10 require Exporter::Heavy;
11 goto &heavy_export_to_level;
15 require Exporter::Heavy;
20 require Exporter::Heavy;
21 _push_tags((caller)[0], "EXPORT", \@_);
25 require Exporter::Heavy;
26 _push_tags((caller)[0], "EXPORT_OK", \@_);
31 my $callpkg = caller($ExportLevel);
32 *exports = *{"$pkg\::EXPORT"};
33 # We *need* to treat @{"$pkg\::EXPORT_FAIL"} since Carp uses it :-(
34 *fail = *{"$pkg\::EXPORT_FAIL"};
35 return export $pkg, $callpkg, @_
36 if $Verbose or $Debug or @fail > 1;
37 my $args = @_ or @_ = @exports;
39 if ($args and not %exports) {
40 foreach my $sym (@exports, @{"$pkg\::EXPORT_OK"}) {
45 if ($Verbose or $Debug
46 or grep {/\W/ or $args and not exists $exports{$_}
47 or @fail and $_ eq $fail[0]
48 or (@{"$pkg\::EXPORT_OK"}
49 and $_ eq ${"$pkg\::EXPORT_OK"}[0])} @_) {
50 return export $pkg, $callpkg, ($args ? @_ : ());
52 #local $SIG{__WARN__} = sub {require Carp; goto &Carp::carp};
53 local $SIG{__WARN__} =
54 sub {require Carp; local $Carp::CarpLevel = 1; &Carp::carp};
56 # shortcut for the common case of no type character
57 *{"$callpkg\::$sym"} = \&{"$pkg\::$sym"};
63 # A simple self test harness. Change 'require Carp' to 'use Carp ()' for testing.
64 # package main; eval(join('',<DATA>)) or die $@ unless caller;
67 $INC{'Exporter.pm'} = 1;
69 @EXPORT = qw(A1 A2 A3 A4 A5);
70 @EXPORT_OK = qw(B1 B2 B3 B4 B5);
71 %EXPORT_TAGS = (T1=>[qw(A1 A2 B1 B2)], T2=>[qw(A1 A2 B3 B4)], T3=>[qw(X3)]);
72 @EXPORT_FAIL = qw(B4);
73 Exporter::export_ok_tags('T3', 'unknown_tag');
75 map { "Test::$_" } @_ # edit symbols just as an example
79 $Exporter::Verbose = 1;
81 #import Test qw(X3); # export ok via export_ok_tags()
82 #import Test qw(:T1 !A2 /5/ !/3/ B5);
83 import Test qw(:T2 !B4);
84 import Test qw(:T2); # should fail
89 Exporter - Implements default import method for modules
93 In module ModuleName.pm:
99 @EXPORT = qw(...); # symbols to export by default
100 @EXPORT_OK = qw(...); # symbols to export on request
101 %EXPORT_TAGS = tag => [...]; # define names for sets of symbols
103 In other files which wish to use ModuleName:
105 use ModuleName; # import default symbols into my package
107 use ModuleName qw(...); # import listed symbols into my package
109 use ModuleName (); # do not import any symbols
113 The Exporter module implements a default C<import> method which
114 many modules choose to inherit rather than implement their own.
116 Perl automatically calls the C<import> method when processing a
117 C<use> statement for a module. Modules and C<use> are documented
118 in L<perlfunc> and L<perlmod>. Understanding the concept of
119 modules and how the C<use> statement operates is important to
120 understanding the Exporter.
124 The arrays C<@EXPORT> and C<@EXPORT_OK> in a module hold lists of
125 symbols that are going to be exported into the users name space by
126 default, or which they can request to be exported, respectively. The
127 symbols can represent functions, scalars, arrays, hashes, or typeglobs.
128 The symbols must be given by full name with the exception that the
129 ampersand in front of a function is optional, e.g.
131 @EXPORT = qw(afunc $scalar @array); # afunc is a function
132 @EXPORT_OK = qw(&bfunc %hash *typeglob); # explicit prefix on &bfunc
134 =head2 Selecting What To Export
136 Do B<not> export method names!
138 Do B<not> export anything else by default without a good reason!
140 Exports pollute the namespace of the module user. If you must export
141 try to use @EXPORT_OK in preference to @EXPORT and avoid short or
142 common symbol names to reduce the risk of name clashes.
144 Generally anything not exported is still accessible from outside the
145 module using the ModuleName::item_name (or $blessed_ref-E<gt>method)
146 syntax. By convention you can use a leading underscore on names to
147 informally indicate that they are 'internal' and not for public use.
149 (It is actually possible to get private functions by saying:
151 my $subref = sub { ... };
154 But there's no way to call that directly as a method, since a method
155 must have a name in the symbol table.)
157 As a general rule, if the module is trying to be object oriented
158 then export nothing. If it's just a collection of functions then
159 @EXPORT_OK anything but use @EXPORT with caution.
161 Other module design guidelines can be found in L<perlmod>.
163 =head2 Specialised Import Lists
165 If the first entry in an import list begins with !, : or / then the
166 list is treated as a series of specifications which either add to or
167 delete from the list of names to import. They are processed left to
168 right. Specifications are in the form:
170 [!]name This name only
171 [!]:DEFAULT All names in @EXPORT
172 [!]:tag All names in $EXPORT_TAGS{tag} anonymous list
173 [!]/pattern/ All names in @EXPORT and @EXPORT_OK which match
175 A leading ! indicates that matching names should be deleted from the
176 list of names to import. If the first specification is a deletion it
177 is treated as though preceded by :DEFAULT. If you just want to import
178 extra names in addition to the default set you will still need to
179 include :DEFAULT explicitly.
181 e.g., Module.pm defines:
183 @EXPORT = qw(A1 A2 A3 A4 A5);
184 @EXPORT_OK = qw(B1 B2 B3 B4 B5);
185 %EXPORT_TAGS = (T1 => [qw(A1 A2 B1 B2)], T2 => [qw(A1 A2 B3 B4)]);
187 Note that you cannot use tags in @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK.
188 Names in EXPORT_TAGS must also appear in @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK.
190 An application using Module can say something like:
192 use Module qw(:DEFAULT :T2 !B3 A3);
194 Other examples include:
196 use Socket qw(!/^[AP]F_/ !SOMAXCONN !SOL_SOCKET);
197 use POSIX qw(:errno_h :termios_h !TCSADRAIN !/^EXIT/);
199 Remember that most patterns (using //) will need to be anchored
200 with a leading ^, e.g., C</^EXIT/> rather than C</EXIT/>.
202 You can say C<BEGIN { $Exporter::Verbose=1 }> to see how the
203 specifications are being processed and what is actually being imported
206 =head2 Exporting without using Export's import method
208 Exporter has a special method, 'export_to_level' which is used in situations
209 where you can't directly call Export's import method. The export_to_level
212 MyPackage->export_to_level($where_to_export, $package, @what_to_export);
214 where $where_to_export is an integer telling how far up the calling stack
215 to export your symbols, and @what_to_export is an array telling what
216 symbols *to* export (usually this is @_). The $package argument is
219 For example, suppose that you have a module, A, which already has an
225 @EXPORT_OK = qw ($b);
229 $A::b = 1; # not a very useful import method
232 and you want to Export symbol $A::b back to the module that called
233 package A. Since Exporter relies on the import method to work, via
234 inheritance, as it stands Exporter::import() will never get called.
235 Instead, say the following:
239 @EXPORT_OK = qw ($b);
244 A->export_to_level(1, @_);
247 This will export the symbols one level 'above' the current package - ie: to
248 the program or module that used package A.
250 Note: Be careful not to modify '@_' at all before you call export_to_level
251 - or people using your package will get very unexplained results!
254 =head2 Module Version Checking
256 The Exporter module will convert an attempt to import a number from a
257 module into a call to $module_name-E<gt>require_version($value). This can
258 be used to validate that the version of the module being used is
259 greater than or equal to the required version.
261 The Exporter module supplies a default require_version method which
262 checks the value of $VERSION in the exporting module.
264 Since the default require_version method treats the $VERSION number as
265 a simple numeric value it will regard version 1.10 as lower than
266 1.9. For this reason it is strongly recommended that you use numbers
267 with at least two decimal places, e.g., 1.09.
269 =head2 Managing Unknown Symbols
271 In some situations you may want to prevent certain symbols from being
272 exported. Typically this applies to extensions which have functions
273 or constants that may not exist on some systems.
275 The names of any symbols that cannot be exported should be listed
276 in the C<@EXPORT_FAIL> array.
278 If a module attempts to import any of these symbols the Exporter
279 will give the module an opportunity to handle the situation before
280 generating an error. The Exporter will call an export_fail method
281 with a list of the failed symbols:
283 @failed_symbols = $module_name->export_fail(@failed_symbols);
285 If the export_fail method returns an empty list then no error is
286 recorded and all the requested symbols are exported. If the returned
287 list is not empty then an error is generated for each symbol and the
288 export fails. The Exporter provides a default export_fail method which
289 simply returns the list unchanged.
291 Uses for the export_fail method include giving better error messages
292 for some symbols and performing lazy architectural checks (put more
293 symbols into @EXPORT_FAIL by default and then take them out if someone
294 actually tries to use them and an expensive check shows that they are
295 usable on that platform).
297 =head2 Tag Handling Utility Functions
299 Since the symbols listed within %EXPORT_TAGS must also appear in either
300 @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK, two utility functions are provided which allow
301 you to easily add tagged sets of symbols to @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK:
303 %EXPORT_TAGS = (foo => [qw(aa bb cc)], bar => [qw(aa cc dd)]);
305 Exporter::export_tags('foo'); # add aa, bb and cc to @EXPORT
306 Exporter::export_ok_tags('bar'); # add aa, cc and dd to @EXPORT_OK
308 Any names which are not tags are added to @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK
309 unchanged but will trigger a warning (with C<-w>) to avoid misspelt tags
310 names being silently added to @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK. Future versions
311 may make this a fatal error.