12 our $VERSION = '5.64_01';
16 require Exporter::Heavy;
17 # Unfortunately, this does not work if the caller is aliased as *name = \&foo
18 # Thus the need to create a lot of identical subroutines
19 my $c = (caller(1))[3];
21 \&{"Exporter::Heavy::heavy_$c"};
30 my $callpkg = caller($ExportLevel);
32 if ($pkg eq "Exporter" and @_ and $_[0] eq "import") {
33 *{$callpkg."::import"} = \&import;
37 # We *need* to treat @{"$pkg\::EXPORT_FAIL"} since Carp uses it :-(
38 my($exports, $fail) = (\@{"$pkg\::EXPORT"}, \@{"$pkg\::EXPORT_FAIL"});
39 return export $pkg, $callpkg, @_
40 if $Verbose or $Debug or @$fail > 1;
41 my $export_cache = ($Cache{$pkg} ||= {});
42 my $args = @_ or @_ = @$exports;
45 if ($args and not %$export_cache) {
46 s/^&//, $export_cache->{$_} = 1
47 foreach (@$exports, @{"$pkg\::EXPORT_OK"});
50 # Try very hard not to use {} and hence have to enter scope on the foreach
51 # We bomb out of the loop with last as soon as heavy is set.
53 ($heavy = (/\W/ or $args and not exists $export_cache->{$_}
54 or @$fail and $_ eq $fail->[0])) and last
57 ($heavy = /\W/) and last
60 return export $pkg, $callpkg, ($args ? @_ : ()) if $heavy;
61 local $SIG{__WARN__} =
62 sub {require Carp; &Carp::carp};
63 # shortcut for the common case of no type character
64 *{"$callpkg\::$_"} = \&{"$pkg\::$_"} foreach @_;
74 # Unfortunately, caller(1)[3] "does not work" if the caller is aliased as
75 # *name = \&foo. Thus the need to create a lot of identical subroutines
76 # Otherwise we could have aliased them to export().
99 Exporter - Implements default import method for modules
103 In module F<YourModule.pm>:
108 @EXPORT_OK = qw(munge frobnicate); # symbols to export on request
113 use Exporter 'import'; # gives you Exporter's import() method directly
114 @EXPORT_OK = qw(munge frobnicate); # symbols to export on request
116 In other files which wish to use C<YourModule>:
118 use YourModule qw(frobnicate); # import listed symbols
119 frobnicate ($left, $right) # calls YourModule::frobnicate
121 Take a look at L</Good Practices> for some variants
122 you will like to use in modern Perl code.
126 The Exporter module implements an C<import> method which allows a module
127 to export functions and variables to its users' namespaces. Many modules
128 use Exporter rather than implementing their own C<import> method because
129 Exporter provides a highly flexible interface, with an implementation optimised
132 Perl automatically calls the C<import> method when processing a
133 C<use> statement for a module. Modules and C<use> are documented
134 in L<perlfunc> and L<perlmod>. Understanding the concept of
135 modules and how the C<use> statement operates is important to
136 understanding the Exporter.
140 The arrays C<@EXPORT> and C<@EXPORT_OK> in a module hold lists of
141 symbols that are going to be exported into the users name space by
142 default, or which they can request to be exported, respectively. The
143 symbols can represent functions, scalars, arrays, hashes, or typeglobs.
144 The symbols must be given by full name with the exception that the
145 ampersand in front of a function is optional, e.g.
147 @EXPORT = qw(afunc $scalar @array); # afunc is a function
148 @EXPORT_OK = qw(&bfunc %hash *typeglob); # explicit prefix on &bfunc
150 If you are only exporting function names it is recommended to omit the
151 ampersand, as the implementation is faster this way.
153 =head2 Selecting What To Export
155 Do B<not> export method names!
157 Do B<not> export anything else by default without a good reason!
159 Exports pollute the namespace of the module user. If you must export
160 try to use C<@EXPORT_OK> in preference to C<@EXPORT> and avoid short or
161 common symbol names to reduce the risk of name clashes.
163 Generally anything not exported is still accessible from outside the
164 module using the C<YourModule::item_name> (or C<< $blessed_ref->method >>)
165 syntax. By convention you can use a leading underscore on names to
166 informally indicate that they are 'internal' and not for public use.
168 (It is actually possible to get private functions by saying:
170 my $subref = sub { ... };
171 $subref->(@args); # Call it as a function
172 $obj->$subref(@args); # Use it as a method
174 However if you use them for methods it is up to you to figure out
175 how to make inheritance work.)
177 As a general rule, if the module is trying to be object oriented
178 then export nothing. If it's just a collection of functions then
179 C<@EXPORT_OK> anything but use C<@EXPORT> with caution. For function and
180 method names use barewords in preference to names prefixed with
181 ampersands for the export lists.
183 Other module design guidelines can be found in L<perlmod>.
187 In other files which wish to use your module there are three basic ways for
188 them to load your module and import its symbols:
192 =item C<use YourModule;>
194 This imports all the symbols from YourModule's C<@EXPORT> into the namespace
195 of the C<use> statement.
197 =item C<use YourModule ();>
199 This causes perl to load your module but does not import any symbols.
201 =item C<use YourModule qw(...);>
203 This imports only the symbols listed by the caller into their namespace.
204 All listed symbols must be in your C<@EXPORT> or C<@EXPORT_OK>, else an error
205 occurs. The advanced export features of Exporter are accessed like this,
206 but with list entries that are syntactically distinct from symbol names.
210 Unless you want to use its advanced features, this is probably all you
211 need to know to use Exporter.
213 =head1 Advanced features
215 =head2 Specialised Import Lists
217 If any of the entries in an import list begins with !, : or / then
218 the list is treated as a series of specifications which either add to
219 or delete from the list of names to import. They are processed left to
220 right. Specifications are in the form:
222 [!]name This name only
223 [!]:DEFAULT All names in @EXPORT
224 [!]:tag All names in $EXPORT_TAGS{tag} anonymous list
225 [!]/pattern/ All names in @EXPORT and @EXPORT_OK which match
227 A leading ! indicates that matching names should be deleted from the
228 list of names to import. If the first specification is a deletion it
229 is treated as though preceded by :DEFAULT. If you just want to import
230 extra names in addition to the default set you will still need to
231 include :DEFAULT explicitly.
233 e.g., F<Module.pm> defines:
235 @EXPORT = qw(A1 A2 A3 A4 A5);
236 @EXPORT_OK = qw(B1 B2 B3 B4 B5);
237 %EXPORT_TAGS = (T1 => [qw(A1 A2 B1 B2)], T2 => [qw(A1 A2 B3 B4)]);
239 Note that you cannot use tags in @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK.
240 Names in EXPORT_TAGS must also appear in @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK.
242 An application using Module can say something like:
244 use Module qw(:DEFAULT :T2 !B3 A3);
246 Other examples include:
248 use Socket qw(!/^[AP]F_/ !SOMAXCONN !SOL_SOCKET);
249 use POSIX qw(:errno_h :termios_h !TCSADRAIN !/^EXIT/);
251 Remember that most patterns (using //) will need to be anchored
252 with a leading ^, e.g., C</^EXIT/> rather than C</EXIT/>.
254 You can say C<BEGIN { $Exporter::Verbose=1 }> to see how the
255 specifications are being processed and what is actually being imported
258 =head2 Exporting without using Exporter's import method
260 Exporter has a special method, 'export_to_level' which is used in situations
261 where you can't directly call Exporter's import method. The export_to_level
264 MyPackage->export_to_level($where_to_export, $package, @what_to_export);
266 where C<$where_to_export> is an integer telling how far up the calling stack
267 to export your symbols, and C<@what_to_export> is an array telling what
268 symbols *to* export (usually this is C<@_>). The C<$package> argument is
271 For example, suppose that you have a module, A, which already has an
277 @EXPORT_OK = qw ($b);
281 $A::b = 1; # not a very useful import method
284 and you want to Export symbol C<$A::b> back to the module that called
285 package A. Since Exporter relies on the import method to work, via
286 inheritance, as it stands Exporter::import() will never get called.
287 Instead, say the following:
291 @EXPORT_OK = qw ($b);
296 A->export_to_level(1, @_);
299 This will export the symbols one level 'above' the current package - ie: to
300 the program or module that used package A.
302 Note: Be careful not to modify C<@_> at all before you call export_to_level
303 - or people using your package will get very unexplained results!
305 =head2 Exporting without inheriting from Exporter
307 By including Exporter in your C<@ISA> you inherit an Exporter's import() method
308 but you also inherit several other helper methods which you probably don't
309 want. To avoid this you can do
312 use Exporter qw( import );
314 which will export Exporter's own import() method into YourModule.
315 Everything will work as before but you won't need to include Exporter in
318 Note: This feature was introduced in version 5.57
319 of Exporter, released with perl 5.8.3.
321 =head2 Module Version Checking
323 The Exporter module will convert an attempt to import a number from a
324 module into a call to C<< $module_name->require_version($value) >>. This can
325 be used to validate that the version of the module being used is
326 greater than or equal to the required version.
328 The Exporter module supplies a default C<require_version> method which
329 checks the value of C<$VERSION> in the exporting module.
331 Since the default C<require_version> method treats the C<$VERSION> number as
332 a simple numeric value it will regard version 1.10 as lower than
333 1.9. For this reason it is strongly recommended that you use numbers
334 with at least two decimal places, e.g., 1.09.
336 =head2 Managing Unknown Symbols
338 In some situations you may want to prevent certain symbols from being
339 exported. Typically this applies to extensions which have functions
340 or constants that may not exist on some systems.
342 The names of any symbols that cannot be exported should be listed
343 in the C<@EXPORT_FAIL> array.
345 If a module attempts to import any of these symbols the Exporter
346 will give the module an opportunity to handle the situation before
347 generating an error. The Exporter will call an export_fail method
348 with a list of the failed symbols:
350 @failed_symbols = $module_name->export_fail(@failed_symbols);
352 If the C<export_fail> method returns an empty list then no error is
353 recorded and all the requested symbols are exported. If the returned
354 list is not empty then an error is generated for each symbol and the
355 export fails. The Exporter provides a default C<export_fail> method which
356 simply returns the list unchanged.
358 Uses for the C<export_fail> method include giving better error messages
359 for some symbols and performing lazy architectural checks (put more
360 symbols into C<@EXPORT_FAIL> by default and then take them out if someone
361 actually tries to use them and an expensive check shows that they are
362 usable on that platform).
364 =head2 Tag Handling Utility Functions
366 Since the symbols listed within C<%EXPORT_TAGS> must also appear in either
367 C<@EXPORT> or C<@EXPORT_OK>, two utility functions are provided which allow
368 you to easily add tagged sets of symbols to C<@EXPORT> or C<@EXPORT_OK>:
370 %EXPORT_TAGS = (foo => [qw(aa bb cc)], bar => [qw(aa cc dd)]);
372 Exporter::export_tags('foo'); # add aa, bb and cc to @EXPORT
373 Exporter::export_ok_tags('bar'); # add aa, cc and dd to @EXPORT_OK
375 Any names which are not tags are added to C<@EXPORT> or C<@EXPORT_OK>
376 unchanged but will trigger a warning (with C<-w>) to avoid misspelt tags
377 names being silently added to C<@EXPORT> or C<@EXPORT_OK>. Future versions
378 may make this a fatal error.
380 =head2 Generating combined tags
382 If several symbol categories exist in C<%EXPORT_TAGS>, it's usually
383 useful to create the utility ":all" to simplify "use" statements.
385 The simplest way to do this is:
387 %EXPORT_TAGS = (foo => [qw(aa bb cc)], bar => [qw(aa cc dd)]);
389 # add all the other ":class" tags to the ":all" class,
390 # deleting duplicates
394 push @{$EXPORT_TAGS{all}},
395 grep {!$seen{$_}++} @{$EXPORT_TAGS{$_}} foreach keys %EXPORT_TAGS;
398 F<CGI.pm> creates an ":all" tag which contains some (but not really
399 all) of its categories. That could be done with one small
402 # add some of the other ":class" tags to the ":all" class,
403 # deleting duplicates
407 push @{$EXPORT_TAGS{all}},
408 grep {!$seen{$_}++} @{$EXPORT_TAGS{$_}}
409 foreach qw/html2 html3 netscape form cgi internal/;
412 Note that the tag names in C<%EXPORT_TAGS> don't have the leading ':'.
414 =head2 C<AUTOLOAD>ed Constants
416 Many modules make use of C<AUTOLOAD>ing for constant subroutines to
417 avoid having to compile and waste memory on rarely used values (see
418 L<perlsub> for details on constant subroutines). Calls to such
419 constant subroutines are not optimized away at compile time because
420 they can't be checked at compile time for constancy.
422 Even if a prototype is available at compile time, the body of the
423 subroutine is not (it hasn't been C<AUTOLOAD>ed yet). perl needs to
424 examine both the C<()> prototype and the body of a subroutine at
425 compile time to detect that it can safely replace calls to that
426 subroutine with the constant value.
428 A workaround for this is to call the constants once in a C<BEGIN> block:
434 foo( SO_LINGER ); ## SO_LINGER NOT optimized away; called at runtime
436 foo( SO_LINGER ); ## SO_LINGER optimized away at compile time.
438 This forces the C<AUTOLOAD> for C<SO_LINGER> to take place before
439 SO_LINGER is encountered later in C<My> package.
441 If you are writing a package that C<AUTOLOAD>s, consider forcing
442 an C<AUTOLOAD> for any constants explicitly imported by other packages
443 or which are usually used when your package is C<use>d.
445 =head1 Good Practices
447 =head2 Declaring C<@EXPORT_OK> and Friends
449 When using C<Exporter> with the standard C<strict> and C<warnings>
450 pragmas, the C<our> keyword is needed to declare the package
451 variables C<@EXPORT_OK>, C<@EXPORT>, C<@ISA>, etc.
453 our @ISA = qw(Exporter);
454 our @EXPORT_OK = qw(munge frobnicate);
456 If backward compatibility for Perls under 5.6 is important,
457 one must write instead a C<use vars> statement.
459 use vars qw(@ISA @EXPORT_OK);
461 @EXPORT_OK = qw(munge frobnicate);
465 There are some caveats with the use of runtime statements
466 like C<require Exporter> and the assignment to package
467 variables, which can very subtle for the unaware programmer.
468 This may happen for instance with mutually recursive
469 modules, which are affected by the time the relevant
470 constructions are executed.
472 The ideal (but a bit ugly) way to never have to think
473 about that is to use C<BEGIN> blocks. So the first part
474 of the L</SYNOPSIS> code could be rewritten as:
481 our (@ISA, @EXPORT_OK);
485 @EXPORT_OK = qw(munge frobnicate); # symbols to export on request
488 The C<BEGIN> will assure that the loading of F<Exporter.pm>
489 and the assignments to C<@ISA> and C<@EXPORT_OK> happen
490 immediately, leaving no room for something to get awry
493 With respect to loading C<Exporter> and inheriting, there
494 are alternatives with the use of modules like C<base> and C<parent>.
496 use base qw( Exporter );
498 use parent qw( Exporter );
500 Any of these statements are nice replacements for
501 C<BEGIN { require Exporter; @ISA = qw(Exporter); }>
502 with the same compile-time effect. The basic difference
503 is that C<base> code interacts with declared C<fields>
504 while C<parent> is a streamlined version of the older
505 C<base> code to just establish the IS-A relationship.
507 For more details, see the documentation and code of
508 L<base> and L<parent>.
510 Another thorough remedy to that runtime vs.
511 compile-time trap is to use L<Exporter::Easy>,
512 which is a wrapper of Exporter that allows all
513 boilerplate code at a single gulp in the
517 OK => [ qw(munge frobnicate) ],
519 # @ISA setup is automatic
520 # all assignments happen at compile time
522 =head2 What not to Export
524 You have been warned already in L</Selecting What To Export>
531 method names (because you don't need to
532 and that's likely to not do what you want),
536 anything by default (because you don't want to surprise your users...
541 anything you don't need to (because less is more)
545 There's one more item to add to this list. Do B<not>
546 export variable names. Just because C<Exporter> lets you
547 do that, it does not mean you should.
549 @EXPORT_OK = qw( $svar @avar %hvar ); # DON'T!
551 Exporting variables is not a good idea. They can
552 change under the hood, provoking horrible
553 effects at-a-distance, that are too hard to track
554 and to fix. Trust me: they are not worth it.
556 To provide the capability to set/get class-wide
557 settings, it is best instead to provide accessors
558 as subroutines or class methods instead.
562 C<Exporter> is definitely not the only module with
563 symbol exporter capabilities. At CPAN, you may find
564 a bunch of them. Some are lighter. Some
565 provide improved APIs and features. Peek the one
566 that fits your needs. The following is
567 a sample list of such modules.
573 Sub::Exporter / Sub::Installer
574 Perl6::Export / Perl6::Export::Attrs
578 This library is free software. You can redistribute it
579 and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.