1 package DBIx::Class::ResultSet;
5 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
7 use DBIx::Class::Exception;
8 use DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn;
9 use Scalar::Util qw/blessed weaken/;
11 use Data::Compare (); # no imports!!! guard against insane architecture
13 # not importing first() as it will clash with our own method
17 # De-duplication in _merge_attr() is disabled, but left in for reference
18 # (the merger is used for other things that ought not to be de-duped)
19 *__HM_DEDUP = sub () { 0 };
29 __PACKAGE__->mk_group_accessors('simple' => qw/_result_class result_source/);
33 DBIx::Class::ResultSet - Represents a query used for fetching a set of results.
37 my $users_rs = $schema->resultset('User');
38 while( $user = $users_rs->next) {
39 print $user->username;
42 my $registered_users_rs = $schema->resultset('User')->search({ registered => 1 });
43 my @cds_in_2005 = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({ year => 2005 })->all();
47 A ResultSet is an object which stores a set of conditions representing
48 a query. It is the backbone of DBIx::Class (i.e. the really
49 important/useful bit).
51 No SQL is executed on the database when a ResultSet is created, it
52 just stores all the conditions needed to create the query.
54 A basic ResultSet representing the data of an entire table is returned
55 by calling C<resultset> on a L<DBIx::Class::Schema> and passing in a
56 L<Source|DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/Source> name.
58 my $users_rs = $schema->resultset('User');
60 A new ResultSet is returned from calling L</search> on an existing
61 ResultSet. The new one will contain all the conditions of the
62 original, plus any new conditions added in the C<search> call.
64 A ResultSet also incorporates an implicit iterator. L</next> and L</reset>
65 can be used to walk through all the L<DBIx::Class::Row>s the ResultSet
68 The query that the ResultSet represents is B<only> executed against
69 the database when these methods are called:
70 L</find>, L</next>, L</all>, L</first>, L</single>, L</count>.
72 If a resultset is used in a numeric context it returns the L</count>.
73 However, if it is used in a boolean context it is B<always> true. So if
74 you want to check if a resultset has any results, you must use C<if $rs
77 =head1 CUSTOM ResultSet CLASSES THAT USE Moose
79 If you want to make your custom ResultSet classes with L<Moose>, use a template
82 package MyApp::Schema::ResultSet::User;
85 use namespace::autoclean;
87 extends 'DBIx::Class::ResultSet';
89 sub BUILDARGS { $_[2] }
93 __PACKAGE__->meta->make_immutable;
97 The L<MooseX::NonMoose> is necessary so that the L<Moose> constructor does not
98 clash with the regular ResultSet constructor. Alternatively, you can use:
100 __PACKAGE__->meta->make_immutable(inline_constructor => 0);
102 The L<BUILDARGS|Moose::Manual::Construction/BUILDARGS> is necessary because the
103 signature of the ResultSet C<new> is C<< ->new($source, \%args) >>.
107 =head2 Chaining resultsets
109 Let's say you've got a query that needs to be run to return some data
110 to the user. But, you have an authorization system in place that
111 prevents certain users from seeing certain information. So, you want
112 to construct the basic query in one method, but add constraints to it in
117 my $request = $self->get_request; # Get a request object somehow.
118 my $schema = $self->result_source->schema;
120 my $cd_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({
121 title => $request->param('title'),
122 year => $request->param('year'),
125 $cd_rs = $self->apply_security_policy( $cd_rs );
127 return $cd_rs->all();
130 sub apply_security_policy {
139 =head3 Resolving conditions and attributes
141 When a resultset is chained from another resultset, conditions and
142 attributes with the same keys need resolving.
144 L</join>, L</prefetch>, L</+select>, L</+as> attributes are merged
145 into the existing ones from the original resultset.
147 The L</where> and L</having> attributes, and any search conditions, are
148 merged with an SQL C<AND> to the existing condition from the original
151 All other attributes are overridden by any new ones supplied in the
154 =head2 Multiple queries
156 Since a resultset just defines a query, you can do all sorts of
157 things with it with the same object.
159 # Don't hit the DB yet.
160 my $cd_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({
161 title => 'something',
165 # Each of these hits the DB individually.
166 my $count = $cd_rs->count;
167 my $most_recent = $cd_rs->get_column('date_released')->max();
168 my @records = $cd_rs->all;
170 And it's not just limited to SELECT statements.
176 $cd_rs->create({ artist => 'Fred' });
178 Which is the same as:
180 $schema->resultset('CD')->create({
181 title => 'something',
186 See: L</search>, L</count>, L</get_column>, L</all>, L</create>.
194 =item Arguments: L<$source|DBIx::Class::ResultSource>, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
196 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search>
200 The resultset constructor. Takes a source object (usually a
201 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSourceProxy::Table>) and an attribute hash (see
202 L</ATTRIBUTES> below). Does not perform any queries -- these are
203 executed as needed by the other methods.
205 Generally you never construct a resultset manually. Instead you get one
207 C<< $schema->L<resultset|DBIx::Class::Schema/resultset>('$source_name') >>
208 or C<< $another_resultset->L<search|/search>(...) >> (the later called in
211 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({ title => '100th Window' });
217 If called on an object, proxies to L</new_result> instead, so
219 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->new({ title => 'Spoon' });
221 will return a CD object, not a ResultSet, and is equivalent to:
223 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->new_result({ title => 'Spoon' });
225 Please also keep in mind that many internals call L</new_result> directly,
226 so overloading this method with the idea of intercepting new result object
227 creation B<will not work>. See also warning pertaining to L</create>.
235 return $class->new_result(@_) if ref $class;
237 my ($source, $attrs) = @_;
238 $source = $source->resolve
239 if $source->isa('DBIx::Class::ResultSourceHandle');
240 $attrs = { %{$attrs||{}} };
242 if ($attrs->{page}) {
243 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
246 $attrs->{alias} ||= 'me';
249 result_source => $source,
250 cond => $attrs->{where},
255 # if there is a dark selector, this means we are already in a
256 # chain and the cleanup/sanification was taken care of by
258 $self->_normalize_selection($attrs)
259 unless $attrs->{_dark_selector};
262 $attrs->{result_class} || $source->result_class
272 =item Arguments: L<$cond|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker> | undef, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
274 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context) | L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
278 my @cds = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2001 }); # "... WHERE year = 2001"
279 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2005 });
281 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search([ { year => 2005 }, { year => 2004 } ]);
282 # year = 2005 OR year = 2004
284 In list context, C<< ->all() >> is called implicitly on the resultset, thus
285 returning a list of L<result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> objects instead.
286 To avoid that, use L</search_rs>.
288 If you need to pass in additional attributes but no additional condition,
289 call it as C<search(undef, \%attrs)>.
291 # "SELECT name, artistid FROM $artist_table"
292 my @all_artists = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(undef, {
293 columns => [qw/name artistid/],
296 For a list of attributes that can be passed to C<search>, see
297 L</ATTRIBUTES>. For more examples of using this function, see
298 L<Searching|DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Searching>. For a complete
299 documentation for the first argument, see L<SQL::Abstract>
300 and its extension L<DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>.
302 For more help on using joins with search, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Joining>.
306 Note that L</search> does not process/deflate any of the values passed in the
307 L<SQL::Abstract>-compatible search condition structure. This is unlike other
308 condition-bound methods L</new_result>, L</create> and L</find>. The user must ensure
309 manually that any value passed to this method will stringify to something the
310 RDBMS knows how to deal with. A notable example is the handling of L<DateTime>
311 objects, for more info see:
312 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Formatting DateTime objects in queries>.
318 my $rs = $self->search_rs( @_ );
323 elsif (defined wantarray) {
327 # we can be called by a relationship helper, which in
328 # turn may be called in void context due to some braindead
329 # overload or whatever else the user decided to be clever
330 # at this particular day. Thus limit the exception to
331 # external code calls only
332 $self->throw_exception ('->search is *not* a mutator, calling it in void context makes no sense')
333 if (caller)[0] !~ /^\QDBIx::Class::/;
343 =item Arguments: L<$cond|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
345 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search>
349 This method does the same exact thing as search() except it will
350 always return a resultset, even in list context.
357 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
358 my ($call_cond, $call_attrs);
360 # Special-case handling for (undef, undef) or (undef)
361 # Note that (foo => undef) is valid deprecated syntax
362 @_ = () if not scalar grep { defined $_ } @_;
368 # fish out attrs in the ($condref, $attr) case
369 elsif (@_ == 2 and ( ! defined $_[0] or (ref $_[0]) ne '') ) {
370 ($call_cond, $call_attrs) = @_;
373 $self->throw_exception('Odd number of arguments to search')
377 carp_unique 'search( %condition ) is deprecated, use search( \%condition ) instead'
378 unless $rsrc->result_class->isa('DBIx::Class::CDBICompat');
380 for my $i (0 .. $#_) {
382 $self->throw_exception ('All keys in condition key/value pairs must be plain scalars')
383 if (! defined $_[$i] or ref $_[$i] ne '');
389 # see if we can keep the cache (no $rs changes)
391 my %safe = (alias => 1, cache => 1);
392 if ( ! List::Util::first { !$safe{$_} } keys %$call_attrs and (
395 ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' && ! keys %{$_[0]}
397 ref $_[0] eq 'ARRAY' && ! @{$_[0]}
399 $cache = $self->get_cache;
402 my $old_attrs = { %{$self->{attrs}} };
403 my $old_having = delete $old_attrs->{having};
404 my $old_where = delete $old_attrs->{where};
406 my $new_attrs = { %$old_attrs };
408 # take care of call attrs (only if anything is changing)
409 if ($call_attrs and keys %$call_attrs) {
411 # copy for _normalize_selection
412 $call_attrs = { %$call_attrs };
414 my @selector_attrs = qw/select as columns cols +select +as +columns include_columns/;
416 # reset the current selector list if new selectors are supplied
417 if (List::Util::first { exists $call_attrs->{$_} } qw/columns cols select as/) {
418 delete @{$old_attrs}{(@selector_attrs, '_dark_selector')};
421 # Normalize the new selector list (operates on the passed-in attr structure)
422 # Need to do it on every chain instead of only once on _resolved_attrs, in
423 # order to allow detection of empty vs partial 'as'
424 $call_attrs->{_dark_selector} = $old_attrs->{_dark_selector}
425 if $old_attrs->{_dark_selector};
426 $self->_normalize_selection ($call_attrs);
428 # start with blind overwriting merge, exclude selector attrs
429 $new_attrs = { %{$old_attrs}, %{$call_attrs} };
430 delete @{$new_attrs}{@selector_attrs};
432 for (@selector_attrs) {
433 $new_attrs->{$_} = $self->_merge_attr($old_attrs->{$_}, $call_attrs->{$_})
434 if ( exists $old_attrs->{$_} or exists $call_attrs->{$_} );
437 # older deprecated name, use only if {columns} is not there
438 if (my $c = delete $new_attrs->{cols}) {
439 if ($new_attrs->{columns}) {
440 carp "Resultset specifies both the 'columns' and the legacy 'cols' attributes - ignoring 'cols'";
443 $new_attrs->{columns} = $c;
448 # join/prefetch use their own crazy merging heuristics
449 foreach my $key (qw/join prefetch/) {
450 $new_attrs->{$key} = $self->_merge_joinpref_attr($old_attrs->{$key}, $call_attrs->{$key})
451 if exists $call_attrs->{$key};
454 # stack binds together
455 $new_attrs->{bind} = [ @{ $old_attrs->{bind} || [] }, @{ $call_attrs->{bind} || [] } ];
459 for ($old_where, $call_cond) {
461 $new_attrs->{where} = $self->_stack_cond (
462 $_, $new_attrs->{where}
467 if (defined $old_having) {
468 $new_attrs->{having} = $self->_stack_cond (
469 $old_having, $new_attrs->{having}
473 my $rs = (ref $self)->new($rsrc, $new_attrs);
475 $rs->set_cache($cache) if ($cache);
481 sub _normalize_selection {
482 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
485 $attrs->{'+columns'} = $self->_merge_attr($attrs->{'+columns'}, delete $attrs->{include_columns})
486 if exists $attrs->{include_columns};
488 # columns are always placed first, however
490 # Keep the X vs +X separation until _resolved_attrs time - this allows to
491 # delay the decision on whether to use a default select list ($rsrc->columns)
492 # allowing stuff like the remove_columns helper to work
494 # select/as +select/+as pairs need special handling - the amount of select/as
495 # elements in each pair does *not* have to be equal (think multicolumn
496 # selectors like distinct(foo, bar) ). If the selector is bare (no 'as'
497 # supplied at all) - try to infer the alias, either from the -as parameter
498 # of the selector spec, or use the parameter whole if it looks like a column
499 # name (ugly legacy heuristic). If all fails - leave the selector bare (which
500 # is ok as well), but make sure no more additions to the 'as' chain take place
501 for my $pref ('', '+') {
503 my ($sel, $as) = map {
504 my $key = "${pref}${_}";
506 my $val = [ ref $attrs->{$key} eq 'ARRAY'
508 : $attrs->{$key} || ()
510 delete $attrs->{$key};
514 if (! @$as and ! @$sel ) {
517 elsif (@$as and ! @$sel) {
518 $self->throw_exception(
519 "Unable to handle ${pref}as specification (@$as) without a corresponding ${pref}select"
523 # no as part supplied at all - try to deduce (unless explicit end of named selection is declared)
524 # if any @$as has been supplied we assume the user knows what (s)he is doing
525 # and blindly keep stacking up pieces
526 unless ($attrs->{_dark_selector}) {
529 if ( ref $_ eq 'HASH' and exists $_->{-as} ) {
530 push @$as, $_->{-as};
532 # assume any plain no-space, no-parenthesis string to be a column spec
533 # FIXME - this is retarded but is necessary to support shit like 'count(foo)'
534 elsif ( ! ref $_ and $_ =~ /^ [^\s\(\)]+ $/x) {
537 # if all else fails - raise a flag that no more aliasing will be allowed
539 $attrs->{_dark_selector} = {
541 string => ($dark_sel_dumper ||= do {
542 require Data::Dumper::Concise;
543 Data::Dumper::Concise::DumperObject()->Indent(0);
544 })->Values([$_])->Dump
552 elsif (@$as < @$sel) {
553 $self->throw_exception(
554 "Unable to handle an ${pref}as specification (@$as) with less elements than the corresponding ${pref}select"
557 elsif ($pref and $attrs->{_dark_selector}) {
558 $self->throw_exception(
559 "Unable to process named '+select', resultset contains an unnamed selector $attrs->{_dark_selector}{string}"
565 $attrs->{"${pref}select"} = $self->_merge_attr($attrs->{"${pref}select"}, $sel);
566 $attrs->{"${pref}as"} = $self->_merge_attr($attrs->{"${pref}as"}, $as);
571 my ($self, $left, $right) = @_;
573 # collapse single element top-level conditions
574 # (single pass only, unlikely to need recursion)
575 for ($left, $right) {
576 if (ref $_ eq 'ARRAY') {
584 elsif (ref $_ eq 'HASH') {
585 my ($first, $more) = keys %$_;
588 if (! defined $first) {
592 elsif (! defined $more) {
593 if ($first eq '-and' and ref $_->{'-and'} eq 'HASH') {
596 elsif ($first eq '-or' and ref $_->{'-or'} eq 'ARRAY') {
603 # merge hashes with weeding out of duplicates (simple cases only)
604 if (ref $left eq 'HASH' and ref $right eq 'HASH') {
606 # shallow copy to destroy
607 $right = { %$right };
608 for (grep { exists $right->{$_} } keys %$left) {
609 # the use of eq_deeply here is justified - the rhs of an
610 # expression can contain a lot of twisted weird stuff
611 delete $right->{$_} if Data::Compare::Compare( $left->{$_}, $right->{$_} );
614 $right = undef unless keys %$right;
618 if (defined $left xor defined $right) {
619 return defined $left ? $left : $right;
621 elsif (! defined $left) {
625 return { -and => [ $left, $right ] };
629 =head2 search_literal
631 B<CAVEAT>: C<search_literal> is provided for Class::DBI compatibility and
632 should only be used in that context. C<search_literal> is a convenience
633 method. It is equivalent to calling C<< $schema->search(\[]) >>, but if you
634 want to ensure columns are bound correctly, use L</search>.
636 See L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Searching> and
637 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::FAQ/Searching> for searching techniques that do not
638 require C<search_literal>.
642 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @standalone_bind_values
644 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search> (scalar context) | L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
648 my @cds = $cd_rs->search_literal('year = ? AND title = ?', qw/2001 Reload/);
649 my $newrs = $artist_rs->search_literal('name = ?', 'Metallica');
651 Pass a literal chunk of SQL to be added to the conditional part of the
654 Example of how to use C<search> instead of C<search_literal>
656 my @cds = $cd_rs->search_literal('cdid = ? AND (artist = ? OR artist = ?)', (2, 1, 2));
657 my @cds = $cd_rs->search(\[ 'cdid = ? AND (artist = ? OR artist = ?)', [ 'cdid', 2 ], [ 'artist', 1 ], [ 'artist', 2 ] ]);
662 my ($self, $sql, @bind) = @_;
664 if ( @bind && ref($bind[-1]) eq 'HASH' ) {
667 return $self->search(\[ $sql, map [ {} => $_ ], @bind ], ($attr || () ));
674 =item Arguments: \%columns_values | @pk_values, { key => $unique_constraint, L<%attrs|/ATTRIBUTES> }?
676 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> | undef
680 Finds and returns a single row based on supplied criteria. Takes either a
681 hashref with the same format as L</create> (including inference of foreign
682 keys from related objects), or a list of primary key values in the same
683 order as the L<primary columns|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/primary_columns>
684 declaration on the L</result_source>.
686 In either case an attempt is made to combine conditions already existing on
687 the resultset with the condition passed to this method.
689 To aid with preparing the correct query for the storage you may supply the
690 C<key> attribute, which is the name of a
691 L<unique constraint|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint> (the
692 unique constraint corresponding to the
693 L<primary columns|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/primary_columns> is always named
694 C<primary>). If the C<key> attribute has been supplied, and DBIC is unable
695 to construct a query that satisfies the named unique constraint fully (
696 non-NULL values for each column member of the constraint) an exception is
699 If no C<key> is specified, the search is carried over all unique constraints
700 which are fully defined by the available condition.
702 If no such constraint is found, C<find> currently defaults to a simple
703 C<< search->(\%column_values) >> which may or may not do what you expect.
704 Note that this fallback behavior may be deprecated in further versions. If
705 you need to search with arbitrary conditions - use L</search>. If the query
706 resulting from this fallback produces more than one row, a warning to the
707 effect is issued, though only the first row is constructed and returned as
710 In addition to C<key>, L</find> recognizes and applies standard
711 L<resultset attributes|/ATTRIBUTES> in the same way as L</search> does.
713 Note that if you have extra concerns about the correctness of the resulting
714 query you need to specify the C<key> attribute and supply the entire condition
715 as an argument to find (since it is not always possible to perform the
716 combination of the resultset condition with the supplied one, especially if
717 the resultset condition contains literal sql).
719 For example, to find a row by its primary key:
721 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(5);
723 You can also find a row by a specific unique constraint:
725 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(
727 artist => 'Massive Attack',
728 title => 'Mezzanine',
730 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
733 See also L</find_or_create> and L</update_or_create>.
739 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
741 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
744 if (exists $attrs->{key}) {
745 $constraint_name = defined $attrs->{key}
747 : $self->throw_exception("An undefined 'key' resultset attribute makes no sense")
751 # Parse out the condition from input
754 if (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH') {
755 $call_cond = { %{$_[0]} };
758 # if only values are supplied we need to default to 'primary'
759 $constraint_name = 'primary' unless defined $constraint_name;
761 my @c_cols = $rsrc->unique_constraint_columns($constraint_name);
763 $self->throw_exception(
764 "No constraint columns, maybe a malformed '$constraint_name' constraint?"
767 $self->throw_exception (
768 'find() expects either a column/value hashref, or a list of values '
769 . "corresponding to the columns of the specified unique constraint '$constraint_name'"
770 ) unless @c_cols == @_;
773 @{$call_cond}{@c_cols} = @_;
777 for my $key (keys %$call_cond) {
779 my $keyref = ref($call_cond->{$key})
781 my $relinfo = $rsrc->relationship_info($key)
783 my $val = delete $call_cond->{$key};
785 next if $keyref eq 'ARRAY'; # has_many for multi_create
787 my $rel_q = $rsrc->_resolve_condition(
788 $relinfo->{cond}, $val, $key, $key
790 die "Can't handle complex relationship conditions in find" if ref($rel_q) ne 'HASH';
791 @related{keys %$rel_q} = values %$rel_q;
795 # relationship conditions take precedence (?)
796 @{$call_cond}{keys %related} = values %related;
798 my $alias = exists $attrs->{alias} ? $attrs->{alias} : $self->{attrs}{alias};
800 if (defined $constraint_name) {
801 $final_cond = $self->_qualify_cond_columns (
803 $self->_build_unique_cond (
811 elsif ($self->{attrs}{accessor} and $self->{attrs}{accessor} eq 'single') {
812 # This means that we got here after a merger of relationship conditions
813 # in ::Relationship::Base::search_related (the row method), and furthermore
814 # the relationship is of the 'single' type. This means that the condition
815 # provided by the relationship (already attached to $self) is sufficient,
816 # as there can be only one row in the database that would satisfy the
820 # no key was specified - fall down to heuristics mode:
821 # run through all unique queries registered on the resultset, and
822 # 'OR' all qualifying queries together
823 my (@unique_queries, %seen_column_combinations);
824 for my $c_name ($rsrc->unique_constraint_names) {
825 next if $seen_column_combinations{
826 join "\x00", sort $rsrc->unique_constraint_columns($c_name)
829 push @unique_queries, try {
830 $self->_build_unique_cond ($c_name, $call_cond, 'croak_on_nulls')
834 $final_cond = @unique_queries
835 ? [ map { $self->_qualify_cond_columns($_, $alias) } @unique_queries ]
836 : $self->_non_unique_find_fallback ($call_cond, $attrs)
840 # Run the query, passing the result_class since it should propagate for find
841 my $rs = $self->search ($final_cond, {result_class => $self->result_class, %$attrs});
842 if (keys %{$rs->_resolved_attrs->{collapse}}) {
844 carp "Query returned more than one row" if $rs->next;
852 # This is a stop-gap method as agreed during the discussion on find() cleanup:
853 # http://lists.scsys.co.uk/pipermail/dbix-class/2010-October/009535.html
855 # It is invoked when find() is called in legacy-mode with insufficiently-unique
856 # condition. It is provided for overrides until a saner way forward is devised
858 # *NOTE* This is not a public method, and it's *GUARANTEED* to disappear down
859 # the road. Please adjust your tests accordingly to catch this situation early
860 # DBIx::Class::ResultSet->can('_non_unique_find_fallback') is reasonable
862 # The method will not be removed without an adequately complete replacement
863 # for strict-mode enforcement
864 sub _non_unique_find_fallback {
865 my ($self, $cond, $attrs) = @_;
867 return $self->_qualify_cond_columns(
869 exists $attrs->{alias}
871 : $self->{attrs}{alias}
876 sub _qualify_cond_columns {
877 my ($self, $cond, $alias) = @_;
879 my %aliased = %$cond;
880 for (keys %aliased) {
881 $aliased{"$alias.$_"} = delete $aliased{$_}
888 sub _build_unique_cond {
889 my ($self, $constraint_name, $extra_cond, $croak_on_null) = @_;
891 my @c_cols = $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($constraint_name);
893 # combination may fail if $self->{cond} is non-trivial
894 my ($final_cond) = try {
895 $self->_merge_with_rscond ($extra_cond)
900 # trim out everything not in $columns
901 $final_cond = { map {
902 exists $final_cond->{$_}
903 ? ( $_ => $final_cond->{$_} )
907 if (my @missing = grep
908 { ! ($croak_on_null ? defined $final_cond->{$_} : exists $final_cond->{$_}) }
911 $self->throw_exception( sprintf ( "Unable to satisfy requested constraint '%s', no values for column(s): %s",
913 join (', ', map { "'$_'" } @missing),
920 !$ENV{DBIC_NULLABLE_KEY_NOWARN}
922 my @undefs = sort grep { ! defined $final_cond->{$_} } (keys %$final_cond)
924 carp_unique ( sprintf (
925 "NULL/undef values supplied for requested unique constraint '%s' (NULL "
926 . 'values in column(s): %s). This is almost certainly not what you wanted, '
927 . 'though you can set DBIC_NULLABLE_KEY_NOWARN to disable this warning.',
929 join (', ', map { "'$_'" } @undefs),
936 =head2 search_related
940 =item Arguments: $rel_name, $cond?, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
942 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search> (scalar context) | L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
946 $new_rs = $cd_rs->search_related('artist', {
950 Searches the specified relationship, optionally specifying a condition and
951 attributes for matching records. See L</ATTRIBUTES> for more information.
953 In list context, C<< ->all() >> is called implicitly on the resultset, thus
954 returning a list of result objects instead. To avoid that, use L</search_related_rs>.
956 See also L</search_related_rs>.
961 return shift->related_resultset(shift)->search(@_);
964 =head2 search_related_rs
966 This method works exactly the same as search_related, except that
967 it guarantees a resultset, even in list context.
971 sub search_related_rs {
972 return shift->related_resultset(shift)->search_rs(@_);
979 =item Arguments: none
981 =item Return Value: L<$cursor|DBIx::Class::Cursor>
985 Returns a storage-driven cursor to the given resultset. See
986 L<DBIx::Class::Cursor> for more information.
993 return $self->{cursor} ||= do {
994 my $attrs = { %{$self->_resolved_attrs } };
995 $self->result_source->storage->select(
996 $attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select}, $attrs->{where}, $attrs
1005 =item Arguments: L<$cond?|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>
1007 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> | undef
1011 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->single({ year => 2001 });
1013 Inflates the first result without creating a cursor if the resultset has
1014 any records in it; if not returns C<undef>. Used by L</find> as a lean version
1017 While this method can take an optional search condition (just like L</search>)
1018 being a fast-code-path it does not recognize search attributes. If you need to
1019 add extra joins or similar, call L</search> and then chain-call L</single> on the
1020 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet> returned.
1026 As of 0.08100, this method enforces the assumption that the preceding
1027 query returns only one row. If more than one row is returned, you will receive
1030 Query returned more than one row
1032 In this case, you should be using L</next> or L</find> instead, or if you really
1033 know what you are doing, use the L</rows> attribute to explicitly limit the size
1036 This method will also throw an exception if it is called on a resultset prefetching
1037 has_many, as such a prefetch implies fetching multiple rows from the database in
1038 order to assemble the resulting object.
1045 my ($self, $where) = @_;
1047 $self->throw_exception('single() only takes search conditions, no attributes. You want ->search( $cond, $attrs )->single()');
1050 my $attrs = { %{$self->_resolved_attrs} };
1052 if (keys %{$attrs->{collapse}}) {
1053 $self->throw_exception(
1054 'single() can not be used on resultsets prefetching has_many. Use find( \%cond ) or next() instead'
1059 if (defined $attrs->{where}) {
1062 [ map { ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_ }
1063 $where, delete $attrs->{where} ]
1066 $attrs->{where} = $where;
1070 my @data = $self->result_source->storage->select_single(
1071 $attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select},
1072 $attrs->{where}, $attrs
1075 return (@data ? ($self->_construct_object(@data))[0] : undef);
1081 # Recursively collapse the query, accumulating values for each column.
1083 sub _collapse_query {
1084 my ($self, $query, $collapsed) = @_;
1088 if (ref $query eq 'ARRAY') {
1089 foreach my $subquery (@$query) {
1090 next unless ref $subquery; # -or
1091 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_query($subquery, $collapsed);
1094 elsif (ref $query eq 'HASH') {
1095 if (keys %$query and (keys %$query)[0] eq '-and') {
1096 foreach my $subquery (@{$query->{-and}}) {
1097 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_query($subquery, $collapsed);
1101 foreach my $col (keys %$query) {
1102 my $value = $query->{$col};
1103 $collapsed->{$col}{$value}++;
1115 =item Arguments: L<$cond?|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>
1117 =item Return Value: L<$resultsetcolumn|DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn>
1121 my $max_length = $rs->get_column('length')->max;
1123 Returns a L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn> instance for a column of the ResultSet.
1128 my ($self, $column) = @_;
1129 my $new = DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn->new($self, $column);
1137 =item Arguments: L<$cond|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
1139 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search> (scalar context) | L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
1143 # WHERE title LIKE '%blue%'
1144 $cd_rs = $rs->search_like({ title => '%blue%'});
1146 Performs a search, but uses C<LIKE> instead of C<=> as the condition. Note
1147 that this is simply a convenience method retained for ex Class::DBI users.
1148 You most likely want to use L</search> with specific operators.
1150 For more information, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
1152 This method is deprecated and will be removed in 0.09. Use L</search()>
1153 instead. An example conversion is:
1155 ->search_like({ foo => 'bar' });
1159 ->search({ foo => { like => 'bar' } });
1166 'search_like() is deprecated and will be removed in DBIC version 0.09.'
1167 .' Instead use ->search({ x => { -like => "y%" } })'
1168 .' (note the outer pair of {}s - they are important!)'
1170 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
1171 my $query = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? { %{shift()} }: {@_};
1172 $query->{$_} = { 'like' => $query->{$_} } for keys %$query;
1173 return $class->search($query, { %$attrs });
1180 =item Arguments: $first, $last
1182 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search> (scalar context) | L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
1186 Returns a resultset or object list representing a subset of elements from the
1187 resultset slice is called on. Indexes are from 0, i.e., to get the first
1188 three records, call:
1190 my ($one, $two, $three) = $rs->slice(0, 2);
1195 my ($self, $min, $max) = @_;
1196 my $attrs = {}; # = { %{ $self->{attrs} || {} } };
1197 $attrs->{offset} = $self->{attrs}{offset} || 0;
1198 $attrs->{offset} += $min;
1199 $attrs->{rows} = ($max ? ($max - $min + 1) : 1);
1200 return $self->search(undef, $attrs);
1201 #my $slice = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $attrs);
1202 #return (wantarray ? $slice->all : $slice);
1209 =item Arguments: none
1211 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> | undef
1215 Returns the next element in the resultset (C<undef> is there is none).
1217 Can be used to efficiently iterate over records in the resultset:
1219 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search;
1220 while (my $cd = $rs->next) {
1224 Note that you need to store the resultset object, and call C<next> on it.
1225 Calling C<< resultset('Table')->next >> repeatedly will always return the
1226 first record from the resultset.
1232 if (my $cache = $self->get_cache) {
1233 $self->{all_cache_position} ||= 0;
1234 return $cache->[$self->{all_cache_position}++];
1236 if ($self->{attrs}{cache}) {
1237 delete $self->{pager};
1238 $self->{all_cache_position} = 1;
1239 return ($self->all)[0];
1241 if ($self->{stashed_objects}) {
1242 my $obj = shift(@{$self->{stashed_objects}});
1243 delete $self->{stashed_objects} unless @{$self->{stashed_objects}};
1247 exists $self->{stashed_row}
1248 ? @{delete $self->{stashed_row}}
1249 : $self->cursor->next
1251 return undef unless (@row);
1252 my ($row, @more) = $self->_construct_object(@row);
1253 $self->{stashed_objects} = \@more if @more;
1257 sub _construct_object {
1258 my ($self, @row) = @_;
1260 my $info = $self->_collapse_result($self->{_attrs}{as}, \@row)
1262 my @new = $self->result_class->inflate_result($self->result_source, @$info);
1263 @new = $self->{_attrs}{record_filter}->(@new)
1264 if exists $self->{_attrs}{record_filter};
1268 sub _collapse_result {
1269 my ($self, $as_proto, $row) = @_;
1273 # 'foo' => [ undef, 'foo' ]
1274 # 'foo.bar' => [ 'foo', 'bar' ]
1275 # 'foo.bar.baz' => [ 'foo.bar', 'baz' ]
1277 my @construct_as = map { [ (/^(?:(.*)\.)?([^.]+)$/) ] } @$as_proto;
1279 my %collapse = %{$self->{_attrs}{collapse}||{}};
1283 # if we're doing collapsing (has_many prefetch) we need to grab records
1284 # until the PK changes, so fill @pri_index. if not, we leave it empty so
1285 # we know we don't have to bother.
1287 # the reason for not using the collapse stuff directly is because if you
1288 # had for e.g. two artists in a row with no cds, the collapse info for
1289 # both would be NULL (undef) so you'd lose the second artist
1291 # store just the index so we can check the array positions from the row
1292 # without having to contruct the full hash
1294 if (keys %collapse) {
1295 my %pri = map { ($_ => 1) } $self->result_source->_pri_cols;
1296 foreach my $i (0 .. $#construct_as) {
1297 next if defined($construct_as[$i][0]); # only self table
1298 if (delete $pri{$construct_as[$i][1]}) {
1299 push(@pri_index, $i);
1301 last unless keys %pri; # short circuit (Johnny Five Is Alive!)
1305 # no need to do an if, it'll be empty if @pri_index is empty anyway
1307 my %pri_vals = map { ($_ => $copy[$_]) } @pri_index;
1311 do { # no need to check anything at the front, we always want the first row
1315 foreach my $this_as (@construct_as) {
1316 $const{$this_as->[0]||''}{$this_as->[1]} = shift(@copy);
1319 push(@const_rows, \%const);
1321 } until ( # no pri_index => no collapse => drop straight out
1324 do { # get another row, stash it, drop out if different PK
1326 @copy = $self->cursor->next;
1327 $self->{stashed_row} = \@copy;
1329 # last thing in do block, counts as true if anything doesn't match
1331 # check xor defined first for NULL vs. NOT NULL then if one is
1332 # defined the other must be so check string equality
1335 (defined $pri_vals{$_} ^ defined $copy[$_])
1336 || (defined $pri_vals{$_} && ($pri_vals{$_} ne $copy[$_]))
1341 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
1348 foreach my $const (@const_rows) {
1349 scalar @const_keys or do {
1350 @const_keys = sort { length($a) <=> length($b) } keys %$const;
1352 foreach my $key (@const_keys) {
1355 my @parts = split(/\./, $key);
1357 my $data = $const->{$key};
1358 foreach my $p (@parts) {
1359 $target = $target->[1]->{$p} ||= [];
1361 if ($cur eq ".${key}" && (my @ckey = @{$collapse{$cur}||[]})) {
1362 # collapsing at this point and on final part
1363 my $pos = $collapse_pos{$cur};
1364 CK: foreach my $ck (@ckey) {
1365 if (!defined $pos->{$ck} || $pos->{$ck} ne $data->{$ck}) {
1366 $collapse_pos{$cur} = $data;
1367 delete @collapse_pos{ # clear all positioning for sub-entries
1368 grep { m/^\Q${cur}.\E/ } keys %collapse_pos
1375 if (exists $collapse{$cur}) {
1376 $target = $target->[-1];
1379 $target->[0] = $data;
1381 $info->[0] = $const->{$key};
1389 =head2 result_source
1393 =item Arguments: L<$result_source?|DBIx::Class::ResultSource>
1395 =item Return Value: L<$result_source|DBIx::Class::ResultSource>
1399 An accessor for the primary ResultSource object from which this ResultSet
1406 =item Arguments: $result_class?
1408 =item Return Value: $result_class
1412 An accessor for the class to use when creating result objects. Defaults to
1413 C<< result_source->result_class >> - which in most cases is the name of the
1414 L<"table"|DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/"ResultSource"> class.
1416 Note that changing the result_class will also remove any components
1417 that were originally loaded in the source class via
1418 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/load_components>. Any overloaded methods
1419 in the original source class will not run.
1424 my ($self, $result_class) = @_;
1425 if ($result_class) {
1426 unless (ref $result_class) { # don't fire this for an object
1427 $self->ensure_class_loaded($result_class);
1429 $self->_result_class($result_class);
1430 # THIS LINE WOULD BE A BUG - this accessor specifically exists to
1431 # permit the user to set result class on one result set only; it only
1432 # chains if provided to search()
1433 #$self->{attrs}{result_class} = $result_class if ref $self;
1435 $self->_result_class;
1442 =item Arguments: L<$cond|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
1444 =item Return Value: $count
1448 Performs an SQL C<COUNT> with the same query as the resultset was built
1449 with to find the number of elements. Passing arguments is equivalent to
1450 C<< $rs->search ($cond, \%attrs)->count >>
1456 return $self->search(@_)->count if @_ and defined $_[0];
1457 return scalar @{ $self->get_cache } if $self->get_cache;
1459 my $attrs = { %{ $self->_resolved_attrs } };
1461 # this is a little optimization - it is faster to do the limit
1462 # adjustments in software, instead of a subquery
1463 my $rows = delete $attrs->{rows};
1464 my $offset = delete $attrs->{offset};
1467 if ($self->_has_resolved_attr (qw/collapse group_by/)) {
1468 $crs = $self->_count_subq_rs ($attrs);
1471 $crs = $self->_count_rs ($attrs);
1473 my $count = $crs->next;
1475 $count -= $offset if $offset;
1476 $count = $rows if $rows and $rows < $count;
1477 $count = 0 if ($count < 0);
1486 =item Arguments: L<$cond|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
1488 =item Return Value: L<$count_rs|DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn>
1492 Same as L</count> but returns a L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn> object.
1493 This can be very handy for subqueries:
1495 ->search( { amount => $some_rs->count_rs->as_query } )
1497 As with regular resultsets the SQL query will be executed only after
1498 the resultset is accessed via L</next> or L</all>. That would return
1499 the same single value obtainable via L</count>.
1505 return $self->search(@_)->count_rs if @_;
1507 # this may look like a lack of abstraction (count() does about the same)
1508 # but in fact an _rs *must* use a subquery for the limits, as the
1509 # software based limiting can not be ported if this $rs is to be used
1510 # in a subquery itself (i.e. ->as_query)
1511 if ($self->_has_resolved_attr (qw/collapse group_by offset rows/)) {
1512 return $self->_count_subq_rs;
1515 return $self->_count_rs;
1520 # returns a ResultSetColumn object tied to the count query
1523 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
1525 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1526 $attrs ||= $self->_resolved_attrs;
1528 my $tmp_attrs = { %$attrs };
1529 # take off any limits, record_filter is cdbi, and no point of ordering nor locking a count
1530 delete @{$tmp_attrs}{qw/rows offset order_by record_filter for/};
1532 # overwrite the selector (supplied by the storage)
1533 $tmp_attrs->{select} = $rsrc->storage->_count_select ($rsrc, $attrs);
1534 $tmp_attrs->{as} = 'count';
1535 delete @{$tmp_attrs}{qw/columns/};
1537 my $tmp_rs = $rsrc->resultset_class->new($rsrc, $tmp_attrs)->get_column ('count');
1543 # same as above but uses a subquery
1545 sub _count_subq_rs {
1546 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
1548 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1549 $attrs ||= $self->_resolved_attrs;
1551 my $sub_attrs = { %$attrs };
1552 # extra selectors do not go in the subquery and there is no point of ordering it, nor locking it
1553 delete @{$sub_attrs}{qw/collapse columns as select _prefetch_selector_range order_by for/};
1555 # if we multi-prefetch we group_by something unique, as this is what we would
1556 # get out of the rs via ->next/->all. We *DO WANT* to clobber old group_by regardless
1557 if ( keys %{$attrs->{collapse}} ) {
1558 $sub_attrs->{group_by} = [ map { "$attrs->{alias}.$_" } @{
1559 $rsrc->_identifying_column_set || $self->throw_exception(
1560 'Unable to construct a unique group_by criteria properly collapsing the '
1561 . 'has_many prefetch before count()'
1566 # Calculate subquery selector
1567 if (my $g = $sub_attrs->{group_by}) {
1569 my $sql_maker = $rsrc->storage->sql_maker;
1571 # necessary as the group_by may refer to aliased functions
1573 for my $sel (@{$attrs->{select}}) {
1574 $sel_index->{$sel->{-as}} = $sel
1575 if (ref $sel eq 'HASH' and $sel->{-as});
1578 # anything from the original select mentioned on the group-by needs to make it to the inner selector
1579 # also look for named aggregates referred in the having clause
1580 # having often contains scalarrefs - thus parse it out entirely
1582 if ($attrs->{having}) {
1583 local $sql_maker->{having_bind};
1584 local $sql_maker->{quote_char} = $sql_maker->{quote_char};
1585 local $sql_maker->{name_sep} = $sql_maker->{name_sep};
1586 unless (defined $sql_maker->{quote_char} and length $sql_maker->{quote_char}) {
1587 $sql_maker->{quote_char} = [ "\x00", "\xFF" ];
1588 # if we don't unset it we screw up retarded but unfortunately working
1589 # 'MAX(foo.bar)' => { '>', 3 }
1590 $sql_maker->{name_sep} = '';
1593 my ($lquote, $rquote, $sep) = map { quotemeta $_ } ($sql_maker->_quote_chars, $sql_maker->name_sep);
1595 my $sql = $sql_maker->_parse_rs_attrs ({ having => $attrs->{having} });
1597 # search for both a proper quoted qualified string, for a naive unquoted scalarref
1598 # and if all fails for an utterly naive quoted scalar-with-function
1600 $rquote $sep $lquote (.+?) $rquote
1602 [\s,] \w+ \. (\w+) [\s,]
1604 [\s,] $lquote (.+?) $rquote [\s,]
1606 push @parts, ($1 || $2 || $3); # one of them matched if we got here
1611 my $colpiece = $sel_index->{$_} || $_;
1613 # unqualify join-based group_by's. Arcane but possible query
1614 # also horrible horrible hack to alias a column (not a func.)
1615 # (probably need to introduce SQLA syntax)
1616 if ($colpiece =~ /\./ && $colpiece !~ /^$attrs->{alias}\./) {
1619 $colpiece = \ sprintf ('%s AS %s', map { $sql_maker->_quote ($_) } ($colpiece, $as) );
1621 push @{$sub_attrs->{select}}, $colpiece;
1625 my @pcols = map { "$attrs->{alias}.$_" } ($rsrc->primary_columns);
1626 $sub_attrs->{select} = @pcols ? \@pcols : [ 1 ];
1629 return $rsrc->resultset_class
1630 ->new ($rsrc, $sub_attrs)
1632 ->search ({}, { columns => { count => $rsrc->storage->_count_select ($rsrc, $attrs) } })
1633 ->get_column ('count');
1640 =head2 count_literal
1642 B<CAVEAT>: C<count_literal> is provided for Class::DBI compatibility and
1643 should only be used in that context. See L</search_literal> for further info.
1647 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @standalone_bind_values
1649 =item Return Value: $count
1653 Counts the results in a literal query. Equivalent to calling L</search_literal>
1654 with the passed arguments, then L</count>.
1658 sub count_literal { shift->search_literal(@_)->count; }
1664 =item Arguments: none
1666 =item Return Value: L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
1670 Returns all elements in the resultset.
1677 $self->throw_exception("all() doesn't take any arguments, you probably wanted ->search(...)->all()");
1680 return @{ $self->get_cache } if $self->get_cache;
1684 if (keys %{$self->_resolved_attrs->{collapse}}) {
1685 # Using $self->cursor->all is really just an optimisation.
1686 # If we're collapsing has_many prefetches it probably makes
1687 # very little difference, and this is cleaner than hacking
1688 # _construct_object to survive the approach
1689 $self->cursor->reset;
1690 my @row = $self->cursor->next;
1692 push(@obj, $self->_construct_object(@row));
1693 @row = (exists $self->{stashed_row}
1694 ? @{delete $self->{stashed_row}}
1695 : $self->cursor->next);
1698 @obj = map { $self->_construct_object(@$_) } $self->cursor->all;
1701 $self->set_cache(\@obj) if $self->{attrs}{cache};
1710 =item Arguments: none
1712 =item Return Value: $self
1716 Resets the resultset's cursor, so you can iterate through the elements again.
1717 Implicitly resets the storage cursor, so a subsequent L</next> will trigger
1724 $self->{all_cache_position} = 0;
1725 $self->cursor->reset;
1733 =item Arguments: none
1735 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> | undef
1739 L<Resets|/reset> the resultset (causing a fresh query to storage) and returns
1740 an object for the first result (or C<undef> if the resultset is empty).
1745 return $_[0]->reset->next;
1751 # Determines whether and what type of subquery is required for the $rs operation.
1752 # If grouping is necessary either supplies its own, or verifies the current one
1753 # After all is done delegates to the proper storage method.
1755 sub _rs_update_delete {
1756 my ($self, $op, $values) = @_;
1758 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1759 my $storage = $rsrc->schema->storage;
1761 my $attrs = { %{$self->_resolved_attrs} };
1763 my $join_classifications;
1764 my $existing_group_by = delete $attrs->{group_by};
1766 # do we need a subquery for any reason?
1768 defined $existing_group_by
1770 # if {from} is unparseable wrap a subq
1771 ref($attrs->{from}) ne 'ARRAY'
1773 # limits call for a subq
1774 $self->_has_resolved_attr(qw/rows offset/)
1777 # simplify the joinmap, so we can further decide if a subq is necessary
1778 if (!$needs_subq and @{$attrs->{from}} > 1) {
1779 $attrs->{from} = $storage->_prune_unused_joins ($attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select}, $self->{cond}, $attrs);
1781 # check if there are any joins left after the prune
1782 if ( @{$attrs->{from}} > 1 ) {
1783 $join_classifications = $storage->_resolve_aliastypes_from_select_args (
1784 [ @{$attrs->{from}}[1 .. $#{$attrs->{from}}] ],
1790 # any non-pruneable joins imply subq
1791 $needs_subq = scalar keys %{ $join_classifications->{restricting} || {} };
1795 # check if the head is composite (by now all joins are thrown out unless $needs_subq)
1797 (ref $attrs->{from}[0]) ne 'HASH'
1799 ref $attrs->{from}[0]{ $attrs->{from}[0]{-alias} }
1803 # do we need anything like a subquery?
1804 if (! $needs_subq) {
1805 # Most databases do not allow aliasing of tables in UPDATE/DELETE. Thus
1806 # a condition containing 'me' or other table prefixes will not work
1807 # at all. Tell SQLMaker to dequalify idents via a gross hack.
1809 my $sqla = $rsrc->storage->sql_maker;
1810 local $sqla->{_dequalify_idents} = 1;
1811 \[ $sqla->_recurse_where($self->{cond}) ];
1815 # we got this far - means it is time to wrap a subquery
1816 my $idcols = $rsrc->_identifying_column_set || $self->throw_exception(
1818 "Unable to perform complex resultset %s() without an identifying set of columns on source '%s'",
1824 # make a new $rs selecting only the PKs (that's all we really need for the subq)
1825 delete $attrs->{$_} for qw/collapse _collapse_order_by select _prefetch_selector_range as/;
1826 $attrs->{columns} = [ map { "$attrs->{alias}.$_" } @$idcols ];
1827 $attrs->{group_by} = \ ''; # FIXME - this is an evil hack, it causes the optimiser to kick in and throw away the LEFT joins
1828 my $subrs = (ref $self)->new($rsrc, $attrs);
1830 if (@$idcols == 1) {
1831 $cond = { $idcols->[0] => { -in => $subrs->as_query } };
1833 elsif ($storage->_use_multicolumn_in) {
1834 # no syntax for calling this properly yet
1835 # !!! EXPERIMENTAL API !!! WILL CHANGE !!!
1836 $cond = $storage->sql_maker->_where_op_multicolumn_in (
1837 $idcols, # how do I convey a list of idents...? can binds reside on lhs?
1842 # if all else fails - get all primary keys and operate over a ORed set
1843 # wrap in a transaction for consistency
1844 # this is where the group_by/multiplication starts to matter
1848 keys %{ $join_classifications->{multiplying} || {} }
1850 # make sure if there is a supplied group_by it matches the columns compiled above
1851 # perfectly. Anything else can not be sanely executed on most databases so croak
1852 # right then and there
1853 if ($existing_group_by) {
1854 my @current_group_by = map
1855 { $_ =~ /\./ ? $_ : "$attrs->{alias}.$_" }
1860 join ("\x00", sort @current_group_by)
1862 join ("\x00", sort @{$attrs->{columns}} )
1864 $self->throw_exception (
1865 "You have just attempted a $op operation on a resultset which does group_by"
1866 . ' on columns other than the primary keys, while DBIC internally needs to retrieve'
1867 . ' the primary keys in a subselect. All sane RDBMS engines do not support this'
1868 . ' kind of queries. Please retry the operation with a modified group_by or'
1869 . ' without using one at all.'
1874 $subrs = $subrs->search({}, { group_by => $attrs->{columns} });
1877 $guard = $storage->txn_scope_guard;
1880 for my $row ($subrs->cursor->all) {
1882 { $idcols->[$_] => $row->[$_] }
1889 my $res = $storage->$op (
1891 $op eq 'update' ? $values : (),
1895 $guard->commit if $guard;
1904 =item Arguments: \%values
1906 =item Return Value: $underlying_storage_rv
1910 Sets the specified columns in the resultset to the supplied values in a
1911 single query. Note that this will not run any accessor/set_column/update
1912 triggers, nor will it update any result object instances derived from this
1913 resultset (this includes the contents of the L<resultset cache|/set_cache>
1914 if any). See L</update_all> if you need to execute any on-update
1915 triggers or cascades defined either by you or a
1916 L<result component|DBIx::Class::Manual::Component/WHAT IS A COMPONENT>.
1918 The return value is a pass through of what the underlying
1919 storage backend returned, and may vary. See L<DBI/execute> for the most
1924 Note that L</update> does not process/deflate any of the values passed in.
1925 This is unlike the corresponding L<DBIx::Class::Row/update>. The user must
1926 ensure manually that any value passed to this method will stringify to
1927 something the RDBMS knows how to deal with. A notable example is the
1928 handling of L<DateTime> objects, for more info see:
1929 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Formatting DateTime objects in queries>.
1934 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1935 $self->throw_exception('Values for update must be a hash')
1936 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
1938 return $self->_rs_update_delete ('update', $values);
1945 =item Arguments: \%values
1947 =item Return Value: 1
1951 Fetches all objects and updates them one at a time via
1952 L<DBIx::Class::Row/update>. Note that C<update_all> will run DBIC defined
1953 triggers, while L</update> will not.
1958 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1959 $self->throw_exception('Values for update_all must be a hash')
1960 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
1962 my $guard = $self->result_source->schema->txn_scope_guard;
1963 $_->update({%$values}) for $self->all; # shallow copy - update will mangle it
1972 =item Arguments: none
1974 =item Return Value: $underlying_storage_rv
1978 Deletes the rows matching this resultset in a single query. Note that this
1979 will not run any delete triggers, nor will it alter the
1980 L<in_storage|DBIx::Class::Row/in_storage> status of any result object instances
1981 derived from this resultset (this includes the contents of the
1982 L<resultset cache|/set_cache> if any). See L</delete_all> if you need to
1983 execute any on-delete triggers or cascades defined either by you or a
1984 L<result component|DBIx::Class::Manual::Component/WHAT IS A COMPONENT>.
1986 The return value is a pass through of what the underlying storage backend
1987 returned, and may vary. See L<DBI/execute> for the most common case.
1993 $self->throw_exception('delete does not accept any arguments')
1996 return $self->_rs_update_delete ('delete');
2003 =item Arguments: none
2005 =item Return Value: 1
2009 Fetches all objects and deletes them one at a time via
2010 L<DBIx::Class::Row/delete>. Note that C<delete_all> will run DBIC defined
2011 triggers, while L</delete> will not.
2017 $self->throw_exception('delete_all does not accept any arguments')
2020 my $guard = $self->result_source->schema->txn_scope_guard;
2021 $_->delete for $self->all;
2030 =item Arguments: [ \@column_list, \@row_values+ ] | [ \%col_data+ ]
2032 =item Return Value: L<\@result_objects|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (scalar context) | L<@result_objects|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
2036 Accepts either an arrayref of hashrefs or alternatively an arrayref of
2043 The context of this method call has an important effect on what is
2044 submitted to storage. In void context data is fed directly to fastpath
2045 insertion routines provided by the underlying storage (most often
2046 L<DBI/execute_for_fetch>), bypassing the L<new|DBIx::Class::Row/new> and
2047 L<insert|DBIx::Class::Row/insert> calls on the
2048 L<Result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> class, including any
2049 augmentation of these methods provided by components. For example if you
2050 are using something like L<DBIx::Class::UUIDColumns> to create primary
2051 keys for you, you will find that your PKs are empty. In this case you
2052 will have to explicitly force scalar or list context in order to create
2057 In non-void (scalar or list) context, this method is simply a wrapper
2058 for L</create>. Depending on list or scalar context either a list of
2059 L<Result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> objects or an arrayref
2060 containing these objects is returned.
2062 When supplying data in "arrayref of arrayrefs" invocation style, the
2063 first element should be a list of column names and each subsequent
2064 element should be a data value in the earlier specified column order.
2067 $Arstist_rs->populate([
2068 [ qw( artistid name ) ],
2069 [ 100, 'A Formally Unknown Singer' ],
2070 [ 101, 'A singer that jumped the shark two albums ago' ],
2071 [ 102, 'An actually cool singer' ],
2074 For the arrayref of hashrefs style each hashref should be a structure
2075 suitable for passing to L</create>. Multi-create is also permitted with
2078 $schema->resultset("Artist")->populate([
2079 { artistid => 4, name => 'Manufactured Crap', cds => [
2080 { title => 'My First CD', year => 2006 },
2081 { title => 'Yet More Tweeny-Pop crap', year => 2007 },
2084 { artistid => 5, name => 'Angsty-Whiny Girl', cds => [
2085 { title => 'My parents sold me to a record company', year => 2005 },
2086 { title => 'Why Am I So Ugly?', year => 2006 },
2087 { title => 'I Got Surgery and am now Popular', year => 2007 }
2092 If you attempt a void-context multi-create as in the example above (each
2093 Artist also has the related list of CDs), and B<do not> supply the
2094 necessary autoinc foreign key information, this method will proxy to the
2095 less efficient L</create>, and then throw the Result objects away. In this
2096 case there are obviously no benefits to using this method over L</create>.
2103 # cruft placed in standalone method
2104 my $data = $self->_normalize_populate_args(@_);
2106 return unless @$data;
2108 if(defined wantarray) {
2109 my @created = map { $self->create($_) } @$data;
2110 return wantarray ? @created : \@created;
2113 my $first = $data->[0];
2115 # if a column is a registered relationship, and is a non-blessed hash/array, consider
2116 # it relationship data
2117 my (@rels, @columns);
2118 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
2119 my $rels = { map { $_ => $rsrc->relationship_info($_) } $rsrc->relationships };
2120 for (keys %$first) {
2121 my $ref = ref $first->{$_};
2122 $rels->{$_} && ($ref eq 'ARRAY' or $ref eq 'HASH')
2128 my @pks = $rsrc->primary_columns;
2130 ## do the belongs_to relationships
2131 foreach my $index (0..$#$data) {
2133 # delegate to create() for any dataset without primary keys with specified relationships
2134 if (grep { !defined $data->[$index]->{$_} } @pks ) {
2136 if (grep { ref $data->[$index]{$r} eq $_ } qw/HASH ARRAY/) { # a related set must be a HASH or AoH
2137 my @ret = $self->populate($data);
2143 foreach my $rel (@rels) {
2144 next unless ref $data->[$index]->{$rel} eq "HASH";
2145 my $result = $self->related_resultset($rel)->create($data->[$index]->{$rel});
2146 my ($reverse_relname, $reverse_relinfo) = %{$rsrc->reverse_relationship_info($rel)};
2147 my $related = $result->result_source->_resolve_condition(
2148 $reverse_relinfo->{cond},
2154 delete $data->[$index]->{$rel};
2155 $data->[$index] = {%{$data->[$index]}, %$related};
2157 push @columns, keys %$related if $index == 0;
2161 ## inherit the data locked in the conditions of the resultset
2162 my ($rs_data) = $self->_merge_with_rscond({});
2163 delete @{$rs_data}{@columns};
2165 ## do bulk insert on current row
2166 $rsrc->storage->insert_bulk(
2168 [@columns, keys %$rs_data],
2169 [ map { [ @$_{@columns}, values %$rs_data ] } @$data ],
2172 ## do the has_many relationships
2173 foreach my $item (@$data) {
2177 foreach my $rel (@rels) {
2178 next unless ref $item->{$rel} eq "ARRAY" && @{ $item->{$rel} };
2180 $main_row ||= $self->new_result({map { $_ => $item->{$_} } @pks});
2182 my $child = $main_row->$rel;
2184 my $related = $child->result_source->_resolve_condition(
2185 $rels->{$rel}{cond},
2191 my @rows_to_add = ref $item->{$rel} eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$item->{$rel}} : ($item->{$rel});
2192 my @populate = map { {%$_, %$related} } @rows_to_add;
2194 $child->populate( \@populate );
2201 # populate() argumnets went over several incarnations
2202 # What we ultimately support is AoH
2203 sub _normalize_populate_args {
2204 my ($self, $arg) = @_;
2206 if (ref $arg eq 'ARRAY') {
2210 elsif (ref $arg->[0] eq 'HASH') {
2213 elsif (ref $arg->[0] eq 'ARRAY') {
2215 my @colnames = @{$arg->[0]};
2216 foreach my $values (@{$arg}[1 .. $#$arg]) {
2217 push @ret, { map { $colnames[$_] => $values->[$_] } (0 .. $#colnames) };
2223 $self->throw_exception('Populate expects an arrayref of hashrefs or arrayref of arrayrefs');
2230 =item Arguments: none
2232 =item Return Value: L<$pager|Data::Page>
2236 Returns a L<Data::Page> object for the current resultset. Only makes
2237 sense for queries with a C<page> attribute.
2239 To get the full count of entries for a paged resultset, call
2240 C<total_entries> on the L<Data::Page> object.
2247 return $self->{pager} if $self->{pager};
2249 my $attrs = $self->{attrs};
2250 if (!defined $attrs->{page}) {
2251 $self->throw_exception("Can't create pager for non-paged rs");
2253 elsif ($attrs->{page} <= 0) {
2254 $self->throw_exception('Invalid page number (page-numbers are 1-based)');
2256 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
2258 # throw away the paging flags and re-run the count (possibly
2259 # with a subselect) to get the real total count
2260 my $count_attrs = { %$attrs };
2261 delete $count_attrs->{$_} for qw/rows offset page pager/;
2263 my $total_rs = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $count_attrs);
2265 require DBIx::Class::ResultSet::Pager;
2266 return $self->{pager} = DBIx::Class::ResultSet::Pager->new(
2267 sub { $total_rs->count }, #lazy-get the total
2269 $self->{attrs}{page},
2277 =item Arguments: $page_number
2279 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search>
2283 Returns a resultset for the $page_number page of the resultset on which page
2284 is called, where each page contains a number of rows equal to the 'rows'
2285 attribute set on the resultset (10 by default).
2290 my ($self, $page) = @_;
2291 return (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, { %{$self->{attrs}}, page => $page });
2298 =item Arguments: \%col_data
2300 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2304 Creates a new result object in the resultset's result class and returns
2305 it. The row is not inserted into the database at this point, call
2306 L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> to do that. Calling L<DBIx::Class::Row/in_storage>
2307 will tell you whether the result object has been inserted or not.
2309 Passes the hashref of input on to L<DBIx::Class::Row/new>.
2314 my ($self, $values) = @_;
2316 $self->throw_exception( "new_result takes only one argument - a hashref of values" )
2319 $self->throw_exception( "new_result expects a hashref" )
2320 unless (ref $values eq 'HASH');
2322 my ($merged_cond, $cols_from_relations) = $self->_merge_with_rscond($values);
2326 @$cols_from_relations
2327 ? (-cols_from_relations => $cols_from_relations)
2329 -result_source => $self->result_source, # DO NOT REMOVE THIS, REQUIRED
2332 return $self->result_class->new(\%new);
2335 # _merge_with_rscond
2337 # Takes a simple hash of K/V data and returns its copy merged with the
2338 # condition already present on the resultset. Additionally returns an
2339 # arrayref of value/condition names, which were inferred from related
2340 # objects (this is needed for in-memory related objects)
2341 sub _merge_with_rscond {
2342 my ($self, $data) = @_;
2344 my (%new_data, @cols_from_relations);
2346 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
2348 if (! defined $self->{cond}) {
2349 # just massage $data below
2351 elsif ($self->{cond} eq $DBIx::Class::ResultSource::UNRESOLVABLE_CONDITION) {
2352 %new_data = %{ $self->{attrs}{related_objects} || {} }; # nothing might have been inserted yet
2353 @cols_from_relations = keys %new_data;
2355 elsif (ref $self->{cond} ne 'HASH') {
2356 $self->throw_exception(
2357 "Can't abstract implicit construct, resultset condition not a hash"
2361 # precendence must be given to passed values over values inherited from
2362 # the cond, so the order here is important.
2363 my $collapsed_cond = $self->_collapse_cond($self->{cond});
2364 my %implied = %{$self->_remove_alias($collapsed_cond, $alias)};
2366 while ( my($col, $value) = each %implied ) {
2367 my $vref = ref $value;
2373 (keys %$value)[0] eq '='
2375 $new_data{$col} = $value->{'='};
2377 elsif( !$vref or $vref eq 'SCALAR' or blessed($value) ) {
2378 $new_data{$col} = $value;
2385 %{ $self->_remove_alias($data, $alias) },
2388 return (\%new_data, \@cols_from_relations);
2391 # _has_resolved_attr
2393 # determines if the resultset defines at least one
2394 # of the attributes supplied
2396 # used to determine if a subquery is neccessary
2398 # supports some virtual attributes:
2400 # This will scan for any joins being present on the resultset.
2401 # It is not a mere key-search but a deep inspection of {from}
2404 sub _has_resolved_attr {
2405 my ($self, @attr_names) = @_;
2407 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs;
2411 for my $n (@attr_names) {
2412 if (grep { $n eq $_ } (qw/-join/) ) {
2413 $extra_checks{$n}++;
2417 my $attr = $attrs->{$n};
2419 next if not defined $attr;
2421 if (ref $attr eq 'HASH') {
2422 return 1 if keys %$attr;
2424 elsif (ref $attr eq 'ARRAY') {
2432 # a resolved join is expressed as a multi-level from
2434 $extra_checks{-join}
2436 ref $attrs->{from} eq 'ARRAY'
2438 @{$attrs->{from}} > 1
2446 # Recursively collapse the condition.
2448 sub _collapse_cond {
2449 my ($self, $cond, $collapsed) = @_;
2453 if (ref $cond eq 'ARRAY') {
2454 foreach my $subcond (@$cond) {
2455 next unless ref $subcond; # -or
2456 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_cond($subcond, $collapsed);
2459 elsif (ref $cond eq 'HASH') {
2460 if (keys %$cond and (keys %$cond)[0] eq '-and') {
2461 foreach my $subcond (@{$cond->{-and}}) {
2462 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_cond($subcond, $collapsed);
2466 foreach my $col (keys %$cond) {
2467 my $value = $cond->{$col};
2468 $collapsed->{$col} = $value;
2478 # Remove the specified alias from the specified query hash. A copy is made so
2479 # the original query is not modified.
2482 my ($self, $query, $alias) = @_;
2484 my %orig = %{ $query || {} };
2487 foreach my $key (keys %orig) {
2489 $unaliased{$key} = $orig{$key};
2492 $unaliased{$1} = $orig{$key}
2493 if $key =~ m/^(?:\Q$alias\E\.)?([^.]+)$/;
2503 =item Arguments: none
2505 =item Return Value: \[ $sql, L<@bind_values|/DBIC BIND VALUES> ]
2509 Returns the SQL query and bind vars associated with the invocant.
2511 This is generally used as the RHS for a subquery.
2518 my $attrs = { %{ $self->_resolved_attrs } };
2523 # my ($sql, \@bind, \%dbi_bind_attrs) = _select_args_to_query (...)
2524 # $sql also has no wrapping parenthesis in list ctx
2526 my $sqlbind = $self->result_source->storage
2527 ->_select_args_to_query ($attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select}, $attrs->{where}, $attrs);
2536 =item Arguments: \%col_data, { key => $unique_constraint, L<%attrs|/ATTRIBUTES> }?
2538 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2542 my $artist = $schema->resultset('Artist')->find_or_new(
2543 { artist => 'fred' }, { key => 'artists' });
2545 $cd->cd_to_producer->find_or_new({ producer => $producer },
2546 { key => 'primary });
2548 Find an existing record from this resultset using L</find>. if none exists,
2549 instantiate a new result object and return it. The object will not be saved
2550 into your storage until you call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> on it.
2552 You most likely want this method when looking for existing rows using a unique
2553 constraint that is not the primary key, or looking for related rows.
2555 If you want objects to be saved immediately, use L</find_or_create> instead.
2557 B<Note>: Make sure to read the documentation of L</find> and understand the
2558 significance of the C<key> attribute, as its lack may skew your search, and
2559 subsequently result in spurious new objects.
2561 B<Note>: Take care when using C<find_or_new> with a table having
2562 columns with default values that you intend to be automatically
2563 supplied by the database (e.g. an auto_increment primary key column).
2564 In normal usage, the value of such columns should NOT be included at
2565 all in the call to C<find_or_new>, even when set to C<undef>.
2571 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
2572 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2573 if (keys %$hash and my $row = $self->find($hash, $attrs) ) {
2576 return $self->new_result($hash);
2583 =item Arguments: \%col_data
2585 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2589 Attempt to create a single new row or a row with multiple related rows
2590 in the table represented by the resultset (and related tables). This
2591 will not check for duplicate rows before inserting, use
2592 L</find_or_create> to do that.
2594 To create one row for this resultset, pass a hashref of key/value
2595 pairs representing the columns of the table and the values you wish to
2596 store. If the appropriate relationships are set up, foreign key fields
2597 can also be passed an object representing the foreign row, and the
2598 value will be set to its primary key.
2600 To create related objects, pass a hashref of related-object column values
2601 B<keyed on the relationship name>. If the relationship is of type C<multi>
2602 (L<DBIx::Class::Relationship/has_many>) - pass an arrayref of hashrefs.
2603 The process will correctly identify columns holding foreign keys, and will
2604 transparently populate them from the keys of the corresponding relation.
2605 This can be applied recursively, and will work correctly for a structure
2606 with an arbitrary depth and width, as long as the relationships actually
2607 exists and the correct column data has been supplied.
2609 Instead of hashrefs of plain related data (key/value pairs), you may
2610 also pass new or inserted objects. New objects (not inserted yet, see
2611 L</new_result>), will be inserted into their appropriate tables.
2613 Effectively a shortcut for C<< ->new_result(\%col_data)->insert >>.
2615 Example of creating a new row.
2617 $person_rs->create({
2618 name=>"Some Person",
2619 email=>"somebody@someplace.com"
2622 Example of creating a new row and also creating rows in a related C<has_many>
2623 or C<has_one> resultset. Note Arrayref.
2626 { artistid => 4, name => 'Manufactured Crap', cds => [
2627 { title => 'My First CD', year => 2006 },
2628 { title => 'Yet More Tweeny-Pop crap', year => 2007 },
2633 Example of creating a new row and also creating a row in a related
2634 C<belongs_to> resultset. Note Hashref.
2637 title=>"Music for Silly Walks",
2640 name=>"Silly Musician",
2648 When subclassing ResultSet never attempt to override this method. Since
2649 it is a simple shortcut for C<< $self->new_result($attrs)->insert >>, a
2650 lot of the internals simply never call it, so your override will be
2651 bypassed more often than not. Override either L<DBIx::Class::Row/new>
2652 or L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> depending on how early in the
2653 L</create> process you need to intervene. See also warning pertaining to
2661 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
2662 $self->throw_exception( "create needs a hashref" )
2663 unless ref $attrs eq 'HASH';
2664 return $self->new_result($attrs)->insert;
2667 =head2 find_or_create
2671 =item Arguments: \%col_data, { key => $unique_constraint, L<%attrs|/ATTRIBUTES> }?
2673 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2677 $cd->cd_to_producer->find_or_create({ producer => $producer },
2678 { key => 'primary' });
2680 Tries to find a record based on its primary key or unique constraints; if none
2681 is found, creates one and returns that instead.
2683 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create({
2685 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2686 title => 'Mezzanine',
2690 Also takes an optional C<key> attribute, to search by a specific key or unique
2691 constraint. For example:
2693 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create(
2695 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2696 title => 'Mezzanine',
2698 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
2701 B<Note>: Make sure to read the documentation of L</find> and understand the
2702 significance of the C<key> attribute, as its lack may skew your search, and
2703 subsequently result in spurious row creation.
2705 B<Note>: Because find_or_create() reads from the database and then
2706 possibly inserts based on the result, this method is subject to a race
2707 condition. Another process could create a record in the table after
2708 the find has completed and before the create has started. To avoid
2709 this problem, use find_or_create() inside a transaction.
2711 B<Note>: Take care when using C<find_or_create> with a table having
2712 columns with default values that you intend to be automatically
2713 supplied by the database (e.g. an auto_increment primary key column).
2714 In normal usage, the value of such columns should NOT be included at
2715 all in the call to C<find_or_create>, even when set to C<undef>.
2717 See also L</find> and L</update_or_create>. For information on how to declare
2718 unique constraints, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
2720 If you need to know if an existing row was found or a new one created use
2721 L</find_or_new> and L<DBIx::Class::Row/in_storage> instead. Don't forget
2722 to call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> to save the newly created row to the
2725 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_new({
2727 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2728 title => 'Mezzanine',
2732 if( !$cd->in_storage ) {
2739 sub find_or_create {
2741 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
2742 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2743 if (keys %$hash and my $row = $self->find($hash, $attrs) ) {
2746 return $self->create($hash);
2749 =head2 update_or_create
2753 =item Arguments: \%col_data, { key => $unique_constraint, L<%attrs|/ATTRIBUTES> }?
2755 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2759 $resultset->update_or_create({ col => $val, ... });
2761 Like L</find_or_create>, but if a row is found it is immediately updated via
2762 C<< $found_row->update (\%col_data) >>.
2765 Takes an optional C<key> attribute to search on a specific unique constraint.
2768 # In your application
2769 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->update_or_create(
2771 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2772 title => 'Mezzanine',
2775 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
2778 $cd->cd_to_producer->update_or_create({
2779 producer => $producer,
2785 B<Note>: Make sure to read the documentation of L</find> and understand the
2786 significance of the C<key> attribute, as its lack may skew your search, and
2787 subsequently result in spurious row creation.
2789 B<Note>: Take care when using C<update_or_create> with a table having
2790 columns with default values that you intend to be automatically
2791 supplied by the database (e.g. an auto_increment primary key column).
2792 In normal usage, the value of such columns should NOT be included at
2793 all in the call to C<update_or_create>, even when set to C<undef>.
2795 See also L</find> and L</find_or_create>. For information on how to declare
2796 unique constraints, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
2798 If you need to know if an existing row was updated or a new one created use
2799 L</update_or_new> and L<DBIx::Class::Row/in_storage> instead. Don't forget
2800 to call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> to save the newly created row to the
2805 sub update_or_create {
2807 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
2808 my $cond = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2810 my $row = $self->find($cond, $attrs);
2812 $row->update($cond);
2816 return $self->create($cond);
2819 =head2 update_or_new
2823 =item Arguments: \%col_data, { key => $unique_constraint, L<%attrs|/ATTRIBUTES> }?
2825 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2829 $resultset->update_or_new({ col => $val, ... });
2831 Like L</find_or_new> but if a row is found it is immediately updated via
2832 C<< $found_row->update (\%col_data) >>.
2836 # In your application
2837 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->update_or_new(
2839 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2840 title => 'Mezzanine',
2843 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
2846 if ($cd->in_storage) {
2847 # the cd was updated
2850 # the cd is not yet in the database, let's insert it
2854 B<Note>: Make sure to read the documentation of L</find> and understand the
2855 significance of the C<key> attribute, as its lack may skew your search, and
2856 subsequently result in spurious new objects.
2858 B<Note>: Take care when using C<update_or_new> with a table having
2859 columns with default values that you intend to be automatically
2860 supplied by the database (e.g. an auto_increment primary key column).
2861 In normal usage, the value of such columns should NOT be included at
2862 all in the call to C<update_or_new>, even when set to C<undef>.
2864 See also L</find>, L</find_or_create> and L</find_or_new>.
2870 my $attrs = ( @_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {} );
2871 my $cond = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2873 my $row = $self->find( $cond, $attrs );
2874 if ( defined $row ) {
2875 $row->update($cond);
2879 return $self->new_result($cond);
2886 =item Arguments: none
2888 =item Return Value: L<\@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> | undef
2892 Gets the contents of the cache for the resultset, if the cache is set.
2894 The cache is populated either by using the L</prefetch> attribute to
2895 L</search> or by calling L</set_cache>.
2907 =item Arguments: L<\@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2909 =item Return Value: L<\@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2913 Sets the contents of the cache for the resultset. Expects an arrayref
2914 of objects of the same class as those produced by the resultset. Note that
2915 if the cache is set, the resultset will return the cached objects rather
2916 than re-querying the database even if the cache attr is not set.
2918 The contents of the cache can also be populated by using the
2919 L</prefetch> attribute to L</search>.
2924 my ( $self, $data ) = @_;
2925 $self->throw_exception("set_cache requires an arrayref")
2926 if defined($data) && (ref $data ne 'ARRAY');
2927 $self->{all_cache} = $data;
2934 =item Arguments: none
2936 =item Return Value: undef
2940 Clears the cache for the resultset.
2945 shift->set_cache(undef);
2952 =item Arguments: none
2954 =item Return Value: true, if the resultset has been paginated
2962 return !!$self->{attrs}{page};
2969 =item Arguments: none
2971 =item Return Value: true, if the resultset has been ordered with C<order_by>.
2979 return scalar $self->result_source->storage->_extract_order_criteria($self->{attrs}{order_by});
2982 =head2 related_resultset
2986 =item Arguments: $rel_name
2988 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search>
2992 Returns a related resultset for the supplied relationship name.
2994 $artist_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->related_resultset('Artist');
2998 sub related_resultset {
2999 my ($self, $rel) = @_;
3001 $self->{related_resultsets} ||= {};
3002 return $self->{related_resultsets}{$rel} ||= do {
3003 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
3004 my $rel_info = $rsrc->relationship_info($rel);
3006 $self->throw_exception(
3007 "search_related: result source '" . $rsrc->source_name .
3008 "' has no such relationship $rel")
3011 my $attrs = $self->_chain_relationship($rel);
3013 my $join_count = $attrs->{seen_join}{$rel};
3015 my $alias = $self->result_source->storage
3016 ->relname_to_table_alias($rel, $join_count);
3018 # since this is search_related, and we already slid the select window inwards
3019 # (the select/as attrs were deleted in the beginning), we need to flip all
3020 # left joins to inner, so we get the expected results
3021 # read the comment on top of the actual function to see what this does
3022 $attrs->{from} = $rsrc->schema->storage->_inner_join_to_node ($attrs->{from}, $alias);
3025 #XXX - temp fix for result_class bug. There likely is a more elegant fix -groditi
3026 delete @{$attrs}{qw(result_class alias)};
3030 if (my $cache = $self->get_cache) {
3031 if ($cache->[0] && $cache->[0]->related_resultset($rel)->get_cache) {
3032 $new_cache = [ map { @{$_->related_resultset($rel)->get_cache} }
3037 my $rel_source = $rsrc->related_source($rel);
3041 # The reason we do this now instead of passing the alias to the
3042 # search_rs below is that if you wrap/overload resultset on the
3043 # source you need to know what alias it's -going- to have for things
3044 # to work sanely (e.g. RestrictWithObject wants to be able to add
3045 # extra query restrictions, and these may need to be $alias.)
3047 my $rel_attrs = $rel_source->resultset_attributes;
3048 local $rel_attrs->{alias} = $alias;
3050 $rel_source->resultset
3054 where => $attrs->{where},
3057 $new->set_cache($new_cache) if $new_cache;
3062 =head2 current_source_alias
3066 =item Arguments: none
3068 =item Return Value: $source_alias
3072 Returns the current table alias for the result source this resultset is built
3073 on, that will be used in the SQL query. Usually it is C<me>.
3075 Currently the source alias that refers to the result set returned by a
3076 L</search>/L</find> family method depends on how you got to the resultset: it's
3077 C<me> by default, but eg. L</search_related> aliases it to the related result
3078 source name (and keeps C<me> referring to the original result set). The long
3079 term goal is to make L<DBIx::Class> always alias the current resultset as C<me>
3080 (and make this method unnecessary).
3082 Thus it's currently necessary to use this method in predefined queries (see
3083 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Predefined searches>) when referring to the
3084 source alias of the current result set:
3086 # in a result set class
3088 my ($self, $user) = @_;
3090 my $me = $self->current_source_alias;
3092 return $self->search({
3093 "$me.modified" => $user->id,
3099 sub current_source_alias {
3100 return (shift->{attrs} || {})->{alias} || 'me';
3103 =head2 as_subselect_rs
3107 =item Arguments: none
3109 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search>
3113 Act as a barrier to SQL symbols. The resultset provided will be made into a
3114 "virtual view" by including it as a subquery within the from clause. From this
3115 point on, any joined tables are inaccessible to ->search on the resultset (as if
3116 it were simply where-filtered without joins). For example:
3118 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Bar')->search({'x.name' => 'abc'},{ join => 'x' });
3120 # 'x' now pollutes the query namespace
3122 # So the following works as expected
3123 my $ok_rs = $rs->search({'x.other' => 1});
3125 # But this doesn't: instead of finding a 'Bar' related to two x rows (abc and
3126 # def) we look for one row with contradictory terms and join in another table
3127 # (aliased 'x_2') which we never use
3128 my $broken_rs = $rs->search({'x.name' => 'def'});
3130 my $rs2 = $rs->as_subselect_rs;
3132 # doesn't work - 'x' is no longer accessible in $rs2, having been sealed away
3133 my $not_joined_rs = $rs2->search({'x.other' => 1});
3135 # works as expected: finds a 'table' row related to two x rows (abc and def)
3136 my $correctly_joined_rs = $rs2->search({'x.name' => 'def'});
3138 Another example of when one might use this would be to select a subset of
3139 columns in a group by clause:
3141 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Bar')->search(undef, {
3142 group_by => [qw{ id foo_id baz_id }],
3143 })->as_subselect_rs->search(undef, {
3144 columns => [qw{ id foo_id }]
3147 In the above example normally columns would have to be equal to the group by,
3148 but because we isolated the group by into a subselect the above works.
3152 sub as_subselect_rs {
3155 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs;
3157 my $fresh_rs = (ref $self)->new (
3158 $self->result_source
3161 # these pieces will be locked in the subquery
3162 delete $fresh_rs->{cond};
3163 delete @{$fresh_rs->{attrs}}{qw/where bind/};
3165 return $fresh_rs->search( {}, {
3167 $attrs->{alias} => $self->as_query,
3168 -alias => $attrs->{alias},
3169 -rsrc => $self->result_source,
3171 alias => $attrs->{alias},
3175 # This code is called by search_related, and makes sure there
3176 # is clear separation between the joins before, during, and
3177 # after the relationship. This information is needed later
3178 # in order to properly resolve prefetch aliases (any alias
3179 # with a relation_chain_depth less than the depth of the
3180 # current prefetch is not considered)
3182 # The increments happen twice per join. An even number means a
3183 # relationship specified via a search_related, whereas an odd
3184 # number indicates a join/prefetch added via attributes
3186 # Also this code will wrap the current resultset (the one we
3187 # chain to) in a subselect IFF it contains limiting attributes
3188 sub _chain_relationship {
3189 my ($self, $rel) = @_;
3190 my $source = $self->result_source;
3191 my $attrs = { %{$self->{attrs}||{}} };
3193 # we need to take the prefetch the attrs into account before we
3194 # ->_resolve_join as otherwise they get lost - captainL
3195 my $join = $self->_merge_joinpref_attr( $attrs->{join}, $attrs->{prefetch} );
3197 delete @{$attrs}{qw/join prefetch collapse group_by distinct select as columns +select +as +columns/};
3199 my $seen = { %{ (delete $attrs->{seen_join}) || {} } };
3202 my @force_subq_attrs = qw/offset rows group_by having/;
3205 ($attrs->{from} && ref $attrs->{from} ne 'ARRAY')
3207 $self->_has_resolved_attr (@force_subq_attrs)
3209 # Nuke the prefetch (if any) before the new $rs attrs
3210 # are resolved (prefetch is useless - we are wrapping
3211 # a subquery anyway).
3212 my $rs_copy = $self->search;
3213 $rs_copy->{attrs}{join} = $self->_merge_joinpref_attr (
3214 $rs_copy->{attrs}{join},
3215 delete $rs_copy->{attrs}{prefetch},
3220 -alias => $attrs->{alias},
3221 $attrs->{alias} => $rs_copy->as_query,
3223 delete @{$attrs}{@force_subq_attrs, qw/where bind/};
3224 $seen->{-relation_chain_depth} = 0;
3226 elsif ($attrs->{from}) { #shallow copy suffices
3227 $from = [ @{$attrs->{from}} ];
3232 -alias => $attrs->{alias},
3233 $attrs->{alias} => $source->from,
3237 my $jpath = ($seen->{-relation_chain_depth})
3238 ? $from->[-1][0]{-join_path}
3241 my @requested_joins = $source->_resolve_join(
3248 push @$from, @requested_joins;
3250 $seen->{-relation_chain_depth}++;
3252 # if $self already had a join/prefetch specified on it, the requested
3253 # $rel might very well be already included. What we do in this case
3254 # is effectively a no-op (except that we bump up the chain_depth on
3255 # the join in question so we could tell it *is* the search_related)
3258 # we consider the last one thus reverse
3259 for my $j (reverse @requested_joins) {
3260 my ($last_j) = keys %{$j->[0]{-join_path}[-1]};
3261 if ($rel eq $last_j) {
3262 $j->[0]{-relation_chain_depth}++;
3268 unless ($already_joined) {
3269 push @$from, $source->_resolve_join(
3277 $seen->{-relation_chain_depth}++;
3279 return {%$attrs, from => $from, seen_join => $seen};
3282 sub _resolved_attrs {
3284 return $self->{_attrs} if $self->{_attrs};
3286 my $attrs = { %{ $self->{attrs} || {} } };
3287 my $source = $self->result_source;
3288 my $alias = $attrs->{alias};
3290 # default selection list
3291 $attrs->{columns} = [ $source->columns ]
3292 unless List::Util::first { exists $attrs->{$_} } qw/columns cols select as/;
3294 # merge selectors together
3295 for (qw/columns select as/) {
3296 $attrs->{$_} = $self->_merge_attr($attrs->{$_}, delete $attrs->{"+$_"})
3297 if $attrs->{$_} or $attrs->{"+$_"};
3300 # disassemble columns
3302 if (my $cols = delete $attrs->{columns}) {
3303 for my $c (ref $cols eq 'ARRAY' ? @$cols : $cols) {
3304 if (ref $c eq 'HASH') {
3305 for my $as (sort keys %$c) {
3306 push @sel, $c->{$as};
3317 # when trying to weed off duplicates later do not go past this point -
3318 # everything added from here on is unbalanced "anyone's guess" stuff
3319 my $dedup_stop_idx = $#as;
3321 push @as, @{ ref $attrs->{as} eq 'ARRAY' ? $attrs->{as} : [ $attrs->{as} ] }
3323 push @sel, @{ ref $attrs->{select} eq 'ARRAY' ? $attrs->{select} : [ $attrs->{select} ] }
3324 if $attrs->{select};
3326 # assume all unqualified selectors to apply to the current alias (legacy stuff)
3328 $_ = (ref $_ or $_ =~ /\./) ? $_ : "$alias.$_";
3331 # disqualify all $alias.col as-bits (collapser mandated)
3333 $_ = ($_ =~ /^\Q$alias.\E(.+)$/) ? $1 : $_;
3336 # de-duplicate the result (remove *identical* select/as pairs)
3337 # and also die on duplicate {as} pointing to different {select}s
3338 # not using a c-style for as the condition is prone to shrinkage
3341 while ($i <= $dedup_stop_idx) {
3342 if ($seen->{"$sel[$i] \x00\x00 $as[$i]"}++) {
3347 elsif ($seen->{$as[$i]}++) {
3348 $self->throw_exception(
3349 "inflate_result() alias '$as[$i]' specified twice with different SQL-side {select}-ors"
3357 $attrs->{select} = \@sel;
3358 $attrs->{as} = \@as;
3360 $attrs->{from} ||= [{
3362 -alias => $self->{attrs}{alias},
3363 $self->{attrs}{alias} => $source->from,
3366 if ( $attrs->{join} || $attrs->{prefetch} ) {
3368 $self->throw_exception ('join/prefetch can not be used with a custom {from}')
3369 if ref $attrs->{from} ne 'ARRAY';
3371 my $join = (delete $attrs->{join}) || {};
3373 if ( defined $attrs->{prefetch} ) {
3374 $join = $self->_merge_joinpref_attr( $join, $attrs->{prefetch} );
3377 $attrs->{from} = # have to copy here to avoid corrupting the original
3379 @{ $attrs->{from} },
3380 $source->_resolve_join(
3383 { %{ $attrs->{seen_join} || {} } },
3384 ( $attrs->{seen_join} && keys %{$attrs->{seen_join}})
3385 ? $attrs->{from}[-1][0]{-join_path}
3392 if ( defined $attrs->{order_by} ) {
3393 $attrs->{order_by} = (
3394 ref( $attrs->{order_by} ) eq 'ARRAY'
3395 ? [ @{ $attrs->{order_by} } ]
3396 : [ $attrs->{order_by} || () ]
3400 if ($attrs->{group_by} and ref $attrs->{group_by} ne 'ARRAY') {
3401 $attrs->{group_by} = [ $attrs->{group_by} ];
3404 # generate the distinct induced group_by early, as prefetch will be carried via a
3405 # subquery (since a group_by is present)
3406 if (delete $attrs->{distinct}) {
3407 if ($attrs->{group_by}) {
3408 carp_unique ("Useless use of distinct on a grouped resultset ('distinct' is ignored when a 'group_by' is present)");
3411 # distinct affects only the main selection part, not what prefetch may
3413 $attrs->{group_by} = $source->storage->_group_over_selection (
3421 $attrs->{collapse} ||= {};
3422 if ($attrs->{prefetch}) {
3424 $self->throw_exception("Unable to prefetch, resultset contains an unnamed selector $attrs->{_dark_selector}{string}")
3425 if $attrs->{_dark_selector};
3427 my $prefetch = $self->_merge_joinpref_attr( {}, delete $attrs->{prefetch} );
3429 my $prefetch_ordering = [];
3431 # this is a separate structure (we don't look in {from} directly)
3432 # as the resolver needs to shift things off the lists to work
3433 # properly (identical-prefetches on different branches)
3435 if (ref $attrs->{from} eq 'ARRAY') {
3437 my $start_depth = $attrs->{seen_join}{-relation_chain_depth} || 0;
3439 for my $j ( @{$attrs->{from}}[1 .. $#{$attrs->{from}} ] ) {
3440 next unless $j->[0]{-alias};
3441 next unless $j->[0]{-join_path};
3442 next if ($j->[0]{-relation_chain_depth} || 0) < $start_depth;
3444 my @jpath = map { keys %$_ } @{$j->[0]{-join_path}};
3447 $p = $p->{$_} ||= {} for @jpath[ ($start_depth/2) .. $#jpath]; #only even depths are actual jpath boundaries
3448 push @{$p->{-join_aliases} }, $j->[0]{-alias};
3453 $source->_resolve_prefetch( $prefetch, $alias, $join_map, $prefetch_ordering, $attrs->{collapse} );
3455 # we need to somehow mark which columns came from prefetch
3457 my $sel_end = $#{$attrs->{select}};
3458 $attrs->{_prefetch_selector_range} = [ $sel_end + 1, $sel_end + @prefetch ];
3461 push @{ $attrs->{select} }, (map { $_->[0] } @prefetch);
3462 push @{ $attrs->{as} }, (map { $_->[1] } @prefetch);
3464 push( @{$attrs->{order_by}}, @$prefetch_ordering );
3465 $attrs->{_collapse_order_by} = \@$prefetch_ordering;
3468 # if both page and offset are specified, produce a combined offset
3469 # even though it doesn't make much sense, this is what pre 081xx has
3471 if (my $page = delete $attrs->{page}) {
3473 ($attrs->{rows} * ($page - 1))
3475 ($attrs->{offset} || 0)
3479 return $self->{_attrs} = $attrs;
3483 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
3485 if (ref $attr eq 'HASH') {
3486 return $self->_rollout_hash($attr);
3487 } elsif (ref $attr eq 'ARRAY') {
3488 return $self->_rollout_array($attr);
3494 sub _rollout_array {
3495 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
3498 foreach my $element (@{$attr}) {
3499 if (ref $element eq 'HASH') {
3500 push( @rolled_array, @{ $self->_rollout_hash( $element ) } );
3501 } elsif (ref $element eq 'ARRAY') {
3502 # XXX - should probably recurse here
3503 push( @rolled_array, @{$self->_rollout_array($element)} );
3505 push( @rolled_array, $element );
3508 return \@rolled_array;
3512 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
3515 foreach my $key (keys %{$attr}) {
3516 push( @rolled_array, { $key => $attr->{$key} } );
3518 return \@rolled_array;
3521 sub _calculate_score {
3522 my ($self, $a, $b) = @_;
3524 if (defined $a xor defined $b) {
3527 elsif (not defined $a) {
3531 if (ref $b eq 'HASH') {
3532 my ($b_key) = keys %{$b};
3533 if (ref $a eq 'HASH') {
3534 my ($a_key) = keys %{$a};
3535 if ($a_key eq $b_key) {
3536 return (1 + $self->_calculate_score( $a->{$a_key}, $b->{$b_key} ));
3541 return ($a eq $b_key) ? 1 : 0;
3544 if (ref $a eq 'HASH') {
3545 my ($a_key) = keys %{$a};
3546 return ($b eq $a_key) ? 1 : 0;
3548 return ($b eq $a) ? 1 : 0;
3553 sub _merge_joinpref_attr {
3554 my ($self, $orig, $import) = @_;
3556 return $import unless defined($orig);
3557 return $orig unless defined($import);
3559 $orig = $self->_rollout_attr($orig);
3560 $import = $self->_rollout_attr($import);
3563 foreach my $import_element ( @{$import} ) {
3564 # find best candidate from $orig to merge $b_element into
3565 my $best_candidate = { position => undef, score => 0 }; my $position = 0;
3566 foreach my $orig_element ( @{$orig} ) {
3567 my $score = $self->_calculate_score( $orig_element, $import_element );
3568 if ($score > $best_candidate->{score}) {
3569 $best_candidate->{position} = $position;
3570 $best_candidate->{score} = $score;
3574 my ($import_key) = ( ref $import_element eq 'HASH' ) ? keys %{$import_element} : ($import_element);
3575 $import_key = '' if not defined $import_key;
3577 if ($best_candidate->{score} == 0 || exists $seen_keys->{$import_key}) {
3578 push( @{$orig}, $import_element );
3580 my $orig_best = $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}];
3581 # merge orig_best and b_element together and replace original with merged
3582 if (ref $orig_best ne 'HASH') {
3583 $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}] = $import_element;
3584 } elsif (ref $import_element eq 'HASH') {
3585 my ($key) = keys %{$orig_best};
3586 $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}] = { $key => $self->_merge_joinpref_attr($orig_best->{$key}, $import_element->{$key}) };
3589 $seen_keys->{$import_key} = 1; # don't merge the same key twice
3600 require Hash::Merge;
3601 my $hm = Hash::Merge->new;
3603 $hm->specify_behavior({
3606 my ($defl, $defr) = map { defined $_ } (@_[0,1]);
3608 if ($defl xor $defr) {
3609 return [ $defl ? $_[0] : $_[1] ];
3614 elsif (__HM_DEDUP and $_[0] eq $_[1]) {
3618 return [$_[0], $_[1]];
3622 return $_[1] if !defined $_[0];
3623 return $_[1] if __HM_DEDUP and List::Util::first { $_ eq $_[0] } @{$_[1]};
3624 return [$_[0], @{$_[1]}]
3627 return [] if !defined $_[0] and !keys %{$_[1]};
3628 return [ $_[1] ] if !defined $_[0];
3629 return [ $_[0] ] if !keys %{$_[1]};
3630 return [$_[0], $_[1]]
3635 return $_[0] if !defined $_[1];
3636 return $_[0] if __HM_DEDUP and List::Util::first { $_ eq $_[1] } @{$_[0]};
3637 return [@{$_[0]}, $_[1]]
3640 my @ret = @{$_[0]} or return $_[1];
3641 return [ @ret, @{$_[1]} ] unless __HM_DEDUP;
3642 my %idx = map { $_ => 1 } @ret;
3643 push @ret, grep { ! defined $idx{$_} } (@{$_[1]});
3647 return [ $_[1] ] if ! @{$_[0]};
3648 return $_[0] if !keys %{$_[1]};
3649 return $_[0] if __HM_DEDUP and List::Util::first { $_ eq $_[1] } @{$_[0]};
3650 return [ @{$_[0]}, $_[1] ];
3655 return [] if !keys %{$_[0]} and !defined $_[1];
3656 return [ $_[0] ] if !defined $_[1];
3657 return [ $_[1] ] if !keys %{$_[0]};
3658 return [$_[0], $_[1]]
3661 return [] if !keys %{$_[0]} and !@{$_[1]};
3662 return [ $_[0] ] if !@{$_[1]};
3663 return $_[1] if !keys %{$_[0]};
3664 return $_[1] if __HM_DEDUP and List::Util::first { $_ eq $_[0] } @{$_[1]};
3665 return [ $_[0], @{$_[1]} ];
3668 return [] if !keys %{$_[0]} and !keys %{$_[1]};
3669 return [ $_[0] ] if !keys %{$_[1]};
3670 return [ $_[1] ] if !keys %{$_[0]};
3671 return [ $_[0] ] if $_[0] eq $_[1];
3672 return [ $_[0], $_[1] ];
3675 } => 'DBIC_RS_ATTR_MERGER');
3679 return $hm->merge ($_[1], $_[2]);
3683 sub STORABLE_freeze {
3684 my ($self, $cloning) = @_;
3685 my $to_serialize = { %$self };
3687 # A cursor in progress can't be serialized (and would make little sense anyway)
3688 delete $to_serialize->{cursor};
3690 # nor is it sensical to store a not-yet-fired-count pager
3691 if ($to_serialize->{pager} and ref $to_serialize->{pager}{total_entries} eq 'CODE') {
3692 delete $to_serialize->{pager};
3695 Storable::nfreeze($to_serialize);
3698 # need this hook for symmetry
3700 my ($self, $cloning, $serialized) = @_;
3702 %$self = %{ Storable::thaw($serialized) };
3708 =head2 throw_exception
3710 See L<DBIx::Class::Schema/throw_exception> for details.
3714 sub throw_exception {
3717 if (ref $self and my $rsrc = $self->result_source) {
3718 $rsrc->throw_exception(@_)
3721 DBIx::Class::Exception->throw(@_);
3725 # XXX: FIXME: Attributes docs need clearing up
3729 Attributes are used to refine a ResultSet in various ways when
3730 searching for data. They can be passed to any method which takes an
3731 C<\%attrs> argument. See L</search>, L</search_rs>, L</find>,
3734 Default attributes can be set on the result class using
3735 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/resultset_attributes>. (Please read
3736 the CAVEATS on that feature before using it!)
3738 These are in no particular order:
3744 =item Value: ( $order_by | \@order_by | \%order_by )
3748 Which column(s) to order the results by.
3750 [The full list of suitable values is documented in
3751 L<SQL::Abstract/"ORDER BY CLAUSES">; the following is a summary of
3754 If a single column name, or an arrayref of names is supplied, the
3755 argument is passed through directly to SQL. The hashref syntax allows
3756 for connection-agnostic specification of ordering direction:
3758 For descending order:
3760 order_by => { -desc => [qw/col1 col2 col3/] }
3762 For explicit ascending order:
3764 order_by => { -asc => 'col' }
3766 The old scalarref syntax (i.e. order_by => \'year DESC') is still
3767 supported, although you are strongly encouraged to use the hashref
3768 syntax as outlined above.
3774 =item Value: \@columns
3778 Shortcut to request a particular set of columns to be retrieved. Each
3779 column spec may be a string (a table column name), or a hash (in which
3780 case the key is the C<as> value, and the value is used as the C<select>
3781 expression). Adds C<me.> onto the start of any column without a C<.> in
3782 it and sets C<select> from that, then auto-populates C<as> from
3783 C<select> as normal. (You may also use the C<cols> attribute, as in
3784 earlier versions of DBIC.)
3786 Essentially C<columns> does the same as L</select> and L</as>.
3788 columns => [ 'foo', { bar => 'baz' } ]
3792 select => [qw/foo baz/],
3799 =item Value: \@columns
3803 Indicates additional columns to be selected from storage. Works the same
3804 as L</columns> but adds columns to the selection. (You may also use the
3805 C<include_columns> attribute, as in earlier versions of DBIC). For
3808 $schema->resultset('CD')->search(undef, {
3809 '+columns' => ['artist.name'],
3813 would return all CDs and include a 'name' column to the information
3814 passed to object inflation. Note that the 'artist' is the name of the
3815 column (or relationship) accessor, and 'name' is the name of the column
3816 accessor in the related table.
3818 B<NOTE:> You need to explicitly quote '+columns' when defining the attribute.
3819 Not doing so causes Perl to incorrectly interpret +columns as a bareword with a
3820 unary plus operator before it.
3822 =head2 include_columns
3826 =item Value: \@columns
3830 Deprecated. Acts as a synonym for L</+columns> for backward compatibility.
3836 =item Value: \@select_columns
3840 Indicates which columns should be selected from the storage. You can use
3841 column names, or in the case of RDBMS back ends, function or stored procedure
3844 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
3847 { count => 'employeeid' },
3848 { max => { length => 'name' }, -as => 'longest_name' }
3853 SELECT name, COUNT( employeeid ), MAX( LENGTH( name ) ) AS longest_name FROM employee
3855 B<NOTE:> You will almost always need a corresponding L</as> attribute when you
3856 use L</select>, to instruct DBIx::Class how to store the result of the column.
3857 Also note that the L</as> attribute has nothing to do with the SQL-side 'AS'
3858 identifier aliasing. You can however alias a function, so you can use it in
3859 e.g. an C<ORDER BY> clause. This is done via the C<-as> B<select function
3860 attribute> supplied as shown in the example above.
3862 B<NOTE:> You need to explicitly quote '+select'/'+as' when defining the attributes.
3863 Not doing so causes Perl to incorrectly interpret them as a bareword with a
3864 unary plus operator before it.
3870 Indicates additional columns to be selected from storage. Works the same as
3871 L</select> but adds columns to the default selection, instead of specifying
3880 Indicates additional column names for those added via L</+select>. See L</as>.
3888 =item Value: \@inflation_names
3892 Indicates column names for object inflation. That is L</as> indicates the
3893 slot name in which the column value will be stored within the
3894 L<Row|DBIx::Class::Row> object. The value will then be accessible via this
3895 identifier by the C<get_column> method (or via the object accessor B<if one
3896 with the same name already exists>) as shown below. The L</as> attribute has
3897 B<nothing to do> with the SQL-side C<AS>. See L</select> for details.
3899 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
3902 { count => 'employeeid' },
3903 { max => { length => 'name' }, -as => 'longest_name' }
3912 If the object against which the search is performed already has an accessor
3913 matching a column name specified in C<as>, the value can be retrieved using
3914 the accessor as normal:
3916 my $name = $employee->name();
3918 If on the other hand an accessor does not exist in the object, you need to
3919 use C<get_column> instead:
3921 my $employee_count = $employee->get_column('employee_count');
3923 You can create your own accessors if required - see
3924 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook> for details.
3930 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
3934 Contains a list of relationships that should be joined for this query. For
3937 # Get CDs by Nine Inch Nails
3938 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
3939 { 'artist.name' => 'Nine Inch Nails' },
3940 { join => 'artist' }
3943 Can also contain a hash reference to refer to the other relation's relations.
3946 package MyApp::Schema::Track;
3947 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
3948 __PACKAGE__->table('track');
3949 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/trackid cd position title/);
3950 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('trackid');
3951 __PACKAGE__->belongs_to(cd => 'MyApp::Schema::CD');
3954 # In your application
3955 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
3956 { 'track.title' => 'Teardrop' },
3958 join => { cd => 'track' },
3959 order_by => 'artist.name',
3963 You need to use the relationship (not the table) name in conditions,
3964 because they are aliased as such. The current table is aliased as "me", so
3965 you need to use me.column_name in order to avoid ambiguity. For example:
3967 # Get CDs from 1984 with a 'Foo' track
3968 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
3971 'tracks.name' => 'Foo'
3973 { join => 'tracks' }
3976 If the same join is supplied twice, it will be aliased to <rel>_2 (and
3977 similarly for a third time). For e.g.
3979 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({
3980 'cds.title' => 'Down to Earth',
3981 'cds_2.title' => 'Popular',
3983 join => [ qw/cds cds/ ],
3986 will return a set of all artists that have both a cd with title 'Down
3987 to Earth' and a cd with title 'Popular'.
3989 If you want to fetch related objects from other tables as well, see C<prefetch>
3992 NOTE: An internal join-chain pruner will discard certain joins while
3993 constructing the actual SQL query, as long as the joins in question do not
3994 affect the retrieved result. This for example includes 1:1 left joins
3995 that are not part of the restriction specification (WHERE/HAVING) nor are
3996 a part of the query selection.
3998 For more help on using joins with search, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Joining>.
4004 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
4008 Contains one or more relationships that should be fetched along with
4009 the main query (when they are accessed afterwards the data will
4010 already be available, without extra queries to the database). This is
4011 useful for when you know you will need the related objects, because it
4012 saves at least one query:
4014 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Tag')->search(
4023 The initial search results in SQL like the following:
4025 SELECT tag.*, cd.*, artist.* FROM tag
4026 JOIN cd ON tag.cd = cd.cdid
4027 JOIN artist ON cd.artist = artist.artistid
4029 L<DBIx::Class> has no need to go back to the database when we access the
4030 C<cd> or C<artist> relationships, which saves us two SQL statements in this
4033 Simple prefetches will be joined automatically, so there is no need
4034 for a C<join> attribute in the above search.
4036 L</prefetch> can be used with the any of the relationship types and
4037 multiple prefetches can be specified together. Below is a more complex
4038 example that prefetches a CD's artist, its liner notes (if present),
4039 the cover image, the tracks on that cd, and the guests on those
4043 My::Schema::CD->belongs_to( artist => 'My::Schema::Artist' );
4044 My::Schema::CD->might_have( liner_note => 'My::Schema::LinerNotes' );
4045 My::Schema::CD->has_one( cover_image => 'My::Schema::Artwork' );
4046 My::Schema::CD->has_many( tracks => 'My::Schema::Track' );
4048 My::Schema::Artist->belongs_to( record_label => 'My::Schema::RecordLabel' );
4050 My::Schema::Track->has_many( guests => 'My::Schema::Guest' );
4053 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
4057 { artist => 'record_label'}, # belongs_to => belongs_to
4058 'liner_note', # might_have
4059 'cover_image', # has_one
4060 { tracks => 'guests' }, # has_many => has_many
4065 This will produce SQL like the following:
4067 SELECT cd.*, artist.*, record_label.*, liner_note.*, cover_image.*,
4071 ON artist.artistid = me.artistid
4072 JOIN record_label record_label
4073 ON record_label.labelid = artist.labelid
4074 LEFT JOIN track tracks
4075 ON tracks.cdid = me.cdid
4076 LEFT JOIN guest guests
4077 ON guests.trackid = track.trackid
4078 LEFT JOIN liner_notes liner_note
4079 ON liner_note.cdid = me.cdid
4080 JOIN cd_artwork cover_image
4081 ON cover_image.cdid = me.cdid
4084 Now the C<artist>, C<record_label>, C<liner_note>, C<cover_image>,
4085 C<tracks>, and C<guests> of the CD will all be available through the
4086 relationship accessors without the need for additional queries to the
4089 However, there is one caveat to be observed: it can be dangerous to
4090 prefetch more than one L<has_many|DBIx::Class::Relationship/has_many>
4091 relationship on a given level. e.g.:
4093 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
4097 'tracks', # has_many
4098 { cd_to_producer => 'producer' }, # has_many => belongs_to (i.e. m2m)
4103 The collapser currently can't identify duplicate tuples for multiple
4104 L<has_many|DBIx::Class::Relationship/has_many> relationships and as a
4105 result the second L<has_many|DBIx::Class::Relationship/has_many>
4106 relation could contain redundant objects.
4108 =head3 Using L</prefetch> with L</join>
4110 L</prefetch> implies a L</join> with the equivalent argument, and is
4111 properly merged with any existing L</join> specification. So the
4114 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
4115 {'record_label.name' => 'Music Product Ltd.'},
4117 join => {artist => 'record_label'},
4118 prefetch => 'artist',
4122 ... will work, searching on the record label's name, but only
4123 prefetching the C<artist>.
4125 =head3 Using L</prefetch> with L</select> / L</+select> / L</as> / L</+as>
4127 L</prefetch> implies a L</+select>/L</+as> with the fields of the
4128 prefetched relations. So given:
4130 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
4133 select => ['cd.title'],
4135 prefetch => 'artist',
4139 The L</select> becomes: C<'cd.title', 'artist.*'> and the L</as>
4140 becomes: C<'cd_title', 'artist.*'>.
4144 Prefetch does a lot of deep magic. As such, it may not behave exactly
4145 as you might expect.
4151 Prefetch uses the L</cache> to populate the prefetched relationships. This
4152 may or may not be what you want.
4156 If you specify a condition on a prefetched relationship, ONLY those
4157 rows that match the prefetched condition will be fetched into that relationship.
4158 This means that adding prefetch to a search() B<may alter> what is returned by
4159 traversing a relationship. So, if you have C<< Artist->has_many(CDs) >> and you do
4161 my $artist_rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({
4167 my $count = $artist_rs->first->cds->count;
4169 my $artist_rs_prefetch = $artist_rs->search( {}, { prefetch => 'cds' } );
4171 my $prefetch_count = $artist_rs_prefetch->first->cds->count;
4173 cmp_ok( $count, '==', $prefetch_count, "Counts should be the same" );
4175 that cmp_ok() may or may not pass depending on the datasets involved. This
4176 behavior may or may not survive the 0.09 transition.
4184 =item Value: $source_alias
4188 Sets the source alias for the query. Normally, this defaults to C<me>, but
4189 nested search queries (sub-SELECTs) might need specific aliases set to
4190 reference inner queries. For example:
4193 ->related_resultset('CDs')
4194 ->related_resultset('Tracks')
4196 'track.id' => { -ident => 'none_search.id' },
4200 my $ids = $self->search({
4203 alias => 'none_search',
4204 group_by => 'none_search.id',
4205 })->get_column('id')->as_query;
4207 $self->search({ id => { -in => $ids } })
4209 This attribute is directly tied to L</current_source_alias>.
4219 Makes the resultset paged and specifies the page to retrieve. Effectively
4220 identical to creating a non-pages resultset and then calling ->page($page)
4223 If L</rows> attribute is not specified it defaults to 10 rows per page.
4225 When you have a paged resultset, L</count> will only return the number
4226 of rows in the page. To get the total, use the L</pager> and call
4227 C<total_entries> on it.
4237 Specifies the maximum number of rows for direct retrieval or the number of
4238 rows per page if the page attribute or method is used.
4244 =item Value: $offset
4248 Specifies the (zero-based) row number for the first row to be returned, or the
4249 of the first row of the first page if paging is used.
4251 =head2 software_limit
4255 =item Value: (0 | 1)
4259 When combined with L</rows> and/or L</offset> the generated SQL will not
4260 include any limit dialect stanzas. Instead the entire result will be selected
4261 as if no limits were specified, and DBIC will perform the limit locally, by
4262 artificially advancing and finishing the resulting L</cursor>.
4264 This is the recommended way of performing resultset limiting when no sane RDBMS
4265 implementation is available (e.g.
4266 L<Sybase ASE|DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI::Sybase::ASE> using the
4267 L<Generic Sub Query|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker::LimitDialects/GenericSubQ> hack)
4273 =item Value: \@columns
4277 A arrayref of columns to group by. Can include columns of joined tables.
4279 group_by => [qw/ column1 column2 ... /]
4285 =item Value: $condition
4289 HAVING is a select statement attribute that is applied between GROUP BY and
4290 ORDER BY. It is applied to the after the grouping calculations have been
4293 having => { 'count_employee' => { '>=', 100 } }
4295 or with an in-place function in which case literal SQL is required:
4297 having => \[ 'count(employee) >= ?', [ count => 100 ] ]
4303 =item Value: (0 | 1)
4307 Set to 1 to group by all columns. If the resultset already has a group_by
4308 attribute, this setting is ignored and an appropriate warning is issued.
4314 Adds to the WHERE clause.
4316 # only return rows WHERE deleted IS NULL for all searches
4317 __PACKAGE__->resultset_attributes({ where => { deleted => undef } });
4319 Can be overridden by passing C<< { where => undef } >> as an attribute
4322 For more complicated where clauses see L<SQL::Abstract/WHERE CLAUSES>.
4328 Set to 1 to cache search results. This prevents extra SQL queries if you
4329 revisit rows in your ResultSet:
4331 my $resultset = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search( undef, { cache => 1 } );
4333 while( my $artist = $resultset->next ) {
4337 $rs->first; # without cache, this would issue a query
4339 By default, searches are not cached.
4341 For more examples of using these attributes, see
4342 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
4348 =item Value: ( 'update' | 'shared' | \$scalar )
4352 Set to 'update' for a SELECT ... FOR UPDATE or 'shared' for a SELECT
4353 ... FOR SHARED. If \$scalar is passed, this is taken directly and embedded in the
4356 =head1 DBIC BIND VALUES
4358 Because DBIC may need more information to bind values than just the column name
4359 and value itself, it uses a special format for both passing and receiving bind
4360 values. Each bind value should be composed of an arrayref of
4361 C<< [ \%args => $val ] >>. The format of C<< \%args >> is currently:
4367 If present (in any form), this is what is being passed directly to bind_param.
4368 Note that different DBD's expect different bind args. (e.g. DBD::SQLite takes
4369 a single numerical type, while DBD::Pg takes a hashref if bind options.)
4371 If this is specified, all other bind options described below are ignored.
4375 If present, this is used to infer the actual bind attribute by passing to
4376 C<< $resolved_storage->bind_attribute_by_data_type() >>. Defaults to the
4377 "data_type" from the L<add_columns column info|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_columns>.
4379 Note that the data type is somewhat freeform (hence the sqlt_ prefix);
4380 currently drivers are expected to "Do the Right Thing" when given a common
4381 datatype name. (Not ideal, but that's what we got at this point.)
4385 Currently used to correctly allocate buffers for bind_param_inout().
4386 Defaults to "size" from the L<add_columns column info|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_columns>,
4387 or to a sensible value based on the "data_type".
4391 Used to fill in missing sqlt_datatype and sqlt_size attributes (if they are
4392 explicitly specified they are never overriden). Also used by some weird DBDs,
4393 where the column name should be available at bind_param time (e.g. Oracle).
4397 For backwards compatibility and convenience, the following shortcuts are
4400 [ $name => $val ] === [ { dbic_colname => $name }, $val ]
4401 [ \$dt => $val ] === [ { sqlt_datatype => $dt }, $val ]
4402 [ undef, $val ] === [ {}, $val ]
4404 =head1 AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS
4406 See L<AUTHOR|DBIx::Class/AUTHOR> and L<CONTRIBUTORS|DBIx::Class/CONTRIBUTORS> in DBIx::Class
4410 You may distribute this code under the same terms as Perl itself.