1 package DBIx::Class::ResultSet;
9 use Carp::Clan qw/^DBIx::Class/;
12 use DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn;
13 use DBIx::Class::ResultSourceHandle;
16 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
18 __PACKAGE__->mk_group_accessors('simple' => qw/result_class _source_handle/);
22 DBIx::Class::ResultSet - Responsible for fetching and creating resultset.
26 my $rs = $schema->resultset('User')->search({ registered => 1 });
27 my @rows = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({ year => 2005 })->all();
31 The resultset is also known as an iterator. It is responsible for handling
32 queries that may return an arbitrary number of rows, e.g. via L</search>
33 or a C<has_many> relationship.
35 In the examples below, the following table classes are used:
37 package MyApp::Schema::Artist;
38 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
39 __PACKAGE__->load_components(qw/Core/);
40 __PACKAGE__->table('artist');
41 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/artistid name/);
42 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('artistid');
43 __PACKAGE__->has_many(cds => 'MyApp::Schema::CD');
46 package MyApp::Schema::CD;
47 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
48 __PACKAGE__->load_components(qw/Core/);
49 __PACKAGE__->table('cd');
50 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/cdid artist title year/);
51 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('cdid');
52 __PACKAGE__->belongs_to(artist => 'MyApp::Schema::Artist');
57 If a resultset is used in a numeric context it returns the L</count>.
58 However, if it is used in a booleand context it is always true. So if
59 you want to check if a resultset has any results use C<if $rs != 0>.
60 C<if $rs> will always be true.
68 =item Arguments: $source, \%$attrs
70 =item Return Value: $rs
74 The resultset constructor. Takes a source object (usually a
75 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSourceProxy::Table>) and an attribute hash (see
76 L</ATTRIBUTES> below). Does not perform any queries -- these are
77 executed as needed by the other methods.
79 Generally you won't need to construct a resultset manually. You'll
80 automatically get one from e.g. a L</search> called in scalar context:
82 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({ title => '100th Window' });
84 IMPORTANT: If called on an object, proxies to new_result instead so
86 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->new({ title => 'Spoon' });
88 will return a CD object, not a ResultSet.
94 return $class->new_result(@_) if ref $class;
96 my ($source, $attrs) = @_;
97 $source = $source->handle
98 unless $source->isa('DBIx::Class::ResultSourceHandle');
99 $attrs = { %{$attrs||{}} };
101 if ($attrs->{page}) {
102 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
105 $attrs->{alias} ||= 'me';
107 # Creation of {} and bless separated to mitigate RH perl bug
108 # see https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=196836
110 _source_handle => $source,
111 result_class => $attrs->{result_class} || $source->resolve->result_class,
112 cond => $attrs->{where},
127 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
129 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
133 my @cds = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2001 }); # "... WHERE year = 2001"
134 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2005 });
136 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search([ { year => 2005 }, { year => 2004 } ]);
137 # year = 2005 OR year = 2004
139 If you need to pass in additional attributes but no additional condition,
140 call it as C<search(undef, \%attrs)>.
142 # "SELECT name, artistid FROM $artist_table"
143 my @all_artists = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(undef, {
144 columns => [qw/name artistid/],
147 For a list of attributes that can be passed to C<search>, see
148 L</ATTRIBUTES>. For more examples of using this function, see
149 L<Searching|DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Searching>. For a complete
150 documentation for the first argument, see L<SQL::Abstract>.
152 For more help on using joins with search, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Joining>.
158 my $rs = $self->search_rs( @_ );
159 return (wantarray ? $rs->all : $rs);
166 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
168 =item Return Value: $resultset
172 This method does the same exact thing as search() except it will
173 always return a resultset, even in list context.
181 $attrs = pop(@_) if @_ > 1 and ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH';
182 my $our_attrs = { %{$self->{attrs}} };
183 my $having = delete $our_attrs->{having};
184 my $where = delete $our_attrs->{where};
188 my %safe = (alias => 1, cache => 1);
191 (@_ && defined($_[0])) # @_ == () or (undef)
193 (keys %$attrs # empty attrs or only 'safe' attrs
194 && List::Util::first { !$safe{$_} } keys %$attrs)
196 # no search, effectively just a clone
197 $rows = $self->get_cache;
200 my $new_attrs = { %{$our_attrs}, %{$attrs} };
202 # merge new attrs into inherited
203 foreach my $key (qw/join prefetch +select +as/) {
204 next unless exists $attrs->{$key};
205 $new_attrs->{$key} = $self->_merge_attr($our_attrs->{$key}, $attrs->{$key});
210 (@_ == 1 || ref $_[0] eq "HASH")
212 (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH')
214 (keys %{ $_[0] } > 0)
222 ? $self->throw_exception("Odd number of arguments to search")
229 if (defined $where) {
230 $new_attrs->{where} = (
231 defined $new_attrs->{where}
234 ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_
235 } $where, $new_attrs->{where}
242 $new_attrs->{where} = (
243 defined $new_attrs->{where}
246 ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_
247 } $cond, $new_attrs->{where}
253 if (defined $having) {
254 $new_attrs->{having} = (
255 defined $new_attrs->{having}
258 ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_
259 } $having, $new_attrs->{having}
265 my $rs = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $new_attrs);
267 $rs->set_cache($rows);
272 =head2 search_literal
276 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @bind_values
278 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
282 my @cds = $cd_rs->search_literal('year = ? AND title = ?', qw/2001 Reload/);
283 my $newrs = $artist_rs->search_literal('name = ?', 'Metallica');
285 Pass a literal chunk of SQL to be added to the conditional part of the
288 CAVEAT: C<search_literal> is provided for Class::DBI compatibility and should
289 only be used in that context. There are known problems using C<search_literal>
290 in chained queries; it can result in bind values in the wrong order. See
291 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Searching> and
292 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::FAQ/Searching> for searching techniques that do not
293 require C<search_literal>.
298 my ($self, $cond, @vals) = @_;
299 my $attrs = (ref $vals[$#vals] eq 'HASH' ? { %{ pop(@vals) } } : {});
300 $attrs->{bind} = [ @{$self->{attrs}{bind}||[]}, @vals ];
301 return $self->search(\$cond, $attrs);
308 =item Arguments: @values | \%cols, \%attrs?
310 =item Return Value: $row_object | undef
314 Finds a row based on its primary key or unique constraint. For example, to find
315 a row by its primary key:
317 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(5);
319 You can also find a row by a specific unique constraint using the C<key>
320 attribute. For example:
322 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find('Massive Attack', 'Mezzanine', {
323 key => 'cd_artist_title'
326 Additionally, you can specify the columns explicitly by name:
328 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(
330 artist => 'Massive Attack',
331 title => 'Mezzanine',
333 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
336 If the C<key> is specified as C<primary>, it searches only on the primary key.
338 If no C<key> is specified, it searches on all unique constraints defined on the
339 source for which column data is provided, including the primary key.
341 If your table does not have a primary key, you B<must> provide a value for the
342 C<key> attribute matching one of the unique constraints on the source.
344 In addition to C<key>, L</find> recognizes and applies standard
345 L<resultset attributes|/ATTRIBUTES> in the same way as L</search> does.
347 Note: If your query does not return only one row, a warning is generated:
349 Query returned more than one row
351 See also L</find_or_create> and L</update_or_create>. For information on how to
352 declare unique constraints, see
353 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
359 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
361 # Default to the primary key, but allow a specific key
362 my @cols = exists $attrs->{key}
363 ? $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($attrs->{key})
364 : $self->result_source->primary_columns;
365 $self->throw_exception(
366 "Can't find unless a primary key is defined or unique constraint is specified"
369 # Parse out a hashref from input
371 if (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH') {
372 $input_query = { %{$_[0]} };
374 elsif (@_ == @cols) {
376 @{$input_query}{@cols} = @_;
379 # Compatibility: Allow e.g. find(id => $value)
380 carp "Find by key => value deprecated; please use a hashref instead";
384 my (%related, $info);
386 KEY: foreach my $key (keys %$input_query) {
387 if (ref($input_query->{$key})
388 && ($info = $self->result_source->relationship_info($key))) {
389 my $val = delete $input_query->{$key};
390 next KEY if (ref($val) eq 'ARRAY'); # has_many for multi_create
391 my $rel_q = $self->result_source->resolve_condition(
392 $info->{cond}, $val, $key
394 die "Can't handle OR join condition in find" if ref($rel_q) eq 'ARRAY';
395 @related{keys %$rel_q} = values %$rel_q;
398 if (my @keys = keys %related) {
399 @{$input_query}{@keys} = values %related;
403 # Build the final query: Default to the disjunction of the unique queries,
404 # but allow the input query in case the ResultSet defines the query or the
405 # user is abusing find
406 my $alias = exists $attrs->{alias} ? $attrs->{alias} : $self->{attrs}{alias};
408 if (exists $attrs->{key}) {
409 my @unique_cols = $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($attrs->{key});
410 my $unique_query = $self->_build_unique_query($input_query, \@unique_cols);
411 $query = $self->_add_alias($unique_query, $alias);
414 my @unique_queries = $self->_unique_queries($input_query, $attrs);
415 $query = @unique_queries
416 ? [ map { $self->_add_alias($_, $alias) } @unique_queries ]
417 : $self->_add_alias($input_query, $alias);
422 my $rs = $self->search($query, $attrs);
423 if (keys %{$rs->_resolved_attrs->{collapse}}) {
425 carp "Query returned more than one row" if $rs->next;
433 if (keys %{$self->_resolved_attrs->{collapse}}) {
434 my $rs = $self->search($query);
436 carp "Query returned more than one row" if $rs->next;
440 return $self->single($query);
447 # Add the specified alias to the specified query hash. A copy is made so the
448 # original query is not modified.
451 my ($self, $query, $alias) = @_;
453 my %aliased = %$query;
454 foreach my $col (grep { ! m/\./ } keys %aliased) {
455 $aliased{"$alias.$col"} = delete $aliased{$col};
463 # Build a list of queries which satisfy unique constraints.
465 sub _unique_queries {
466 my ($self, $query, $attrs) = @_;
468 my @constraint_names = exists $attrs->{key}
470 : $self->result_source->unique_constraint_names;
472 my $where = $self->_collapse_cond($self->{attrs}{where} || {});
473 my $num_where = scalar keys %$where;
476 foreach my $name (@constraint_names) {
477 my @unique_cols = $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($name);
478 my $unique_query = $self->_build_unique_query($query, \@unique_cols);
480 my $num_cols = scalar @unique_cols;
481 my $num_query = scalar keys %$unique_query;
483 my $total = $num_query + $num_where;
484 if ($num_query && ($num_query == $num_cols || $total == $num_cols)) {
485 # The query is either unique on its own or is unique in combination with
486 # the existing where clause
487 push @unique_queries, $unique_query;
491 return @unique_queries;
494 # _build_unique_query
496 # Constrain the specified query hash based on the specified column names.
498 sub _build_unique_query {
499 my ($self, $query, $unique_cols) = @_;
502 map { $_ => $query->{$_} }
503 grep { exists $query->{$_} }
508 =head2 search_related
512 =item Arguments: $rel, $cond, \%attrs?
514 =item Return Value: $new_resultset
518 $new_rs = $cd_rs->search_related('artist', {
522 Searches the specified relationship, optionally specifying a condition and
523 attributes for matching records. See L</ATTRIBUTES> for more information.
528 return shift->related_resultset(shift)->search(@_);
531 =head2 search_related_rs
533 This method works exactly the same as search_related, except that
534 it guarantees a restultset, even in list context.
538 sub search_related_rs {
539 return shift->related_resultset(shift)->search_rs(@_);
546 =item Arguments: none
548 =item Return Value: $cursor
552 Returns a storage-driven cursor to the given resultset. See
553 L<DBIx::Class::Cursor> for more information.
560 my $attrs = { %{$self->_resolved_attrs} };
561 return $self->{cursor}
562 ||= $self->result_source->storage->select($attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select},
563 $attrs->{where},$attrs);
570 =item Arguments: $cond?
572 =item Return Value: $row_object?
576 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->single({ year => 2001 });
578 Inflates the first result without creating a cursor if the resultset has
579 any records in it; if not returns nothing. Used by L</find> as a lean version of
582 While this method can take an optional search condition (just like L</search>)
583 being a fast-code-path it does not recognize search attributes. If you need to
584 add extra joins or similar, call L</search> and then chain-call L</single> on the
585 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet> returned.
591 As of 0.08100, this method enforces the assumption that the preceeding
592 query returns only one row. If more than one row is returned, you will receive
595 Query returned more than one row
597 In this case, you should be using L</first> or L</find> instead, or if you really
598 know what you are doing, use the L</rows> attribute to explicitly limit the size
606 my ($self, $where) = @_;
607 my $attrs = { %{$self->_resolved_attrs} };
609 if (defined $attrs->{where}) {
612 [ map { ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_ }
613 $where, delete $attrs->{where} ]
616 $attrs->{where} = $where;
620 # XXX: Disabled since it doesn't infer uniqueness in all cases
621 # unless ($self->_is_unique_query($attrs->{where})) {
622 # carp "Query not guaranteed to return a single row"
623 # . "; please declare your unique constraints or use search instead";
626 my @data = $self->result_source->storage->select_single(
627 $attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select},
628 $attrs->{where}, $attrs
631 return (@data ? ($self->_construct_object(@data))[0] : undef);
636 # Try to determine if the specified query is guaranteed to be unique, based on
637 # the declared unique constraints.
639 sub _is_unique_query {
640 my ($self, $query) = @_;
642 my $collapsed = $self->_collapse_query($query);
643 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
645 foreach my $name ($self->result_source->unique_constraint_names) {
646 my @unique_cols = map {
648 } $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($name);
650 # Count the values for each unique column
651 my %seen = map { $_ => 0 } @unique_cols;
653 foreach my $key (keys %$collapsed) {
654 my $aliased = $key =~ /\./ ? $key : "$alias.$key";
655 next unless exists $seen{$aliased}; # Additional constraints are okay
656 $seen{$aliased} = scalar keys %{ $collapsed->{$key} };
659 # If we get 0 or more than 1 value for a column, it's not necessarily unique
660 return 1 unless grep { $_ != 1 } values %seen;
668 # Recursively collapse the query, accumulating values for each column.
670 sub _collapse_query {
671 my ($self, $query, $collapsed) = @_;
675 if (ref $query eq 'ARRAY') {
676 foreach my $subquery (@$query) {
677 next unless ref $subquery; # -or
678 # warn "ARRAY: " . Dumper $subquery;
679 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_query($subquery, $collapsed);
682 elsif (ref $query eq 'HASH') {
683 if (keys %$query and (keys %$query)[0] eq '-and') {
684 foreach my $subquery (@{$query->{-and}}) {
685 # warn "HASH: " . Dumper $subquery;
686 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_query($subquery, $collapsed);
690 # warn "LEAF: " . Dumper $query;
691 foreach my $col (keys %$query) {
692 my $value = $query->{$col};
693 $collapsed->{$col}{$value}++;
705 =item Arguments: $cond?
707 =item Return Value: $resultsetcolumn
711 my $max_length = $rs->get_column('length')->max;
713 Returns a L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn> instance for a column of the ResultSet.
718 my ($self, $column) = @_;
719 my $new = DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn->new($self, $column);
727 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
729 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
733 # WHERE title LIKE '%blue%'
734 $cd_rs = $rs->search_like({ title => '%blue%'});
736 Performs a search, but uses C<LIKE> instead of C<=> as the condition. Note
737 that this is simply a convenience method. You most likely want to use
738 L</search> with specific operators.
740 For more information, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
746 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
747 my $query = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? { %{shift()} }: {@_};
748 $query->{$_} = { 'like' => $query->{$_} } for keys %$query;
749 return $class->search($query, { %$attrs });
756 =item Arguments: $first, $last
758 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
762 Returns a resultset or object list representing a subset of elements from the
763 resultset slice is called on. Indexes are from 0, i.e., to get the first
766 my ($one, $two, $three) = $rs->slice(0, 2);
771 my ($self, $min, $max) = @_;
772 my $attrs = {}; # = { %{ $self->{attrs} || {} } };
773 $attrs->{offset} = $self->{attrs}{offset} || 0;
774 $attrs->{offset} += $min;
775 $attrs->{rows} = ($max ? ($max - $min + 1) : 1);
776 return $self->search(undef(), $attrs);
777 #my $slice = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $attrs);
778 #return (wantarray ? $slice->all : $slice);
785 =item Arguments: none
787 =item Return Value: $result?
791 Returns the next element in the resultset (C<undef> is there is none).
793 Can be used to efficiently iterate over records in the resultset:
795 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search;
796 while (my $cd = $rs->next) {
800 Note that you need to store the resultset object, and call C<next> on it.
801 Calling C<< resultset('Table')->next >> repeatedly will always return the
802 first record from the resultset.
808 if (my $cache = $self->get_cache) {
809 $self->{all_cache_position} ||= 0;
810 return $cache->[$self->{all_cache_position}++];
812 if ($self->{attrs}{cache}) {
813 $self->{all_cache_position} = 1;
814 return ($self->all)[0];
816 if ($self->{stashed_objects}) {
817 my $obj = shift(@{$self->{stashed_objects}});
818 delete $self->{stashed_objects} unless @{$self->{stashed_objects}};
822 exists $self->{stashed_row}
823 ? @{delete $self->{stashed_row}}
824 : $self->cursor->next
826 return undef unless (@row);
827 my ($row, @more) = $self->_construct_object(@row);
828 $self->{stashed_objects} = \@more if @more;
832 sub _construct_object {
833 my ($self, @row) = @_;
834 my $info = $self->_collapse_result($self->{_attrs}{as}, \@row);
835 my @new = $self->result_class->inflate_result($self->result_source, @$info);
836 @new = $self->{_attrs}{record_filter}->(@new)
837 if exists $self->{_attrs}{record_filter};
841 sub _collapse_result {
842 my ($self, $as_proto, $row) = @_;
846 # 'foo' => [ undef, 'foo' ]
847 # 'foo.bar' => [ 'foo', 'bar' ]
848 # 'foo.bar.baz' => [ 'foo.bar', 'baz' ]
850 my @construct_as = map { [ (/^(?:(.*)\.)?([^.]+)$/) ] } @$as_proto;
852 my %collapse = %{$self->{_attrs}{collapse}||{}};
856 # if we're doing collapsing (has_many prefetch) we need to grab records
857 # until the PK changes, so fill @pri_index. if not, we leave it empty so
858 # we know we don't have to bother.
860 # the reason for not using the collapse stuff directly is because if you
861 # had for e.g. two artists in a row with no cds, the collapse info for
862 # both would be NULL (undef) so you'd lose the second artist
864 # store just the index so we can check the array positions from the row
865 # without having to contruct the full hash
867 if (keys %collapse) {
868 my %pri = map { ($_ => 1) } $self->result_source->primary_columns;
869 foreach my $i (0 .. $#construct_as) {
870 next if defined($construct_as[$i][0]); # only self table
871 if (delete $pri{$construct_as[$i][1]}) {
872 push(@pri_index, $i);
874 last unless keys %pri; # short circuit (Johnny Five Is Alive!)
878 # no need to do an if, it'll be empty if @pri_index is empty anyway
880 my %pri_vals = map { ($_ => $copy[$_]) } @pri_index;
884 do { # no need to check anything at the front, we always want the first row
888 foreach my $this_as (@construct_as) {
889 $const{$this_as->[0]||''}{$this_as->[1]} = shift(@copy);
892 push(@const_rows, \%const);
894 } until ( # no pri_index => no collapse => drop straight out
897 do { # get another row, stash it, drop out if different PK
899 @copy = $self->cursor->next;
900 $self->{stashed_row} = \@copy;
902 # last thing in do block, counts as true if anything doesn't match
904 # check xor defined first for NULL vs. NOT NULL then if one is
905 # defined the other must be so check string equality
908 (defined $pri_vals{$_} ^ defined $copy[$_])
909 || (defined $pri_vals{$_} && ($pri_vals{$_} ne $copy[$_]))
914 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
921 foreach my $const (@const_rows) {
922 scalar @const_keys or do {
923 @const_keys = sort { length($a) <=> length($b) } keys %$const;
925 foreach my $key (@const_keys) {
928 my @parts = split(/\./, $key);
930 my $data = $const->{$key};
931 foreach my $p (@parts) {
932 $target = $target->[1]->{$p} ||= [];
934 if ($cur eq ".${key}" && (my @ckey = @{$collapse{$cur}||[]})) {
935 # collapsing at this point and on final part
936 my $pos = $collapse_pos{$cur};
937 CK: foreach my $ck (@ckey) {
938 if (!defined $pos->{$ck} || $pos->{$ck} ne $data->{$ck}) {
939 $collapse_pos{$cur} = $data;
940 delete @collapse_pos{ # clear all positioning for sub-entries
941 grep { m/^\Q${cur}.\E/ } keys %collapse_pos
948 if (exists $collapse{$cur}) {
949 $target = $target->[-1];
952 $target->[0] = $data;
954 $info->[0] = $const->{$key};
966 =item Arguments: $result_source?
968 =item Return Value: $result_source
972 An accessor for the primary ResultSource object from which this ResultSet
979 =item Arguments: $result_class?
981 =item Return Value: $result_class
985 An accessor for the class to use when creating row objects. Defaults to
986 C<< result_source->result_class >> - which in most cases is the name of the
987 L<"table"|DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/"ResultSource"> class.
996 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs??
998 =item Return Value: $count
1002 Performs an SQL C<COUNT> with the same query as the resultset was built
1003 with to find the number of elements. If passed arguments, does a search
1004 on the resultset and counts the results of that.
1006 Note: When using C<count> with C<group_by>, L<DBIx::Class> emulates C<GROUP BY>
1007 using C<COUNT( DISTINCT( columns ) )>. Some databases (notably SQLite) do
1008 not support C<DISTINCT> with multiple columns. If you are using such a
1009 database, you should only use columns from the main table in your C<group_by>
1016 return $self->search(@_)->count if @_ and defined $_[0];
1017 return scalar @{ $self->get_cache } if $self->get_cache;
1018 my $count = $self->_count;
1019 return 0 unless $count;
1021 # need to take offset from resolved attrs
1023 $count -= $self->{_attrs}{offset} if $self->{_attrs}{offset};
1024 $count = $self->{attrs}{rows} if
1025 $self->{attrs}{rows} and $self->{attrs}{rows} < $count;
1026 $count = 0 if ($count < 0);
1030 sub _count { # Separated out so pager can get the full count
1032 my $select = { count => '*' };
1034 my $attrs = { %{$self->_resolved_attrs} };
1035 if (my $group_by = delete $attrs->{group_by}) {
1036 delete $attrs->{having};
1037 my @distinct = (ref $group_by ? @$group_by : ($group_by));
1038 # todo: try CONCAT for multi-column pk
1039 my @pk = $self->result_source->primary_columns;
1041 my $alias = $attrs->{alias};
1042 foreach my $column (@distinct) {
1043 if ($column =~ qr/^(?:\Q${alias}.\E)?$pk[0]$/) {
1044 @distinct = ($column);
1050 $select = { count => { distinct => \@distinct } };
1053 $attrs->{select} = $select;
1054 $attrs->{as} = [qw/count/];
1056 # offset, order by and page are not needed to count. record_filter is cdbi
1057 delete $attrs->{$_} for qw/rows offset order_by page pager record_filter/;
1059 my $tmp_rs = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $attrs);
1060 my ($count) = $tmp_rs->cursor->next;
1068 =head2 count_literal
1072 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @bind_values
1074 =item Return Value: $count
1078 Counts the results in a literal query. Equivalent to calling L</search_literal>
1079 with the passed arguments, then L</count>.
1083 sub count_literal { shift->search_literal(@_)->count; }
1089 =item Arguments: none
1091 =item Return Value: @objects
1095 Returns all elements in the resultset. Called implicitly if the resultset
1096 is returned in list context.
1102 return @{ $self->get_cache } if $self->get_cache;
1106 # TODO: don't call resolve here
1107 if (keys %{$self->_resolved_attrs->{collapse}}) {
1108 # if ($self->{attrs}{prefetch}) {
1109 # Using $self->cursor->all is really just an optimisation.
1110 # If we're collapsing has_many prefetches it probably makes
1111 # very little difference, and this is cleaner than hacking
1112 # _construct_object to survive the approach
1113 my @row = $self->cursor->next;
1115 push(@obj, $self->_construct_object(@row));
1116 @row = (exists $self->{stashed_row}
1117 ? @{delete $self->{stashed_row}}
1118 : $self->cursor->next);
1121 @obj = map { $self->_construct_object(@$_) } $self->cursor->all;
1124 $self->set_cache(\@obj) if $self->{attrs}{cache};
1132 =item Arguments: none
1134 =item Return Value: $self
1138 Resets the resultset's cursor, so you can iterate through the elements again.
1144 delete $self->{_attrs} if exists $self->{_attrs};
1145 $self->{all_cache_position} = 0;
1146 $self->cursor->reset;
1154 =item Arguments: none
1156 =item Return Value: $object?
1160 Resets the resultset and returns an object for the first result (if the
1161 resultset returns anything).
1166 return $_[0]->reset->next;
1169 # _cond_for_update_delete
1171 # update/delete require the condition to be modified to handle
1172 # the differing SQL syntax available. This transforms the $self->{cond}
1173 # appropriately, returning the new condition.
1175 sub _cond_for_update_delete {
1176 my ($self, $full_cond) = @_;
1179 $full_cond ||= $self->{cond};
1180 # No-op. No condition, we're updating/deleting everything
1181 return $cond unless ref $full_cond;
1183 if (ref $full_cond eq 'ARRAY') {
1187 foreach my $key (keys %{$_}) {
1189 $hash{$1} = $_->{$key};
1195 elsif (ref $full_cond eq 'HASH') {
1196 if ((keys %{$full_cond})[0] eq '-and') {
1199 my @cond = @{$full_cond->{-and}};
1200 for (my $i = 0; $i < @cond; $i++) {
1201 my $entry = $cond[$i];
1204 if (ref $entry eq 'HASH') {
1205 $hash = $self->_cond_for_update_delete($entry);
1208 $entry =~ /([^.]+)$/;
1209 $hash->{$1} = $cond[++$i];
1212 push @{$cond->{-and}}, $hash;
1216 foreach my $key (keys %{$full_cond}) {
1218 $cond->{$1} = $full_cond->{$key};
1223 $self->throw_exception(
1224 "Can't update/delete on resultset with condition unless hash or array"
1236 =item Arguments: \%values
1238 =item Return Value: $storage_rv
1242 Sets the specified columns in the resultset to the supplied values in a
1243 single query. Return value will be true if the update succeeded or false
1244 if no records were updated; exact type of success value is storage-dependent.
1249 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1250 $self->throw_exception("Values for update must be a hash")
1251 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
1253 my $cond = $self->_cond_for_update_delete;
1255 return $self->result_source->storage->update(
1256 $self->result_source, $values, $cond
1264 =item Arguments: \%values
1266 =item Return Value: 1
1270 Fetches all objects and updates them one at a time. Note that C<update_all>
1271 will run DBIC cascade triggers, while L</update> will not.
1276 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1277 $self->throw_exception("Values for update must be a hash")
1278 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
1279 foreach my $obj ($self->all) {
1280 $obj->set_columns($values)->update;
1289 =item Arguments: none
1291 =item Return Value: 1
1295 Deletes the contents of the resultset from its result source. Note that this
1296 will not run DBIC cascade triggers. See L</delete_all> if you need triggers
1297 to run. See also L<DBIx::Class::Row/delete>.
1299 delete may not generate correct SQL for a query with joins or a resultset
1300 chained from a related resultset. In this case it will generate a warning:-
1302 WARNING! Currently $rs->delete() does not generate proper SQL on
1303 joined resultsets, and may delete rows well outside of the contents
1304 of $rs. Use at your own risk
1306 In these cases you may find that delete_all is more appropriate, or you
1307 need to respecify your query in a way that can be expressed without a join.
1313 $self->throw_exception("Delete should not be passed any arguments")
1315 carp( 'WARNING! Currently $rs->delete() does not generate proper SQL'
1316 . ' on joined resultsets, and may delete rows well outside of the'
1317 . ' contents of $rs. Use at your own risk' )
1318 if ( $self->{attrs}{seen_join} );
1319 my $cond = $self->_cond_for_update_delete;
1321 $self->result_source->storage->delete($self->result_source, $cond);
1329 =item Arguments: none
1331 =item Return Value: 1
1335 Fetches all objects and deletes them one at a time. Note that C<delete_all>
1336 will run DBIC cascade triggers, while L</delete> will not.
1342 $_->delete for $self->all;
1350 =item Arguments: \@data;
1354 Pass an arrayref of hashrefs. Each hashref should be a structure suitable for
1355 submitting to a $resultset->create(...) method.
1357 In void context, C<insert_bulk> in L<DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI> is used
1358 to insert the data, as this is a faster method.
1360 Otherwise, each set of data is inserted into the database using
1361 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/create>, and a arrayref of the resulting row
1362 objects is returned.
1364 Example: Assuming an Artist Class that has many CDs Classes relating:
1366 my $Artist_rs = $schema->resultset("Artist");
1368 ## Void Context Example
1369 $Artist_rs->populate([
1370 { artistid => 4, name => 'Manufactured Crap', cds => [
1371 { title => 'My First CD', year => 2006 },
1372 { title => 'Yet More Tweeny-Pop crap', year => 2007 },
1375 { artistid => 5, name => 'Angsty-Whiny Girl', cds => [
1376 { title => 'My parents sold me to a record company' ,year => 2005 },
1377 { title => 'Why Am I So Ugly?', year => 2006 },
1378 { title => 'I Got Surgery and am now Popular', year => 2007 }
1383 ## Array Context Example
1384 my ($ArtistOne, $ArtistTwo, $ArtistThree) = $Artist_rs->populate([
1385 { name => "Artist One"},
1386 { name => "Artist Two"},
1387 { name => "Artist Three", cds=> [
1388 { title => "First CD", year => 2007},
1389 { title => "Second CD", year => 2008},
1393 print $ArtistOne->name; ## response is 'Artist One'
1394 print $ArtistThree->cds->count ## reponse is '2'
1396 Please note an important effect on your data when choosing between void and
1397 wantarray context. Since void context goes straight to C<insert_bulk> in
1398 L<DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI> this will skip any component that is overriding
1399 c<insert>. So if you are using something like L<DBIx-Class-UUIDColumns> to
1400 create primary keys for you, you will find that your PKs are empty. In this
1401 case you will have to use the wantarray context in order to create those
1407 my ($self, $data) = @_;
1409 if(defined wantarray) {
1411 foreach my $item (@$data) {
1412 push(@created, $self->create($item));
1416 my ($first, @rest) = @$data;
1418 my @names = grep {!ref $first->{$_}} keys %$first;
1419 my @rels = grep { $self->result_source->has_relationship($_) } keys %$first;
1420 my @pks = $self->result_source->primary_columns;
1422 ## do the belongs_to relationships
1423 foreach my $index (0..$#$data) {
1424 if( grep { !defined $data->[$index]->{$_} } @pks ) {
1425 my @ret = $self->populate($data);
1429 foreach my $rel (@rels) {
1430 next unless $data->[$index]->{$rel} && ref $data->[$index]->{$rel} eq "HASH";
1431 my $result = $self->related_resultset($rel)->create($data->[$index]->{$rel});
1432 my ($reverse) = keys %{$self->result_source->reverse_relationship_info($rel)};
1433 my $related = $result->result_source->resolve_condition(
1434 $result->result_source->relationship_info($reverse)->{cond},
1439 delete $data->[$index]->{$rel};
1440 $data->[$index] = {%{$data->[$index]}, %$related};
1442 push @names, keys %$related if $index == 0;
1446 ## do bulk insert on current row
1447 my @values = map { [ @$_{@names} ] } @$data;
1449 $self->result_source->storage->insert_bulk(
1450 $self->result_source,
1455 ## do the has_many relationships
1456 foreach my $item (@$data) {
1458 foreach my $rel (@rels) {
1459 next unless $item->{$rel} && ref $item->{$rel} eq "ARRAY";
1461 my $parent = $self->find(map {{$_=>$item->{$_}} } @pks)
1462 || $self->throw_exception('Cannot find the relating object.');
1464 my $child = $parent->$rel;
1466 my $related = $child->result_source->resolve_condition(
1467 $parent->result_source->relationship_info($rel)->{cond},
1472 my @rows_to_add = ref $item->{$rel} eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$item->{$rel}} : ($item->{$rel});
1473 my @populate = map { {%$_, %$related} } @rows_to_add;
1475 $child->populate( \@populate );
1485 =item Arguments: none
1487 =item Return Value: $pager
1491 Return Value a L<Data::Page> object for the current resultset. Only makes
1492 sense for queries with a C<page> attribute.
1498 my $attrs = $self->{attrs};
1499 $self->throw_exception("Can't create pager for non-paged rs")
1500 unless $self->{attrs}{page};
1501 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
1502 return $self->{pager} ||= Data::Page->new(
1503 $self->_count, $attrs->{rows}, $self->{attrs}{page});
1510 =item Arguments: $page_number
1512 =item Return Value: $rs
1516 Returns a resultset for the $page_number page of the resultset on which page
1517 is called, where each page contains a number of rows equal to the 'rows'
1518 attribute set on the resultset (10 by default).
1523 my ($self, $page) = @_;
1524 return (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, { %{$self->{attrs}}, page => $page });
1531 =item Arguments: \%vals
1533 =item Return Value: $rowobject
1537 Creates a new row object in the resultset's result class and returns
1538 it. The row is not inserted into the database at this point, call
1539 L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> to do that. Calling L<DBIx::Class::Row/in_storage>
1540 will tell you whether the row object has been inserted or not.
1542 Passes the hashref of input on to L<DBIx::Class::Row/new>.
1547 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1548 $self->throw_exception( "new_result needs a hash" )
1549 unless (ref $values eq 'HASH');
1552 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
1555 defined $self->{cond}
1556 && $self->{cond} eq $DBIx::Class::ResultSource::UNRESOLVABLE_CONDITION
1558 %new = %{$self->{attrs}{related_objects}};
1560 $self->throw_exception(
1561 "Can't abstract implicit construct, condition not a hash"
1562 ) if ($self->{cond} && !(ref $self->{cond} eq 'HASH'));
1564 my $collapsed_cond = (
1566 ? $self->_collapse_cond($self->{cond})
1570 # precendence must be given to passed values over values inherited from
1571 # the cond, so the order here is important.
1572 my %implied = %{$self->_remove_alias($collapsed_cond, $alias)};
1573 while( my($col,$value) = each %implied ){
1574 if(ref($value) eq 'HASH' && keys(%$value) && (keys %$value)[0] eq '='){
1575 $new{$col} = $value->{'='};
1578 $new{$col} = $value if $self->_is_deterministic_value($value);
1584 %{ $self->_remove_alias($values, $alias) },
1585 -source_handle => $self->_source_handle,
1586 -result_source => $self->result_source, # DO NOT REMOVE THIS, REQUIRED
1589 return $self->result_class->new(\%new);
1592 # _is_deterministic_value
1594 # Make an effor to strip non-deterministic values from the condition,
1595 # to make sure new_result chokes less
1597 sub _is_deterministic_value {
1600 my $ref_type = ref $value;
1601 return 1 if $ref_type eq '' || $ref_type eq 'SCALAR';
1602 return 1 if Scalar::Util::blessed($value);
1608 # Recursively collapse the condition.
1610 sub _collapse_cond {
1611 my ($self, $cond, $collapsed) = @_;
1615 if (ref $cond eq 'ARRAY') {
1616 foreach my $subcond (@$cond) {
1617 next unless ref $subcond; # -or
1618 # warn "ARRAY: " . Dumper $subcond;
1619 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_cond($subcond, $collapsed);
1622 elsif (ref $cond eq 'HASH') {
1623 if (keys %$cond and (keys %$cond)[0] eq '-and') {
1624 foreach my $subcond (@{$cond->{-and}}) {
1625 # warn "HASH: " . Dumper $subcond;
1626 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_cond($subcond, $collapsed);
1630 # warn "LEAF: " . Dumper $cond;
1631 foreach my $col (keys %$cond) {
1632 my $value = $cond->{$col};
1633 $collapsed->{$col} = $value;
1643 # Remove the specified alias from the specified query hash. A copy is made so
1644 # the original query is not modified.
1647 my ($self, $query, $alias) = @_;
1649 my %orig = %{ $query || {} };
1652 foreach my $key (keys %orig) {
1654 $unaliased{$key} = $orig{$key};
1657 $unaliased{$1} = $orig{$key}
1658 if $key =~ m/^(?:\Q$alias\E\.)?([^.]+)$/;
1668 =item Arguments: \%vals, \%attrs?
1670 =item Return Value: $rowobject
1674 my $artist = $schema->resultset('Artist')->find_or_new(
1675 { artist => 'fred' }, { key => 'artists' });
1677 $cd->cd_to_producer->find_or_new({ producer => $producer },
1678 { key => 'primary });
1680 Find an existing record from this resultset, based on it's primary
1681 key, or a unique constraint. If none exists, instantiate a new result
1682 object and return it. The object will not be saved into your storage
1683 until you call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> on it.
1685 You most likely want this method when looking for existing rows using
1686 a unique constraint that is not the primary key, or looking for
1689 If you want objects to be saved immediately, use L</find_or_create> instead.
1691 B<Note>: C<find_or_new> is probably not what you want when creating a
1692 new row in a table that uses primary keys supplied by the
1693 database. Passing in a primary key column with a value of I<undef>
1694 will cause L</find> to attempt to search for a row with a value of
1701 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
1702 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
1703 my $exists = $self->find($hash, $attrs);
1704 return defined $exists ? $exists : $self->new_result($hash);
1711 =item Arguments: \%vals
1713 =item Return Value: a L<DBIx::Class::Row> $object
1717 Attempt to create a single new row or a row with multiple related rows
1718 in the table represented by the resultset (and related tables). This
1719 will not check for duplicate rows before inserting, use
1720 L</find_or_create> to do that.
1722 To create one row for this resultset, pass a hashref of key/value
1723 pairs representing the columns of the table and the values you wish to
1724 store. If the appropriate relationships are set up, foreign key fields
1725 can also be passed an object representing the foreign row, and the
1726 value will be set to it's primary key.
1728 To create related objects, pass a hashref for the value if the related
1729 item is a foreign key relationship (L<DBIx::Class::Relationship/belongs_to>),
1730 and use the name of the relationship as the key. (NOT the name of the field,
1731 necessarily). For C<has_many> and C<has_one> relationships, pass an arrayref
1732 of hashrefs containing the data for each of the rows to create in the foreign
1733 tables, again using the relationship name as the key.
1735 Instead of hashrefs of plain related data (key/value pairs), you may
1736 also pass new or inserted objects. New objects (not inserted yet, see
1737 L</new>), will be inserted into their appropriate tables.
1739 Effectively a shortcut for C<< ->new_result(\%vals)->insert >>.
1741 Example of creating a new row.
1743 $person_rs->create({
1744 name=>"Some Person",
1745 email=>"somebody@someplace.com"
1748 Example of creating a new row and also creating rows in a related C<has_many>
1749 or C<has_one> resultset. Note Arrayref.
1752 { artistid => 4, name => 'Manufactured Crap', cds => [
1753 { title => 'My First CD', year => 2006 },
1754 { title => 'Yet More Tweeny-Pop crap', year => 2007 },
1759 Example of creating a new row and also creating a row in a related
1760 C<belongs_to>resultset. Note Hashref.
1763 title=>"Music for Silly Walks",
1766 name=>"Silly Musician",
1773 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
1774 $self->throw_exception( "create needs a hashref" )
1775 unless ref $attrs eq 'HASH';
1776 return $self->new_result($attrs)->insert;
1779 =head2 find_or_create
1783 =item Arguments: \%vals, \%attrs?
1785 =item Return Value: $rowobject
1789 $cd->cd_to_producer->find_or_create({ producer => $producer },
1790 { key => 'primary });
1792 Tries to find a record based on its primary key or unique constraints; if none
1793 is found, creates one and returns that instead.
1795 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create({
1797 artist => 'Massive Attack',
1798 title => 'Mezzanine',
1802 Also takes an optional C<key> attribute, to search by a specific key or unique
1803 constraint. For example:
1805 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create(
1807 artist => 'Massive Attack',
1808 title => 'Mezzanine',
1810 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
1813 B<Note>: Because find_or_create() reads from the database and then
1814 possibly inserts based on the result, this method is subject to a race
1815 condition. Another process could create a record in the table after
1816 the find has completed and before the create has started. To avoid
1817 this problem, use find_or_create() inside a transaction.
1819 B<Note>: C<find_or_create> is probably not what you want when creating
1820 a new row in a table that uses primary keys supplied by the
1821 database. Passing in a primary key column with a value of I<undef>
1822 will cause L</find> to attempt to search for a row with a value of
1825 See also L</find> and L</update_or_create>. For information on how to declare
1826 unique constraints, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
1830 sub find_or_create {
1832 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
1833 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
1834 my $exists = $self->find($hash, $attrs);
1835 return defined $exists ? $exists : $self->create($hash);
1838 =head2 update_or_create
1842 =item Arguments: \%col_values, { key => $unique_constraint }?
1844 =item Return Value: $rowobject
1848 $resultset->update_or_create({ col => $val, ... });
1850 First, searches for an existing row matching one of the unique constraints
1851 (including the primary key) on the source of this resultset. If a row is
1852 found, updates it with the other given column values. Otherwise, creates a new
1855 Takes an optional C<key> attribute to search on a specific unique constraint.
1858 # In your application
1859 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->update_or_create(
1861 artist => 'Massive Attack',
1862 title => 'Mezzanine',
1865 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
1868 $cd->cd_to_producer->update_or_create({
1869 producer => $producer,
1876 If no C<key> is specified, it searches on all unique constraints defined on the
1877 source, including the primary key.
1879 If the C<key> is specified as C<primary>, it searches only on the primary key.
1881 See also L</find> and L</find_or_create>. For information on how to declare
1882 unique constraints, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
1884 B<Note>: C<update_or_create> is probably not what you want when
1885 looking for a row in a table that uses primary keys supplied by the
1886 database, unless you actually have a key value. Passing in a primary
1887 key column with a value of I<undef> will cause L</find> to attempt to
1888 search for a row with a value of I<NULL>.
1892 sub update_or_create {
1894 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
1895 my $cond = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
1897 my $row = $self->find($cond, $attrs);
1899 $row->update($cond);
1903 return $self->create($cond);
1910 =item Arguments: none
1912 =item Return Value: \@cache_objects?
1916 Gets the contents of the cache for the resultset, if the cache is set.
1918 The cache is populated either by using the L</prefetch> attribute to
1919 L</search> or by calling L</set_cache>.
1931 =item Arguments: \@cache_objects
1933 =item Return Value: \@cache_objects
1937 Sets the contents of the cache for the resultset. Expects an arrayref
1938 of objects of the same class as those produced by the resultset. Note that
1939 if the cache is set the resultset will return the cached objects rather
1940 than re-querying the database even if the cache attr is not set.
1942 The contents of the cache can also be populated by using the
1943 L</prefetch> attribute to L</search>.
1948 my ( $self, $data ) = @_;
1949 $self->throw_exception("set_cache requires an arrayref")
1950 if defined($data) && (ref $data ne 'ARRAY');
1951 $self->{all_cache} = $data;
1958 =item Arguments: none
1960 =item Return Value: []
1964 Clears the cache for the resultset.
1969 shift->set_cache(undef);
1972 =head2 related_resultset
1976 =item Arguments: $relationship_name
1978 =item Return Value: $resultset
1982 Returns a related resultset for the supplied relationship name.
1984 $artist_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->related_resultset('Artist');
1988 sub related_resultset {
1989 my ($self, $rel) = @_;
1991 $self->{related_resultsets} ||= {};
1992 return $self->{related_resultsets}{$rel} ||= do {
1993 my $rel_obj = $self->result_source->relationship_info($rel);
1995 $self->throw_exception(
1996 "search_related: result source '" . $self->result_source->source_name .
1997 "' has no such relationship $rel")
2000 my ($from,$seen) = $self->_resolve_from($rel);
2002 my $join_count = $seen->{$rel};
2003 my $alias = ($join_count > 1 ? join('_', $rel, $join_count) : $rel);
2005 #XXX - temp fix for result_class bug. There likely is a more elegant fix -groditi
2006 my %attrs = %{$self->{attrs}||{}};
2007 delete @attrs{qw(result_class alias)};
2011 if (my $cache = $self->get_cache) {
2012 if ($cache->[0] && $cache->[0]->related_resultset($rel)->get_cache) {
2013 $new_cache = [ map { @{$_->related_resultset($rel)->get_cache} }
2018 my $rel_source = $self->result_source->related_source($rel);
2022 # The reason we do this now instead of passing the alias to the
2023 # search_rs below is that if you wrap/overload resultset on the
2024 # source you need to know what alias it's -going- to have for things
2025 # to work sanely (e.g. RestrictWithObject wants to be able to add
2026 # extra query restrictions, and these may need to be $alias.)
2028 my $attrs = $rel_source->resultset_attributes;
2029 local $attrs->{alias} = $alias;
2031 $rel_source->resultset
2039 where => $self->{cond},
2044 $new->set_cache($new_cache) if $new_cache;
2050 my ($self, $extra_join) = @_;
2051 my $source = $self->result_source;
2052 my $attrs = $self->{attrs};
2054 my $from = $attrs->{from}
2055 || [ { $attrs->{alias} => $source->from } ];
2057 my $seen = { %{$attrs->{seen_join}||{}} };
2059 my $join = ($attrs->{join}
2060 ? [ $attrs->{join}, $extra_join ]
2063 # we need to take the prefetch the attrs into account before we
2064 # ->resolve_join as otherwise they get lost - captainL
2065 my $merged = $self->_merge_attr( $join, $attrs->{prefetch} );
2069 ($join ? $source->resolve_join($merged, $attrs->{alias}, $seen) : ()),
2072 return ($from,$seen);
2075 sub _resolved_attrs {
2077 return $self->{_attrs} if $self->{_attrs};
2079 my $attrs = { %{$self->{attrs}||{}} };
2080 my $source = $self->result_source;
2081 my $alias = $attrs->{alias};
2083 $attrs->{columns} ||= delete $attrs->{cols} if exists $attrs->{cols};
2084 if ($attrs->{columns}) {
2085 delete $attrs->{as};
2086 } elsif (!$attrs->{select}) {
2087 $attrs->{columns} = [ $source->columns ];
2092 ? (ref $attrs->{select} eq 'ARRAY'
2093 ? [ @{$attrs->{select}} ]
2094 : [ $attrs->{select} ])
2095 : [ map { m/\./ ? $_ : "${alias}.$_" } @{delete $attrs->{columns}} ]
2099 ? (ref $attrs->{as} eq 'ARRAY'
2100 ? [ @{$attrs->{as}} ]
2102 : [ map { m/^\Q${alias}.\E(.+)$/ ? $1 : $_ } @{$attrs->{select}} ]
2106 if ($adds = delete $attrs->{include_columns}) {
2107 $adds = [$adds] unless ref $adds eq 'ARRAY';
2108 push(@{$attrs->{select}}, @$adds);
2109 push(@{$attrs->{as}}, map { m/([^.]+)$/; $1 } @$adds);
2111 if ($adds = delete $attrs->{'+select'}) {
2112 $adds = [$adds] unless ref $adds eq 'ARRAY';
2113 push(@{$attrs->{select}},
2114 map { /\./ || ref $_ ? $_ : "${alias}.$_" } @$adds);
2116 if (my $adds = delete $attrs->{'+as'}) {
2117 $adds = [$adds] unless ref $adds eq 'ARRAY';
2118 push(@{$attrs->{as}}, @$adds);
2121 $attrs->{from} ||= [ { 'me' => $source->from } ];
2123 if (exists $attrs->{join} || exists $attrs->{prefetch}) {
2124 my $join = delete $attrs->{join} || {};
2126 if (defined $attrs->{prefetch}) {
2127 $join = $self->_merge_attr(
2128 $join, $attrs->{prefetch}
2133 $attrs->{from} = # have to copy here to avoid corrupting the original
2136 $source->resolve_join($join, $alias, { %{$attrs->{seen_join}||{}} })
2141 $attrs->{group_by} ||= $attrs->{select} if delete $attrs->{distinct};
2142 if ($attrs->{order_by}) {
2143 $attrs->{order_by} = (ref($attrs->{order_by}) eq 'ARRAY'
2144 ? [ @{$attrs->{order_by}} ]
2145 : [ $attrs->{order_by} ]);
2147 $attrs->{order_by} = [];
2150 my $collapse = $attrs->{collapse} || {};
2151 if (my $prefetch = delete $attrs->{prefetch}) {
2152 $prefetch = $self->_merge_attr({}, $prefetch);
2154 my $seen = $attrs->{seen_join} || {};
2155 foreach my $p (ref $prefetch eq 'ARRAY' ? @$prefetch : ($prefetch)) {
2156 # bring joins back to level of current class
2157 my @prefetch = $source->resolve_prefetch(
2158 $p, $alias, $seen, \@pre_order, $collapse
2160 push(@{$attrs->{select}}, map { $_->[0] } @prefetch);
2161 push(@{$attrs->{as}}, map { $_->[1] } @prefetch);
2163 push(@{$attrs->{order_by}}, @pre_order);
2165 $attrs->{collapse} = $collapse;
2167 if ($attrs->{page}) {
2168 $attrs->{offset} ||= 0;
2169 $attrs->{offset} += ($attrs->{rows} * ($attrs->{page} - 1));
2172 return $self->{_attrs} = $attrs;
2176 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
2178 if (ref $attr eq 'HASH') {
2179 return $self->_rollout_hash($attr);
2180 } elsif (ref $attr eq 'ARRAY') {
2181 return $self->_rollout_array($attr);
2187 sub _rollout_array {
2188 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
2191 foreach my $element (@{$attr}) {
2192 if (ref $element eq 'HASH') {
2193 push( @rolled_array, @{ $self->_rollout_hash( $element ) } );
2194 } elsif (ref $element eq 'ARRAY') {
2195 # XXX - should probably recurse here
2196 push( @rolled_array, @{$self->_rollout_array($element)} );
2198 push( @rolled_array, $element );
2201 return \@rolled_array;
2205 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
2208 foreach my $key (keys %{$attr}) {
2209 push( @rolled_array, { $key => $attr->{$key} } );
2211 return \@rolled_array;
2214 sub _calculate_score {
2215 my ($self, $a, $b) = @_;
2217 if (ref $b eq 'HASH') {
2218 my ($b_key) = keys %{$b};
2219 if (ref $a eq 'HASH') {
2220 my ($a_key) = keys %{$a};
2221 if ($a_key eq $b_key) {
2222 return (1 + $self->_calculate_score( $a->{$a_key}, $b->{$b_key} ));
2227 return ($a eq $b_key) ? 1 : 0;
2230 if (ref $a eq 'HASH') {
2231 my ($a_key) = keys %{$a};
2232 return ($b eq $a_key) ? 1 : 0;
2234 return ($b eq $a) ? 1 : 0;
2240 my ($self, $orig, $import) = @_;
2242 return $import unless defined($orig);
2243 return $orig unless defined($import);
2245 $orig = $self->_rollout_attr($orig);
2246 $import = $self->_rollout_attr($import);
2249 foreach my $import_element ( @{$import} ) {
2250 # find best candidate from $orig to merge $b_element into
2251 my $best_candidate = { position => undef, score => 0 }; my $position = 0;
2252 foreach my $orig_element ( @{$orig} ) {
2253 my $score = $self->_calculate_score( $orig_element, $import_element );
2254 if ($score > $best_candidate->{score}) {
2255 $best_candidate->{position} = $position;
2256 $best_candidate->{score} = $score;
2260 my ($import_key) = ( ref $import_element eq 'HASH' ) ? keys %{$import_element} : ($import_element);
2262 if ($best_candidate->{score} == 0 || exists $seen_keys->{$import_key}) {
2263 push( @{$orig}, $import_element );
2265 my $orig_best = $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}];
2266 # merge orig_best and b_element together and replace original with merged
2267 if (ref $orig_best ne 'HASH') {
2268 $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}] = $import_element;
2269 } elsif (ref $import_element eq 'HASH') {
2270 my ($key) = keys %{$orig_best};
2271 $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}] = { $key => $self->_merge_attr($orig_best->{$key}, $import_element->{$key}) };
2274 $seen_keys->{$import_key} = 1; # don't merge the same key twice
2284 $self->_source_handle($_[0]->handle);
2286 $self->_source_handle->resolve;
2290 =head2 throw_exception
2292 See L<DBIx::Class::Schema/throw_exception> for details.
2296 sub throw_exception {
2298 if (ref $self && $self->_source_handle->schema) {
2299 $self->_source_handle->schema->throw_exception(@_)
2306 # XXX: FIXME: Attributes docs need clearing up
2310 The resultset takes various attributes that modify its behavior. Here's an
2317 =item Value: ($order_by | \@order_by)
2321 Which column(s) to order the results by. This is currently passed
2322 through directly to SQL, so you can give e.g. C<year DESC> for a
2323 descending order on the column `year'.
2325 Please note that if you have C<quote_char> enabled (see
2326 L<DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI/connect_info>) you will need to do C<\'year DESC' > to
2327 specify an order. (The scalar ref causes it to be passed as raw sql to the DB,
2328 so you will need to manually quote things as appropriate.)
2330 If your L<SQL::Abstract> version supports it (>=1.50), you can also use
2331 C<{-desc => 'year'}>, which takes care of the quoting for you. This is the
2338 =item Value: \@columns
2342 Shortcut to request a particular set of columns to be retrieved. Adds
2343 C<me.> onto the start of any column without a C<.> in it and sets C<select>
2344 from that, then auto-populates C<as> from C<select> as normal. (You may also
2345 use the C<cols> attribute, as in earlier versions of DBIC.)
2347 =head2 include_columns
2351 =item Value: \@columns
2355 Shortcut to include additional columns in the returned results - for example
2357 $schema->resultset('CD')->search(undef, {
2358 include_columns => ['artist.name'],
2362 would return all CDs and include a 'name' column to the information
2363 passed to object inflation. Note that the 'artist' is the name of the
2364 column (or relationship) accessor, and 'name' is the name of the column
2365 accessor in the related table.
2371 =item Value: \@select_columns
2375 Indicates which columns should be selected from the storage. You can use
2376 column names, or in the case of RDBMS back ends, function or stored procedure
2379 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
2382 { count => 'employeeid' },
2387 When you use function/stored procedure names and do not supply an C<as>
2388 attribute, the column names returned are storage-dependent. E.g. MySQL would
2389 return a column named C<count(employeeid)> in the above example.
2395 Indicates additional columns to be selected from storage. Works the same as
2396 L</select> but adds columns to the selection.
2404 Indicates additional column names for those added via L</+select>.
2412 =item Value: \@inflation_names
2416 Indicates column names for object inflation. That is, C<as>
2417 indicates the name that the column can be accessed as via the
2418 C<get_column> method (or via the object accessor, B<if one already
2419 exists>). It has nothing to do with the SQL code C<SELECT foo AS bar>.
2421 The C<as> attribute is used in conjunction with C<select>,
2422 usually when C<select> contains one or more function or stored
2425 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
2428 { count => 'employeeid' }
2430 as => ['name', 'employee_count'],
2433 my $employee = $rs->first(); # get the first Employee
2435 If the object against which the search is performed already has an accessor
2436 matching a column name specified in C<as>, the value can be retrieved using
2437 the accessor as normal:
2439 my $name = $employee->name();
2441 If on the other hand an accessor does not exist in the object, you need to
2442 use C<get_column> instead:
2444 my $employee_count = $employee->get_column('employee_count');
2446 You can create your own accessors if required - see
2447 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook> for details.
2449 Please note: This will NOT insert an C<AS employee_count> into the SQL
2450 statement produced, it is used for internal access only. Thus
2451 attempting to use the accessor in an C<order_by> clause or similar
2452 will fail miserably.
2454 To get around this limitation, you can supply literal SQL to your
2455 C<select> attibute that contains the C<AS alias> text, eg:
2457 select => [\'myfield AS alias']
2463 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
2467 Contains a list of relationships that should be joined for this query. For
2470 # Get CDs by Nine Inch Nails
2471 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
2472 { 'artist.name' => 'Nine Inch Nails' },
2473 { join => 'artist' }
2476 Can also contain a hash reference to refer to the other relation's relations.
2479 package MyApp::Schema::Track;
2480 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
2481 __PACKAGE__->table('track');
2482 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/trackid cd position title/);
2483 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('trackid');
2484 __PACKAGE__->belongs_to(cd => 'MyApp::Schema::CD');
2487 # In your application
2488 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
2489 { 'track.title' => 'Teardrop' },
2491 join => { cd => 'track' },
2492 order_by => 'artist.name',
2496 You need to use the relationship (not the table) name in conditions,
2497 because they are aliased as such. The current table is aliased as "me", so
2498 you need to use me.column_name in order to avoid ambiguity. For example:
2500 # Get CDs from 1984 with a 'Foo' track
2501 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
2504 'tracks.name' => 'Foo'
2506 { join => 'tracks' }
2509 If the same join is supplied twice, it will be aliased to <rel>_2 (and
2510 similarly for a third time). For e.g.
2512 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({
2513 'cds.title' => 'Down to Earth',
2514 'cds_2.title' => 'Popular',
2516 join => [ qw/cds cds/ ],
2519 will return a set of all artists that have both a cd with title 'Down
2520 to Earth' and a cd with title 'Popular'.
2522 If you want to fetch related objects from other tables as well, see C<prefetch>
2525 For more help on using joins with search, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Joining>.
2531 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
2535 Contains one or more relationships that should be fetched along with
2536 the main query (when they are accessed afterwards the data will
2537 already be available, without extra queries to the database). This is
2538 useful for when you know you will need the related objects, because it
2539 saves at least one query:
2541 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Tag')->search(
2550 The initial search results in SQL like the following:
2552 SELECT tag.*, cd.*, artist.* FROM tag
2553 JOIN cd ON tag.cd = cd.cdid
2554 JOIN artist ON cd.artist = artist.artistid
2556 L<DBIx::Class> has no need to go back to the database when we access the
2557 C<cd> or C<artist> relationships, which saves us two SQL statements in this
2560 Simple prefetches will be joined automatically, so there is no need
2561 for a C<join> attribute in the above search.
2563 C<prefetch> can be used with the following relationship types: C<belongs_to>,
2564 C<has_one> (or if you're using C<add_relationship>, any relationship declared
2565 with an accessor type of 'single' or 'filter'). A more complex example that
2566 prefetches an artists cds, the tracks on those cds, and the tags associted
2567 with that artist is given below (assuming many-to-many from artists to tags):
2569 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
2573 { cds => 'tracks' },
2574 { artist_tags => 'tags' }
2580 B<NOTE:> If you specify a C<prefetch> attribute, the C<join> and C<select>
2581 attributes will be ignored.
2591 Makes the resultset paged and specifies the page to retrieve. Effectively
2592 identical to creating a non-pages resultset and then calling ->page($page)
2595 If L<rows> attribute is not specified it defualts to 10 rows per page.
2605 Specifes the maximum number of rows for direct retrieval or the number of
2606 rows per page if the page attribute or method is used.
2612 =item Value: $offset
2616 Specifies the (zero-based) row number for the first row to be returned, or the
2617 of the first row of the first page if paging is used.
2623 =item Value: \@columns
2627 A arrayref of columns to group by. Can include columns of joined tables.
2629 group_by => [qw/ column1 column2 ... /]
2635 =item Value: $condition
2639 HAVING is a select statement attribute that is applied between GROUP BY and
2640 ORDER BY. It is applied to the after the grouping calculations have been
2643 having => { 'count(employee)' => { '>=', 100 } }
2649 =item Value: (0 | 1)
2653 Set to 1 to group by all columns.
2659 Adds to the WHERE clause.
2661 # only return rows WHERE deleted IS NULL for all searches
2662 __PACKAGE__->resultset_attributes({ where => { deleted => undef } }); )
2664 Can be overridden by passing C<{ where => undef }> as an attribute
2671 Set to 1 to cache search results. This prevents extra SQL queries if you
2672 revisit rows in your ResultSet:
2674 my $resultset = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search( undef, { cache => 1 } );
2676 while( my $artist = $resultset->next ) {
2680 $rs->first; # without cache, this would issue a query
2682 By default, searches are not cached.
2684 For more examples of using these attributes, see
2685 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
2691 =item Value: \@from_clause
2695 The C<from> attribute gives you manual control over the C<FROM> clause of SQL
2696 statements generated by L<DBIx::Class>, allowing you to express custom C<JOIN>
2699 NOTE: Use this on your own risk. This allows you to shoot off your foot!
2701 C<join> will usually do what you need and it is strongly recommended that you
2702 avoid using C<from> unless you cannot achieve the desired result using C<join>.
2703 And we really do mean "cannot", not just tried and failed. Attempting to use
2704 this because you're having problems with C<join> is like trying to use x86
2705 ASM because you've got a syntax error in your C. Trust us on this.
2707 Now, if you're still really, really sure you need to use this (and if you're
2708 not 100% sure, ask the mailing list first), here's an explanation of how this
2711 The syntax is as follows -
2714 { <alias1> => <table1> },
2716 { <alias2> => <table2>, -join_type => 'inner|left|right' },
2717 [], # nested JOIN (optional)
2718 { <table1.column1> => <table2.column2>, ... (more conditions) },
2720 # More of the above [ ] may follow for additional joins
2727 ON <table1.column1> = <table2.column2>
2728 <more joins may follow>
2730 An easy way to follow the examples below is to remember the following:
2732 Anything inside "[]" is a JOIN
2733 Anything inside "{}" is a condition for the enclosing JOIN
2735 The following examples utilize a "person" table in a family tree application.
2736 In order to express parent->child relationships, this table is self-joined:
2738 # Person->belongs_to('father' => 'Person');
2739 # Person->belongs_to('mother' => 'Person');
2741 C<from> can be used to nest joins. Here we return all children with a father,
2742 then search against all mothers of those children:
2744 $rs = $schema->resultset('Person')->search(
2747 alias => 'mother', # alias columns in accordance with "from"
2749 { mother => 'person' },
2752 { child => 'person' },
2754 { father => 'person' },
2755 { 'father.person_id' => 'child.father_id' }
2758 { 'mother.person_id' => 'child.mother_id' }
2765 # SELECT mother.* FROM person mother
2768 # JOIN person father
2769 # ON ( father.person_id = child.father_id )
2771 # ON ( mother.person_id = child.mother_id )
2773 The type of any join can be controlled manually. To search against only people
2774 with a father in the person table, we could explicitly use C<INNER JOIN>:
2776 $rs = $schema->resultset('Person')->search(
2779 alias => 'child', # alias columns in accordance with "from"
2781 { child => 'person' },
2783 { father => 'person', -join_type => 'inner' },
2784 { 'father.id' => 'child.father_id' }
2791 # SELECT child.* FROM person child
2792 # INNER JOIN person father ON child.father_id = father.id
2798 =item Value: ( 'update' | 'shared' )
2802 Set to 'update' for a SELECT ... FOR UPDATE or 'shared' for a SELECT