Perl itself.
15 our(@ISA, @EXPORT, @EXPORT_OK, $VERSION, $Too_Big, $Syscopy_is_copy);
21 # Note that this module implements only *part* of the API defined by
22 # the File/Copy.pm module of the File-Tools-2.0 package. However, that
23 # package has not yet been updated to work with Perl 5.004, and so it
24 # would be a Bad Thing for the CPAN module to grab it and replace this
25 # module. Therefore, we set this module's version higher than 2.0.
30 @EXPORT = qw(copy move);
31 @EXPORT_OK = qw(cp mv);
33 $Too_Big = 1024 * 1024 * 2;
47 $macfiles = eval { require Mac::MoreFiles };
48 warn 'Mac::MoreFiles could not be loaded; using non-native syscopy'
54 if (not defined &basename) {
55 require File::Basename;
56 import File::Basename 'basename';
60 # a partial dir name that's valid only in the cwd (e.g. 'tmp')
61 $to = ':' . $to if $to !~ /:/;
64 return File::Spec->catfile($to, basename($from));
67 # _eq($from, $to) tells whether $from and $to are identical
68 # works for strings and references
70 return $_[0] == $_[1] if ref $_[0] && ref $_[1];
71 return $_[0] eq $_[1] if !ref $_[0] && !ref $_[1];
76 croak("Usage: copy(FROM, TO [, BUFFERSIZE]) ")
77 unless(@_ == 2 || @_ == 3);
84 $size = shift(@_) + 0;
85 croak("Bad buffer size for copy: $size\n") unless ($size > 0);
88 my $from_a_handle = (ref($from)
89 ? (ref($from) eq 'GLOB'
90 || UNIVERSAL::isa($from, 'GLOB')
91 || UNIVERSAL::isa($from, 'IO::Handle'))
92 : (ref(\$from) eq 'GLOB'));
93 my $to_a_handle = (ref($to)
95 || UNIVERSAL::isa($to, 'GLOB')
96 || UNIVERSAL::isa($to, 'IO::Handle'))
97 : (ref(\$to) eq 'GLOB'));
99 if (_eq($from, $to)) { # works for references, too
100 carp("'$from' and '$to' are identical (not copied)");
101 # The "copy" was a success as the source and destination contain
106 if ((($Config{d_symlink} && $Config{d_readlink}) || $Config{d_link}) &&
107 !($^O eq 'MSWin32' || $^O eq 'os2')) {
108 my @fs = stat($from);
111 if (@ts && $fs[0] == $ts[0] && $fs[1] == $ts[1]) {
112 carp("'$from' and '$to' are identical (not copied)");
118 if (!$from_a_handle && !$to_a_handle && -d $to && ! -d $from) {
119 $to = _catname($from, $to);
122 if (defined &syscopy && !$Syscopy_is_copy
124 && !($from_a_handle && $^O eq 'os2' ) # OS/2 cannot handle handles
125 && !($from_a_handle && $^O eq 'mpeix') # and neither can MPE/iX.
126 && !($from_a_handle && $^O eq 'MSWin32')
127 && !($from_a_handle && $^O eq 'MacOS')
128 && !($from_a_handle && $^O eq 'NetWare')
133 if ($^O eq 'VMS' && -e $from) {
135 if (! -d $to && ! -d $from) {
137 # VMS has sticky defaults on extensions, which means that
138 # if there is a null extension on the destination file, it
139 # will inherit the extension of the source file
140 # So add a '.' for a null extension.
142 $copy_to = VMS::Filespec::vmsify($to);
143 my ($vol, $dirs, $file) = File::Spec->splitpath($copy_to);
144 $file = $file . '.' unless ($file =~ /(?<!\^)\./);
145 $copy_to = File::Spec->catpath($vol, $dirs, $file);
147 # Get rid of the old versions to be like UNIX
148 1 while unlink $copy_to;
152 return syscopy($from, $copy_to);
157 my ($status, $r, $buf);
161 if ($from_a_handle) {
164 $from = _protect($from) if $from =~ /^\s/s;
165 $from_h = \do { local *FH };
166 open $from_h, "<", $from or goto fail_open1;
167 binmode $from_h or die "($!,$^E)";
171 # Seems most logical to do this here, in case future changes would want to
172 # make this croak for some reason.
173 unless (defined $size) {
174 $size = tied(*$from_h) ? 0 : -s $from_h || 0;
175 $size = 1024 if ($size < 512);
176 $size = $Too_Big if ($size > $Too_Big);
183 $to = _protect($to) if $to =~ /^\s/s;
184 $to_h = \do { local *FH };
185 open $to_h, ">", $to or goto fail_open2;
186 binmode $to_h or die "($!,$^E)";
193 defined($r = sysread($from_h, $buf, $size))
196 for ($w = 0; $w < $r; $w += $t) {
197 $t = syswrite($to_h, $buf, $r - $w, $w)
202 close($to_h) || goto fail_open2 if $closeto;
203 close($from_h) || goto fail_open1 if $closefrom;
205 # Use this idiom to avoid uninitialized value warning.
208 # All of these contortions try to preserve error messages...
214 $! = $status unless $!;
221 $! = $status unless $!;
228 croak("Usage: move(FROM, TO) ") unless @_ == 2;
232 my($fromsz,$tosz1,$tomt1,$tosz2,$tomt2,$sts,$ossts);
234 if (-d $to && ! -d $from) {
235 $to = _catname($from, $to);
238 ($tosz1,$tomt1) = (stat($to))[7,9];
240 if ($^O eq 'os2' and defined $tosz1 and defined $fromsz) {
241 # will not rename with overwrite
246 if (-$^O eq 'VMS' && -e $from) {
248 if (! -d $to && ! -d $from) {
249 # VMS has sticky defaults on extensions, which means that
250 # if there is a null extension on the destination file, it
251 # will inherit the extension of the source file
252 # So add a '.' for a null extension.
254 $rename_to = VMS::Filespec::vmsify($to);
255 my ($vol, $dirs, $file) = File::Spec->splitpath($rename_to);
256 $file = $file . '.' unless ($file =~ /(?<!\^)\./);
257 $rename_to = File::Spec->catpath($vol, $dirs, $file);
259 # Get rid of the old versions to be like UNIX
260 1 while unlink $rename_to;
264 return 1 if rename $from, $rename_to;
266 # Did rename return an error even though it succeeded, because $to
267 # is on a remote NFS file system, and NFS lost the server's ack?
268 return 1 if defined($fromsz) && !-e $from && # $from disappeared
269 (($tosz2,$tomt2) = (stat($to))[7,9]) && # $to's there
270 ((!defined $tosz1) || # not before or
271 ($tosz1 != $tosz2 or $tomt1 != $tomt2)) && # was changed
272 $tosz2 == $fromsz; # it's all there
274 ($tosz1,$tomt1) = (stat($to))[7,9]; # just in case rename did something
280 copy($from,$to) or die;
281 my($atime, $mtime) = (stat($from))[8,9];
282 utime($atime, $mtime, $to);
283 unlink($from) or die;
287 ($sts,$ossts) = ($! + 0, $^E + 0);
289 ($tosz2,$tomt2) = ((stat($to))[7,9],0,0) if defined $tomt1;
290 unlink($to) if !defined($tomt1) or $tomt1 != $tomt2 or $tosz1 != $tosz2;
291 ($!,$^E) = ($sts,$ossts);
299 if ($^O eq 'MacOS') {
300 *_protect = sub { MacPerl::MakeFSSpec($_[0]) };
302 *_protect = sub { "./$_[0]" };
305 # &syscopy is an XSUB under OS/2
306 unless (defined &syscopy) {
308 *syscopy = \&rmscopy;
309 } elsif ($^O eq 'mpeix') {
311 return 0 unless @_ == 2;
312 # Use the MPE cp program in order to
313 # preserve MPE file attributes.
314 return system('/bin/cp', '-f', $_[0], $_[1]) == 0;
316 } elsif ($^O eq 'MSWin32' && defined &DynaLoader::boot_DynaLoader) {
317 # Win32::CopyFile() fill only work if we can load Win32.xs
319 return 0 unless @_ == 2;
320 return Win32::CopyFile(@_, 1);
322 } elsif ($macfiles) {
327 return 0 unless -e $from;
329 if ($to =~ /(.*:)([^:]+):?$/) {
330 ($dir, $toname) = ($1, $2);
332 ($dir, $toname) = (":", $to);
336 Mac::MoreFiles::FSpFileCopy($from, $dir, $toname, 1);
339 $Syscopy_is_copy = 1;
350 File::Copy - Copy files or filehandles
356 copy("file1","file2") or die "Copy failed: $!";
357 copy("Copy.pm",\*STDOUT);
358 move("/dev1/fileA","/dev2/fileB");
362 $n = FileHandle->new("/a/file","r");
367 The File::Copy module provides two basic functions, C<copy> and
368 C<move>, which are useful for getting the contents of a file from
369 one place to another.
376 The C<copy> function takes two
377 parameters: a file to copy from and a file to copy to. Either
378 argument may be a string, a FileHandle reference or a FileHandle
379 glob. Obviously, if the first argument is a filehandle of some
380 sort, it will be read from, and if it is a file I<name> it will
381 be opened for reading. Likewise, the second argument will be
382 written to (and created if need be). Trying to copy a file on top
383 of itself is a fatal error.
385 B<Note that passing in
386 files as handles instead of names may lead to loss of information
387 on some operating systems; it is recommended that you use file
388 names whenever possible.> Files are opened in binary mode where
389 applicable. To get a consistent behaviour when copying from a
390 filehandle to a file, use C<binmode> on the filehandle.
392 An optional third parameter can be used to specify the buffer
393 size used for copying. This is the number of bytes from the
394 first file, that will be held in memory at any given time, before
395 being written to the second file. The default buffer size depends
396 upon the file, but will generally be the whole file (up to 2MB), or
397 1k for filehandles that do not reference files (eg. sockets).
399 You may use the syntax C<use File::Copy "cp"> to get at the
400 "cp" alias for this function. The syntax is I<exactly> the same.
403 X<move> X<mv> X<rename>
405 The C<move> function also takes two parameters: the current name
406 and the intended name of the file to be moved. If the destination
407 already exists and is a directory, and the source is not a
408 directory, then the source file will be renamed into the directory
409 specified by the destination.
411 If possible, move() will simply rename the file. Otherwise, it copies
412 the file to the new location and deletes the original. If an error occurs
413 during this copy-and-delete process, you may be left with a (possibly partial)
414 copy of the file under the destination name.
416 You may use the "mv" alias for this function in the same way that
417 you may use the "cp" alias for C<copy>.
422 File::Copy also provides the C<syscopy> routine, which copies the
423 file specified in the first parameter to the file specified in the
424 second parameter, preserving OS-specific attributes and file
425 structure. For Unix systems, this is equivalent to the simple
426 C<copy> routine, which doesn't preserve OS-specific attributes. For
427 VMS systems, this calls the C<rmscopy> routine (see below). For OS/2
428 systems, this calls the C<syscopy> XSUB directly. For Win32 systems,
429 this calls C<Win32::CopyFile>.
431 On Mac OS (Classic), C<syscopy> calls C<Mac::MoreFiles::FSpFileCopy>,
434 B<Special behaviour if C<syscopy> is defined (OS/2, VMS and Win32)>:
436 If both arguments to C<copy> are not file handles,
437 then C<copy> will perform a "system copy" of
438 the input file to a new output file, in order to preserve file
439 attributes, indexed file structure, I<etc.> The buffer size
440 parameter is ignored. If either argument to C<copy> is a
441 handle to an opened file, then data is copied using Perl
442 operators, and no effort is made to preserve file attributes
445 The system copy routine may also be called directly under VMS and OS/2
446 as C<File::Copy::syscopy> (or under VMS as C<File::Copy::rmscopy>, which
447 is the routine that does the actual work for syscopy).
449 =item rmscopy($from,$to[,$date_flag])
452 The first and second arguments may be strings, typeglobs, typeglob
453 references, or objects inheriting from IO::Handle;
454 they are used in all cases to obtain the
455 I<filespec> of the input and output files, respectively. The
456 name and type of the input file are used as defaults for the
457 output file, if necessary.
459 A new version of the output file is always created, which
460 inherits the structure and RMS attributes of the input file,
461 except for owner and protections (and possibly timestamps;
462 see below). All data from the input file is copied to the
463 output file; if either of the first two parameters to C<rmscopy>
464 is a file handle, its position is unchanged. (Note that this
465 means a file handle pointing to the output file will be
466 associated with an old version of that file after C<rmscopy>
467 returns, not the newly created version.)
469 The third parameter is an integer flag, which tells C<rmscopy>
470 how to handle timestamps. If it is E<lt> 0, none of the input file's
471 timestamps are propagated to the output file. If it is E<gt> 0, then
472 it is interpreted as a bitmask: if bit 0 (the LSB) is set, then
473 timestamps other than the revision date are propagated; if bit 1
474 is set, the revision date is propagated. If the third parameter
475 to C<rmscopy> is 0, then it behaves much like the DCL COPY command:
476 if the name or type of the output file was explicitly specified,
477 then no timestamps are propagated, but if they were taken implicitly
478 from the input filespec, then all timestamps other than the
479 revision date are propagated. If this parameter is not supplied,
482 Like C<copy>, C<rmscopy> returns 1 on success. If an error occurs,
483 it sets C<$!>, deletes the output file, and returns 0.
489 All functions return 1 on success, 0 on failure.
490 $! will be set if an error was encountered.
498 On Mac OS (Classic), the path separator is ':', not '/', and the
499 current directory is denoted as ':', not '.'. You should be careful
500 about specifying relative pathnames. While a full path always begins
501 with a volume name, a relative pathname should always begin with a
502 ':'. If specifying a volume name only, a trailing ':' is required.
506 copy("file1", "tmp"); # creates the file 'tmp' in the current directory
507 copy("file1", ":tmp:"); # creates :tmp:file1
508 copy("file1", ":tmp"); # same as above
509 copy("file1", "tmp"); # same as above, if 'tmp' is a directory (but don't do
510 # that, since it may cause confusion, see example #1)
511 copy("file1", "tmp:file1"); # error, since 'tmp:' is not a volume
512 copy("file1", ":tmp:file1"); # ok, partial path
513 copy("file1", "DataHD:"); # creates DataHD:file1
515 move("MacintoshHD:fileA", "DataHD:fileB"); # moves (doesn't copy) files from one
522 File::Copy was written by Aaron Sherman I<E<lt>ajs@ajs.comE<gt>> in 1995,
523 and updated by Charles Bailey I<E<lt>bailey@newman.upenn.eduE<gt>> in 1996.