1 package DBIx::Class::ResultSet;
9 use Carp::Clan qw/^DBIx::Class/;
12 use DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn;
13 use DBIx::Class::ResultSourceHandle;
16 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
18 __PACKAGE__->mk_group_accessors('simple' => qw/_result_class _source_handle/);
22 DBIx::Class::ResultSet - Represents a query used for fetching a set of results.
26 my $users_rs = $schema->resultset('User');
27 my $registered_users_rs = $schema->resultset('User')->search({ registered => 1 });
28 my @cds_in_2005 = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({ year => 2005 })->all();
32 A ResultSet is an object which stores a set of conditions representing
33 a query. It is the backbone of DBIx::Class (i.e. the really
34 important/useful bit).
36 No SQL is executed on the database when a ResultSet is created, it
37 just stores all the conditions needed to create the query.
39 A basic ResultSet representing the data of an entire table is returned
40 by calling C<resultset> on a L<DBIx::Class::Schema> and passing in a
41 L<Source|DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/Source> name.
43 my $users_rs = $schema->resultset('User');
45 A new ResultSet is returned from calling L</search> on an existing
46 ResultSet. The new one will contain all the conditions of the
47 original, plus any new conditions added in the C<search> call.
49 A ResultSet also incorporates an implicit iterator. L</next> and L</reset>
50 can be used to walk through all the L<DBIx::Class::Row>s the ResultSet
53 The query that the ResultSet represents is B<only> executed against
54 the database when these methods are called:
55 L</find> L</next> L</all> L</first> L</single> L</count>
59 =head2 Chaining resultsets
61 Let's say you've got a query that needs to be run to return some data
62 to the user. But, you have an authorization system in place that
63 prevents certain users from seeing certain information. So, you want
64 to construct the basic query in one method, but add constraints to it in
69 my $request = $self->get_request; # Get a request object somehow.
70 my $schema = $self->get_schema; # Get the DBIC schema object somehow.
72 my $cd_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({
73 title => $request->param('title'),
74 year => $request->param('year'),
77 $self->apply_security_policy( $cd_rs );
82 sub apply_security_policy {
91 =head3 Resolving conditions and attributes
93 When a resultset is chained from another resultset, conditions and
94 attributes with the same keys need resolving.
96 L</join>, L</prefetch>, L</+select>, L</+as> attributes are merged
97 into the existing ones from the original resultset.
99 The L</where>, L</having> attribute, and any search conditions are
100 merged with an SQL C<AND> to the existing condition from the original
103 All other attributes are overridden by any new ones supplied in the
106 =head2 Multiple queries
108 Since a resultset just defines a query, you can do all sorts of
109 things with it with the same object.
111 # Don't hit the DB yet.
112 my $cd_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({
113 title => 'something',
117 # Each of these hits the DB individually.
118 my $count = $cd_rs->count;
119 my $most_recent = $cd_rs->get_column('date_released')->max();
120 my @records = $cd_rs->all;
122 And it's not just limited to SELECT statements.
128 $cd_rs->create({ artist => 'Fred' });
130 Which is the same as:
132 $schema->resultset('CD')->create({
133 title => 'something',
138 See: L</search>, L</count>, L</get_column>, L</all>, L</create>.
142 If a resultset is used in a numeric context it returns the L</count>.
143 However, if it is used in a booleand context it is always true. So if
144 you want to check if a resultset has any results use C<if $rs != 0>.
145 C<if $rs> will always be true.
153 =item Arguments: $source, \%$attrs
155 =item Return Value: $rs
159 The resultset constructor. Takes a source object (usually a
160 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSourceProxy::Table>) and an attribute hash (see
161 L</ATTRIBUTES> below). Does not perform any queries -- these are
162 executed as needed by the other methods.
164 Generally you won't need to construct a resultset manually. You'll
165 automatically get one from e.g. a L</search> called in scalar context:
167 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({ title => '100th Window' });
169 IMPORTANT: If called on an object, proxies to new_result instead so
171 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->new({ title => 'Spoon' });
173 will return a CD object, not a ResultSet.
179 return $class->new_result(@_) if ref $class;
181 my ($source, $attrs) = @_;
182 $source = $source->handle
183 unless $source->isa('DBIx::Class::ResultSourceHandle');
184 $attrs = { %{$attrs||{}} };
186 if ($attrs->{page}) {
187 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
190 $attrs->{alias} ||= 'me';
192 # Creation of {} and bless separated to mitigate RH perl bug
193 # see https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=196836
195 _source_handle => $source,
196 cond => $attrs->{where},
205 $attrs->{result_class} || $source->resolve->result_class
215 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
217 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
221 my @cds = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2001 }); # "... WHERE year = 2001"
222 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2005 });
224 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search([ { year => 2005 }, { year => 2004 } ]);
225 # year = 2005 OR year = 2004
227 If you need to pass in additional attributes but no additional condition,
228 call it as C<search(undef, \%attrs)>.
230 # "SELECT name, artistid FROM $artist_table"
231 my @all_artists = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(undef, {
232 columns => [qw/name artistid/],
235 For a list of attributes that can be passed to C<search>, see
236 L</ATTRIBUTES>. For more examples of using this function, see
237 L<Searching|DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Searching>. For a complete
238 documentation for the first argument, see L<SQL::Abstract>.
240 For more help on using joins with search, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Joining>.
246 my $rs = $self->search_rs( @_ );
247 return (wantarray ? $rs->all : $rs);
254 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
256 =item Return Value: $resultset
260 This method does the same exact thing as search() except it will
261 always return a resultset, even in list context.
268 # Special-case handling for (undef, undef).
269 if ( @_ == 2 && !defined $_[1] && !defined $_[0] ) {
274 $attrs = pop(@_) if @_ > 1 and ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH';
275 my $our_attrs = { %{$self->{attrs}} };
276 my $having = delete $our_attrs->{having};
277 my $where = delete $our_attrs->{where};
281 my %safe = (alias => 1, cache => 1);
284 (@_ && defined($_[0])) # @_ == () or (undef)
286 (keys %$attrs # empty attrs or only 'safe' attrs
287 && List::Util::first { !$safe{$_} } keys %$attrs)
289 # no search, effectively just a clone
290 $rows = $self->get_cache;
293 my $new_attrs = { %{$our_attrs}, %{$attrs} };
295 # merge new attrs into inherited
296 foreach my $key (qw/join prefetch +select +as bind/) {
297 next unless exists $attrs->{$key};
298 $new_attrs->{$key} = $self->_merge_attr($our_attrs->{$key}, $attrs->{$key});
303 (@_ == 1 || ref $_[0] eq "HASH")
305 (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH')
307 (keys %{ $_[0] } > 0)
315 ? $self->throw_exception("Odd number of arguments to search")
322 if (defined $where) {
323 $new_attrs->{where} = (
324 defined $new_attrs->{where}
327 ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_
328 } $where, $new_attrs->{where}
335 $new_attrs->{where} = (
336 defined $new_attrs->{where}
339 ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_
340 } $cond, $new_attrs->{where}
346 if (defined $having) {
347 $new_attrs->{having} = (
348 defined $new_attrs->{having}
351 ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_
352 } $having, $new_attrs->{having}
358 my $rs = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $new_attrs);
360 $rs->set_cache($rows);
365 =head2 search_literal
369 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @bind_values
371 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
375 my @cds = $cd_rs->search_literal('year = ? AND title = ?', qw/2001 Reload/);
376 my $newrs = $artist_rs->search_literal('name = ?', 'Metallica');
378 Pass a literal chunk of SQL to be added to the conditional part of the
381 CAVEAT: C<search_literal> is provided for Class::DBI compatibility and should
382 only be used in that context. C<search_literal> is a convenience method.
383 It is equivalent to calling $schema->search(\[]), but if you want to ensure
384 columns are bound correctly, use C<search>.
386 Example of how to use C<search> instead of C<search_literal>
388 my @cds = $cd_rs->search_literal('cdid = ? AND (artist = ? OR artist = ?)', (2, 1, 2));
389 my @cds = $cd_rs->search(\[ 'cdid = ? AND (artist = ? OR artist = ?)', [ 'cdid', 2 ], [ 'artist', 1 ], [ 'artist', 2 ] ]);
392 See L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Searching> and
393 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::FAQ/Searching> for searching techniques that do not
394 require C<search_literal>.
399 my ($self, $sql, @bind) = @_;
401 if ( @bind && ref($bind[-1]) eq 'HASH' ) {
404 return $self->search(\[ $sql, map [ __DUMMY__ => $_ ], @bind ], ($attr || () ));
411 =item Arguments: @values | \%cols, \%attrs?
413 =item Return Value: $row_object | undef
417 Finds a row based on its primary key or unique constraint. For example, to find
418 a row by its primary key:
420 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(5);
422 You can also find a row by a specific unique constraint using the C<key>
423 attribute. For example:
425 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find('Massive Attack', 'Mezzanine', {
426 key => 'cd_artist_title'
429 Additionally, you can specify the columns explicitly by name:
431 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(
433 artist => 'Massive Attack',
434 title => 'Mezzanine',
436 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
439 If the C<key> is specified as C<primary>, it searches only on the primary key.
441 If no C<key> is specified, it searches on all unique constraints defined on the
442 source for which column data is provided, including the primary key.
444 If your table does not have a primary key, you B<must> provide a value for the
445 C<key> attribute matching one of the unique constraints on the source.
447 In addition to C<key>, L</find> recognizes and applies standard
448 L<resultset attributes|/ATTRIBUTES> in the same way as L</search> does.
450 Note: If your query does not return only one row, a warning is generated:
452 Query returned more than one row
454 See also L</find_or_create> and L</update_or_create>. For information on how to
455 declare unique constraints, see
456 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
462 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
464 # Default to the primary key, but allow a specific key
465 my @cols = exists $attrs->{key}
466 ? $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($attrs->{key})
467 : $self->result_source->primary_columns;
468 $self->throw_exception(
469 "Can't find unless a primary key is defined or unique constraint is specified"
472 # Parse out a hashref from input
474 if (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH') {
475 $input_query = { %{$_[0]} };
477 elsif (@_ == @cols) {
479 @{$input_query}{@cols} = @_;
482 # Compatibility: Allow e.g. find(id => $value)
483 carp "Find by key => value deprecated; please use a hashref instead";
487 my (%related, $info);
489 KEY: foreach my $key (keys %$input_query) {
490 if (ref($input_query->{$key})
491 && ($info = $self->result_source->relationship_info($key))) {
492 my $val = delete $input_query->{$key};
493 next KEY if (ref($val) eq 'ARRAY'); # has_many for multi_create
494 my $rel_q = $self->result_source->_resolve_condition(
495 $info->{cond}, $val, $key
497 die "Can't handle OR join condition in find" if ref($rel_q) eq 'ARRAY';
498 @related{keys %$rel_q} = values %$rel_q;
501 if (my @keys = keys %related) {
502 @{$input_query}{@keys} = values %related;
506 # Build the final query: Default to the disjunction of the unique queries,
507 # but allow the input query in case the ResultSet defines the query or the
508 # user is abusing find
509 my $alias = exists $attrs->{alias} ? $attrs->{alias} : $self->{attrs}{alias};
511 if (exists $attrs->{key}) {
512 my @unique_cols = $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($attrs->{key});
513 my $unique_query = $self->_build_unique_query($input_query, \@unique_cols);
514 $query = $self->_add_alias($unique_query, $alias);
517 my @unique_queries = $self->_unique_queries($input_query, $attrs);
518 $query = @unique_queries
519 ? [ map { $self->_add_alias($_, $alias) } @unique_queries ]
520 : $self->_add_alias($input_query, $alias);
525 my $rs = $self->search($query, $attrs);
526 if (keys %{$rs->_resolved_attrs->{collapse}}) {
528 carp "Query returned more than one row" if $rs->next;
536 if (keys %{$self->_resolved_attrs->{collapse}}) {
537 my $rs = $self->search($query);
539 carp "Query returned more than one row" if $rs->next;
543 return $self->single($query);
550 # Add the specified alias to the specified query hash. A copy is made so the
551 # original query is not modified.
554 my ($self, $query, $alias) = @_;
556 my %aliased = %$query;
557 foreach my $col (grep { ! m/\./ } keys %aliased) {
558 $aliased{"$alias.$col"} = delete $aliased{$col};
566 # Build a list of queries which satisfy unique constraints.
568 sub _unique_queries {
569 my ($self, $query, $attrs) = @_;
571 my @constraint_names = exists $attrs->{key}
573 : $self->result_source->unique_constraint_names;
575 my $where = $self->_collapse_cond($self->{attrs}{where} || {});
576 my $num_where = scalar keys %$where;
579 foreach my $name (@constraint_names) {
580 my @unique_cols = $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($name);
581 my $unique_query = $self->_build_unique_query($query, \@unique_cols);
583 my $num_cols = scalar @unique_cols;
584 my $num_query = scalar keys %$unique_query;
586 my $total = $num_query + $num_where;
587 if ($num_query && ($num_query == $num_cols || $total == $num_cols)) {
588 # The query is either unique on its own or is unique in combination with
589 # the existing where clause
590 push @unique_queries, $unique_query;
594 return @unique_queries;
597 # _build_unique_query
599 # Constrain the specified query hash based on the specified column names.
601 sub _build_unique_query {
602 my ($self, $query, $unique_cols) = @_;
605 map { $_ => $query->{$_} }
606 grep { exists $query->{$_} }
611 =head2 search_related
615 =item Arguments: $rel, $cond, \%attrs?
617 =item Return Value: $new_resultset
621 $new_rs = $cd_rs->search_related('artist', {
625 Searches the specified relationship, optionally specifying a condition and
626 attributes for matching records. See L</ATTRIBUTES> for more information.
631 return shift->related_resultset(shift)->search(@_);
634 =head2 search_related_rs
636 This method works exactly the same as search_related, except that
637 it guarantees a restultset, even in list context.
641 sub search_related_rs {
642 return shift->related_resultset(shift)->search_rs(@_);
649 =item Arguments: none
651 =item Return Value: $cursor
655 Returns a storage-driven cursor to the given resultset. See
656 L<DBIx::Class::Cursor> for more information.
663 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
665 return $self->{cursor}
666 ||= $self->result_source->storage->select($attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select},
667 $attrs->{where},$attrs);
674 =item Arguments: $cond?
676 =item Return Value: $row_object?
680 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->single({ year => 2001 });
682 Inflates the first result without creating a cursor if the resultset has
683 any records in it; if not returns nothing. Used by L</find> as a lean version of
686 While this method can take an optional search condition (just like L</search>)
687 being a fast-code-path it does not recognize search attributes. If you need to
688 add extra joins or similar, call L</search> and then chain-call L</single> on the
689 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet> returned.
695 As of 0.08100, this method enforces the assumption that the preceeding
696 query returns only one row. If more than one row is returned, you will receive
699 Query returned more than one row
701 In this case, you should be using L</next> or L</find> instead, or if you really
702 know what you are doing, use the L</rows> attribute to explicitly limit the size
705 This method will also throw an exception if it is called on a resultset prefetching
706 has_many, as such a prefetch implies fetching multiple rows from the database in
707 order to assemble the resulting object.
714 my ($self, $where) = @_;
716 $self->throw_exception('single() only takes search conditions, no attributes. You want ->search( $cond, $attrs )->single()');
719 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
721 if (keys %{$attrs->{collapse}}) {
722 $self->throw_exception(
723 'single() can not be used on resultsets prefetching has_many. Use find( \%cond ) or next() instead'
728 if (defined $attrs->{where}) {
731 [ map { ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_ }
732 $where, delete $attrs->{where} ]
735 $attrs->{where} = $where;
739 # XXX: Disabled since it doesn't infer uniqueness in all cases
740 # unless ($self->_is_unique_query($attrs->{where})) {
741 # carp "Query not guaranteed to return a single row"
742 # . "; please declare your unique constraints or use search instead";
745 my @data = $self->result_source->storage->select_single(
746 $attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select},
747 $attrs->{where}, $attrs
750 return (@data ? ($self->_construct_object(@data))[0] : undef);
756 # Try to determine if the specified query is guaranteed to be unique, based on
757 # the declared unique constraints.
759 sub _is_unique_query {
760 my ($self, $query) = @_;
762 my $collapsed = $self->_collapse_query($query);
763 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
765 foreach my $name ($self->result_source->unique_constraint_names) {
766 my @unique_cols = map {
768 } $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($name);
770 # Count the values for each unique column
771 my %seen = map { $_ => 0 } @unique_cols;
773 foreach my $key (keys %$collapsed) {
774 my $aliased = $key =~ /\./ ? $key : "$alias.$key";
775 next unless exists $seen{$aliased}; # Additional constraints are okay
776 $seen{$aliased} = scalar keys %{ $collapsed->{$key} };
779 # If we get 0 or more than 1 value for a column, it's not necessarily unique
780 return 1 unless grep { $_ != 1 } values %seen;
788 # Recursively collapse the query, accumulating values for each column.
790 sub _collapse_query {
791 my ($self, $query, $collapsed) = @_;
795 if (ref $query eq 'ARRAY') {
796 foreach my $subquery (@$query) {
797 next unless ref $subquery; # -or
798 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_query($subquery, $collapsed);
801 elsif (ref $query eq 'HASH') {
802 if (keys %$query and (keys %$query)[0] eq '-and') {
803 foreach my $subquery (@{$query->{-and}}) {
804 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_query($subquery, $collapsed);
808 foreach my $col (keys %$query) {
809 my $value = $query->{$col};
810 $collapsed->{$col}{$value}++;
822 =item Arguments: $cond?
824 =item Return Value: $resultsetcolumn
828 my $max_length = $rs->get_column('length')->max;
830 Returns a L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn> instance for a column of the ResultSet.
835 my ($self, $column) = @_;
836 my $new = DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn->new($self, $column);
844 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
846 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
850 # WHERE title LIKE '%blue%'
851 $cd_rs = $rs->search_like({ title => '%blue%'});
853 Performs a search, but uses C<LIKE> instead of C<=> as the condition. Note
854 that this is simply a convenience method retained for ex Class::DBI users.
855 You most likely want to use L</search> with specific operators.
857 For more information, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
859 This method is deprecated and will be removed in 0.09. Use L</search()>
860 instead. An example conversion is:
862 ->search_like({ foo => 'bar' });
866 ->search({ foo => { like => 'bar' } });
873 'search_like() is deprecated and will be removed in DBIC version 0.09.'
874 .' Instead use ->search({ x => { -like => "y%" } })'
875 .' (note the outer pair of {}s - they are important!)'
877 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
878 my $query = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? { %{shift()} }: {@_};
879 $query->{$_} = { 'like' => $query->{$_} } for keys %$query;
880 return $class->search($query, { %$attrs });
887 =item Arguments: $first, $last
889 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
893 Returns a resultset or object list representing a subset of elements from the
894 resultset slice is called on. Indexes are from 0, i.e., to get the first
897 my ($one, $two, $three) = $rs->slice(0, 2);
902 my ($self, $min, $max) = @_;
903 my $attrs = {}; # = { %{ $self->{attrs} || {} } };
904 $attrs->{offset} = $self->{attrs}{offset} || 0;
905 $attrs->{offset} += $min;
906 $attrs->{rows} = ($max ? ($max - $min + 1) : 1);
907 return $self->search(undef(), $attrs);
908 #my $slice = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $attrs);
909 #return (wantarray ? $slice->all : $slice);
916 =item Arguments: none
918 =item Return Value: $result?
922 Returns the next element in the resultset (C<undef> is there is none).
924 Can be used to efficiently iterate over records in the resultset:
926 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search;
927 while (my $cd = $rs->next) {
931 Note that you need to store the resultset object, and call C<next> on it.
932 Calling C<< resultset('Table')->next >> repeatedly will always return the
933 first record from the resultset.
939 if (my $cache = $self->get_cache) {
940 $self->{all_cache_position} ||= 0;
941 return $cache->[$self->{all_cache_position}++];
943 if ($self->{attrs}{cache}) {
944 $self->{all_cache_position} = 1;
945 return ($self->all)[0];
947 if ($self->{stashed_objects}) {
948 my $obj = shift(@{$self->{stashed_objects}});
949 delete $self->{stashed_objects} unless @{$self->{stashed_objects}};
953 exists $self->{stashed_row}
954 ? @{delete $self->{stashed_row}}
955 : $self->cursor->next
957 return undef unless (@row);
958 my ($row, @more) = $self->_construct_object(@row);
959 $self->{stashed_objects} = \@more if @more;
963 sub _construct_object {
964 my ($self, @row) = @_;
965 my $info = $self->_collapse_result($self->{_attrs}{as}, \@row);
966 my @new = $self->result_class->inflate_result($self->result_source, @$info);
967 @new = $self->{_attrs}{record_filter}->(@new)
968 if exists $self->{_attrs}{record_filter};
972 sub _collapse_result {
973 my ($self, $as_proto, $row) = @_;
977 # 'foo' => [ undef, 'foo' ]
978 # 'foo.bar' => [ 'foo', 'bar' ]
979 # 'foo.bar.baz' => [ 'foo.bar', 'baz' ]
981 my @construct_as = map { [ (/^(?:(.*)\.)?([^.]+)$/) ] } @$as_proto;
983 my %collapse = %{$self->{_attrs}{collapse}||{}};
987 # if we're doing collapsing (has_many prefetch) we need to grab records
988 # until the PK changes, so fill @pri_index. if not, we leave it empty so
989 # we know we don't have to bother.
991 # the reason for not using the collapse stuff directly is because if you
992 # had for e.g. two artists in a row with no cds, the collapse info for
993 # both would be NULL (undef) so you'd lose the second artist
995 # store just the index so we can check the array positions from the row
996 # without having to contruct the full hash
998 if (keys %collapse) {
999 my %pri = map { ($_ => 1) } $self->result_source->primary_columns;
1000 foreach my $i (0 .. $#construct_as) {
1001 next if defined($construct_as[$i][0]); # only self table
1002 if (delete $pri{$construct_as[$i][1]}) {
1003 push(@pri_index, $i);
1005 last unless keys %pri; # short circuit (Johnny Five Is Alive!)
1009 # no need to do an if, it'll be empty if @pri_index is empty anyway
1011 my %pri_vals = map { ($_ => $copy[$_]) } @pri_index;
1015 do { # no need to check anything at the front, we always want the first row
1019 foreach my $this_as (@construct_as) {
1020 $const{$this_as->[0]||''}{$this_as->[1]} = shift(@copy);
1023 push(@const_rows, \%const);
1025 } until ( # no pri_index => no collapse => drop straight out
1028 do { # get another row, stash it, drop out if different PK
1030 @copy = $self->cursor->next;
1031 $self->{stashed_row} = \@copy;
1033 # last thing in do block, counts as true if anything doesn't match
1035 # check xor defined first for NULL vs. NOT NULL then if one is
1036 # defined the other must be so check string equality
1039 (defined $pri_vals{$_} ^ defined $copy[$_])
1040 || (defined $pri_vals{$_} && ($pri_vals{$_} ne $copy[$_]))
1045 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
1052 foreach my $const (@const_rows) {
1053 scalar @const_keys or do {
1054 @const_keys = sort { length($a) <=> length($b) } keys %$const;
1056 foreach my $key (@const_keys) {
1059 my @parts = split(/\./, $key);
1061 my $data = $const->{$key};
1062 foreach my $p (@parts) {
1063 $target = $target->[1]->{$p} ||= [];
1065 if ($cur eq ".${key}" && (my @ckey = @{$collapse{$cur}||[]})) {
1066 # collapsing at this point and on final part
1067 my $pos = $collapse_pos{$cur};
1068 CK: foreach my $ck (@ckey) {
1069 if (!defined $pos->{$ck} || $pos->{$ck} ne $data->{$ck}) {
1070 $collapse_pos{$cur} = $data;
1071 delete @collapse_pos{ # clear all positioning for sub-entries
1072 grep { m/^\Q${cur}.\E/ } keys %collapse_pos
1079 if (exists $collapse{$cur}) {
1080 $target = $target->[-1];
1083 $target->[0] = $data;
1085 $info->[0] = $const->{$key};
1093 =head2 result_source
1097 =item Arguments: $result_source?
1099 =item Return Value: $result_source
1103 An accessor for the primary ResultSource object from which this ResultSet
1110 =item Arguments: $result_class?
1112 =item Return Value: $result_class
1116 An accessor for the class to use when creating row objects. Defaults to
1117 C<< result_source->result_class >> - which in most cases is the name of the
1118 L<"table"|DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/"ResultSource"> class.
1120 Note that changing the result_class will also remove any components
1121 that were originally loaded in the source class via
1122 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/load_components>. Any overloaded methods
1123 in the original source class will not run.
1128 my ($self, $result_class) = @_;
1129 if ($result_class) {
1130 $self->ensure_class_loaded($result_class);
1131 $self->_result_class($result_class);
1133 $self->_result_class;
1140 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs??
1142 =item Return Value: $count
1146 Performs an SQL C<COUNT> with the same query as the resultset was built
1147 with to find the number of elements. Passing arguments is equivalent to
1148 C<< $rs->search ($cond, \%attrs)->count >>
1154 return $self->search(@_)->count if @_ and defined $_[0];
1155 return scalar @{ $self->get_cache } if $self->get_cache;
1157 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
1159 # this is a little optimization - it is faster to do the limit
1160 # adjustments in software, instead of a subquery
1161 my $rows = delete $attrs->{rows};
1162 my $offset = delete $attrs->{offset};
1165 if ($self->_has_resolved_attr (qw/collapse group_by/)) {
1166 $crs = $self->_count_subq_rs ($attrs);
1169 $crs = $self->_count_rs ($attrs);
1171 my $count = $crs->next;
1173 $count -= $offset if $offset;
1174 $count = $rows if $rows and $rows < $count;
1175 $count = 0 if ($count < 0);
1184 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs??
1186 =item Return Value: $count_rs
1190 Same as L</count> but returns a L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn> object.
1191 This can be very handy for subqueries:
1193 ->search( { amount => $some_rs->count_rs->as_query } )
1195 As with regular resultsets the SQL query will be executed only after
1196 the resultset is accessed via L</next> or L</all>. That would return
1197 the same single value obtainable via L</count>.
1203 return $self->search(@_)->count_rs if @_;
1205 # this may look like a lack of abstraction (count() does about the same)
1206 # but in fact an _rs *must* use a subquery for the limits, as the
1207 # software based limiting can not be ported if this $rs is to be used
1208 # in a subquery itself (i.e. ->as_query)
1209 if ($self->_has_resolved_attr (qw/collapse group_by offset rows/)) {
1210 return $self->_count_subq_rs;
1213 return $self->_count_rs;
1218 # returns a ResultSetColumn object tied to the count query
1221 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
1223 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1224 $attrs ||= $self->_resolved_attrs;
1226 my $tmp_attrs = { %$attrs };
1228 # take off any limits, record_filter is cdbi, and no point of ordering a count
1229 delete $tmp_attrs->{$_} for (qw/select as rows offset order_by record_filter/);
1231 # overwrite the selector (supplied by the storage)
1232 $tmp_attrs->{select} = $rsrc->storage->_count_select ($rsrc, $tmp_attrs);
1233 $tmp_attrs->{as} = 'count';
1235 my $tmp_rs = $rsrc->resultset_class->new($rsrc, $tmp_attrs)->get_column ('count');
1241 # same as above but uses a subquery
1243 sub _count_subq_rs {
1244 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
1246 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1247 $attrs ||= $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
1249 my $sub_attrs = { %$attrs };
1251 # these can not go in the subquery, and there is no point of ordering it
1252 delete $sub_attrs->{$_} for qw/collapse select as order_by/;
1254 # if we prefetch, we group_by primary keys only as this is what we would get out of the rs via ->next/->all
1255 # clobber old group_by regardless
1256 if ( keys %{$attrs->{collapse}} ) {
1257 $sub_attrs->{group_by} = [ map { "$attrs->{alias}.$_" } ($rsrc->primary_columns) ]
1260 $sub_attrs->{select} = $rsrc->storage->_subq_count_select ($rsrc, $sub_attrs);
1263 count_subq => $rsrc->resultset_class->new ($rsrc, $sub_attrs )->as_query
1266 # the subquery replaces this
1267 delete $attrs->{$_} for qw/where bind collapse group_by having having_bind rows offset/;
1269 return $self->_count_rs ($attrs);
1277 =head2 count_literal
1281 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @bind_values
1283 =item Return Value: $count
1287 Counts the results in a literal query. Equivalent to calling L</search_literal>
1288 with the passed arguments, then L</count>.
1292 sub count_literal { shift->search_literal(@_)->count; }
1298 =item Arguments: none
1300 =item Return Value: @objects
1304 Returns all elements in the resultset. Called implicitly if the resultset
1305 is returned in list context.
1312 $self->throw_exception("all() doesn't take any arguments, you probably wanted ->search(...)->all()");
1315 return @{ $self->get_cache } if $self->get_cache;
1319 # TODO: don't call resolve here
1320 if (keys %{$self->_resolved_attrs->{collapse}}) {
1321 # if ($self->{attrs}{prefetch}) {
1322 # Using $self->cursor->all is really just an optimisation.
1323 # If we're collapsing has_many prefetches it probably makes
1324 # very little difference, and this is cleaner than hacking
1325 # _construct_object to survive the approach
1326 my @row = $self->cursor->next;
1328 push(@obj, $self->_construct_object(@row));
1329 @row = (exists $self->{stashed_row}
1330 ? @{delete $self->{stashed_row}}
1331 : $self->cursor->next);
1334 @obj = map { $self->_construct_object(@$_) } $self->cursor->all;
1337 $self->set_cache(\@obj) if $self->{attrs}{cache};
1345 =item Arguments: none
1347 =item Return Value: $self
1351 Resets the resultset's cursor, so you can iterate through the elements again.
1357 delete $self->{_attrs} if exists $self->{_attrs};
1358 $self->{all_cache_position} = 0;
1359 $self->cursor->reset;
1367 =item Arguments: none
1369 =item Return Value: $object?
1373 Resets the resultset and returns an object for the first result (if the
1374 resultset returns anything).
1379 return $_[0]->reset->next;
1385 # Determines whether and what type of subquery is required for the $rs operation.
1386 # If grouping is necessary either supplies its own, or verifies the current one
1387 # After all is done delegates to the proper storage method.
1389 sub _rs_update_delete {
1390 my ($self, $op, $values) = @_;
1392 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1394 my $needs_group_by_subq = $self->_has_resolved_attr (qw/collapse group_by -join/);
1395 my $needs_subq = $self->_has_resolved_attr (qw/row offset/);
1397 if ($needs_group_by_subq or $needs_subq) {
1399 # make a new $rs selecting only the PKs (that's all we really need)
1400 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
1402 delete $attrs->{$_} for qw/collapse select as/;
1403 $attrs->{columns} = [ map { "$attrs->{alias}.$_" } ($self->result_source->primary_columns) ];
1405 if ($needs_group_by_subq) {
1406 # make sure no group_by was supplied, or if there is one - make sure it matches
1407 # the columns compiled above perfectly. Anything else can not be sanely executed
1408 # on most databases so croak right then and there
1410 if (my $g = $attrs->{group_by}) {
1411 my @current_group_by = map
1412 { $_ =~ /\./ ? $_ : "$attrs->{alias}.$_" }
1413 (ref $g eq 'ARRAY' ? @$g : $g );
1416 join ("\x00", sort @current_group_by)
1418 join ("\x00", sort @{$attrs->{columns}} )
1420 $self->throw_exception (
1421 "You have just attempted a $op operation on a resultset which does group_by"
1422 . ' on columns other than the primary keys, while DBIC internally needs to retrieve'
1423 . ' the primary keys in a subselect. All sane RDBMS engines do not support this'
1424 . ' kind of queries. Please retry the operation with a modified group_by or'
1425 . ' without using one at all.'
1430 $attrs->{group_by} = $attrs->{columns};
1434 my $subrs = (ref $self)->new($rsrc, $attrs);
1436 return $self->result_source->storage->_subq_update_delete($subrs, $op, $values);
1439 return $rsrc->storage->$op(
1441 $op eq 'update' ? $values : (),
1442 $self->_cond_for_update_delete,
1448 # _cond_for_update_delete
1450 # update/delete require the condition to be modified to handle
1451 # the differing SQL syntax available. This transforms the $self->{cond}
1452 # appropriately, returning the new condition.
1454 sub _cond_for_update_delete {
1455 my ($self, $full_cond) = @_;
1458 $full_cond ||= $self->{cond};
1459 # No-op. No condition, we're updating/deleting everything
1460 return $cond unless ref $full_cond;
1462 if (ref $full_cond eq 'ARRAY') {
1466 foreach my $key (keys %{$_}) {
1468 $hash{$1} = $_->{$key};
1474 elsif (ref $full_cond eq 'HASH') {
1475 if ((keys %{$full_cond})[0] eq '-and') {
1477 my @cond = @{$full_cond->{-and}};
1478 for (my $i = 0; $i < @cond; $i++) {
1479 my $entry = $cond[$i];
1481 if (ref $entry eq 'HASH') {
1482 $hash = $self->_cond_for_update_delete($entry);
1485 $entry =~ /([^.]+)$/;
1486 $hash->{$1} = $cond[++$i];
1488 push @{$cond->{-and}}, $hash;
1492 foreach my $key (keys %{$full_cond}) {
1494 $cond->{$1} = $full_cond->{$key};
1499 $self->throw_exception("Can't update/delete on resultset with condition unless hash or array");
1510 =item Arguments: \%values
1512 =item Return Value: $storage_rv
1516 Sets the specified columns in the resultset to the supplied values in a
1517 single query. Return value will be true if the update succeeded or false
1518 if no records were updated; exact type of success value is storage-dependent.
1523 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1524 $self->throw_exception('Values for update must be a hash')
1525 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
1527 return $self->_rs_update_delete ('update', $values);
1534 =item Arguments: \%values
1536 =item Return Value: 1
1540 Fetches all objects and updates them one at a time. Note that C<update_all>
1541 will run DBIC cascade triggers, while L</update> will not.
1546 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1547 $self->throw_exception('Values for update_all must be a hash')
1548 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
1549 foreach my $obj ($self->all) {
1550 $obj->set_columns($values)->update;
1559 =item Arguments: none
1561 =item Return Value: $storage_rv
1565 Deletes the contents of the resultset from its result source. Note that this
1566 will not run DBIC cascade triggers. See L</delete_all> if you need triggers
1567 to run. See also L<DBIx::Class::Row/delete>.
1569 Return value will be the amount of rows deleted; exact type of return value
1570 is storage-dependent.
1576 $self->throw_exception('delete does not accept any arguments')
1579 return $self->_rs_update_delete ('delete');
1586 =item Arguments: none
1588 =item Return Value: 1
1592 Fetches all objects and deletes them one at a time. Note that C<delete_all>
1593 will run DBIC cascade triggers, while L</delete> will not.
1599 $self->throw_exception('delete_all does not accept any arguments')
1602 $_->delete for $self->all;
1610 =item Arguments: \@data;
1614 Accepts either an arrayref of hashrefs or alternatively an arrayref of arrayrefs.
1615 For the arrayref of hashrefs style each hashref should be a structure suitable
1616 forsubmitting to a $resultset->create(...) method.
1618 In void context, C<insert_bulk> in L<DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI> is used
1619 to insert the data, as this is a faster method.
1621 Otherwise, each set of data is inserted into the database using
1622 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/create>, and the resulting objects are
1623 accumulated into an array. The array itself, or an array reference
1624 is returned depending on scalar or list context.
1626 Example: Assuming an Artist Class that has many CDs Classes relating:
1628 my $Artist_rs = $schema->resultset("Artist");
1630 ## Void Context Example
1631 $Artist_rs->populate([
1632 { artistid => 4, name => 'Manufactured Crap', cds => [
1633 { title => 'My First CD', year => 2006 },
1634 { title => 'Yet More Tweeny-Pop crap', year => 2007 },
1637 { artistid => 5, name => 'Angsty-Whiny Girl', cds => [
1638 { title => 'My parents sold me to a record company' ,year => 2005 },
1639 { title => 'Why Am I So Ugly?', year => 2006 },
1640 { title => 'I Got Surgery and am now Popular', year => 2007 }
1645 ## Array Context Example
1646 my ($ArtistOne, $ArtistTwo, $ArtistThree) = $Artist_rs->populate([
1647 { name => "Artist One"},
1648 { name => "Artist Two"},
1649 { name => "Artist Three", cds=> [
1650 { title => "First CD", year => 2007},
1651 { title => "Second CD", year => 2008},
1655 print $ArtistOne->name; ## response is 'Artist One'
1656 print $ArtistThree->cds->count ## reponse is '2'
1658 For the arrayref of arrayrefs style, the first element should be a list of the
1659 fieldsnames to which the remaining elements are rows being inserted. For
1662 $Arstist_rs->populate([
1663 [qw/artistid name/],
1664 [100, 'A Formally Unknown Singer'],
1665 [101, 'A singer that jumped the shark two albums ago'],
1666 [102, 'An actually cool singer.'],
1669 Please note an important effect on your data when choosing between void and
1670 wantarray context. Since void context goes straight to C<insert_bulk> in
1671 L<DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI> this will skip any component that is overriding
1672 C<insert>. So if you are using something like L<DBIx-Class-UUIDColumns> to
1673 create primary keys for you, you will find that your PKs are empty. In this
1674 case you will have to use the wantarray context in order to create those
1680 my $self = shift @_;
1681 my $data = ref $_[0][0] eq 'HASH'
1682 ? $_[0] : ref $_[0][0] eq 'ARRAY' ? $self->_normalize_populate_args($_[0]) :
1683 $self->throw_exception('Populate expects an arrayref of hashes or arrayref of arrayrefs');
1685 if(defined wantarray) {
1687 foreach my $item (@$data) {
1688 push(@created, $self->create($item));
1690 return wantarray ? @created : \@created;
1692 my ($first, @rest) = @$data;
1694 my @names = grep {!ref $first->{$_}} keys %$first;
1695 my @rels = grep { $self->result_source->has_relationship($_) } keys %$first;
1696 my @pks = $self->result_source->primary_columns;
1698 ## do the belongs_to relationships
1699 foreach my $index (0..$#$data) {
1701 # delegate to create() for any dataset without primary keys with specified relationships
1702 if (grep { !defined $data->[$index]->{$_} } @pks ) {
1704 if (grep { ref $data->[$index]{$r} eq $_ } qw/HASH ARRAY/) { # a related set must be a HASH or AoH
1705 my @ret = $self->populate($data);
1711 foreach my $rel (@rels) {
1712 next unless ref $data->[$index]->{$rel} eq "HASH";
1713 my $result = $self->related_resultset($rel)->create($data->[$index]->{$rel});
1714 my ($reverse) = keys %{$self->result_source->reverse_relationship_info($rel)};
1715 my $related = $result->result_source->_resolve_condition(
1716 $result->result_source->relationship_info($reverse)->{cond},
1721 delete $data->[$index]->{$rel};
1722 $data->[$index] = {%{$data->[$index]}, %$related};
1724 push @names, keys %$related if $index == 0;
1728 ## do bulk insert on current row
1729 my @values = map { [ @$_{@names} ] } @$data;
1731 $self->result_source->storage->insert_bulk(
1732 $self->result_source,
1737 ## do the has_many relationships
1738 foreach my $item (@$data) {
1740 foreach my $rel (@rels) {
1741 next unless $item->{$rel} && ref $item->{$rel} eq "ARRAY";
1743 my $parent = $self->find(map {{$_=>$item->{$_}} } @pks)
1744 || $self->throw_exception('Cannot find the relating object.');
1746 my $child = $parent->$rel;
1748 my $related = $child->result_source->_resolve_condition(
1749 $parent->result_source->relationship_info($rel)->{cond},
1754 my @rows_to_add = ref $item->{$rel} eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$item->{$rel}} : ($item->{$rel});
1755 my @populate = map { {%$_, %$related} } @rows_to_add;
1757 $child->populate( \@populate );
1763 =head2 _normalize_populate_args ($args)
1765 Private method used by L</populate> to normalize its incoming arguments. Factored
1766 out in case you want to subclass and accept new argument structures to the
1767 L</populate> method.
1771 sub _normalize_populate_args {
1772 my ($self, $data) = @_;
1773 my @names = @{shift(@$data)};
1774 my @results_to_create;
1775 foreach my $datum (@$data) {
1776 my %result_to_create;
1777 foreach my $index (0..$#names) {
1778 $result_to_create{$names[$index]} = $$datum[$index];
1780 push @results_to_create, \%result_to_create;
1782 return \@results_to_create;
1789 =item Arguments: none
1791 =item Return Value: $pager
1795 Return Value a L<Data::Page> object for the current resultset. Only makes
1796 sense for queries with a C<page> attribute.
1798 To get the full count of entries for a paged resultset, call
1799 C<total_entries> on the L<Data::Page> object.
1806 return $self->{pager} if $self->{pager};
1808 my $attrs = $self->{attrs};
1809 $self->throw_exception("Can't create pager for non-paged rs")
1810 unless $self->{attrs}{page};
1811 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
1813 # throw away the paging flags and re-run the count (possibly
1814 # with a subselect) to get the real total count
1815 my $count_attrs = { %$attrs };
1816 delete $count_attrs->{$_} for qw/rows offset page pager/;
1817 my $total_count = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $count_attrs)->count;
1819 return $self->{pager} = Data::Page->new(
1822 $self->{attrs}{page}
1830 =item Arguments: $page_number
1832 =item Return Value: $rs
1836 Returns a resultset for the $page_number page of the resultset on which page
1837 is called, where each page contains a number of rows equal to the 'rows'
1838 attribute set on the resultset (10 by default).
1843 my ($self, $page) = @_;
1844 return (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, { %{$self->{attrs}}, page => $page });
1851 =item Arguments: \%vals
1853 =item Return Value: $rowobject
1857 Creates a new row object in the resultset's result class and returns
1858 it. The row is not inserted into the database at this point, call
1859 L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> to do that. Calling L<DBIx::Class::Row/in_storage>
1860 will tell you whether the row object has been inserted or not.
1862 Passes the hashref of input on to L<DBIx::Class::Row/new>.
1867 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1868 $self->throw_exception( "new_result needs a hash" )
1869 unless (ref $values eq 'HASH');
1872 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
1875 defined $self->{cond}
1876 && $self->{cond} eq $DBIx::Class::ResultSource::UNRESOLVABLE_CONDITION
1878 %new = %{ $self->{attrs}{related_objects} || {} }; # nothing might have been inserted yet
1879 $new{-from_resultset} = [ keys %new ] if keys %new;
1881 $self->throw_exception(
1882 "Can't abstract implicit construct, condition not a hash"
1883 ) if ($self->{cond} && !(ref $self->{cond} eq 'HASH'));
1885 my $collapsed_cond = (
1887 ? $self->_collapse_cond($self->{cond})
1891 # precendence must be given to passed values over values inherited from
1892 # the cond, so the order here is important.
1893 my %implied = %{$self->_remove_alias($collapsed_cond, $alias)};
1894 while( my($col,$value) = each %implied ){
1895 if(ref($value) eq 'HASH' && keys(%$value) && (keys %$value)[0] eq '='){
1896 $new{$col} = $value->{'='};
1899 $new{$col} = $value if $self->_is_deterministic_value($value);
1905 %{ $self->_remove_alias($values, $alias) },
1906 -source_handle => $self->_source_handle,
1907 -result_source => $self->result_source, # DO NOT REMOVE THIS, REQUIRED
1910 return $self->result_class->new(\%new);
1913 # _is_deterministic_value
1915 # Make an effor to strip non-deterministic values from the condition,
1916 # to make sure new_result chokes less
1918 sub _is_deterministic_value {
1921 my $ref_type = ref $value;
1922 return 1 if $ref_type eq '' || $ref_type eq 'SCALAR';
1923 return 1 if Scalar::Util::blessed($value);
1927 # _has_resolved_attr
1929 # determines if the resultset defines at least one
1930 # of the attributes supplied
1932 # used to determine if a subquery is neccessary
1934 sub _has_resolved_attr {
1935 my ($self, @attr_names) = @_;
1937 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs;
1941 for my $n (@attr_names) {
1942 ++$join_check_req if $n eq '-join';
1944 my $attr = $attrs->{$n};
1946 next if not defined $attr;
1948 if (ref $attr eq 'HASH') {
1949 return 1 if keys %$attr;
1951 elsif (ref $attr eq 'ARRAY') {
1959 # a resolved join is expressed as a multi-level from
1963 ref $attrs->{from} eq 'ARRAY'
1965 @{$attrs->{from}} > 1
1973 # Recursively collapse the condition.
1975 sub _collapse_cond {
1976 my ($self, $cond, $collapsed) = @_;
1980 if (ref $cond eq 'ARRAY') {
1981 foreach my $subcond (@$cond) {
1982 next unless ref $subcond; # -or
1983 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_cond($subcond, $collapsed);
1986 elsif (ref $cond eq 'HASH') {
1987 if (keys %$cond and (keys %$cond)[0] eq '-and') {
1988 foreach my $subcond (@{$cond->{-and}}) {
1989 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_cond($subcond, $collapsed);
1993 foreach my $col (keys %$cond) {
1994 my $value = $cond->{$col};
1995 $collapsed->{$col} = $value;
2005 # Remove the specified alias from the specified query hash. A copy is made so
2006 # the original query is not modified.
2009 my ($self, $query, $alias) = @_;
2011 my %orig = %{ $query || {} };
2014 foreach my $key (keys %orig) {
2016 $unaliased{$key} = $orig{$key};
2019 $unaliased{$1} = $orig{$key}
2020 if $key =~ m/^(?:\Q$alias\E\.)?([^.]+)$/;
2026 =head2 as_query (EXPERIMENTAL)
2030 =item Arguments: none
2032 =item Return Value: \[ $sql, @bind ]
2036 Returns the SQL query and bind vars associated with the invocant.
2038 This is generally used as the RHS for a subquery.
2040 B<NOTE>: This feature is still experimental.
2047 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
2052 # my ($sql, \@bind, \%dbi_bind_attrs) = _select_args_to_query (...)
2053 # $sql also has no wrapping parenthesis in list ctx
2055 my $sqlbind = $self->result_source->storage
2056 ->_select_args_to_query ($attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select}, $attrs->{where}, $attrs);
2065 =item Arguments: \%vals, \%attrs?
2067 =item Return Value: $rowobject
2071 my $artist = $schema->resultset('Artist')->find_or_new(
2072 { artist => 'fred' }, { key => 'artists' });
2074 $cd->cd_to_producer->find_or_new({ producer => $producer },
2075 { key => 'primary });
2077 Find an existing record from this resultset, based on its primary
2078 key, or a unique constraint. If none exists, instantiate a new result
2079 object and return it. The object will not be saved into your storage
2080 until you call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> on it.
2082 You most likely want this method when looking for existing rows using
2083 a unique constraint that is not the primary key, or looking for
2086 If you want objects to be saved immediately, use L</find_or_create> instead.
2088 B<Note>: C<find_or_new> is probably not what you want when creating a
2089 new row in a table that uses primary keys supplied by the
2090 database. Passing in a primary key column with a value of I<undef>
2091 will cause L</find> to attempt to search for a row with a value of
2098 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
2099 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2100 if (keys %$hash and my $row = $self->find($hash, $attrs) ) {
2103 return $self->new_result($hash);
2110 =item Arguments: \%vals
2112 =item Return Value: a L<DBIx::Class::Row> $object
2116 Attempt to create a single new row or a row with multiple related rows
2117 in the table represented by the resultset (and related tables). This
2118 will not check for duplicate rows before inserting, use
2119 L</find_or_create> to do that.
2121 To create one row for this resultset, pass a hashref of key/value
2122 pairs representing the columns of the table and the values you wish to
2123 store. If the appropriate relationships are set up, foreign key fields
2124 can also be passed an object representing the foreign row, and the
2125 value will be set to its primary key.
2127 To create related objects, pass a hashref for the value if the related
2128 item is a foreign key relationship (L<DBIx::Class::Relationship/belongs_to>),
2129 and use the name of the relationship as the key. (NOT the name of the field,
2130 necessarily). For C<has_many> and C<has_one> relationships, pass an arrayref
2131 of hashrefs containing the data for each of the rows to create in the foreign
2132 tables, again using the relationship name as the key.
2134 Instead of hashrefs of plain related data (key/value pairs), you may
2135 also pass new or inserted objects. New objects (not inserted yet, see
2136 L</new>), will be inserted into their appropriate tables.
2138 Effectively a shortcut for C<< ->new_result(\%vals)->insert >>.
2140 Example of creating a new row.
2142 $person_rs->create({
2143 name=>"Some Person",
2144 email=>"somebody@someplace.com"
2147 Example of creating a new row and also creating rows in a related C<has_many>
2148 or C<has_one> resultset. Note Arrayref.
2151 { artistid => 4, name => 'Manufactured Crap', cds => [
2152 { title => 'My First CD', year => 2006 },
2153 { title => 'Yet More Tweeny-Pop crap', year => 2007 },
2158 Example of creating a new row and also creating a row in a related
2159 C<belongs_to>resultset. Note Hashref.
2162 title=>"Music for Silly Walks",
2165 name=>"Silly Musician",
2172 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
2173 $self->throw_exception( "create needs a hashref" )
2174 unless ref $attrs eq 'HASH';
2175 return $self->new_result($attrs)->insert;
2178 =head2 find_or_create
2182 =item Arguments: \%vals, \%attrs?
2184 =item Return Value: $rowobject
2188 $cd->cd_to_producer->find_or_create({ producer => $producer },
2189 { key => 'primary });
2191 Tries to find a record based on its primary key or unique constraints; if none
2192 is found, creates one and returns that instead.
2194 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create({
2196 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2197 title => 'Mezzanine',
2201 Also takes an optional C<key> attribute, to search by a specific key or unique
2202 constraint. For example:
2204 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create(
2206 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2207 title => 'Mezzanine',
2209 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
2212 B<Note>: Because find_or_create() reads from the database and then
2213 possibly inserts based on the result, this method is subject to a race
2214 condition. Another process could create a record in the table after
2215 the find has completed and before the create has started. To avoid
2216 this problem, use find_or_create() inside a transaction.
2218 B<Note>: C<find_or_create> is probably not what you want when creating
2219 a new row in a table that uses primary keys supplied by the
2220 database. Passing in a primary key column with a value of I<undef>
2221 will cause L</find> to attempt to search for a row with a value of
2224 See also L</find> and L</update_or_create>. For information on how to declare
2225 unique constraints, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
2229 sub find_or_create {
2231 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
2232 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2233 if (keys %$hash and my $row = $self->find($hash, $attrs) ) {
2236 return $self->create($hash);
2239 =head2 update_or_create
2243 =item Arguments: \%col_values, { key => $unique_constraint }?
2245 =item Return Value: $rowobject
2249 $resultset->update_or_create({ col => $val, ... });
2251 First, searches for an existing row matching one of the unique constraints
2252 (including the primary key) on the source of this resultset. If a row is
2253 found, updates it with the other given column values. Otherwise, creates a new
2256 Takes an optional C<key> attribute to search on a specific unique constraint.
2259 # In your application
2260 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->update_or_create(
2262 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2263 title => 'Mezzanine',
2266 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
2269 $cd->cd_to_producer->update_or_create({
2270 producer => $producer,
2277 If no C<key> is specified, it searches on all unique constraints defined on the
2278 source, including the primary key.
2280 If the C<key> is specified as C<primary>, it searches only on the primary key.
2282 See also L</find> and L</find_or_create>. For information on how to declare
2283 unique constraints, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
2285 B<Note>: C<update_or_create> is probably not what you want when
2286 looking for a row in a table that uses primary keys supplied by the
2287 database, unless you actually have a key value. Passing in a primary
2288 key column with a value of I<undef> will cause L</find> to attempt to
2289 search for a row with a value of I<NULL>.
2293 sub update_or_create {
2295 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
2296 my $cond = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2298 my $row = $self->find($cond, $attrs);
2300 $row->update($cond);
2304 return $self->create($cond);
2307 =head2 update_or_new
2311 =item Arguments: \%col_values, { key => $unique_constraint }?
2313 =item Return Value: $rowobject
2317 $resultset->update_or_new({ col => $val, ... });
2319 First, searches for an existing row matching one of the unique constraints
2320 (including the primary key) on the source of this resultset. If a row is
2321 found, updates it with the other given column values. Otherwise, instantiate
2322 a new result object and return it. The object will not be saved into your storage
2323 until you call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> on it.
2325 Takes an optional C<key> attribute to search on a specific unique constraint.
2328 # In your application
2329 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->update_or_new(
2331 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2332 title => 'Mezzanine',
2335 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
2338 if ($cd->in_storage) {
2339 # the cd was updated
2342 # the cd is not yet in the database, let's insert it
2346 See also L</find>, L</find_or_create> and L<find_or_new>.
2352 my $attrs = ( @_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {} );
2353 my $cond = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2355 my $row = $self->find( $cond, $attrs );
2356 if ( defined $row ) {
2357 $row->update($cond);
2361 return $self->new_result($cond);
2368 =item Arguments: none
2370 =item Return Value: \@cache_objects?
2374 Gets the contents of the cache for the resultset, if the cache is set.
2376 The cache is populated either by using the L</prefetch> attribute to
2377 L</search> or by calling L</set_cache>.
2389 =item Arguments: \@cache_objects
2391 =item Return Value: \@cache_objects
2395 Sets the contents of the cache for the resultset. Expects an arrayref
2396 of objects of the same class as those produced by the resultset. Note that
2397 if the cache is set the resultset will return the cached objects rather
2398 than re-querying the database even if the cache attr is not set.
2400 The contents of the cache can also be populated by using the
2401 L</prefetch> attribute to L</search>.
2406 my ( $self, $data ) = @_;
2407 $self->throw_exception("set_cache requires an arrayref")
2408 if defined($data) && (ref $data ne 'ARRAY');
2409 $self->{all_cache} = $data;
2416 =item Arguments: none
2418 =item Return Value: []
2422 Clears the cache for the resultset.
2427 shift->set_cache(undef);
2430 =head2 related_resultset
2434 =item Arguments: $relationship_name
2436 =item Return Value: $resultset
2440 Returns a related resultset for the supplied relationship name.
2442 $artist_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->related_resultset('Artist');
2446 sub related_resultset {
2447 my ($self, $rel) = @_;
2449 $self->{related_resultsets} ||= {};
2450 return $self->{related_resultsets}{$rel} ||= do {
2451 my $rel_obj = $self->result_source->relationship_info($rel);
2453 $self->throw_exception(
2454 "search_related: result source '" . $self->result_source->source_name .
2455 "' has no such relationship $rel")
2458 my ($from,$seen) = $self->_resolve_from($rel);
2460 my $join_count = $seen->{$rel};
2461 my $alias = ($join_count > 1 ? join('_', $rel, $join_count) : $rel);
2463 #XXX - temp fix for result_class bug. There likely is a more elegant fix -groditi
2464 my %attrs = %{$self->{attrs}||{}};
2465 delete @attrs{qw(result_class alias)};
2469 if (my $cache = $self->get_cache) {
2470 if ($cache->[0] && $cache->[0]->related_resultset($rel)->get_cache) {
2471 $new_cache = [ map { @{$_->related_resultset($rel)->get_cache} }
2476 my $rel_source = $self->result_source->related_source($rel);
2480 # The reason we do this now instead of passing the alias to the
2481 # search_rs below is that if you wrap/overload resultset on the
2482 # source you need to know what alias it's -going- to have for things
2483 # to work sanely (e.g. RestrictWithObject wants to be able to add
2484 # extra query restrictions, and these may need to be $alias.)
2486 my $attrs = $rel_source->resultset_attributes;
2487 local $attrs->{alias} = $alias;
2489 $rel_source->resultset
2497 where => $self->{cond},
2502 $new->set_cache($new_cache) if $new_cache;
2507 =head2 current_source_alias
2511 =item Arguments: none
2513 =item Return Value: $source_alias
2517 Returns the current table alias for the result source this resultset is built
2518 on, that will be used in the SQL query. Usually it is C<me>.
2520 Currently the source alias that refers to the result set returned by a
2521 L</search>/L</find> family method depends on how you got to the resultset: it's
2522 C<me> by default, but eg. L</search_related> aliases it to the related result
2523 source name (and keeps C<me> referring to the original result set). The long
2524 term goal is to make L<DBIx::Class> always alias the current resultset as C<me>
2525 (and make this method unnecessary).
2527 Thus it's currently necessary to use this method in predefined queries (see
2528 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Predefined searches>) when referring to the
2529 source alias of the current result set:
2531 # in a result set class
2533 my ($self, $user) = @_;
2535 my $me = $self->current_source_alias;
2537 return $self->search(
2538 "$me.modified" => $user->id,
2544 sub current_source_alias {
2547 return ($self->{attrs} || {})->{alias} || 'me';
2550 # This code is called by search_related, and makes sure there
2551 # is clear separation between the joins before, during, and
2552 # after the relationship. This information is needed later
2553 # in order to properly resolve prefetch aliases (any alias
2554 # with a relation_chain_depth less than the depth of the
2555 # current prefetch is not considered)
2557 my ($self, $extra_join) = @_;
2558 my $source = $self->result_source;
2559 my $attrs = $self->{attrs};
2565 -source_handle => $source->handle,
2566 -alias => $attrs->{alias},
2567 $attrs->{alias} => $source->from,
2571 my $seen = { %{$attrs->{seen_join} || {} } };
2573 # we need to take the prefetch the attrs into account before we
2574 # ->_resolve_join as otherwise they get lost - captainL
2575 my $merged = $self->_merge_attr( $attrs->{join}, $attrs->{prefetch} );
2577 push @$from, $source->_resolve_join($merged, $attrs->{alias}, $seen) if ($merged);
2579 ++$seen->{-relation_chain_depth};
2581 push @$from, $source->_resolve_join($extra_join, $attrs->{alias}, $seen);
2583 ++$seen->{-relation_chain_depth};
2585 return ($from,$seen);
2588 # too many times we have to do $attrs = { %{$self->_resolved_attrs} }
2589 sub _resolved_attrs_copy {
2591 return { %{$self->_resolved_attrs (@_)} };
2594 sub _resolved_attrs {
2596 return $self->{_attrs} if $self->{_attrs};
2598 my $attrs = { %{ $self->{attrs} || {} } };
2599 my $source = $self->result_source;
2600 my $alias = $attrs->{alias};
2602 $attrs->{columns} ||= delete $attrs->{cols} if exists $attrs->{cols};
2605 # build columns (as long as select isn't set) into a set of as/select hashes
2606 unless ( $attrs->{select} ) {
2608 ( ref($_) eq 'HASH' )
2612 /^\Q${alias}.\E(.+)$/
2623 } ( ref($attrs->{columns}) eq 'ARRAY' ) ? @{ delete $attrs->{columns}} : (delete $attrs->{columns} || $source->columns );
2625 # add the additional columns on
2626 foreach ( 'include_columns', '+columns' ) {
2627 push @colbits, map {
2628 ( ref($_) eq 'HASH' )
2630 : { ( split( /\./, $_ ) )[-1] => ( /\./ ? $_ : "${alias}.$_" ) }
2631 } ( ref($attrs->{$_}) eq 'ARRAY' ) ? @{ delete $attrs->{$_} } : delete $attrs->{$_} if ( $attrs->{$_} );
2634 # start with initial select items
2635 if ( $attrs->{select} ) {
2637 ( ref $attrs->{select} eq 'ARRAY' )
2638 ? [ @{ $attrs->{select} } ]
2639 : [ $attrs->{select} ];
2643 ref $attrs->{as} eq 'ARRAY'
2644 ? [ @{ $attrs->{as} } ]
2647 : [ map { m/^\Q${alias}.\E(.+)$/ ? $1 : $_ } @{ $attrs->{select} } ]
2652 # otherwise we intialise select & as to empty
2653 $attrs->{select} = [];
2657 # now add colbits to select/as
2658 push( @{ $attrs->{select} }, map { values( %{$_} ) } @colbits );
2659 push( @{ $attrs->{as} }, map { keys( %{$_} ) } @colbits );
2662 if ( $adds = delete $attrs->{'+select'} ) {
2663 $adds = [$adds] unless ref $adds eq 'ARRAY';
2665 @{ $attrs->{select} },
2666 map { /\./ || ref $_ ? $_ : "${alias}.$_" } @$adds
2669 if ( $adds = delete $attrs->{'+as'} ) {
2670 $adds = [$adds] unless ref $adds eq 'ARRAY';
2671 push( @{ $attrs->{as} }, @$adds );
2674 $attrs->{from} ||= [ {
2675 -source_handle => $source->handle,
2676 -alias => $self->{attrs}{alias},
2677 $self->{attrs}{alias} => $source->from,
2680 if ( $attrs->{join} || $attrs->{prefetch} ) {
2682 $self->throw_exception ('join/prefetch can not be used with a literal scalarref {from}')
2683 if ref $attrs->{from} ne 'ARRAY';
2685 my $join = delete $attrs->{join} || {};
2687 if ( defined $attrs->{prefetch} ) {
2688 $join = $self->_merge_attr( $join, $attrs->{prefetch} );
2691 $attrs->{from} = # have to copy here to avoid corrupting the original
2693 @{ $attrs->{from} },
2694 $source->_resolve_join(
2695 $join, $alias, { %{ $attrs->{seen_join} || {} } }
2700 if ( $attrs->{order_by} ) {
2701 $attrs->{order_by} = (
2702 ref( $attrs->{order_by} ) eq 'ARRAY'
2703 ? [ @{ $attrs->{order_by} } ]
2704 : [ $attrs->{order_by} ]
2708 $attrs->{order_by} = [];
2711 # If the order_by is otherwise empty - we will use this for TOP limit
2712 # emulation and the like.
2713 # Although this is needed only if the order_by is not defined, it is
2714 # actually cheaper to just populate this rather than properly examining
2715 # order_by (stuf like [ {} ] and the like)
2716 $attrs->{_virtual_order_by} = [ $self->result_source->primary_columns ];
2719 $attrs->{collapse} ||= {};
2720 if ( my $prefetch = delete $attrs->{prefetch} ) {
2721 $prefetch = $self->_merge_attr( {}, $prefetch );
2723 my $prefetch_ordering = [];
2725 my $join_map = $self->_joinpath_aliases ($attrs->{from}, $attrs->{seen_join});
2728 $source->_resolve_prefetch( $prefetch, $alias, $join_map, $prefetch_ordering, $attrs->{collapse} );
2730 push( @{ $attrs->{select} }, map { $_->[0] } @prefetch );
2731 push( @{ $attrs->{as} }, map { $_->[1] } @prefetch );
2733 push( @{ $attrs->{order_by} }, @$prefetch_ordering );
2734 $attrs->{_collapse_order_by} = \@$prefetch_ordering;
2738 if (delete $attrs->{distinct}) {
2739 $attrs->{group_by} ||= [ grep { !ref($_) || (ref($_) ne 'HASH') } @{$attrs->{select}} ];
2742 # if both page and offset are specified, produce a combined offset
2743 # even though it doesn't make much sense, this is what pre 081xx has
2745 if (my $page = delete $attrs->{page}) {
2746 $attrs->{offset} = ($attrs->{rows} * ($page - 1)) +
2747 ($attrs->{offset} || 0);
2750 return $self->{_attrs} = $attrs;
2753 sub _joinpath_aliases {
2754 my ($self, $fromspec, $seen) = @_;
2757 return $paths unless ref $fromspec eq 'ARRAY';
2759 for my $j (@$fromspec) {
2761 next if ref $j ne 'ARRAY';
2762 next if $j->[0]{-relation_chain_depth} < ( $seen->{-relation_chain_depth} || 0);
2765 $p = $p->{$_} ||= {} for @{$j->[0]{-join_path}};
2766 push @{$p->{-join_aliases} }, $j->[0]{-alias};
2773 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
2775 if (ref $attr eq 'HASH') {
2776 return $self->_rollout_hash($attr);
2777 } elsif (ref $attr eq 'ARRAY') {
2778 return $self->_rollout_array($attr);
2784 sub _rollout_array {
2785 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
2788 foreach my $element (@{$attr}) {
2789 if (ref $element eq 'HASH') {
2790 push( @rolled_array, @{ $self->_rollout_hash( $element ) } );
2791 } elsif (ref $element eq 'ARRAY') {
2792 # XXX - should probably recurse here
2793 push( @rolled_array, @{$self->_rollout_array($element)} );
2795 push( @rolled_array, $element );
2798 return \@rolled_array;
2802 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
2805 foreach my $key (keys %{$attr}) {
2806 push( @rolled_array, { $key => $attr->{$key} } );
2808 return \@rolled_array;
2811 sub _calculate_score {
2812 my ($self, $a, $b) = @_;
2814 if (ref $b eq 'HASH') {
2815 my ($b_key) = keys %{$b};
2816 if (ref $a eq 'HASH') {
2817 my ($a_key) = keys %{$a};
2818 if ($a_key eq $b_key) {
2819 return (1 + $self->_calculate_score( $a->{$a_key}, $b->{$b_key} ));
2824 return ($a eq $b_key) ? 1 : 0;
2827 if (ref $a eq 'HASH') {
2828 my ($a_key) = keys %{$a};
2829 return ($b eq $a_key) ? 1 : 0;
2831 return ($b eq $a) ? 1 : 0;
2837 my ($self, $orig, $import) = @_;
2839 return $import unless defined($orig);
2840 return $orig unless defined($import);
2842 $orig = $self->_rollout_attr($orig);
2843 $import = $self->_rollout_attr($import);
2846 foreach my $import_element ( @{$import} ) {
2847 # find best candidate from $orig to merge $b_element into
2848 my $best_candidate = { position => undef, score => 0 }; my $position = 0;
2849 foreach my $orig_element ( @{$orig} ) {
2850 my $score = $self->_calculate_score( $orig_element, $import_element );
2851 if ($score > $best_candidate->{score}) {
2852 $best_candidate->{position} = $position;
2853 $best_candidate->{score} = $score;
2857 my ($import_key) = ( ref $import_element eq 'HASH' ) ? keys %{$import_element} : ($import_element);
2859 if ($best_candidate->{score} == 0 || exists $seen_keys->{$import_key}) {
2860 push( @{$orig}, $import_element );
2862 my $orig_best = $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}];
2863 # merge orig_best and b_element together and replace original with merged
2864 if (ref $orig_best ne 'HASH') {
2865 $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}] = $import_element;
2866 } elsif (ref $import_element eq 'HASH') {
2867 my ($key) = keys %{$orig_best};
2868 $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}] = { $key => $self->_merge_attr($orig_best->{$key}, $import_element->{$key}) };
2871 $seen_keys->{$import_key} = 1; # don't merge the same key twice
2881 $self->_source_handle($_[0]->handle);
2883 $self->_source_handle->resolve;
2887 =head2 throw_exception
2889 See L<DBIx::Class::Schema/throw_exception> for details.
2893 sub throw_exception {
2895 if (ref $self && $self->_source_handle->schema) {
2896 $self->_source_handle->schema->throw_exception(@_)
2903 # XXX: FIXME: Attributes docs need clearing up
2907 Attributes are used to refine a ResultSet in various ways when
2908 searching for data. They can be passed to any method which takes an
2909 C<\%attrs> argument. See L</search>, L</search_rs>, L</find>,
2912 These are in no particular order:
2918 =item Value: ( $order_by | \@order_by | \%order_by )
2922 Which column(s) to order the results by. If a single column name, or
2923 an arrayref of names is supplied, the argument is passed through
2924 directly to SQL. The hashref syntax allows for connection-agnostic
2925 specification of ordering direction:
2927 For descending order:
2929 order_by => { -desc => [qw/col1 col2 col3/] }
2931 For explicit ascending order:
2933 order_by => { -asc => 'col' }
2935 The old scalarref syntax (i.e. order_by => \'year DESC') is still
2936 supported, although you are strongly encouraged to use the hashref
2937 syntax as outlined above.
2943 =item Value: \@columns
2947 Shortcut to request a particular set of columns to be retrieved. Each
2948 column spec may be a string (a table column name), or a hash (in which
2949 case the key is the C<as> value, and the value is used as the C<select>
2950 expression). Adds C<me.> onto the start of any column without a C<.> in
2951 it and sets C<select> from that, then auto-populates C<as> from
2952 C<select> as normal. (You may also use the C<cols> attribute, as in
2953 earlier versions of DBIC.)
2959 =item Value: \@columns
2963 Indicates additional columns to be selected from storage. Works the same
2964 as L</columns> but adds columns to the selection. (You may also use the
2965 C<include_columns> attribute, as in earlier versions of DBIC). For
2968 $schema->resultset('CD')->search(undef, {
2969 '+columns' => ['artist.name'],
2973 would return all CDs and include a 'name' column to the information
2974 passed to object inflation. Note that the 'artist' is the name of the
2975 column (or relationship) accessor, and 'name' is the name of the column
2976 accessor in the related table.
2978 =head2 include_columns
2982 =item Value: \@columns
2986 Deprecated. Acts as a synonym for L</+columns> for backward compatibility.
2992 =item Value: \@select_columns
2996 Indicates which columns should be selected from the storage. You can use
2997 column names, or in the case of RDBMS back ends, function or stored procedure
3000 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
3003 { count => 'employeeid' },
3008 When you use function/stored procedure names and do not supply an C<as>
3009 attribute, the column names returned are storage-dependent. E.g. MySQL would
3010 return a column named C<count(employeeid)> in the above example.
3016 Indicates additional columns to be selected from storage. Works the same as
3017 L</select> but adds columns to the selection.
3025 Indicates additional column names for those added via L</+select>. See L</as>.
3033 =item Value: \@inflation_names
3037 Indicates column names for object inflation. That is, C<as>
3038 indicates the name that the column can be accessed as via the
3039 C<get_column> method (or via the object accessor, B<if one already
3040 exists>). It has nothing to do with the SQL code C<SELECT foo AS bar>.
3042 The C<as> attribute is used in conjunction with C<select>,
3043 usually when C<select> contains one or more function or stored
3046 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
3049 { count => 'employeeid' }
3051 as => ['name', 'employee_count'],
3054 my $employee = $rs->first(); # get the first Employee
3056 If the object against which the search is performed already has an accessor
3057 matching a column name specified in C<as>, the value can be retrieved using
3058 the accessor as normal:
3060 my $name = $employee->name();
3062 If on the other hand an accessor does not exist in the object, you need to
3063 use C<get_column> instead:
3065 my $employee_count = $employee->get_column('employee_count');
3067 You can create your own accessors if required - see
3068 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook> for details.
3070 Please note: This will NOT insert an C<AS employee_count> into the SQL
3071 statement produced, it is used for internal access only. Thus
3072 attempting to use the accessor in an C<order_by> clause or similar
3073 will fail miserably.
3075 To get around this limitation, you can supply literal SQL to your
3076 C<select> attibute that contains the C<AS alias> text, eg:
3078 select => [\'myfield AS alias']
3084 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
3088 Contains a list of relationships that should be joined for this query. For
3091 # Get CDs by Nine Inch Nails
3092 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
3093 { 'artist.name' => 'Nine Inch Nails' },
3094 { join => 'artist' }
3097 Can also contain a hash reference to refer to the other relation's relations.
3100 package MyApp::Schema::Track;
3101 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
3102 __PACKAGE__->table('track');
3103 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/trackid cd position title/);
3104 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('trackid');
3105 __PACKAGE__->belongs_to(cd => 'MyApp::Schema::CD');
3108 # In your application
3109 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
3110 { 'track.title' => 'Teardrop' },
3112 join => { cd => 'track' },
3113 order_by => 'artist.name',
3117 You need to use the relationship (not the table) name in conditions,
3118 because they are aliased as such. The current table is aliased as "me", so
3119 you need to use me.column_name in order to avoid ambiguity. For example:
3121 # Get CDs from 1984 with a 'Foo' track
3122 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
3125 'tracks.name' => 'Foo'
3127 { join => 'tracks' }
3130 If the same join is supplied twice, it will be aliased to <rel>_2 (and
3131 similarly for a third time). For e.g.
3133 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({
3134 'cds.title' => 'Down to Earth',
3135 'cds_2.title' => 'Popular',
3137 join => [ qw/cds cds/ ],
3140 will return a set of all artists that have both a cd with title 'Down
3141 to Earth' and a cd with title 'Popular'.
3143 If you want to fetch related objects from other tables as well, see C<prefetch>
3146 For more help on using joins with search, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Joining>.
3152 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
3156 Contains one or more relationships that should be fetched along with
3157 the main query (when they are accessed afterwards the data will
3158 already be available, without extra queries to the database). This is
3159 useful for when you know you will need the related objects, because it
3160 saves at least one query:
3162 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Tag')->search(
3171 The initial search results in SQL like the following:
3173 SELECT tag.*, cd.*, artist.* FROM tag
3174 JOIN cd ON tag.cd = cd.cdid
3175 JOIN artist ON cd.artist = artist.artistid
3177 L<DBIx::Class> has no need to go back to the database when we access the
3178 C<cd> or C<artist> relationships, which saves us two SQL statements in this
3181 Simple prefetches will be joined automatically, so there is no need
3182 for a C<join> attribute in the above search.
3184 C<prefetch> can be used with the following relationship types: C<belongs_to>,
3185 C<has_one> (or if you're using C<add_relationship>, any relationship declared
3186 with an accessor type of 'single' or 'filter'). A more complex example that
3187 prefetches an artists cds, the tracks on those cds, and the tags associted
3188 with that artist is given below (assuming many-to-many from artists to tags):
3190 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
3194 { cds => 'tracks' },
3195 { artist_tags => 'tags' }
3201 B<NOTE:> If you specify a C<prefetch> attribute, the C<join> and C<select>
3202 attributes will be ignored.
3212 Makes the resultset paged and specifies the page to retrieve. Effectively
3213 identical to creating a non-pages resultset and then calling ->page($page)
3216 If L<rows> attribute is not specified it defualts to 10 rows per page.
3218 When you have a paged resultset, L</count> will only return the number
3219 of rows in the page. To get the total, use the L</pager> and call
3220 C<total_entries> on it.
3230 Specifes the maximum number of rows for direct retrieval or the number of
3231 rows per page if the page attribute or method is used.
3237 =item Value: $offset
3241 Specifies the (zero-based) row number for the first row to be returned, or the
3242 of the first row of the first page if paging is used.
3248 =item Value: \@columns
3252 A arrayref of columns to group by. Can include columns of joined tables.
3254 group_by => [qw/ column1 column2 ... /]
3260 =item Value: $condition
3264 HAVING is a select statement attribute that is applied between GROUP BY and
3265 ORDER BY. It is applied to the after the grouping calculations have been
3268 having => { 'count(employee)' => { '>=', 100 } }
3274 =item Value: (0 | 1)
3278 Set to 1 to group by all columns.
3284 Adds to the WHERE clause.
3286 # only return rows WHERE deleted IS NULL for all searches
3287 __PACKAGE__->resultset_attributes({ where => { deleted => undef } }); )
3289 Can be overridden by passing C<{ where => undef }> as an attribute
3296 Set to 1 to cache search results. This prevents extra SQL queries if you
3297 revisit rows in your ResultSet:
3299 my $resultset = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search( undef, { cache => 1 } );
3301 while( my $artist = $resultset->next ) {
3305 $rs->first; # without cache, this would issue a query
3307 By default, searches are not cached.
3309 For more examples of using these attributes, see
3310 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
3316 =item Value: \@from_clause
3320 The C<from> attribute gives you manual control over the C<FROM> clause of SQL
3321 statements generated by L<DBIx::Class>, allowing you to express custom C<JOIN>
3324 NOTE: Use this on your own risk. This allows you to shoot off your foot!
3326 C<join> will usually do what you need and it is strongly recommended that you
3327 avoid using C<from> unless you cannot achieve the desired result using C<join>.
3328 And we really do mean "cannot", not just tried and failed. Attempting to use
3329 this because you're having problems with C<join> is like trying to use x86
3330 ASM because you've got a syntax error in your C. Trust us on this.
3332 Now, if you're still really, really sure you need to use this (and if you're
3333 not 100% sure, ask the mailing list first), here's an explanation of how this
3336 The syntax is as follows -
3339 { <alias1> => <table1> },
3341 { <alias2> => <table2>, -join_type => 'inner|left|right' },
3342 [], # nested JOIN (optional)
3343 { <table1.column1> => <table2.column2>, ... (more conditions) },
3345 # More of the above [ ] may follow for additional joins
3352 ON <table1.column1> = <table2.column2>
3353 <more joins may follow>
3355 An easy way to follow the examples below is to remember the following:
3357 Anything inside "[]" is a JOIN
3358 Anything inside "{}" is a condition for the enclosing JOIN
3360 The following examples utilize a "person" table in a family tree application.
3361 In order to express parent->child relationships, this table is self-joined:
3363 # Person->belongs_to('father' => 'Person');
3364 # Person->belongs_to('mother' => 'Person');
3366 C<from> can be used to nest joins. Here we return all children with a father,
3367 then search against all mothers of those children:
3369 $rs = $schema->resultset('Person')->search(
3372 alias => 'mother', # alias columns in accordance with "from"
3374 { mother => 'person' },
3377 { child => 'person' },
3379 { father => 'person' },
3380 { 'father.person_id' => 'child.father_id' }
3383 { 'mother.person_id' => 'child.mother_id' }
3390 # SELECT mother.* FROM person mother
3393 # JOIN person father
3394 # ON ( father.person_id = child.father_id )
3396 # ON ( mother.person_id = child.mother_id )
3398 The type of any join can be controlled manually. To search against only people
3399 with a father in the person table, we could explicitly use C<INNER JOIN>:
3401 $rs = $schema->resultset('Person')->search(
3404 alias => 'child', # alias columns in accordance with "from"
3406 { child => 'person' },
3408 { father => 'person', -join_type => 'inner' },
3409 { 'father.id' => 'child.father_id' }
3416 # SELECT child.* FROM person child
3417 # INNER JOIN person father ON child.father_id = father.id
3419 You can select from a subquery by passing a resultset to from as follows.
3421 $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
3423 { alias => 'artist2',
3424 from => [ { artist2 => $artist_rs->as_query } ],
3427 # and you'll get sql like this..
3428 # SELECT artist2.artistid, artist2.name, artist2.rank, artist2.charfield FROM
3429 # ( SELECT me.artistid, me.name, me.rank, me.charfield FROM artists me ) artist2
3431 If you need to express really complex joins, you
3432 can supply literal SQL to C<from> via a scalar reference. In this case
3433 the contents of the scalar will replace the table name associated with the
3436 WARNING: This technique might very well not work as expected on chained
3437 searches - you have been warned.
3439 # Assuming the Event resultsource is defined as:
3441 MySchema::Event->add_columns (
3444 is_auto_increment => 1,
3453 MySchema::Event->set_primary_key ('sequence');
3455 # This will get back the latest event for every location. The column
3456 # selector is still provided by DBIC, all we do is add a JOIN/WHERE
3457 # combo to limit the resultset
3459 $rs = $schema->resultset('Event');
3460 $table = $rs->result_source->name;
3461 $latest = $rs->search (
3464 (SELECT e1.* FROM $table e1
3466 ON e1.location = e2.location
3467 AND e1.sequence < e2.sequence
3468 WHERE e2.sequence is NULL
3473 # Equivalent SQL (with the DBIC chunks added):
3475 SELECT me.sequence, me.location, me.type FROM
3476 (SELECT e1.* FROM events e1
3478 ON e1.location = e2.location
3479 AND e1.sequence < e2.sequence
3480 WHERE e2.sequence is NULL
3487 =item Value: ( 'update' | 'shared' )
3491 Set to 'update' for a SELECT ... FOR UPDATE or 'shared' for a SELECT