1 package DBIx::Class::ResultSet;
5 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
7 use DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn;
8 use Scalar::Util qw/blessed weaken reftype/;
9 use DBIx::Class::_Util qw(
10 fail_on_internal_wantarray is_plain_value is_literal_value
13 use Data::Compare (); # no imports!!! guard against insane architecture
15 # not importing first() as it will clash with our own method
19 # De-duplication in _merge_attr() is disabled, but left in for reference
20 # (the merger is used for other things that ought not to be de-duped)
21 *__HM_DEDUP = sub () { 0 };
31 # this is real - CDBICompat overrides it with insanity
32 # yes, prototype won't matter, but that's for now ;)
35 __PACKAGE__->mk_group_accessors('simple' => qw/_result_class result_source/);
39 DBIx::Class::ResultSet - Represents a query used for fetching a set of results.
43 my $users_rs = $schema->resultset('User');
44 while( $user = $users_rs->next) {
45 print $user->username;
48 my $registered_users_rs = $schema->resultset('User')->search({ registered => 1 });
49 my @cds_in_2005 = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({ year => 2005 })->all();
53 A ResultSet is an object which stores a set of conditions representing
54 a query. It is the backbone of DBIx::Class (i.e. the really
55 important/useful bit).
57 No SQL is executed on the database when a ResultSet is created, it
58 just stores all the conditions needed to create the query.
60 A basic ResultSet representing the data of an entire table is returned
61 by calling C<resultset> on a L<DBIx::Class::Schema> and passing in a
62 L<Source|DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/Source> name.
64 my $users_rs = $schema->resultset('User');
66 A new ResultSet is returned from calling L</search> on an existing
67 ResultSet. The new one will contain all the conditions of the
68 original, plus any new conditions added in the C<search> call.
70 A ResultSet also incorporates an implicit iterator. L</next> and L</reset>
71 can be used to walk through all the L<DBIx::Class::Row>s the ResultSet
74 The query that the ResultSet represents is B<only> executed against
75 the database when these methods are called:
76 L</find>, L</next>, L</all>, L</first>, L</single>, L</count>.
78 If a resultset is used in a numeric context it returns the L</count>.
79 However, if it is used in a boolean context it is B<always> true. So if
80 you want to check if a resultset has any results, you must use C<if $rs
83 =head1 CUSTOM ResultSet CLASSES THAT USE Moose
85 If you want to make your custom ResultSet classes with L<Moose>, use a template
88 package MyApp::Schema::ResultSet::User;
91 use namespace::autoclean;
93 extends 'DBIx::Class::ResultSet';
95 sub BUILDARGS { $_[2] }
99 __PACKAGE__->meta->make_immutable;
103 The L<MooseX::NonMoose> is necessary so that the L<Moose> constructor does not
104 clash with the regular ResultSet constructor. Alternatively, you can use:
106 __PACKAGE__->meta->make_immutable(inline_constructor => 0);
108 The L<BUILDARGS|Moose::Manual::Construction/BUILDARGS> is necessary because the
109 signature of the ResultSet C<new> is C<< ->new($source, \%args) >>.
113 =head2 Chaining resultsets
115 Let's say you've got a query that needs to be run to return some data
116 to the user. But, you have an authorization system in place that
117 prevents certain users from seeing certain information. So, you want
118 to construct the basic query in one method, but add constraints to it in
123 my $request = $self->get_request; # Get a request object somehow.
124 my $schema = $self->result_source->schema;
126 my $cd_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({
127 title => $request->param('title'),
128 year => $request->param('year'),
131 $cd_rs = $self->apply_security_policy( $cd_rs );
133 return $cd_rs->all();
136 sub apply_security_policy {
145 =head3 Resolving conditions and attributes
147 When a resultset is chained from another resultset (e.g.:
148 C<< my $new_rs = $old_rs->search(\%extra_cond, \%attrs) >>), conditions
149 and attributes with the same keys need resolving.
151 If any of L</columns>, L</select>, L</as> are present, they reset the
152 original selection, and start the selection "clean".
154 The L</join>, L</prefetch>, L</+columns>, L</+select>, L</+as> attributes
155 are merged into the existing ones from the original resultset.
157 The L</where> and L</having> attributes, and any search conditions, are
158 merged with an SQL C<AND> to the existing condition from the original
161 All other attributes are overridden by any new ones supplied in the
164 =head2 Multiple queries
166 Since a resultset just defines a query, you can do all sorts of
167 things with it with the same object.
169 # Don't hit the DB yet.
170 my $cd_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({
171 title => 'something',
175 # Each of these hits the DB individually.
176 my $count = $cd_rs->count;
177 my $most_recent = $cd_rs->get_column('date_released')->max();
178 my @records = $cd_rs->all;
180 And it's not just limited to SELECT statements.
186 $cd_rs->create({ artist => 'Fred' });
188 Which is the same as:
190 $schema->resultset('CD')->create({
191 title => 'something',
196 See: L</search>, L</count>, L</get_column>, L</all>, L</create>.
204 =item Arguments: L<$source|DBIx::Class::ResultSource>, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
206 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search>
210 The resultset constructor. Takes a source object (usually a
211 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSourceProxy::Table>) and an attribute hash (see
212 L</ATTRIBUTES> below). Does not perform any queries -- these are
213 executed as needed by the other methods.
215 Generally you never construct a resultset manually. Instead you get one
217 C<< $schema->L<resultset|DBIx::Class::Schema/resultset>('$source_name') >>
218 or C<< $another_resultset->L<search|/search>(...) >> (the later called in
221 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({ title => '100th Window' });
227 If called on an object, proxies to L</new_result> instead, so
229 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->new({ title => 'Spoon' });
231 will return a CD object, not a ResultSet, and is equivalent to:
233 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->new_result({ title => 'Spoon' });
235 Please also keep in mind that many internals call L</new_result> directly,
236 so overloading this method with the idea of intercepting new result object
237 creation B<will not work>. See also warning pertaining to L</create>.
245 return $class->new_result(@_) if ref $class;
247 my ($source, $attrs) = @_;
248 $source = $source->resolve
249 if $source->isa('DBIx::Class::ResultSourceHandle');
251 $attrs = { %{$attrs||{}} };
252 delete @{$attrs}{qw(_last_sqlmaker_alias_map _related_results_construction)};
254 if ($attrs->{page}) {
255 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
258 $attrs->{alias} ||= 'me';
261 result_source => $source,
262 cond => $attrs->{where},
267 # if there is a dark selector, this means we are already in a
268 # chain and the cleanup/sanification was taken care of by
270 $self->_normalize_selection($attrs)
271 unless $attrs->{_dark_selector};
274 $attrs->{result_class} || $source->result_class
284 =item Arguments: L<$cond|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker> | undef, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
286 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context) | L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
290 my @cds = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2001 }); # "... WHERE year = 2001"
291 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2005 });
293 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search([ { year => 2005 }, { year => 2004 } ]);
294 # year = 2005 OR year = 2004
296 In list context, C<< ->all() >> is called implicitly on the resultset, thus
297 returning a list of L<result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> objects instead.
298 To avoid that, use L</search_rs>.
300 If you need to pass in additional attributes but no additional condition,
301 call it as C<search(undef, \%attrs)>.
303 # "SELECT name, artistid FROM $artist_table"
304 my @all_artists = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(undef, {
305 columns => [qw/name artistid/],
308 For a list of attributes that can be passed to C<search>, see
309 L</ATTRIBUTES>. For more examples of using this function, see
310 L<Searching|DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/SEARCHING>. For a complete
311 documentation for the first argument, see L<SQL::Abstract/"WHERE CLAUSES">
312 and its extension L<DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>.
314 For more help on using joins with search, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Joining>.
318 Note that L</search> does not process/deflate any of the values passed in the
319 L<SQL::Abstract>-compatible search condition structure. This is unlike other
320 condition-bound methods L</new_result>, L</create> and L</find>. The user must ensure
321 manually that any value passed to this method will stringify to something the
322 RDBMS knows how to deal with. A notable example is the handling of L<DateTime>
323 objects, for more info see:
324 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Formatting DateTime objects in queries>.
330 my $rs = $self->search_rs( @_ );
333 DBIx::Class::_ENV_::ASSERT_NO_INTERNAL_WANTARRAY and my $sog = fail_on_internal_wantarray($rs);
336 elsif (defined wantarray) {
340 # we can be called by a relationship helper, which in
341 # turn may be called in void context due to some braindead
342 # overload or whatever else the user decided to be clever
343 # at this particular day. Thus limit the exception to
344 # external code calls only
345 $self->throw_exception ('->search is *not* a mutator, calling it in void context makes no sense')
346 if (caller)[0] !~ /^\QDBIx::Class::/;
356 =item Arguments: L<$cond|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
358 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search>
362 This method does the same exact thing as search() except it will
363 always return a resultset, even in list context.
370 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
371 my ($call_cond, $call_attrs);
373 # Special-case handling for (undef, undef) or (undef)
374 # Note that (foo => undef) is valid deprecated syntax
375 @_ = () if not scalar grep { defined $_ } @_;
381 # fish out attrs in the ($condref, $attr) case
382 elsif (@_ == 2 and ( ! defined $_[0] or (ref $_[0]) ne '') ) {
383 ($call_cond, $call_attrs) = @_;
386 $self->throw_exception('Odd number of arguments to search')
390 carp_unique 'search( %condition ) is deprecated, use search( \%condition ) instead'
391 unless $rsrc->result_class->isa('DBIx::Class::CDBICompat');
393 for my $i (0 .. $#_) {
395 $self->throw_exception ('All keys in condition key/value pairs must be plain scalars')
396 if (! defined $_[$i] or ref $_[$i] ne '');
402 # see if we can keep the cache (no $rs changes)
404 my %safe = (alias => 1, cache => 1);
405 if ( ! List::Util::first { !$safe{$_} } keys %$call_attrs and (
408 ref $call_cond eq 'HASH' && ! keys %$call_cond
410 ref $call_cond eq 'ARRAY' && ! @$call_cond
412 $cache = $self->get_cache;
415 my $old_attrs = { %{$self->{attrs}} };
416 my ($old_having, $old_where) = delete @{$old_attrs}{qw(having where)};
418 my $new_attrs = { %$old_attrs };
420 # take care of call attrs (only if anything is changing)
421 if ($call_attrs and keys %$call_attrs) {
423 # copy for _normalize_selection
424 $call_attrs = { %$call_attrs };
426 my @selector_attrs = qw/select as columns cols +select +as +columns include_columns/;
428 # reset the current selector list if new selectors are supplied
429 if (List::Util::first { exists $call_attrs->{$_} } qw/columns cols select as/) {
430 delete @{$old_attrs}{(@selector_attrs, '_dark_selector')};
433 # Normalize the new selector list (operates on the passed-in attr structure)
434 # Need to do it on every chain instead of only once on _resolved_attrs, in
435 # order to allow detection of empty vs partial 'as'
436 $call_attrs->{_dark_selector} = $old_attrs->{_dark_selector}
437 if $old_attrs->{_dark_selector};
438 $self->_normalize_selection ($call_attrs);
440 # start with blind overwriting merge, exclude selector attrs
441 $new_attrs = { %{$old_attrs}, %{$call_attrs} };
442 delete @{$new_attrs}{@selector_attrs};
444 for (@selector_attrs) {
445 $new_attrs->{$_} = $self->_merge_attr($old_attrs->{$_}, $call_attrs->{$_})
446 if ( exists $old_attrs->{$_} or exists $call_attrs->{$_} );
449 # older deprecated name, use only if {columns} is not there
450 if (my $c = delete $new_attrs->{cols}) {
451 carp_unique( "Resultset attribute 'cols' is deprecated, use 'columns' instead" );
452 if ($new_attrs->{columns}) {
453 carp "Resultset specifies both the 'columns' and the legacy 'cols' attributes - ignoring 'cols'";
456 $new_attrs->{columns} = $c;
461 # join/prefetch use their own crazy merging heuristics
462 foreach my $key (qw/join prefetch/) {
463 $new_attrs->{$key} = $self->_merge_joinpref_attr($old_attrs->{$key}, $call_attrs->{$key})
464 if exists $call_attrs->{$key};
467 # stack binds together
468 $new_attrs->{bind} = [ @{ $old_attrs->{bind} || [] }, @{ $call_attrs->{bind} || [] } ];
472 for ($old_where, $call_cond) {
474 $new_attrs->{where} = $self->_stack_cond (
475 $_, $new_attrs->{where}
480 if (defined $old_having) {
481 $new_attrs->{having} = $self->_stack_cond (
482 $old_having, $new_attrs->{having}
486 my $rs = (ref $self)->new($rsrc, $new_attrs);
488 $rs->set_cache($cache) if ($cache);
494 sub _normalize_selection {
495 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
498 if ( exists $attrs->{include_columns} ) {
499 carp_unique( "Resultset attribute 'include_columns' is deprecated, use '+columns' instead" );
500 $attrs->{'+columns'} = $self->_merge_attr(
501 $attrs->{'+columns'}, delete $attrs->{include_columns}
505 # columns are always placed first, however
507 # Keep the X vs +X separation until _resolved_attrs time - this allows to
508 # delay the decision on whether to use a default select list ($rsrc->columns)
509 # allowing stuff like the remove_columns helper to work
511 # select/as +select/+as pairs need special handling - the amount of select/as
512 # elements in each pair does *not* have to be equal (think multicolumn
513 # selectors like distinct(foo, bar) ). If the selector is bare (no 'as'
514 # supplied at all) - try to infer the alias, either from the -as parameter
515 # of the selector spec, or use the parameter whole if it looks like a column
516 # name (ugly legacy heuristic). If all fails - leave the selector bare (which
517 # is ok as well), but make sure no more additions to the 'as' chain take place
518 for my $pref ('', '+') {
520 my ($sel, $as) = map {
521 my $key = "${pref}${_}";
523 my $val = [ ref $attrs->{$key} eq 'ARRAY'
525 : $attrs->{$key} || ()
527 delete $attrs->{$key};
531 if (! @$as and ! @$sel ) {
534 elsif (@$as and ! @$sel) {
535 $self->throw_exception(
536 "Unable to handle ${pref}as specification (@$as) without a corresponding ${pref}select"
540 # no as part supplied at all - try to deduce (unless explicit end of named selection is declared)
541 # if any @$as has been supplied we assume the user knows what (s)he is doing
542 # and blindly keep stacking up pieces
543 unless ($attrs->{_dark_selector}) {
546 if ( ref $_ eq 'HASH' and exists $_->{-as} ) {
547 push @$as, $_->{-as};
549 # assume any plain no-space, no-parenthesis string to be a column spec
550 # FIXME - this is retarded but is necessary to support shit like 'count(foo)'
551 elsif ( ! ref $_ and $_ =~ /^ [^\s\(\)]+ $/x) {
554 # if all else fails - raise a flag that no more aliasing will be allowed
556 $attrs->{_dark_selector} = {
558 string => ($dark_sel_dumper ||= do {
559 require Data::Dumper::Concise;
560 Data::Dumper::Concise::DumperObject()->Indent(0);
561 })->Values([$_])->Dump
569 elsif (@$as < @$sel) {
570 $self->throw_exception(
571 "Unable to handle an ${pref}as specification (@$as) with less elements than the corresponding ${pref}select"
574 elsif ($pref and $attrs->{_dark_selector}) {
575 $self->throw_exception(
576 "Unable to process named '+select', resultset contains an unnamed selector $attrs->{_dark_selector}{string}"
582 $attrs->{"${pref}select"} = $self->_merge_attr($attrs->{"${pref}select"}, $sel);
583 $attrs->{"${pref}as"} = $self->_merge_attr($attrs->{"${pref}as"}, $as);
588 my ($self, $left, $right) = @_;
591 (ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' and !@$_)
593 (ref $_ eq 'HASH' and ! keys %$_)
594 ) and $_ = undef for ($left, $right);
596 # either on of the two undef or both undef
597 if ( ( (defined $left) xor (defined $right) ) or ! defined $left ) {
598 return defined $left ? $left : $right;
601 my $cond = $self->result_source->schema->storage->_collapse_cond({ -and => [$left, $right] });
603 for my $c (grep { ref $cond->{$_} eq 'ARRAY' and ($cond->{$_}[0]||'') eq '-and' } keys %$cond) {
605 my @vals = sort @{$cond->{$c}}[ 1..$#{$cond->{$c}} ];
606 my @fin = shift @vals;
609 push @fin, $v unless Data::Compare::Compare( $fin[-1], $v );
612 $cond->{$c} = (@fin == 1) ? $fin[0] : [-and => @fin ];
618 =head2 search_literal
620 B<CAVEAT>: C<search_literal> is provided for Class::DBI compatibility and
621 should only be used in that context. C<search_literal> is a convenience
622 method. It is equivalent to calling C<< $schema->search(\[]) >>, but if you
623 want to ensure columns are bound correctly, use L</search>.
625 See L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/SEARCHING> and
626 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::FAQ/Searching> for searching techniques that do not
627 require C<search_literal>.
631 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @standalone_bind_values
633 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search> (scalar context) | L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
637 my @cds = $cd_rs->search_literal('year = ? AND title = ?', qw/2001 Reload/);
638 my $newrs = $artist_rs->search_literal('name = ?', 'Metallica');
640 Pass a literal chunk of SQL to be added to the conditional part of the
643 Example of how to use C<search> instead of C<search_literal>
645 my @cds = $cd_rs->search_literal('cdid = ? AND (artist = ? OR artist = ?)', (2, 1, 2));
646 my @cds = $cd_rs->search(\[ 'cdid = ? AND (artist = ? OR artist = ?)', [ 'cdid', 2 ], [ 'artist', 1 ], [ 'artist', 2 ] ]);
651 my ($self, $sql, @bind) = @_;
653 if ( @bind && ref($bind[-1]) eq 'HASH' ) {
656 return $self->search(\[ $sql, map [ {} => $_ ], @bind ], ($attr || () ));
663 =item Arguments: \%columns_values | @pk_values, { key => $unique_constraint, L<%attrs|/ATTRIBUTES> }?
665 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> | undef
669 Finds and returns a single row based on supplied criteria. Takes either a
670 hashref with the same format as L</create> (including inference of foreign
671 keys from related objects), or a list of primary key values in the same
672 order as the L<primary columns|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/primary_columns>
673 declaration on the L</result_source>.
675 In either case an attempt is made to combine conditions already existing on
676 the resultset with the condition passed to this method.
678 To aid with preparing the correct query for the storage you may supply the
679 C<key> attribute, which is the name of a
680 L<unique constraint|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint> (the
681 unique constraint corresponding to the
682 L<primary columns|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/primary_columns> is always named
683 C<primary>). If the C<key> attribute has been supplied, and DBIC is unable
684 to construct a query that satisfies the named unique constraint fully (
685 non-NULL values for each column member of the constraint) an exception is
688 If no C<key> is specified, the search is carried over all unique constraints
689 which are fully defined by the available condition.
691 If no such constraint is found, C<find> currently defaults to a simple
692 C<< search->(\%column_values) >> which may or may not do what you expect.
693 Note that this fallback behavior may be deprecated in further versions. If
694 you need to search with arbitrary conditions - use L</search>. If the query
695 resulting from this fallback produces more than one row, a warning to the
696 effect is issued, though only the first row is constructed and returned as
699 In addition to C<key>, L</find> recognizes and applies standard
700 L<resultset attributes|/ATTRIBUTES> in the same way as L</search> does.
702 Note that if you have extra concerns about the correctness of the resulting
703 query you need to specify the C<key> attribute and supply the entire condition
704 as an argument to find (since it is not always possible to perform the
705 combination of the resultset condition with the supplied one, especially if
706 the resultset condition contains literal sql).
708 For example, to find a row by its primary key:
710 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(5);
712 You can also find a row by a specific unique constraint:
714 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(
716 artist => 'Massive Attack',
717 title => 'Mezzanine',
719 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
722 See also L</find_or_create> and L</update_or_create>.
728 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
730 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
733 if (exists $attrs->{key}) {
734 $constraint_name = defined $attrs->{key}
736 : $self->throw_exception("An undefined 'key' resultset attribute makes no sense")
740 # Parse out the condition from input
743 if (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH') {
744 $call_cond = { %{$_[0]} };
747 # if only values are supplied we need to default to 'primary'
748 $constraint_name = 'primary' unless defined $constraint_name;
750 my @c_cols = $rsrc->unique_constraint_columns($constraint_name);
752 $self->throw_exception(
753 "No constraint columns, maybe a malformed '$constraint_name' constraint?"
756 $self->throw_exception (
757 'find() expects either a column/value hashref, or a list of values '
758 . "corresponding to the columns of the specified unique constraint '$constraint_name'"
759 ) unless @c_cols == @_;
762 @{$call_cond}{@c_cols} = @_;
766 for my $key (keys %$call_cond) {
768 my $keyref = ref($call_cond->{$key})
770 my $relinfo = $rsrc->relationship_info($key)
772 my $val = delete $call_cond->{$key};
774 next if $keyref eq 'ARRAY'; # has_many for multi_create
776 my $rel_q = $rsrc->_resolve_condition(
777 $relinfo->{cond}, $val, $key, $key
779 die "Can't handle complex relationship conditions in find" if ref($rel_q) ne 'HASH';
780 @related{keys %$rel_q} = values %$rel_q;
784 # relationship conditions take precedence (?)
785 @{$call_cond}{keys %related} = values %related;
787 my $alias = exists $attrs->{alias} ? $attrs->{alias} : $self->{attrs}{alias};
789 if (defined $constraint_name) {
790 $final_cond = $self->_qualify_cond_columns (
792 $self->_build_unique_cond (
800 elsif ($self->{attrs}{accessor} and $self->{attrs}{accessor} eq 'single') {
801 # This means that we got here after a merger of relationship conditions
802 # in ::Relationship::Base::search_related (the row method), and furthermore
803 # the relationship is of the 'single' type. This means that the condition
804 # provided by the relationship (already attached to $self) is sufficient,
805 # as there can be only one row in the database that would satisfy the
809 # no key was specified - fall down to heuristics mode:
810 # run through all unique queries registered on the resultset, and
811 # 'OR' all qualifying queries together
812 my (@unique_queries, %seen_column_combinations);
813 for my $c_name ($rsrc->unique_constraint_names) {
814 next if $seen_column_combinations{
815 join "\x00", sort $rsrc->unique_constraint_columns($c_name)
818 push @unique_queries, try {
819 $self->_build_unique_cond ($c_name, $call_cond, 'croak_on_nulls')
823 $final_cond = @unique_queries
824 ? [ map { $self->_qualify_cond_columns($_, $alias) } @unique_queries ]
825 : $self->_non_unique_find_fallback ($call_cond, $attrs)
829 # Run the query, passing the result_class since it should propagate for find
830 my $rs = $self->search ($final_cond, {result_class => $self->result_class, %$attrs});
831 if ($rs->_resolved_attrs->{collapse}) {
833 carp "Query returned more than one row" if $rs->next;
841 # This is a stop-gap method as agreed during the discussion on find() cleanup:
842 # http://lists.scsys.co.uk/pipermail/dbix-class/2010-October/009535.html
844 # It is invoked when find() is called in legacy-mode with insufficiently-unique
845 # condition. It is provided for overrides until a saner way forward is devised
847 # *NOTE* This is not a public method, and it's *GUARANTEED* to disappear down
848 # the road. Please adjust your tests accordingly to catch this situation early
849 # DBIx::Class::ResultSet->can('_non_unique_find_fallback') is reasonable
851 # The method will not be removed without an adequately complete replacement
852 # for strict-mode enforcement
853 sub _non_unique_find_fallback {
854 my ($self, $cond, $attrs) = @_;
856 return $self->_qualify_cond_columns(
858 exists $attrs->{alias}
860 : $self->{attrs}{alias}
865 sub _qualify_cond_columns {
866 my ($self, $cond, $alias) = @_;
868 my %aliased = %$cond;
869 for (keys %aliased) {
870 $aliased{"$alias.$_"} = delete $aliased{$_}
877 sub _build_unique_cond {
878 my ($self, $constraint_name, $extra_cond, $croak_on_null) = @_;
880 my @c_cols = $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($constraint_name);
882 # combination may fail if $self->{cond} is non-trivial
883 my ($final_cond) = try {
884 $self->_merge_with_rscond ($extra_cond)
889 # trim out everything not in $columns
890 $final_cond = { map {
891 exists $final_cond->{$_}
892 ? ( $_ => $final_cond->{$_} )
896 if (my @missing = grep
897 { ! ($croak_on_null ? defined $final_cond->{$_} : exists $final_cond->{$_}) }
900 $self->throw_exception( sprintf ( "Unable to satisfy requested constraint '%s', no values for column(s): %s",
902 join (', ', map { "'$_'" } @missing),
909 !$ENV{DBIC_NULLABLE_KEY_NOWARN}
911 my @undefs = sort grep { ! defined $final_cond->{$_} } (keys %$final_cond)
913 carp_unique ( sprintf (
914 "NULL/undef values supplied for requested unique constraint '%s' (NULL "
915 . 'values in column(s): %s). This is almost certainly not what you wanted, '
916 . 'though you can set DBIC_NULLABLE_KEY_NOWARN to disable this warning.',
918 join (', ', map { "'$_'" } @undefs),
925 =head2 search_related
929 =item Arguments: $rel_name, $cond?, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
931 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search> (scalar context) | L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
935 $new_rs = $cd_rs->search_related('artist', {
939 Searches the specified relationship, optionally specifying a condition and
940 attributes for matching records. See L</ATTRIBUTES> for more information.
942 In list context, C<< ->all() >> is called implicitly on the resultset, thus
943 returning a list of result objects instead. To avoid that, use L</search_related_rs>.
945 See also L</search_related_rs>.
950 return shift->related_resultset(shift)->search(@_);
953 =head2 search_related_rs
955 This method works exactly the same as search_related, except that
956 it guarantees a resultset, even in list context.
960 sub search_related_rs {
961 return shift->related_resultset(shift)->search_rs(@_);
968 =item Arguments: none
970 =item Return Value: L<$cursor|DBIx::Class::Cursor>
974 Returns a storage-driven cursor to the given resultset. See
975 L<DBIx::Class::Cursor> for more information.
982 return $self->{cursor} ||= do {
983 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs;
984 $self->result_source->storage->select(
985 $attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select}, $attrs->{where}, $attrs
994 =item Arguments: L<$cond?|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>
996 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> | undef
1000 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->single({ year => 2001 });
1002 Inflates the first result without creating a cursor if the resultset has
1003 any records in it; if not returns C<undef>. Used by L</find> as a lean version
1006 While this method can take an optional search condition (just like L</search>)
1007 being a fast-code-path it does not recognize search attributes. If you need to
1008 add extra joins or similar, call L</search> and then chain-call L</single> on the
1009 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet> returned.
1015 As of 0.08100, this method enforces the assumption that the preceding
1016 query returns only one row. If more than one row is returned, you will receive
1019 Query returned more than one row
1021 In this case, you should be using L</next> or L</find> instead, or if you really
1022 know what you are doing, use the L</rows> attribute to explicitly limit the size
1025 This method will also throw an exception if it is called on a resultset prefetching
1026 has_many, as such a prefetch implies fetching multiple rows from the database in
1027 order to assemble the resulting object.
1034 my ($self, $where) = @_;
1036 $self->throw_exception('single() only takes search conditions, no attributes. You want ->search( $cond, $attrs )->single()');
1039 my $attrs = { %{$self->_resolved_attrs} };
1041 $self->throw_exception(
1042 'single() can not be used on resultsets collapsing a has_many. Use find( \%cond ) or next() instead'
1043 ) if $attrs->{collapse};
1046 if (defined $attrs->{where}) {
1049 [ map { ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_ }
1050 $where, delete $attrs->{where} ]
1053 $attrs->{where} = $where;
1057 my $data = [ $self->result_source->storage->select_single(
1058 $attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select},
1059 $attrs->{where}, $attrs
1062 return undef unless @$data;
1063 $self->{_stashed_rows} = [ $data ];
1064 $self->_construct_results->[0];
1071 =item Arguments: L<$cond?|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>
1073 =item Return Value: L<$resultsetcolumn|DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn>
1077 my $max_length = $rs->get_column('length')->max;
1079 Returns a L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn> instance for a column of the ResultSet.
1084 my ($self, $column) = @_;
1085 my $new = DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn->new($self, $column);
1093 =item Arguments: L<$cond|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
1095 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search> (scalar context) | L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
1099 # WHERE title LIKE '%blue%'
1100 $cd_rs = $rs->search_like({ title => '%blue%'});
1102 Performs a search, but uses C<LIKE> instead of C<=> as the condition. Note
1103 that this is simply a convenience method retained for ex Class::DBI users.
1104 You most likely want to use L</search> with specific operators.
1106 For more information, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
1108 This method is deprecated and will be removed in 0.09. Use L</search()>
1109 instead. An example conversion is:
1111 ->search_like({ foo => 'bar' });
1115 ->search({ foo => { like => 'bar' } });
1122 'search_like() is deprecated and will be removed in DBIC version 0.09.'
1123 .' Instead use ->search({ x => { -like => "y%" } })'
1124 .' (note the outer pair of {}s - they are important!)'
1126 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
1127 my $query = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? { %{shift()} }: {@_};
1128 $query->{$_} = { 'like' => $query->{$_} } for keys %$query;
1129 return $class->search($query, { %$attrs });
1136 =item Arguments: $first, $last
1138 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search> (scalar context) | L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
1142 Returns a resultset or object list representing a subset of elements from the
1143 resultset slice is called on. Indexes are from 0, i.e., to get the first
1144 three records, call:
1146 my ($one, $two, $three) = $rs->slice(0, 2);
1151 my ($self, $min, $max) = @_;
1152 my $attrs = {}; # = { %{ $self->{attrs} || {} } };
1153 $attrs->{offset} = $self->{attrs}{offset} || 0;
1154 $attrs->{offset} += $min;
1155 $attrs->{rows} = ($max ? ($max - $min + 1) : 1);
1156 return $self->search(undef, $attrs);
1163 =item Arguments: none
1165 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> | undef
1169 Returns the next element in the resultset (C<undef> is there is none).
1171 Can be used to efficiently iterate over records in the resultset:
1173 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search;
1174 while (my $cd = $rs->next) {
1178 Note that you need to store the resultset object, and call C<next> on it.
1179 Calling C<< resultset('Table')->next >> repeatedly will always return the
1180 first record from the resultset.
1187 if (my $cache = $self->get_cache) {
1188 $self->{all_cache_position} ||= 0;
1189 return $cache->[$self->{all_cache_position}++];
1192 if ($self->{attrs}{cache}) {
1193 delete $self->{pager};
1194 $self->{all_cache_position} = 1;
1195 return ($self->all)[0];
1198 return shift(@{$self->{_stashed_results}}) if @{ $self->{_stashed_results}||[] };
1200 $self->{_stashed_results} = $self->_construct_results
1203 return shift @{$self->{_stashed_results}};
1206 # Constructs as many results as it can in one pass while respecting
1207 # cursor laziness. Several modes of operation:
1209 # * Always builds everything present in @{$self->{_stashed_rows}}
1210 # * If called with $fetch_all true - pulls everything off the cursor and
1211 # builds all result structures (or objects) in one pass
1212 # * If $self->_resolved_attrs->{collapse} is true, checks the order_by
1213 # and if the resultset is ordered properly by the left side:
1214 # * Fetches stuff off the cursor until the "master object" changes,
1215 # and saves the last extra row (if any) in @{$self->{_stashed_rows}}
1217 # * Just fetches, and collapses/constructs everything as if $fetch_all
1218 # was requested (there is no other way to collapse except for an
1220 # * If no collapse is requested - just get the next row, construct and
1222 sub _construct_results {
1223 my ($self, $fetch_all) = @_;
1225 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1226 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs;
1231 ! $attrs->{order_by}
1235 my @pcols = $rsrc->primary_columns
1237 # default order for collapsing unless the user asked for something
1238 $attrs->{order_by} = [ map { join '.', $attrs->{alias}, $_} @pcols ];
1239 $attrs->{_ordered_for_collapse} = 1;
1240 $attrs->{_order_is_artificial} = 1;
1243 # this will be used as both initial raw-row collector AND as a RV of
1244 # _construct_results. Not regrowing the array twice matters a lot...
1245 # a surprising amount actually
1246 my $rows = delete $self->{_stashed_rows};
1248 my $cursor; # we may not need one at all
1250 my $did_fetch_all = $fetch_all;
1253 # FIXME SUBOPTIMAL - we can do better, cursor->next/all (well diff. methods) should return a ref
1254 $rows = [ ($rows ? @$rows : ()), $self->cursor->all ];
1256 elsif( $attrs->{collapse} ) {
1258 # a cursor will need to be closed over in case of collapse
1259 $cursor = $self->cursor;
1261 $attrs->{_ordered_for_collapse} = (
1267 ->_main_source_order_by_portion_is_stable($rsrc, $attrs->{order_by}, $attrs->{where})
1269 ) unless defined $attrs->{_ordered_for_collapse};
1271 if (! $attrs->{_ordered_for_collapse}) {
1274 # instead of looping over ->next, use ->all in stealth mode
1275 # *without* calling a ->reset afterwards
1276 # FIXME ENCAPSULATION - encapsulation breach, cursor method additions pending
1277 if (! $cursor->{_done}) {
1278 $rows = [ ($rows ? @$rows : ()), $cursor->all ];
1279 $cursor->{_done} = 1;
1284 if (! $did_fetch_all and ! @{$rows||[]} ) {
1285 # FIXME SUBOPTIMAL - we can do better, cursor->next/all (well diff. methods) should return a ref
1286 $cursor ||= $self->cursor;
1287 if (scalar (my @r = $cursor->next) ) {
1292 return undef unless @{$rows||[]};
1294 # sanity check - people are too clever for their own good
1295 if ($attrs->{collapse} and my $aliastypes = $attrs->{_last_sqlmaker_alias_map} ) {
1297 my $multiplied_selectors;
1298 for my $sel_alias ( grep { $_ ne $attrs->{alias} } keys %{ $aliastypes->{selecting} } ) {
1300 $aliastypes->{multiplying}{$sel_alias}
1302 $aliastypes->{premultiplied}{$sel_alias}
1304 $multiplied_selectors->{$_} = 1 for values %{$aliastypes->{selecting}{$sel_alias}{-seen_columns}}
1308 for my $i (0 .. $#{$attrs->{as}} ) {
1309 my $sel = $attrs->{select}[$i];
1311 if (ref $sel eq 'SCALAR') {
1314 elsif( ref $sel eq 'REF' and ref $$sel eq 'ARRAY' ) {
1318 $self->throw_exception(
1319 'Result collapse not possible - selection from a has_many source redirected to the main object'
1320 ) if ($multiplied_selectors->{$sel} and $attrs->{as}[$i] !~ /\./);
1324 # hotspot - skip the setter
1325 my $res_class = $self->_result_class;
1327 my $inflator_cref = $self->{_result_inflator}{cref} ||= do {
1328 $res_class->can ('inflate_result')
1329 or $self->throw_exception("Inflator $res_class does not provide an inflate_result() method");
1332 my $infmap = $attrs->{as};
1334 $self->{_result_inflator}{is_core_row} = ( (
1337 ( \&DBIx::Class::Row::inflate_result || die "No ::Row::inflate_result() - can't happen" )
1338 ) ? 1 : 0 ) unless defined $self->{_result_inflator}{is_core_row};
1340 $self->{_result_inflator}{is_hri} = ( (
1341 ! $self->{_result_inflator}{is_core_row}
1344 require DBIx::Class::ResultClass::HashRefInflator
1346 DBIx::Class::ResultClass::HashRefInflator->can('inflate_result')
1348 ) ? 1 : 0 ) unless defined $self->{_result_inflator}{is_hri};
1351 if (! $attrs->{_related_results_construction}) {
1352 # construct a much simpler array->hash folder for the one-table cases right here
1353 if ($self->{_result_inflator}{is_hri}) {
1354 for my $r (@$rows) {
1355 $r = { map { $infmap->[$_] => $r->[$_] } 0..$#$infmap };
1358 # FIXME SUBOPTIMAL this is a very very very hot spot
1359 # while rather optimal we can *still* do much better, by
1360 # building a smarter Row::inflate_result(), and
1361 # switch to feeding it data via a much leaner interface
1363 # crude unscientific benchmarking indicated the shortcut eval is not worth it for
1364 # this particular resultset size
1365 elsif (@$rows < 60) {
1366 for my $r (@$rows) {
1367 $r = $inflator_cref->($res_class, $rsrc, { map { $infmap->[$_] => $r->[$_] } (0..$#$infmap) } );
1372 '$_ = $inflator_cref->($res_class, $rsrc, { %s }) for @$rows',
1373 join (', ', map { "\$infmap->[$_] => \$_->[$_]" } 0..$#$infmap )
1379 $self->{_result_inflator}{is_hri} ? 'hri'
1380 : $self->{_result_inflator}{is_core_row} ? 'classic_pruning'
1381 : 'classic_nonpruning'
1384 # $args and $attrs to _mk_row_parser are separated to delineate what is
1385 # core collapser stuff and what is dbic $rs specific
1386 @{$self->{_row_parser}{$parser_type}}{qw(cref nullcheck)} = $rsrc->_mk_row_parser({
1388 inflate_map => $infmap,
1389 collapse => $attrs->{collapse},
1390 premultiplied => $attrs->{_main_source_premultiplied},
1391 hri_style => $self->{_result_inflator}{is_hri},
1392 prune_null_branches => $self->{_result_inflator}{is_hri} || $self->{_result_inflator}{is_core_row},
1393 }, $attrs) unless $self->{_row_parser}{$parser_type}{cref};
1395 # column_info metadata historically hasn't been too reliable.
1396 # We need to start fixing this somehow (the collapse resolver
1397 # can't work without it). Add an explicit check for the *main*
1398 # result, hopefully this will gradually weed out such errors
1400 # FIXME - this is a temporary kludge that reduces performance
1401 # It is however necessary for the time being
1402 my ($unrolled_non_null_cols_to_check, $err);
1404 if (my $check_non_null_cols = $self->{_row_parser}{$parser_type}{nullcheck} ) {
1407 'Collapse aborted due to invalid ResultSource metadata - the following '
1408 . 'selections are declared non-nullable but NULLs were retrieved: '
1412 COL: for my $i (@$check_non_null_cols) {
1413 ! defined $_->[$i] and push @violating_idx, $i and next COL for @$rows;
1416 $self->throw_exception( $err . join (', ', map { "'$infmap->[$_]'" } @violating_idx ) )
1419 $unrolled_non_null_cols_to_check = join (',', @$check_non_null_cols);
1423 ($did_fetch_all or ! $attrs->{collapse}) ? undef
1424 : defined $unrolled_non_null_cols_to_check ? eval sprintf <<'EOS', $unrolled_non_null_cols_to_check
1426 # FIXME SUBOPTIMAL - we can do better, cursor->next/all (well diff. methods) should return a ref
1427 my @r = $cursor->next or return;
1428 if (my @violating_idx = grep { ! defined $r[$_] } (%s) ) {
1429 $self->throw_exception( $err . join (', ', map { "'$infmap->[$_]'" } @violating_idx ) )
1435 # FIXME SUBOPTIMAL - we can do better, cursor->next/all (well diff. methods) should return a ref
1436 my @r = $cursor->next or return;
1441 $self->{_row_parser}{$parser_type}{cref}->(
1443 $next_cref ? ( $next_cref, $self->{_stashed_rows} = [] ) : (),
1446 # Special-case multi-object HRI - there is no $inflator_cref pass
1447 unless ($self->{_result_inflator}{is_hri}) {
1448 $_ = $inflator_cref->($res_class, $rsrc, @$_) for @$rows
1452 # The @$rows check seems odd at first - why wouldn't we want to warn
1453 # regardless? The issue is things like find() etc, where the user
1454 # *knows* only one result will come back. In these cases the ->all
1455 # is not a pessimization, but rather something we actually want
1457 'Unable to properly collapse has_many results in iterator mode due '
1458 . 'to order criteria - performed an eager cursor slurp underneath. '
1459 . 'Consider using ->all() instead'
1460 ) if ( ! $fetch_all and @$rows > 1 );
1465 =head2 result_source
1469 =item Arguments: L<$result_source?|DBIx::Class::ResultSource>
1471 =item Return Value: L<$result_source|DBIx::Class::ResultSource>
1475 An accessor for the primary ResultSource object from which this ResultSet
1482 =item Arguments: $result_class?
1484 =item Return Value: $result_class
1488 An accessor for the class to use when creating result objects. Defaults to
1489 C<< result_source->result_class >> - which in most cases is the name of the
1490 L<"table"|DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/"ResultSource"> class.
1492 Note that changing the result_class will also remove any components
1493 that were originally loaded in the source class via
1494 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/load_components>. Any overloaded methods
1495 in the original source class will not run.
1500 my ($self, $result_class) = @_;
1501 if ($result_class) {
1503 # don't fire this for an object
1504 $self->ensure_class_loaded($result_class)
1505 unless ref($result_class);
1507 if ($self->get_cache) {
1508 carp_unique('Changing the result_class of a ResultSet instance with cached results is a noop - the cache contents will not be altered');
1510 # FIXME ENCAPSULATION - encapsulation breach, cursor method additions pending
1511 elsif ($self->{cursor} && $self->{cursor}{_pos}) {
1512 $self->throw_exception('Changing the result_class of a ResultSet instance with an active cursor is not supported');
1515 $self->_result_class($result_class);
1517 delete $self->{_result_inflator};
1519 $self->_result_class;
1526 =item Arguments: L<$cond|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
1528 =item Return Value: $count
1532 Performs an SQL C<COUNT> with the same query as the resultset was built
1533 with to find the number of elements. Passing arguments is equivalent to
1534 C<< $rs->search ($cond, \%attrs)->count >>
1540 return $self->search(@_)->count if @_ and defined $_[0];
1541 return scalar @{ $self->get_cache } if $self->get_cache;
1543 my $attrs = { %{ $self->_resolved_attrs } };
1545 # this is a little optimization - it is faster to do the limit
1546 # adjustments in software, instead of a subquery
1547 my ($rows, $offset) = delete @{$attrs}{qw/rows offset/};
1550 if ($self->_has_resolved_attr (qw/collapse group_by/)) {
1551 $crs = $self->_count_subq_rs ($attrs);
1554 $crs = $self->_count_rs ($attrs);
1556 my $count = $crs->next;
1558 $count -= $offset if $offset;
1559 $count = $rows if $rows and $rows < $count;
1560 $count = 0 if ($count < 0);
1569 =item Arguments: L<$cond|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
1571 =item Return Value: L<$count_rs|DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn>
1575 Same as L</count> but returns a L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn> object.
1576 This can be very handy for subqueries:
1578 ->search( { amount => $some_rs->count_rs->as_query } )
1580 As with regular resultsets the SQL query will be executed only after
1581 the resultset is accessed via L</next> or L</all>. That would return
1582 the same single value obtainable via L</count>.
1588 return $self->search(@_)->count_rs if @_;
1590 # this may look like a lack of abstraction (count() does about the same)
1591 # but in fact an _rs *must* use a subquery for the limits, as the
1592 # software based limiting can not be ported if this $rs is to be used
1593 # in a subquery itself (i.e. ->as_query)
1594 if ($self->_has_resolved_attr (qw/collapse group_by offset rows/)) {
1595 return $self->_count_subq_rs($self->{_attrs});
1598 return $self->_count_rs($self->{_attrs});
1603 # returns a ResultSetColumn object tied to the count query
1606 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
1608 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1610 my $tmp_attrs = { %$attrs };
1611 # take off any limits, record_filter is cdbi, and no point of ordering nor locking a count
1612 delete @{$tmp_attrs}{qw/rows offset order_by record_filter for/};
1614 # overwrite the selector (supplied by the storage)
1615 $rsrc->resultset_class->new($rsrc, {
1617 select => $rsrc->storage->_count_select ($rsrc, $attrs),
1619 })->get_column ('count');
1623 # same as above but uses a subquery
1625 sub _count_subq_rs {
1626 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
1628 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1630 my $sub_attrs = { %$attrs };
1631 # extra selectors do not go in the subquery and there is no point of ordering it, nor locking it
1632 delete @{$sub_attrs}{qw/collapse columns as select order_by for/};
1634 # if we multi-prefetch we group_by something unique, as this is what we would
1635 # get out of the rs via ->next/->all. We *DO WANT* to clobber old group_by regardless
1636 if ( $attrs->{collapse} ) {
1637 $sub_attrs->{group_by} = [ map { "$attrs->{alias}.$_" } @{
1638 $rsrc->_identifying_column_set || $self->throw_exception(
1639 'Unable to construct a unique group_by criteria properly collapsing the '
1640 . 'has_many prefetch before count()'
1645 # Calculate subquery selector
1646 if (my $g = $sub_attrs->{group_by}) {
1648 my $sql_maker = $rsrc->storage->sql_maker;
1650 # necessary as the group_by may refer to aliased functions
1652 for my $sel (@{$attrs->{select}}) {
1653 $sel_index->{$sel->{-as}} = $sel
1654 if (ref $sel eq 'HASH' and $sel->{-as});
1657 # anything from the original select mentioned on the group-by needs to make it to the inner selector
1658 # also look for named aggregates referred in the having clause
1659 # having often contains scalarrefs - thus parse it out entirely
1661 if ($attrs->{having}) {
1662 local $sql_maker->{having_bind};
1663 local $sql_maker->{quote_char} = $sql_maker->{quote_char};
1664 local $sql_maker->{name_sep} = $sql_maker->{name_sep};
1665 unless (defined $sql_maker->{quote_char} and length $sql_maker->{quote_char}) {
1666 $sql_maker->{quote_char} = [ "\x00", "\xFF" ];
1667 # if we don't unset it we screw up retarded but unfortunately working
1668 # 'MAX(foo.bar)' => { '>', 3 }
1669 $sql_maker->{name_sep} = '';
1672 my ($lquote, $rquote, $sep) = map { quotemeta $_ } ($sql_maker->_quote_chars, $sql_maker->name_sep);
1674 my $having_sql = $sql_maker->_parse_rs_attrs ({ having => $attrs->{having} });
1677 # search for both a proper quoted qualified string, for a naive unquoted scalarref
1678 # and if all fails for an utterly naive quoted scalar-with-function
1679 while ($having_sql =~ /
1680 $rquote $sep $lquote (.+?) $rquote
1682 [\s,] \w+ \. (\w+) [\s,]
1684 [\s,] $lquote (.+?) $rquote [\s,]
1686 my $part = $1 || $2 || $3; # one of them matched if we got here
1687 unless ($seen_having{$part}++) {
1694 my $colpiece = $sel_index->{$_} || $_;
1696 # unqualify join-based group_by's. Arcane but possible query
1697 # also horrible horrible hack to alias a column (not a func.)
1698 # (probably need to introduce SQLA syntax)
1699 if ($colpiece =~ /\./ && $colpiece !~ /^$attrs->{alias}\./) {
1702 $colpiece = \ sprintf ('%s AS %s', map { $sql_maker->_quote ($_) } ($colpiece, $as) );
1704 push @{$sub_attrs->{select}}, $colpiece;
1708 my @pcols = map { "$attrs->{alias}.$_" } ($rsrc->primary_columns);
1709 $sub_attrs->{select} = @pcols ? \@pcols : [ 1 ];
1712 return $rsrc->resultset_class
1713 ->new ($rsrc, $sub_attrs)
1715 ->search ({}, { columns => { count => $rsrc->storage->_count_select ($rsrc, $attrs) } })
1716 ->get_column ('count');
1720 =head2 count_literal
1722 B<CAVEAT>: C<count_literal> is provided for Class::DBI compatibility and
1723 should only be used in that context. See L</search_literal> for further info.
1727 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @standalone_bind_values
1729 =item Return Value: $count
1733 Counts the results in a literal query. Equivalent to calling L</search_literal>
1734 with the passed arguments, then L</count>.
1738 sub count_literal { shift->search_literal(@_)->count; }
1744 =item Arguments: none
1746 =item Return Value: L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
1750 Returns all elements in the resultset.
1757 $self->throw_exception("all() doesn't take any arguments, you probably wanted ->search(...)->all()");
1760 delete @{$self}{qw/_stashed_rows _stashed_results/};
1762 if (my $c = $self->get_cache) {
1766 $self->cursor->reset;
1768 my $objs = $self->_construct_results('fetch_all') || [];
1770 $self->set_cache($objs) if $self->{attrs}{cache};
1779 =item Arguments: none
1781 =item Return Value: $self
1785 Resets the resultset's cursor, so you can iterate through the elements again.
1786 Implicitly resets the storage cursor, so a subsequent L</next> will trigger
1794 delete @{$self}{qw/_stashed_rows _stashed_results/};
1795 $self->{all_cache_position} = 0;
1796 $self->cursor->reset;
1804 =item Arguments: none
1806 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> | undef
1810 L<Resets|/reset> the resultset (causing a fresh query to storage) and returns
1811 an object for the first result (or C<undef> if the resultset is empty).
1816 return $_[0]->reset->next;
1822 # Determines whether and what type of subquery is required for the $rs operation.
1823 # If grouping is necessary either supplies its own, or verifies the current one
1824 # After all is done delegates to the proper storage method.
1826 sub _rs_update_delete {
1827 my ($self, $op, $values) = @_;
1829 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1830 my $storage = $rsrc->schema->storage;
1832 my $attrs = { %{$self->_resolved_attrs} };
1834 my $join_classifications;
1835 my ($existing_group_by) = delete @{$attrs}{qw(group_by _grouped_by_distinct)};
1837 # do we need a subquery for any reason?
1839 defined $existing_group_by
1841 # if {from} is unparseable wrap a subq
1842 ref($attrs->{from}) ne 'ARRAY'
1844 # limits call for a subq
1845 $self->_has_resolved_attr(qw/rows offset/)
1848 # simplify the joinmap, so we can further decide if a subq is necessary
1849 if (!$needs_subq and @{$attrs->{from}} > 1) {
1851 ($attrs->{from}, $join_classifications) =
1852 $storage->_prune_unused_joins ($attrs);
1854 # any non-pruneable non-local restricting joins imply subq
1855 $needs_subq = defined List::Util::first { $_ ne $attrs->{alias} } keys %{ $join_classifications->{restricting} || {} };
1858 # check if the head is composite (by now all joins are thrown out unless $needs_subq)
1860 (ref $attrs->{from}[0]) ne 'HASH'
1862 ref $attrs->{from}[0]{ $attrs->{from}[0]{-alias} }
1866 # do we need anything like a subquery?
1867 if (! $needs_subq) {
1868 # Most databases do not allow aliasing of tables in UPDATE/DELETE. Thus
1869 # a condition containing 'me' or other table prefixes will not work
1870 # at all. Tell SQLMaker to dequalify idents via a gross hack.
1872 my $sqla = $rsrc->storage->sql_maker;
1873 local $sqla->{_dequalify_idents} = 1;
1874 \[ $sqla->_recurse_where($self->{cond}) ];
1878 # we got this far - means it is time to wrap a subquery
1879 my $idcols = $rsrc->_identifying_column_set || $self->throw_exception(
1881 "Unable to perform complex resultset %s() without an identifying set of columns on source '%s'",
1887 # make a new $rs selecting only the PKs (that's all we really need for the subq)
1888 delete $attrs->{$_} for qw/select as collapse/;
1889 $attrs->{columns} = [ map { "$attrs->{alias}.$_" } @$idcols ];
1891 # this will be consumed by the pruner waaaaay down the stack
1892 $attrs->{_force_prune_multiplying_joins} = 1;
1894 my $subrs = (ref $self)->new($rsrc, $attrs);
1896 if (@$idcols == 1) {
1897 $cond = { $idcols->[0] => { -in => $subrs->as_query } };
1899 elsif ($storage->_use_multicolumn_in) {
1900 # no syntax for calling this properly yet
1901 # !!! EXPERIMENTAL API !!! WILL CHANGE !!!
1902 $cond = $storage->sql_maker->_where_op_multicolumn_in (
1903 $idcols, # how do I convey a list of idents...? can binds reside on lhs?
1908 # if all else fails - get all primary keys and operate over a ORed set
1909 # wrap in a transaction for consistency
1910 # this is where the group_by/multiplication starts to matter
1914 # we do not need to check pre-multipliers, since if the premulti is there, its
1915 # parent (who is multi) will be there too
1916 keys %{ $join_classifications->{multiplying} || {} }
1918 # make sure if there is a supplied group_by it matches the columns compiled above
1919 # perfectly. Anything else can not be sanely executed on most databases so croak
1920 # right then and there
1921 if ($existing_group_by) {
1922 my @current_group_by = map
1923 { $_ =~ /\./ ? $_ : "$attrs->{alias}.$_" }
1928 join ("\x00", sort @current_group_by)
1930 join ("\x00", sort @{$attrs->{columns}} )
1932 $self->throw_exception (
1933 "You have just attempted a $op operation on a resultset which does group_by"
1934 . ' on columns other than the primary keys, while DBIC internally needs to retrieve'
1935 . ' the primary keys in a subselect. All sane RDBMS engines do not support this'
1936 . ' kind of queries. Please retry the operation with a modified group_by or'
1937 . ' without using one at all.'
1942 $subrs = $subrs->search({}, { group_by => $attrs->{columns} });
1945 $guard = $storage->txn_scope_guard;
1948 for my $row ($subrs->cursor->all) {
1950 { $idcols->[$_] => $row->[$_] }
1957 my $res = $storage->$op (
1959 $op eq 'update' ? $values : (),
1963 $guard->commit if $guard;
1972 =item Arguments: \%values
1974 =item Return Value: $underlying_storage_rv
1978 Sets the specified columns in the resultset to the supplied values in a
1979 single query. Note that this will not run any accessor/set_column/update
1980 triggers, nor will it update any result object instances derived from this
1981 resultset (this includes the contents of the L<resultset cache|/set_cache>
1982 if any). See L</update_all> if you need to execute any on-update
1983 triggers or cascades defined either by you or a
1984 L<result component|DBIx::Class::Manual::Component/WHAT IS A COMPONENT>.
1986 The return value is a pass through of what the underlying
1987 storage backend returned, and may vary. See L<DBI/execute> for the most
1992 Note that L</update> does not process/deflate any of the values passed in.
1993 This is unlike the corresponding L<DBIx::Class::Row/update>. The user must
1994 ensure manually that any value passed to this method will stringify to
1995 something the RDBMS knows how to deal with. A notable example is the
1996 handling of L<DateTime> objects, for more info see:
1997 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Formatting DateTime objects in queries>.
2002 my ($self, $values) = @_;
2003 $self->throw_exception('Values for update must be a hash')
2004 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
2006 return $self->_rs_update_delete ('update', $values);
2013 =item Arguments: \%values
2015 =item Return Value: 1
2019 Fetches all objects and updates them one at a time via
2020 L<DBIx::Class::Row/update>. Note that C<update_all> will run DBIC defined
2021 triggers, while L</update> will not.
2026 my ($self, $values) = @_;
2027 $self->throw_exception('Values for update_all must be a hash')
2028 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
2030 my $guard = $self->result_source->schema->txn_scope_guard;
2031 $_->update({%$values}) for $self->all; # shallow copy - update will mangle it
2040 =item Arguments: none
2042 =item Return Value: $underlying_storage_rv
2046 Deletes the rows matching this resultset in a single query. Note that this
2047 will not run any delete triggers, nor will it alter the
2048 L<in_storage|DBIx::Class::Row/in_storage> status of any result object instances
2049 derived from this resultset (this includes the contents of the
2050 L<resultset cache|/set_cache> if any). See L</delete_all> if you need to
2051 execute any on-delete triggers or cascades defined either by you or a
2052 L<result component|DBIx::Class::Manual::Component/WHAT IS A COMPONENT>.
2054 The return value is a pass through of what the underlying storage backend
2055 returned, and may vary. See L<DBI/execute> for the most common case.
2061 $self->throw_exception('delete does not accept any arguments')
2064 return $self->_rs_update_delete ('delete');
2071 =item Arguments: none
2073 =item Return Value: 1
2077 Fetches all objects and deletes them one at a time via
2078 L<DBIx::Class::Row/delete>. Note that C<delete_all> will run DBIC defined
2079 triggers, while L</delete> will not.
2085 $self->throw_exception('delete_all does not accept any arguments')
2088 my $guard = $self->result_source->schema->txn_scope_guard;
2089 $_->delete for $self->all;
2098 =item Arguments: [ \@column_list, \@row_values+ ] | [ \%col_data+ ]
2100 =item Return Value: L<\@result_objects|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (scalar context) | L<@result_objects|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
2104 Accepts either an arrayref of hashrefs or alternatively an arrayref of
2111 The context of this method call has an important effect on what is
2112 submitted to storage. In void context data is fed directly to fastpath
2113 insertion routines provided by the underlying storage (most often
2114 L<DBI/execute_for_fetch>), bypassing the L<new|DBIx::Class::Row/new> and
2115 L<insert|DBIx::Class::Row/insert> calls on the
2116 L<Result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> class, including any
2117 augmentation of these methods provided by components. For example if you
2118 are using something like L<DBIx::Class::UUIDColumns> to create primary
2119 keys for you, you will find that your PKs are empty. In this case you
2120 will have to explicitly force scalar or list context in order to create
2125 In non-void (scalar or list) context, this method is simply a wrapper
2126 for L</create>. Depending on list or scalar context either a list of
2127 L<Result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> objects or an arrayref
2128 containing these objects is returned.
2130 When supplying data in "arrayref of arrayrefs" invocation style, the
2131 first element should be a list of column names and each subsequent
2132 element should be a data value in the earlier specified column order.
2135 $schema->resultset("Artist")->populate([
2136 [ qw( artistid name ) ],
2137 [ 100, 'A Formally Unknown Singer' ],
2138 [ 101, 'A singer that jumped the shark two albums ago' ],
2139 [ 102, 'An actually cool singer' ],
2142 For the arrayref of hashrefs style each hashref should be a structure
2143 suitable for passing to L</create>. Multi-create is also permitted with
2146 $schema->resultset("Artist")->populate([
2147 { artistid => 4, name => 'Manufactured Crap', cds => [
2148 { title => 'My First CD', year => 2006 },
2149 { title => 'Yet More Tweeny-Pop crap', year => 2007 },
2152 { artistid => 5, name => 'Angsty-Whiny Girl', cds => [
2153 { title => 'My parents sold me to a record company', year => 2005 },
2154 { title => 'Why Am I So Ugly?', year => 2006 },
2155 { title => 'I Got Surgery and am now Popular', year => 2007 }
2160 If you attempt a void-context multi-create as in the example above (each
2161 Artist also has the related list of CDs), and B<do not> supply the
2162 necessary autoinc foreign key information, this method will proxy to the
2163 less efficient L</create>, and then throw the Result objects away. In this
2164 case there are obviously no benefits to using this method over L</create>.
2171 # cruft placed in standalone method
2172 my $data = $self->_normalize_populate_args(@_);
2174 return unless @$data;
2176 if(defined wantarray) {
2177 my @created = map { $self->create($_) } @$data;
2178 return wantarray ? @created : \@created;
2181 my $first = $data->[0];
2183 # if a column is a registered relationship, and is a non-blessed hash/array, consider
2184 # it relationship data
2185 my (@rels, @columns);
2186 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
2187 my $rels = { map { $_ => $rsrc->relationship_info($_) } $rsrc->relationships };
2188 for (keys %$first) {
2189 my $ref = ref $first->{$_};
2190 $rels->{$_} && ($ref eq 'ARRAY' or $ref eq 'HASH')
2196 my @pks = $rsrc->primary_columns;
2198 ## do the belongs_to relationships
2199 foreach my $index (0..$#$data) {
2201 # delegate to create() for any dataset without primary keys with specified relationships
2202 if (grep { !defined $data->[$index]->{$_} } @pks ) {
2204 if (grep { ref $data->[$index]{$r} eq $_ } qw/HASH ARRAY/) { # a related set must be a HASH or AoH
2205 my @ret = $self->populate($data);
2211 foreach my $rel (@rels) {
2212 next unless ref $data->[$index]->{$rel} eq "HASH";
2213 my $result = $self->related_resultset($rel)->create($data->[$index]->{$rel});
2214 my ($reverse_relname, $reverse_relinfo) = %{$rsrc->reverse_relationship_info($rel)};
2215 my $related = $result->result_source->_resolve_condition(
2216 $reverse_relinfo->{cond},
2222 delete $data->[$index]->{$rel};
2223 $data->[$index] = {%{$data->[$index]}, %$related};
2225 push @columns, keys %$related if $index == 0;
2229 ## inherit the data locked in the conditions of the resultset
2230 my ($rs_data) = $self->_merge_with_rscond({});
2231 delete @{$rs_data}{@columns};
2233 ## do bulk insert on current row
2234 $rsrc->storage->insert_bulk(
2236 [@columns, keys %$rs_data],
2237 [ map { [ @$_{@columns}, values %$rs_data ] } @$data ],
2240 ## do the has_many relationships
2241 foreach my $item (@$data) {
2245 foreach my $rel (@rels) {
2246 next unless ref $item->{$rel} eq "ARRAY" && @{ $item->{$rel} };
2248 $main_row ||= $self->new_result({map { $_ => $item->{$_} } @pks});
2250 my $child = $main_row->$rel;
2252 my $related = $child->result_source->_resolve_condition(
2253 $rels->{$rel}{cond},
2259 my @rows_to_add = ref $item->{$rel} eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$item->{$rel}} : ($item->{$rel});
2260 my @populate = map { {%$_, %$related} } @rows_to_add;
2262 $child->populate( \@populate );
2269 # populate() arguments went over several incarnations
2270 # What we ultimately support is AoH
2271 sub _normalize_populate_args {
2272 my ($self, $arg) = @_;
2274 if (ref $arg eq 'ARRAY') {
2278 elsif (ref $arg->[0] eq 'HASH') {
2281 elsif (ref $arg->[0] eq 'ARRAY') {
2283 my @colnames = @{$arg->[0]};
2284 foreach my $values (@{$arg}[1 .. $#$arg]) {
2285 push @ret, { map { $colnames[$_] => $values->[$_] } (0 .. $#colnames) };
2291 $self->throw_exception('Populate expects an arrayref of hashrefs or arrayref of arrayrefs');
2298 =item Arguments: none
2300 =item Return Value: L<$pager|Data::Page>
2304 Returns a L<Data::Page> object for the current resultset. Only makes
2305 sense for queries with a C<page> attribute.
2307 To get the full count of entries for a paged resultset, call
2308 C<total_entries> on the L<Data::Page> object.
2315 return $self->{pager} if $self->{pager};
2317 my $attrs = $self->{attrs};
2318 if (!defined $attrs->{page}) {
2319 $self->throw_exception("Can't create pager for non-paged rs");
2321 elsif ($attrs->{page} <= 0) {
2322 $self->throw_exception('Invalid page number (page-numbers are 1-based)');
2324 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
2326 # throw away the paging flags and re-run the count (possibly
2327 # with a subselect) to get the real total count
2328 my $count_attrs = { %$attrs };
2329 delete @{$count_attrs}{qw/rows offset page pager/};
2331 my $total_rs = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $count_attrs);
2333 require DBIx::Class::ResultSet::Pager;
2334 return $self->{pager} = DBIx::Class::ResultSet::Pager->new(
2335 sub { $total_rs->count }, #lazy-get the total
2337 $self->{attrs}{page},
2345 =item Arguments: $page_number
2347 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search>
2351 Returns a resultset for the $page_number page of the resultset on which page
2352 is called, where each page contains a number of rows equal to the 'rows'
2353 attribute set on the resultset (10 by default).
2358 my ($self, $page) = @_;
2359 return (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, { %{$self->{attrs}}, page => $page });
2366 =item Arguments: \%col_data
2368 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2372 Creates a new result object in the resultset's result class and returns
2373 it. The row is not inserted into the database at this point, call
2374 L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> to do that. Calling L<DBIx::Class::Row/in_storage>
2375 will tell you whether the result object has been inserted or not.
2377 Passes the hashref of input on to L<DBIx::Class::Row/new>.
2382 my ($self, $values) = @_;
2384 $self->throw_exception( "new_result takes only one argument - a hashref of values" )
2387 $self->throw_exception( "new_result expects a hashref" )
2388 unless (ref $values eq 'HASH');
2390 my ($merged_cond, $cols_from_relations) = $self->_merge_with_rscond($values);
2392 my $new = $self->result_class->new({
2394 ( @$cols_from_relations
2395 ? (-cols_from_relations => $cols_from_relations)
2398 -result_source => $self->result_source, # DO NOT REMOVE THIS, REQUIRED
2402 reftype($new) eq 'HASH'
2408 carp_unique (sprintf (
2409 "%s->new returned a blessed empty hashref - a strong indicator something is wrong with its inheritance chain",
2410 $self->result_class,
2417 # _merge_with_rscond
2419 # Takes a simple hash of K/V data and returns its copy merged with the
2420 # condition already present on the resultset. Additionally returns an
2421 # arrayref of value/condition names, which were inferred from related
2422 # objects (this is needed for in-memory related objects)
2423 sub _merge_with_rscond {
2424 my ($self, $data) = @_;
2426 my (%new_data, @cols_from_relations);
2428 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
2430 if (! defined $self->{cond}) {
2431 # just massage $data below
2433 elsif ($self->{cond} eq $DBIx::Class::ResultSource::UNRESOLVABLE_CONDITION) {
2434 %new_data = %{ $self->{attrs}{related_objects} || {} }; # nothing might have been inserted yet
2435 @cols_from_relations = keys %new_data;
2437 elsif (ref $self->{cond} ne 'HASH') {
2438 $self->throw_exception(
2439 "Can't abstract implicit construct, resultset condition not a hash"
2443 if ($self->{cond}) {
2444 my $implied = $self->_remove_alias(
2445 $self->result_source->schema->storage->_collapse_cond($self->{cond}),
2449 for my $c (keys %$implied) {
2450 my $v = $implied->{$c};
2451 if ( ! length ref $v or is_plain_value($v) ) {
2455 ref $v eq 'HASH' and keys %$v == 1 and exists $v->{'='} and is_literal_value($v->{'='})
2457 $new_data{$c} = $v->{'='};
2463 # precedence must be given to passed values over values inherited from
2464 # the cond, so the order here is important.
2467 %{ $self->_remove_alias($data, $alias) },
2470 return (\%new_data, \@cols_from_relations);
2473 # _has_resolved_attr
2475 # determines if the resultset defines at least one
2476 # of the attributes supplied
2478 # used to determine if a subquery is necessary
2480 # supports some virtual attributes:
2482 # This will scan for any joins being present on the resultset.
2483 # It is not a mere key-search but a deep inspection of {from}
2486 sub _has_resolved_attr {
2487 my ($self, @attr_names) = @_;
2489 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs;
2493 for my $n (@attr_names) {
2494 if (grep { $n eq $_ } (qw/-join/) ) {
2495 $extra_checks{$n}++;
2499 my $attr = $attrs->{$n};
2501 next if not defined $attr;
2503 if (ref $attr eq 'HASH') {
2504 return 1 if keys %$attr;
2506 elsif (ref $attr eq 'ARRAY') {
2514 # a resolved join is expressed as a multi-level from
2516 $extra_checks{-join}
2518 ref $attrs->{from} eq 'ARRAY'
2520 @{$attrs->{from}} > 1
2528 # Remove the specified alias from the specified query hash. A copy is made so
2529 # the original query is not modified.
2532 my ($self, $query, $alias) = @_;
2534 my %orig = %{ $query || {} };
2537 foreach my $key (keys %orig) {
2539 $unaliased{$key} = $orig{$key};
2542 $unaliased{$1} = $orig{$key}
2543 if $key =~ m/^(?:\Q$alias\E\.)?([^.]+)$/;
2553 =item Arguments: none
2555 =item Return Value: \[ $sql, L<@bind_values|/DBIC BIND VALUES> ]
2559 Returns the SQL query and bind vars associated with the invocant.
2561 This is generally used as the RHS for a subquery.
2568 my $attrs = { %{ $self->_resolved_attrs } };
2570 my $aq = $self->result_source->storage->_select_args_to_query (
2571 $attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select}, $attrs->{where}, $attrs
2581 =item Arguments: \%col_data, { key => $unique_constraint, L<%attrs|/ATTRIBUTES> }?
2583 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2587 my $artist = $schema->resultset('Artist')->find_or_new(
2588 { artist => 'fred' }, { key => 'artists' });
2590 $cd->cd_to_producer->find_or_new({ producer => $producer },
2591 { key => 'primary' });
2593 Find an existing record from this resultset using L</find>. if none exists,
2594 instantiate a new result object and return it. The object will not be saved
2595 into your storage until you call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> on it.
2597 You most likely want this method when looking for existing rows using a unique
2598 constraint that is not the primary key, or looking for related rows.
2600 If you want objects to be saved immediately, use L</find_or_create> instead.
2602 B<Note>: Make sure to read the documentation of L</find> and understand the
2603 significance of the C<key> attribute, as its lack may skew your search, and
2604 subsequently result in spurious new objects.
2606 B<Note>: Take care when using C<find_or_new> with a table having
2607 columns with default values that you intend to be automatically
2608 supplied by the database (e.g. an auto_increment primary key column).
2609 In normal usage, the value of such columns should NOT be included at
2610 all in the call to C<find_or_new>, even when set to C<undef>.
2616 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
2617 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2618 if (keys %$hash and my $row = $self->find($hash, $attrs) ) {
2621 return $self->new_result($hash);
2628 =item Arguments: \%col_data
2630 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2634 Attempt to create a single new row or a row with multiple related rows
2635 in the table represented by the resultset (and related tables). This
2636 will not check for duplicate rows before inserting, use
2637 L</find_or_create> to do that.
2639 To create one row for this resultset, pass a hashref of key/value
2640 pairs representing the columns of the table and the values you wish to
2641 store. If the appropriate relationships are set up, foreign key fields
2642 can also be passed an object representing the foreign row, and the
2643 value will be set to its primary key.
2645 To create related objects, pass a hashref of related-object column values
2646 B<keyed on the relationship name>. If the relationship is of type C<multi>
2647 (L<DBIx::Class::Relationship/has_many>) - pass an arrayref of hashrefs.
2648 The process will correctly identify columns holding foreign keys, and will
2649 transparently populate them from the keys of the corresponding relation.
2650 This can be applied recursively, and will work correctly for a structure
2651 with an arbitrary depth and width, as long as the relationships actually
2652 exists and the correct column data has been supplied.
2654 Instead of hashrefs of plain related data (key/value pairs), you may
2655 also pass new or inserted objects. New objects (not inserted yet, see
2656 L</new_result>), will be inserted into their appropriate tables.
2658 Effectively a shortcut for C<< ->new_result(\%col_data)->insert >>.
2660 Example of creating a new row.
2662 $person_rs->create({
2663 name=>"Some Person",
2664 email=>"somebody@someplace.com"
2667 Example of creating a new row and also creating rows in a related C<has_many>
2668 or C<has_one> resultset. Note Arrayref.
2671 { artistid => 4, name => 'Manufactured Crap', cds => [
2672 { title => 'My First CD', year => 2006 },
2673 { title => 'Yet More Tweeny-Pop crap', year => 2007 },
2678 Example of creating a new row and also creating a row in a related
2679 C<belongs_to> resultset. Note Hashref.
2682 title=>"Music for Silly Walks",
2685 name=>"Silly Musician",
2693 When subclassing ResultSet never attempt to override this method. Since
2694 it is a simple shortcut for C<< $self->new_result($attrs)->insert >>, a
2695 lot of the internals simply never call it, so your override will be
2696 bypassed more often than not. Override either L<DBIx::Class::Row/new>
2697 or L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> depending on how early in the
2698 L</create> process you need to intervene. See also warning pertaining to
2706 my ($self, $col_data) = @_;
2707 $self->throw_exception( "create needs a hashref" )
2708 unless ref $col_data eq 'HASH';
2709 return $self->new_result($col_data)->insert;
2712 =head2 find_or_create
2716 =item Arguments: \%col_data, { key => $unique_constraint, L<%attrs|/ATTRIBUTES> }?
2718 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2722 $cd->cd_to_producer->find_or_create({ producer => $producer },
2723 { key => 'primary' });
2725 Tries to find a record based on its primary key or unique constraints; if none
2726 is found, creates one and returns that instead.
2728 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create({
2730 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2731 title => 'Mezzanine',
2735 Also takes an optional C<key> attribute, to search by a specific key or unique
2736 constraint. For example:
2738 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create(
2740 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2741 title => 'Mezzanine',
2743 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
2746 B<Note>: Make sure to read the documentation of L</find> and understand the
2747 significance of the C<key> attribute, as its lack may skew your search, and
2748 subsequently result in spurious row creation.
2750 B<Note>: Because find_or_create() reads from the database and then
2751 possibly inserts based on the result, this method is subject to a race
2752 condition. Another process could create a record in the table after
2753 the find has completed and before the create has started. To avoid
2754 this problem, use find_or_create() inside a transaction.
2756 B<Note>: Take care when using C<find_or_create> with a table having
2757 columns with default values that you intend to be automatically
2758 supplied by the database (e.g. an auto_increment primary key column).
2759 In normal usage, the value of such columns should NOT be included at
2760 all in the call to C<find_or_create>, even when set to C<undef>.
2762 See also L</find> and L</update_or_create>. For information on how to declare
2763 unique constraints, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
2765 If you need to know if an existing row was found or a new one created use
2766 L</find_or_new> and L<DBIx::Class::Row/in_storage> instead. Don't forget
2767 to call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> to save the newly created row to the
2770 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_new({
2772 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2773 title => 'Mezzanine',
2777 if( !$cd->in_storage ) {
2784 sub find_or_create {
2786 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
2787 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2788 if (keys %$hash and my $row = $self->find($hash, $attrs) ) {
2791 return $self->create($hash);
2794 =head2 update_or_create
2798 =item Arguments: \%col_data, { key => $unique_constraint, L<%attrs|/ATTRIBUTES> }?
2800 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2804 $resultset->update_or_create({ col => $val, ... });
2806 Like L</find_or_create>, but if a row is found it is immediately updated via
2807 C<< $found_row->update (\%col_data) >>.
2810 Takes an optional C<key> attribute to search on a specific unique constraint.
2813 # In your application
2814 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->update_or_create(
2816 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2817 title => 'Mezzanine',
2820 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
2823 $cd->cd_to_producer->update_or_create({
2824 producer => $producer,
2830 B<Note>: Make sure to read the documentation of L</find> and understand the
2831 significance of the C<key> attribute, as its lack may skew your search, and
2832 subsequently result in spurious row creation.
2834 B<Note>: Take care when using C<update_or_create> with a table having
2835 columns with default values that you intend to be automatically
2836 supplied by the database (e.g. an auto_increment primary key column).
2837 In normal usage, the value of such columns should NOT be included at
2838 all in the call to C<update_or_create>, even when set to C<undef>.
2840 See also L</find> and L</find_or_create>. For information on how to declare
2841 unique constraints, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
2843 If you need to know if an existing row was updated or a new one created use
2844 L</update_or_new> and L<DBIx::Class::Row/in_storage> instead. Don't forget
2845 to call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> to save the newly created row to the
2850 sub update_or_create {
2852 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
2853 my $cond = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2855 my $row = $self->find($cond, $attrs);
2857 $row->update($cond);
2861 return $self->create($cond);
2864 =head2 update_or_new
2868 =item Arguments: \%col_data, { key => $unique_constraint, L<%attrs|/ATTRIBUTES> }?
2870 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2874 $resultset->update_or_new({ col => $val, ... });
2876 Like L</find_or_new> but if a row is found it is immediately updated via
2877 C<< $found_row->update (\%col_data) >>.
2881 # In your application
2882 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->update_or_new(
2884 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2885 title => 'Mezzanine',
2888 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
2891 if ($cd->in_storage) {
2892 # the cd was updated
2895 # the cd is not yet in the database, let's insert it
2899 B<Note>: Make sure to read the documentation of L</find> and understand the
2900 significance of the C<key> attribute, as its lack may skew your search, and
2901 subsequently result in spurious new objects.
2903 B<Note>: Take care when using C<update_or_new> with a table having
2904 columns with default values that you intend to be automatically
2905 supplied by the database (e.g. an auto_increment primary key column).
2906 In normal usage, the value of such columns should NOT be included at
2907 all in the call to C<update_or_new>, even when set to C<undef>.
2909 See also L</find>, L</find_or_create> and L</find_or_new>.
2915 my $attrs = ( @_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {} );
2916 my $cond = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2918 my $row = $self->find( $cond, $attrs );
2919 if ( defined $row ) {
2920 $row->update($cond);
2924 return $self->new_result($cond);
2931 =item Arguments: none
2933 =item Return Value: L<\@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> | undef
2937 Gets the contents of the cache for the resultset, if the cache is set.
2939 The cache is populated either by using the L</prefetch> attribute to
2940 L</search> or by calling L</set_cache>.
2952 =item Arguments: L<\@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2954 =item Return Value: L<\@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2958 Sets the contents of the cache for the resultset. Expects an arrayref
2959 of objects of the same class as those produced by the resultset. Note that
2960 if the cache is set, the resultset will return the cached objects rather
2961 than re-querying the database even if the cache attr is not set.
2963 The contents of the cache can also be populated by using the
2964 L</prefetch> attribute to L</search>.
2969 my ( $self, $data ) = @_;
2970 $self->throw_exception("set_cache requires an arrayref")
2971 if defined($data) && (ref $data ne 'ARRAY');
2972 $self->{all_cache} = $data;
2979 =item Arguments: none
2981 =item Return Value: undef
2985 Clears the cache for the resultset.
2990 shift->set_cache(undef);
2997 =item Arguments: none
2999 =item Return Value: true, if the resultset has been paginated
3007 return !!$self->{attrs}{page};
3014 =item Arguments: none
3016 =item Return Value: true, if the resultset has been ordered with C<order_by>.
3024 return scalar $self->result_source->storage->_extract_order_criteria($self->{attrs}{order_by});
3027 =head2 related_resultset
3031 =item Arguments: $rel_name
3033 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search>
3037 Returns a related resultset for the supplied relationship name.
3039 $artist_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->related_resultset('Artist');
3043 sub related_resultset {
3044 my ($self, $rel) = @_;
3046 return $self->{related_resultsets}{$rel}
3047 if defined $self->{related_resultsets}{$rel};
3049 return $self->{related_resultsets}{$rel} = do {
3050 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
3051 my $rel_info = $rsrc->relationship_info($rel);
3053 $self->throw_exception(
3054 "search_related: result source '" . $rsrc->source_name .
3055 "' has no such relationship $rel")
3058 my $attrs = $self->_chain_relationship($rel);
3060 my $join_count = $attrs->{seen_join}{$rel};
3062 my $alias = $self->result_source->storage
3063 ->relname_to_table_alias($rel, $join_count);
3065 # since this is search_related, and we already slid the select window inwards
3066 # (the select/as attrs were deleted in the beginning), we need to flip all
3067 # left joins to inner, so we get the expected results
3068 # read the comment on top of the actual function to see what this does
3069 $attrs->{from} = $rsrc->schema->storage->_inner_join_to_node ($attrs->{from}, $alias);
3072 #XXX - temp fix for result_class bug. There likely is a more elegant fix -groditi
3073 delete @{$attrs}{qw(result_class alias)};
3075 my $rel_source = $rsrc->related_source($rel);
3079 # The reason we do this now instead of passing the alias to the
3080 # search_rs below is that if you wrap/overload resultset on the
3081 # source you need to know what alias it's -going- to have for things
3082 # to work sanely (e.g. RestrictWithObject wants to be able to add
3083 # extra query restrictions, and these may need to be $alias.)
3085 my $rel_attrs = $rel_source->resultset_attributes;
3086 local $rel_attrs->{alias} = $alias;
3088 $rel_source->resultset
3092 where => $attrs->{where},
3096 if (my $cache = $self->get_cache) {
3097 my @related_cache = map
3098 { @{$_->related_resultset($rel)->get_cache||[]} }
3102 $new->set_cache(\@related_cache) if @related_cache;
3109 =head2 current_source_alias
3113 =item Arguments: none
3115 =item Return Value: $source_alias
3119 Returns the current table alias for the result source this resultset is built
3120 on, that will be used in the SQL query. Usually it is C<me>.
3122 Currently the source alias that refers to the result set returned by a
3123 L</search>/L</find> family method depends on how you got to the resultset: it's
3124 C<me> by default, but eg. L</search_related> aliases it to the related result
3125 source name (and keeps C<me> referring to the original result set). The long
3126 term goal is to make L<DBIx::Class> always alias the current resultset as C<me>
3127 (and make this method unnecessary).
3129 Thus it's currently necessary to use this method in predefined queries (see
3130 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Predefined searches>) when referring to the
3131 source alias of the current result set:
3133 # in a result set class
3135 my ($self, $user) = @_;
3137 my $me = $self->current_source_alias;
3139 return $self->search({
3140 "$me.modified" => $user->id,
3146 sub current_source_alias {
3147 return (shift->{attrs} || {})->{alias} || 'me';
3150 =head2 as_subselect_rs
3154 =item Arguments: none
3156 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search>
3160 Act as a barrier to SQL symbols. The resultset provided will be made into a
3161 "virtual view" by including it as a subquery within the from clause. From this
3162 point on, any joined tables are inaccessible to ->search on the resultset (as if
3163 it were simply where-filtered without joins). For example:
3165 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Bar')->search({'x.name' => 'abc'},{ join => 'x' });
3167 # 'x' now pollutes the query namespace
3169 # So the following works as expected
3170 my $ok_rs = $rs->search({'x.other' => 1});
3172 # But this doesn't: instead of finding a 'Bar' related to two x rows (abc and
3173 # def) we look for one row with contradictory terms and join in another table
3174 # (aliased 'x_2') which we never use
3175 my $broken_rs = $rs->search({'x.name' => 'def'});
3177 my $rs2 = $rs->as_subselect_rs;
3179 # doesn't work - 'x' is no longer accessible in $rs2, having been sealed away
3180 my $not_joined_rs = $rs2->search({'x.other' => 1});
3182 # works as expected: finds a 'table' row related to two x rows (abc and def)
3183 my $correctly_joined_rs = $rs2->search({'x.name' => 'def'});
3185 Another example of when one might use this would be to select a subset of
3186 columns in a group by clause:
3188 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Bar')->search(undef, {
3189 group_by => [qw{ id foo_id baz_id }],
3190 })->as_subselect_rs->search(undef, {
3191 columns => [qw{ id foo_id }]
3194 In the above example normally columns would have to be equal to the group by,
3195 but because we isolated the group by into a subselect the above works.
3199 sub as_subselect_rs {
3202 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs;
3204 my $fresh_rs = (ref $self)->new (
3205 $self->result_source
3208 # these pieces will be locked in the subquery
3209 delete $fresh_rs->{cond};
3210 delete @{$fresh_rs->{attrs}}{qw/where bind/};
3212 return $fresh_rs->search( {}, {
3214 $attrs->{alias} => $self->as_query,
3215 -alias => $attrs->{alias},
3216 -rsrc => $self->result_source,
3218 alias => $attrs->{alias},
3222 # This code is called by search_related, and makes sure there
3223 # is clear separation between the joins before, during, and
3224 # after the relationship. This information is needed later
3225 # in order to properly resolve prefetch aliases (any alias
3226 # with a relation_chain_depth less than the depth of the
3227 # current prefetch is not considered)
3229 # The increments happen twice per join. An even number means a
3230 # relationship specified via a search_related, whereas an odd
3231 # number indicates a join/prefetch added via attributes
3233 # Also this code will wrap the current resultset (the one we
3234 # chain to) in a subselect IFF it contains limiting attributes
3235 sub _chain_relationship {
3236 my ($self, $rel) = @_;
3237 my $source = $self->result_source;
3238 my $attrs = { %{$self->{attrs}||{}} };
3240 # we need to take the prefetch the attrs into account before we
3241 # ->_resolve_join as otherwise they get lost - captainL
3242 my $join = $self->_merge_joinpref_attr( $attrs->{join}, $attrs->{prefetch} );
3244 delete @{$attrs}{qw/join prefetch collapse group_by distinct _grouped_by_distinct select as columns +select +as +columns/};
3246 my $seen = { %{ (delete $attrs->{seen_join}) || {} } };
3249 my @force_subq_attrs = qw/offset rows group_by having/;
3252 ($attrs->{from} && ref $attrs->{from} ne 'ARRAY')
3254 $self->_has_resolved_attr (@force_subq_attrs)
3256 # Nuke the prefetch (if any) before the new $rs attrs
3257 # are resolved (prefetch is useless - we are wrapping
3258 # a subquery anyway).
3259 my $rs_copy = $self->search;
3260 $rs_copy->{attrs}{join} = $self->_merge_joinpref_attr (
3261 $rs_copy->{attrs}{join},
3262 delete $rs_copy->{attrs}{prefetch},
3267 -alias => $attrs->{alias},
3268 $attrs->{alias} => $rs_copy->as_query,
3270 delete @{$attrs}{@force_subq_attrs, qw/where bind/};
3271 $seen->{-relation_chain_depth} = 0;
3273 elsif ($attrs->{from}) { #shallow copy suffices
3274 $from = [ @{$attrs->{from}} ];
3279 -alias => $attrs->{alias},
3280 $attrs->{alias} => $source->from,
3284 my $jpath = ($seen->{-relation_chain_depth})
3285 ? $from->[-1][0]{-join_path}
3288 my @requested_joins = $source->_resolve_join(
3295 push @$from, @requested_joins;
3297 $seen->{-relation_chain_depth}++;
3299 # if $self already had a join/prefetch specified on it, the requested
3300 # $rel might very well be already included. What we do in this case
3301 # is effectively a no-op (except that we bump up the chain_depth on
3302 # the join in question so we could tell it *is* the search_related)
3305 # we consider the last one thus reverse
3306 for my $j (reverse @requested_joins) {
3307 my ($last_j) = keys %{$j->[0]{-join_path}[-1]};
3308 if ($rel eq $last_j) {
3309 $j->[0]{-relation_chain_depth}++;
3315 unless ($already_joined) {
3316 push @$from, $source->_resolve_join(
3324 $seen->{-relation_chain_depth}++;
3326 return {%$attrs, from => $from, seen_join => $seen};
3329 sub _resolved_attrs {
3331 return $self->{_attrs} if $self->{_attrs};
3333 my $attrs = { %{ $self->{attrs} || {} } };
3334 my $source = $self->result_source;
3335 my $alias = $attrs->{alias};
3337 $self->throw_exception("Specifying distinct => 1 in conjunction with collapse => 1 is unsupported")
3338 if $attrs->{collapse} and $attrs->{distinct};
3340 # default selection list
3341 $attrs->{columns} = [ $source->columns ]
3342 unless List::Util::first { exists $attrs->{$_} } qw/columns cols select as/;
3344 # merge selectors together
3345 for (qw/columns select as/) {
3346 $attrs->{$_} = $self->_merge_attr($attrs->{$_}, delete $attrs->{"+$_"})
3347 if $attrs->{$_} or $attrs->{"+$_"};
3350 # disassemble columns
3352 if (my $cols = delete $attrs->{columns}) {
3353 for my $c (ref $cols eq 'ARRAY' ? @$cols : $cols) {
3354 if (ref $c eq 'HASH') {
3355 for my $as (sort keys %$c) {
3356 push @sel, $c->{$as};
3367 # when trying to weed off duplicates later do not go past this point -
3368 # everything added from here on is unbalanced "anyone's guess" stuff
3369 my $dedup_stop_idx = $#as;
3371 push @as, @{ ref $attrs->{as} eq 'ARRAY' ? $attrs->{as} : [ $attrs->{as} ] }
3373 push @sel, @{ ref $attrs->{select} eq 'ARRAY' ? $attrs->{select} : [ $attrs->{select} ] }
3374 if $attrs->{select};
3376 # assume all unqualified selectors to apply to the current alias (legacy stuff)
3377 $_ = (ref $_ or $_ =~ /\./) ? $_ : "$alias.$_" for @sel;
3379 # disqualify all $alias.col as-bits (inflate-map mandated)
3380 $_ = ($_ =~ /^\Q$alias.\E(.+)$/) ? $1 : $_ for @as;
3382 # de-duplicate the result (remove *identical* select/as pairs)
3383 # and also die on duplicate {as} pointing to different {select}s
3384 # not using a c-style for as the condition is prone to shrinkage
3387 while ($i <= $dedup_stop_idx) {
3388 if ($seen->{"$sel[$i] \x00\x00 $as[$i]"}++) {
3393 elsif ($seen->{$as[$i]}++) {
3394 $self->throw_exception(
3395 "inflate_result() alias '$as[$i]' specified twice with different SQL-side {select}-ors"
3403 $attrs->{select} = \@sel;
3404 $attrs->{as} = \@as;
3406 $attrs->{from} ||= [{
3408 -alias => $self->{attrs}{alias},
3409 $self->{attrs}{alias} => $source->from,
3412 if ( $attrs->{join} || $attrs->{prefetch} ) {
3414 $self->throw_exception ('join/prefetch can not be used with a custom {from}')
3415 if ref $attrs->{from} ne 'ARRAY';
3417 my $join = (delete $attrs->{join}) || {};
3419 if ( defined $attrs->{prefetch} ) {
3420 $join = $self->_merge_joinpref_attr( $join, $attrs->{prefetch} );
3423 $attrs->{from} = # have to copy here to avoid corrupting the original
3425 @{ $attrs->{from} },
3426 $source->_resolve_join(
3429 { %{ $attrs->{seen_join} || {} } },
3430 ( $attrs->{seen_join} && keys %{$attrs->{seen_join}})
3431 ? $attrs->{from}[-1][0]{-join_path}
3438 if ( defined $attrs->{order_by} ) {
3439 $attrs->{order_by} = (
3440 ref( $attrs->{order_by} ) eq 'ARRAY'
3441 ? [ @{ $attrs->{order_by} } ]
3442 : [ $attrs->{order_by} || () ]
3446 if ($attrs->{group_by} and ref $attrs->{group_by} ne 'ARRAY') {
3447 $attrs->{group_by} = [ $attrs->{group_by} ];
3451 # generate selections based on the prefetch helper
3452 my ($prefetch, @prefetch_select, @prefetch_as);
3453 $prefetch = $self->_merge_joinpref_attr( {}, delete $attrs->{prefetch} )
3454 if defined $attrs->{prefetch};
3458 $self->throw_exception("Unable to prefetch, resultset contains an unnamed selector $attrs->{_dark_selector}{string}")
3459 if $attrs->{_dark_selector};
3461 $self->throw_exception("Specifying prefetch in conjunction with an explicit collapse => 0 is unsupported")
3462 if defined $attrs->{collapse} and ! $attrs->{collapse};
3464 $attrs->{collapse} = 1;
3466 # this is a separate structure (we don't look in {from} directly)
3467 # as the resolver needs to shift things off the lists to work
3468 # properly (identical-prefetches on different branches)
3470 if (ref $attrs->{from} eq 'ARRAY') {
3472 my $start_depth = $attrs->{seen_join}{-relation_chain_depth} || 0;
3474 for my $j ( @{$attrs->{from}}[1 .. $#{$attrs->{from}} ] ) {
3475 next unless $j->[0]{-alias};
3476 next unless $j->[0]{-join_path};
3477 next if ($j->[0]{-relation_chain_depth} || 0) < $start_depth;
3479 my @jpath = map { keys %$_ } @{$j->[0]{-join_path}};
3482 $p = $p->{$_} ||= {} for @jpath[ ($start_depth/2) .. $#jpath]; #only even depths are actual jpath boundaries
3483 push @{$p->{-join_aliases} }, $j->[0]{-alias};
3487 my @prefetch = $source->_resolve_prefetch( $prefetch, $alias, $join_map );
3489 # save these for after distinct resolution
3490 @prefetch_select = map { $_->[0] } @prefetch;
3491 @prefetch_as = map { $_->[1] } @prefetch;
3494 # run through the resulting joinstructure (starting from our current slot)
3495 # and unset collapse if proven unnecessary
3497 # also while we are at it find out if the current root source has
3498 # been premultiplied by previous related_source chaining
3500 # this allows to predict whether a root object with all other relation
3501 # data set to NULL is in fact unique
3502 if ($attrs->{collapse}) {
3504 if (ref $attrs->{from} eq 'ARRAY') {
3506 if (@{$attrs->{from}} == 1) {
3507 # no joins - no collapse
3508 $attrs->{collapse} = 0;
3511 # find where our table-spec starts
3512 my @fromlist = @{$attrs->{from}};
3514 my $t = shift @fromlist;
3517 # me vs join from-spec distinction - a ref means non-root
3518 if (ref $t eq 'ARRAY') {
3520 $is_multi ||= ! $t->{-is_single};
3522 last if ($t->{-alias} && $t->{-alias} eq $alias);
3523 $attrs->{_main_source_premultiplied} ||= $is_multi;
3526 # no non-singles remaining, nor any premultiplication - nothing to collapse
3528 ! $attrs->{_main_source_premultiplied}
3530 ! List::Util::first { ! $_->[0]{-is_single} } @fromlist
3532 $attrs->{collapse} = 0;
3538 # if we can not analyze the from - err on the side of safety
3539 $attrs->{_main_source_premultiplied} = 1;
3543 # generate the distinct induced group_by before injecting the prefetched select/as parts
3544 if (delete $attrs->{distinct}) {
3545 if ($attrs->{group_by}) {
3546 carp_unique ("Useless use of distinct on a grouped resultset ('distinct' is ignored when a 'group_by' is present)");
3549 $attrs->{_grouped_by_distinct} = 1;
3550 # distinct affects only the main selection part, not what prefetch may add below
3551 ($attrs->{group_by}, my $new_order) = $source->storage->_group_over_selection($attrs);
3553 # FIXME possibly ignore a rewritten order_by (may turn out to be an issue)
3554 # The thinking is: if we are collapsing the subquerying prefetch engine will
3555 # rip stuff apart for us anyway, and we do not want to have a potentially
3556 # function-converted external order_by
3557 # ( there is an explicit if ( collapse && _grouped_by_distinct ) check in DBIHacks )
3558 $attrs->{order_by} = $new_order unless $attrs->{collapse};
3562 # inject prefetch-bound selection (if any)
3563 push @{$attrs->{select}}, @prefetch_select;
3564 push @{$attrs->{as}}, @prefetch_as;
3566 # whether we can get away with the dumbest (possibly DBI-internal) collapser
3567 if ( List::Util::first { $_ =~ /\./ } @{$attrs->{as}} ) {
3568 $attrs->{_related_results_construction} = 1;
3571 # if both page and offset are specified, produce a combined offset
3572 # even though it doesn't make much sense, this is what pre 081xx has
3574 if (my $page = delete $attrs->{page}) {
3576 ($attrs->{rows} * ($page - 1))
3578 ($attrs->{offset} || 0)
3582 return $self->{_attrs} = $attrs;
3586 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
3588 if (ref $attr eq 'HASH') {
3589 return $self->_rollout_hash($attr);
3590 } elsif (ref $attr eq 'ARRAY') {
3591 return $self->_rollout_array($attr);
3597 sub _rollout_array {
3598 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
3601 foreach my $element (@{$attr}) {
3602 if (ref $element eq 'HASH') {
3603 push( @rolled_array, @{ $self->_rollout_hash( $element ) } );
3604 } elsif (ref $element eq 'ARRAY') {
3605 # XXX - should probably recurse here
3606 push( @rolled_array, @{$self->_rollout_array($element)} );
3608 push( @rolled_array, $element );
3611 return \@rolled_array;
3615 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
3618 foreach my $key (keys %{$attr}) {
3619 push( @rolled_array, { $key => $attr->{$key} } );
3621 return \@rolled_array;
3624 sub _calculate_score {
3625 my ($self, $a, $b) = @_;
3627 if (defined $a xor defined $b) {
3630 elsif (not defined $a) {
3634 if (ref $b eq 'HASH') {
3635 my ($b_key) = keys %{$b};
3636 if (ref $a eq 'HASH') {
3637 my ($a_key) = keys %{$a};
3638 if ($a_key eq $b_key) {
3639 return (1 + $self->_calculate_score( $a->{$a_key}, $b->{$b_key} ));
3644 return ($a eq $b_key) ? 1 : 0;
3647 if (ref $a eq 'HASH') {
3648 my ($a_key) = keys %{$a};
3649 return ($b eq $a_key) ? 1 : 0;
3651 return ($b eq $a) ? 1 : 0;
3656 sub _merge_joinpref_attr {
3657 my ($self, $orig, $import) = @_;
3659 return $import unless defined($orig);
3660 return $orig unless defined($import);
3662 $orig = $self->_rollout_attr($orig);
3663 $import = $self->_rollout_attr($import);
3666 foreach my $import_element ( @{$import} ) {
3667 # find best candidate from $orig to merge $b_element into
3668 my $best_candidate = { position => undef, score => 0 }; my $position = 0;
3669 foreach my $orig_element ( @{$orig} ) {
3670 my $score = $self->_calculate_score( $orig_element, $import_element );
3671 if ($score > $best_candidate->{score}) {
3672 $best_candidate->{position} = $position;
3673 $best_candidate->{score} = $score;
3677 my ($import_key) = ( ref $import_element eq 'HASH' ) ? keys %{$import_element} : ($import_element);
3678 $import_key = '' if not defined $import_key;
3680 if ($best_candidate->{score} == 0 || exists $seen_keys->{$import_key}) {
3681 push( @{$orig}, $import_element );
3683 my $orig_best = $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}];
3684 # merge orig_best and b_element together and replace original with merged
3685 if (ref $orig_best ne 'HASH') {
3686 $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}] = $import_element;
3687 } elsif (ref $import_element eq 'HASH') {
3688 my ($key) = keys %{$orig_best};
3689 $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}] = { $key => $self->_merge_joinpref_attr($orig_best->{$key}, $import_element->{$key}) };
3692 $seen_keys->{$import_key} = 1; # don't merge the same key twice
3695 return @$orig ? $orig : ();
3703 require Hash::Merge;
3704 my $hm = Hash::Merge->new;
3706 $hm->specify_behavior({
3709 my ($defl, $defr) = map { defined $_ } (@_[0,1]);
3711 if ($defl xor $defr) {
3712 return [ $defl ? $_[0] : $_[1] ];
3717 elsif (__HM_DEDUP and $_[0] eq $_[1]) {
3721 return [$_[0], $_[1]];
3725 return $_[1] if !defined $_[0];
3726 return $_[1] if __HM_DEDUP and List::Util::first { $_ eq $_[0] } @{$_[1]};
3727 return [$_[0], @{$_[1]}]
3730 return [] if !defined $_[0] and !keys %{$_[1]};
3731 return [ $_[1] ] if !defined $_[0];
3732 return [ $_[0] ] if !keys %{$_[1]};
3733 return [$_[0], $_[1]]
3738 return $_[0] if !defined $_[1];
3739 return $_[0] if __HM_DEDUP and List::Util::first { $_ eq $_[1] } @{$_[0]};
3740 return [@{$_[0]}, $_[1]]
3743 my @ret = @{$_[0]} or return $_[1];
3744 return [ @ret, @{$_[1]} ] unless __HM_DEDUP;
3745 my %idx = map { $_ => 1 } @ret;
3746 push @ret, grep { ! defined $idx{$_} } (@{$_[1]});
3750 return [ $_[1] ] if ! @{$_[0]};
3751 return $_[0] if !keys %{$_[1]};
3752 return $_[0] if __HM_DEDUP and List::Util::first { $_ eq $_[1] } @{$_[0]};
3753 return [ @{$_[0]}, $_[1] ];
3758 return [] if !keys %{$_[0]} and !defined $_[1];
3759 return [ $_[0] ] if !defined $_[1];
3760 return [ $_[1] ] if !keys %{$_[0]};
3761 return [$_[0], $_[1]]
3764 return [] if !keys %{$_[0]} and !@{$_[1]};
3765 return [ $_[0] ] if !@{$_[1]};
3766 return $_[1] if !keys %{$_[0]};
3767 return $_[1] if __HM_DEDUP and List::Util::first { $_ eq $_[0] } @{$_[1]};
3768 return [ $_[0], @{$_[1]} ];
3771 return [] if !keys %{$_[0]} and !keys %{$_[1]};
3772 return [ $_[0] ] if !keys %{$_[1]};
3773 return [ $_[1] ] if !keys %{$_[0]};
3774 return [ $_[0] ] if $_[0] eq $_[1];
3775 return [ $_[0], $_[1] ];
3778 } => 'DBIC_RS_ATTR_MERGER');
3782 return $hm->merge ($_[1], $_[2]);
3786 sub STORABLE_freeze {
3787 my ($self, $cloning) = @_;
3788 my $to_serialize = { %$self };
3790 # A cursor in progress can't be serialized (and would make little sense anyway)
3791 # the parser can be regenerated (and can't be serialized)
3792 delete @{$to_serialize}{qw/cursor _row_parser _result_inflator/};
3794 # nor is it sensical to store a not-yet-fired-count pager
3795 if ($to_serialize->{pager} and ref $to_serialize->{pager}{total_entries} eq 'CODE') {
3796 delete $to_serialize->{pager};
3799 Storable::nfreeze($to_serialize);
3802 # need this hook for symmetry
3804 my ($self, $cloning, $serialized) = @_;
3806 %$self = %{ Storable::thaw($serialized) };
3812 =head2 throw_exception
3814 See L<DBIx::Class::Schema/throw_exception> for details.
3818 sub throw_exception {
3821 if (ref $self and my $rsrc = $self->result_source) {
3822 $rsrc->throw_exception(@_)
3825 DBIx::Class::Exception->throw(@_);
3833 # XXX: FIXME: Attributes docs need clearing up
3837 Attributes are used to refine a ResultSet in various ways when
3838 searching for data. They can be passed to any method which takes an
3839 C<\%attrs> argument. See L</search>, L</search_rs>, L</find>,
3842 Default attributes can be set on the result class using
3843 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/resultset_attributes>. (Please read
3844 the CAVEATS on that feature before using it!)
3846 These are in no particular order:
3852 =item Value: ( $order_by | \@order_by | \%order_by )
3856 Which column(s) to order the results by.
3858 [The full list of suitable values is documented in
3859 L<SQL::Abstract/"ORDER BY CLAUSES">; the following is a summary of
3862 If a single column name, or an arrayref of names is supplied, the
3863 argument is passed through directly to SQL. The hashref syntax allows
3864 for connection-agnostic specification of ordering direction:
3866 For descending order:
3868 order_by => { -desc => [qw/col1 col2 col3/] }
3870 For explicit ascending order:
3872 order_by => { -asc => 'col' }
3874 The old scalarref syntax (i.e. order_by => \'year DESC') is still
3875 supported, although you are strongly encouraged to use the hashref
3876 syntax as outlined above.
3882 =item Value: \@columns | \%columns | $column
3886 Shortcut to request a particular set of columns to be retrieved. Each
3887 column spec may be a string (a table column name), or a hash (in which
3888 case the key is the C<as> value, and the value is used as the C<select>
3889 expression). Adds C<me.> onto the start of any column without a C<.> in
3890 it and sets C<select> from that, then auto-populates C<as> from
3891 C<select> as normal. (You may also use the C<cols> attribute, as in
3892 earlier versions of DBIC, but this is deprecated.)
3894 Essentially C<columns> does the same as L</select> and L</as>.
3896 columns => [ 'foo', { bar => 'baz' } ]
3900 select => [qw/foo baz/],
3907 =item Value: \@columns
3911 Indicates additional columns to be selected from storage. Works the same as
3912 L</columns> but adds columns to the selection. (You may also use the
3913 C<include_columns> attribute, as in earlier versions of DBIC, but this is
3914 deprecated). For example:-
3916 $schema->resultset('CD')->search(undef, {
3917 '+columns' => ['artist.name'],
3921 would return all CDs and include a 'name' column to the information
3922 passed to object inflation. Note that the 'artist' is the name of the
3923 column (or relationship) accessor, and 'name' is the name of the column
3924 accessor in the related table.
3926 B<NOTE:> You need to explicitly quote '+columns' when defining the attribute.
3927 Not doing so causes Perl to incorrectly interpret +columns as a bareword with a
3928 unary plus operator before it.
3930 =head2 include_columns
3934 =item Value: \@columns
3938 Deprecated. Acts as a synonym for L</+columns> for backward compatibility.
3944 =item Value: \@select_columns
3948 Indicates which columns should be selected from the storage. You can use
3949 column names, or in the case of RDBMS back ends, function or stored procedure
3952 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
3955 { count => 'employeeid' },
3956 { max => { length => 'name' }, -as => 'longest_name' }
3961 SELECT name, COUNT( employeeid ), MAX( LENGTH( name ) ) AS longest_name FROM employee
3963 B<NOTE:> You will almost always need a corresponding L</as> attribute when you
3964 use L</select>, to instruct DBIx::Class how to store the result of the column.
3965 Also note that the L</as> attribute has nothing to do with the SQL-side 'AS'
3966 identifier aliasing. You can however alias a function, so you can use it in
3967 e.g. an C<ORDER BY> clause. This is done via the C<-as> B<select function
3968 attribute> supplied as shown in the example above.
3970 B<NOTE:> You need to explicitly quote '+select'/'+as' when defining the attributes.
3971 Not doing so causes Perl to incorrectly interpret them as a bareword with a
3972 unary plus operator before it.
3978 Indicates additional columns to be selected from storage. Works the same as
3979 L</select> but adds columns to the default selection, instead of specifying
3988 =item Value: \@inflation_names
3992 Indicates column names for object inflation. That is L</as> indicates the
3993 slot name in which the column value will be stored within the
3994 L<Row|DBIx::Class::Row> object. The value will then be accessible via this
3995 identifier by the C<get_column> method (or via the object accessor B<if one
3996 with the same name already exists>) as shown below. The L</as> attribute has
3997 B<nothing to do> with the SQL-side C<AS>. See L</select> for details.
3999 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
4002 { count => 'employeeid' },
4003 { max => { length => 'name' }, -as => 'longest_name' }
4012 If the object against which the search is performed already has an accessor
4013 matching a column name specified in C<as>, the value can be retrieved using
4014 the accessor as normal:
4016 my $name = $employee->name();
4018 If on the other hand an accessor does not exist in the object, you need to
4019 use C<get_column> instead:
4021 my $employee_count = $employee->get_column('employee_count');
4023 You can create your own accessors if required - see
4024 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook> for details.
4030 Indicates additional column names for those added via L</+select>. See L</as>.
4038 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
4042 Contains a list of relationships that should be joined for this query. For
4045 # Get CDs by Nine Inch Nails
4046 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
4047 { 'artist.name' => 'Nine Inch Nails' },
4048 { join => 'artist' }
4051 Can also contain a hash reference to refer to the other relation's relations.
4054 package MyApp::Schema::Track;
4055 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
4056 __PACKAGE__->table('track');
4057 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/trackid cd position title/);
4058 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('trackid');
4059 __PACKAGE__->belongs_to(cd => 'MyApp::Schema::CD');
4062 # In your application
4063 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
4064 { 'track.title' => 'Teardrop' },
4066 join => { cd => 'track' },
4067 order_by => 'artist.name',
4071 You need to use the relationship (not the table) name in conditions,
4072 because they are aliased as such. The current table is aliased as "me", so
4073 you need to use me.column_name in order to avoid ambiguity. For example:
4075 # Get CDs from 1984 with a 'Foo' track
4076 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
4079 'tracks.name' => 'Foo'
4081 { join => 'tracks' }
4084 If the same join is supplied twice, it will be aliased to <rel>_2 (and
4085 similarly for a third time). For e.g.
4087 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({
4088 'cds.title' => 'Down to Earth',
4089 'cds_2.title' => 'Popular',
4091 join => [ qw/cds cds/ ],
4094 will return a set of all artists that have both a cd with title 'Down
4095 to Earth' and a cd with title 'Popular'.
4097 If you want to fetch related objects from other tables as well, see L</prefetch>
4100 NOTE: An internal join-chain pruner will discard certain joins while
4101 constructing the actual SQL query, as long as the joins in question do not
4102 affect the retrieved result. This for example includes 1:1 left joins
4103 that are not part of the restriction specification (WHERE/HAVING) nor are
4104 a part of the query selection.
4106 For more help on using joins with search, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Joining>.
4112 =item Value: (0 | 1)
4116 When set to a true value, indicates that any rows fetched from joined has_many
4117 relationships are to be aggregated into the corresponding "parent" object. For
4118 example, the resultset:
4120 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({}, {
4121 '+columns' => [ qw/ tracks.title tracks.position / ],
4126 While executing the following query:
4128 SELECT me.*, tracks.title, tracks.position
4130 LEFT JOIN track tracks
4131 ON tracks.cdid = me.cdid
4133 Will return only as many objects as there are rows in the CD source, even
4134 though the result of the query may span many rows. Each of these CD objects
4135 will in turn have multiple "Track" objects hidden behind the has_many
4136 generated accessor C<tracks>. Without C<< collapse => 1 >>, the return values
4137 of this resultset would be as many CD objects as there are tracks (a "Cartesian
4138 product"), with each CD object containing exactly one of all fetched Track data.
4140 When a collapse is requested on a non-ordered resultset, an order by some
4141 unique part of the main source (the left-most table) is inserted automatically.
4142 This is done so that the resultset is allowed to be "lazy" - calling
4143 L<< $rs->next|/next >> will fetch only as many rows as it needs to build the next
4144 object with all of its related data.
4146 If an L</order_by> is already declared, and orders the resultset in a way that
4147 makes collapsing as described above impossible (e.g. C<< ORDER BY
4148 has_many_rel.column >> or C<ORDER BY RANDOM()>), DBIC will automatically
4149 switch to "eager" mode and slurp the entire resultset before constructing the
4150 first object returned by L</next>.
4152 Setting this attribute on a resultset that does not join any has_many
4153 relations is a no-op.
4155 For a more in-depth discussion, see L</PREFETCHING>.
4161 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
4165 This attribute is a shorthand for specifying a L</join> spec, adding all
4166 columns from the joined related sources as L</+columns> and setting
4167 L</collapse> to a true value. For example, the following two queries are
4170 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({}, {
4171 prefetch => { cds => ['genre', 'tracks' ] },
4176 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({}, {
4177 join => { cds => ['genre', 'tracks' ] },
4181 { +{ "cds.$_" => "cds.$_" } }
4182 $schema->source('Artist')->related_source('cds')->columns
4185 { +{ "cds.genre.$_" => "genre.$_" } }
4186 $schema->source('Artist')->related_source('cds')->related_source('genre')->columns
4189 { +{ "cds.tracks.$_" => "tracks.$_" } }
4190 $schema->source('Artist')->related_source('cds')->related_source('tracks')->columns
4195 Both producing the following SQL:
4197 SELECT me.artistid, me.name, me.rank, me.charfield,
4198 cds.cdid, cds.artist, cds.title, cds.year, cds.genreid, cds.single_track,
4199 genre.genreid, genre.name,
4200 tracks.trackid, tracks.cd, tracks.position, tracks.title, tracks.last_updated_on, tracks.last_updated_at
4203 ON cds.artist = me.artistid
4204 LEFT JOIN genre genre
4205 ON genre.genreid = cds.genreid
4206 LEFT JOIN track tracks
4207 ON tracks.cd = cds.cdid
4208 ORDER BY me.artistid
4210 While L</prefetch> implies a L</join>, it is ok to mix the two together, as
4211 the arguments are properly merged and generally do the right thing. For
4212 example, you may want to do the following:
4214 my $artists_and_cds_without_genre = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
4215 { 'genre.genreid' => undef },
4217 join => { cds => 'genre' },
4222 Which generates the following SQL:
4224 SELECT me.artistid, me.name, me.rank, me.charfield,
4225 cds.cdid, cds.artist, cds.title, cds.year, cds.genreid, cds.single_track
4228 ON cds.artist = me.artistid
4229 LEFT JOIN genre genre
4230 ON genre.genreid = cds.genreid
4231 WHERE genre.genreid IS NULL
4232 ORDER BY me.artistid
4234 For a more in-depth discussion, see L</PREFETCHING>.
4240 =item Value: $source_alias
4244 Sets the source alias for the query. Normally, this defaults to C<me>, but
4245 nested search queries (sub-SELECTs) might need specific aliases set to
4246 reference inner queries. For example:
4249 ->related_resultset('CDs')
4250 ->related_resultset('Tracks')
4252 'track.id' => { -ident => 'none_search.id' },
4256 my $ids = $self->search({
4259 alias => 'none_search',
4260 group_by => 'none_search.id',
4261 })->get_column('id')->as_query;
4263 $self->search({ id => { -in => $ids } })
4265 This attribute is directly tied to L</current_source_alias>.
4275 Makes the resultset paged and specifies the page to retrieve. Effectively
4276 identical to creating a non-pages resultset and then calling ->page($page)
4279 If L</rows> attribute is not specified it defaults to 10 rows per page.
4281 When you have a paged resultset, L</count> will only return the number
4282 of rows in the page. To get the total, use the L</pager> and call
4283 C<total_entries> on it.
4293 Specifies the maximum number of rows for direct retrieval or the number of
4294 rows per page if the page attribute or method is used.
4300 =item Value: $offset
4304 Specifies the (zero-based) row number for the first row to be returned, or the
4305 of the first row of the first page if paging is used.
4307 =head2 software_limit
4311 =item Value: (0 | 1)
4315 When combined with L</rows> and/or L</offset> the generated SQL will not
4316 include any limit dialect stanzas. Instead the entire result will be selected
4317 as if no limits were specified, and DBIC will perform the limit locally, by
4318 artificially advancing and finishing the resulting L</cursor>.
4320 This is the recommended way of performing resultset limiting when no sane RDBMS
4321 implementation is available (e.g.
4322 L<Sybase ASE|DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI::Sybase::ASE> using the
4323 L<Generic Sub Query|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker::LimitDialects/GenericSubQ> hack)
4329 =item Value: \@columns
4333 A arrayref of columns to group by. Can include columns of joined tables.
4335 group_by => [qw/ column1 column2 ... /]
4341 =item Value: $condition
4345 HAVING is a select statement attribute that is applied between GROUP BY and
4346 ORDER BY. It is applied to the after the grouping calculations have been
4349 having => { 'count_employee' => { '>=', 100 } }
4351 or with an in-place function in which case literal SQL is required:
4353 having => \[ 'count(employee) >= ?', [ count => 100 ] ]
4359 =item Value: (0 | 1)
4363 Set to 1 to automatically generate a L</group_by> clause based on the selection
4364 (including intelligent handling of L</order_by> contents). Note that the group
4365 criteria calculation takes place over the B<final> selection. This includes
4366 any L</+columns>, L</+select> or L</order_by> additions in subsequent
4367 L</search> calls, and standalone columns selected via
4368 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn> (L</get_column>). A notable exception are the
4369 extra selections specified via L</prefetch> - such selections are explicitly
4370 excluded from group criteria calculations.
4372 If the final ResultSet also explicitly defines a L</group_by> attribute, this
4373 setting is ignored and an appropriate warning is issued.
4379 Adds to the WHERE clause.
4381 # only return rows WHERE deleted IS NULL for all searches
4382 __PACKAGE__->resultset_attributes({ where => { deleted => undef } });
4384 Can be overridden by passing C<< { where => undef } >> as an attribute
4387 For more complicated where clauses see L<SQL::Abstract/WHERE CLAUSES>.
4393 Set to 1 to cache search results. This prevents extra SQL queries if you
4394 revisit rows in your ResultSet:
4396 my $resultset = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search( undef, { cache => 1 } );
4398 while( my $artist = $resultset->next ) {
4402 $rs->first; # without cache, this would issue a query
4404 By default, searches are not cached.
4406 For more examples of using these attributes, see
4407 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
4413 =item Value: ( 'update' | 'shared' | \$scalar )
4417 Set to 'update' for a SELECT ... FOR UPDATE or 'shared' for a SELECT
4418 ... FOR SHARED. If \$scalar is passed, this is taken directly and embedded in the
4423 DBIx::Class supports arbitrary related data prefetching from multiple related
4424 sources. Any combination of relationship types and column sets are supported.
4425 If L<collapsing|/collapse> is requested, there is an additional requirement of
4426 selecting enough data to make every individual object uniquely identifiable.
4428 Here are some more involved examples, based on the following relationship map:
4431 My::Schema::CD->belongs_to( artist => 'My::Schema::Artist' );
4432 My::Schema::CD->might_have( liner_note => 'My::Schema::LinerNotes' );
4433 My::Schema::CD->has_many( tracks => 'My::Schema::Track' );
4435 My::Schema::Artist->belongs_to( record_label => 'My::Schema::RecordLabel' );
4437 My::Schema::Track->has_many( guests => 'My::Schema::Guest' );
4441 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Tag')->search(
4450 The initial search results in SQL like the following:
4452 SELECT tag.*, cd.*, artist.* FROM tag
4453 JOIN cd ON tag.cd = cd.cdid
4454 JOIN artist ON cd.artist = artist.artistid
4456 L<DBIx::Class> has no need to go back to the database when we access the
4457 C<cd> or C<artist> relationships, which saves us two SQL statements in this
4460 Simple prefetches will be joined automatically, so there is no need
4461 for a C<join> attribute in the above search.
4463 The L</prefetch> attribute can be used with any of the relationship types
4464 and multiple prefetches can be specified together. Below is a more complex
4465 example that prefetches a CD's artist, its liner notes (if present),
4466 the cover image, the tracks on that CD, and the guests on those
4469 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
4473 { artist => 'record_label'}, # belongs_to => belongs_to
4474 'liner_note', # might_have
4475 'cover_image', # has_one
4476 { tracks => 'guests' }, # has_many => has_many
4481 This will produce SQL like the following:
4483 SELECT cd.*, artist.*, record_label.*, liner_note.*, cover_image.*,
4487 ON artist.artistid = me.artistid
4488 JOIN record_label record_label
4489 ON record_label.labelid = artist.labelid
4490 LEFT JOIN track tracks
4491 ON tracks.cdid = me.cdid
4492 LEFT JOIN guest guests
4493 ON guests.trackid = track.trackid
4494 LEFT JOIN liner_notes liner_note
4495 ON liner_note.cdid = me.cdid
4496 JOIN cd_artwork cover_image
4497 ON cover_image.cdid = me.cdid
4500 Now the C<artist>, C<record_label>, C<liner_note>, C<cover_image>,
4501 C<tracks>, and C<guests> of the CD will all be available through the
4502 relationship accessors without the need for additional queries to the
4507 Prefetch does a lot of deep magic. As such, it may not behave exactly
4508 as you might expect.
4514 Prefetch uses the L</cache> to populate the prefetched relationships. This
4515 may or may not be what you want.
4519 If you specify a condition on a prefetched relationship, ONLY those
4520 rows that match the prefetched condition will be fetched into that relationship.
4521 This means that adding prefetch to a search() B<may alter> what is returned by
4522 traversing a relationship. So, if you have C<< Artist->has_many(CDs) >> and you do
4524 my $artist_rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({
4530 my $count = $artist_rs->first->cds->count;
4532 my $artist_rs_prefetch = $artist_rs->search( {}, { prefetch => 'cds' } );
4534 my $prefetch_count = $artist_rs_prefetch->first->cds->count;
4536 cmp_ok( $count, '==', $prefetch_count, "Counts should be the same" );
4538 That cmp_ok() may or may not pass depending on the datasets involved. In other
4539 words the C<WHERE> condition would apply to the entire dataset, just like
4540 it would in regular SQL. If you want to add a condition only to the "right side"
4541 of a C<LEFT JOIN> - consider declaring and using a L<relationship with a custom
4542 condition|DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base/condition>
4546 =head1 DBIC BIND VALUES
4548 Because DBIC may need more information to bind values than just the column name
4549 and value itself, it uses a special format for both passing and receiving bind
4550 values. Each bind value should be composed of an arrayref of
4551 C<< [ \%args => $val ] >>. The format of C<< \%args >> is currently:
4557 If present (in any form), this is what is being passed directly to bind_param.
4558 Note that different DBD's expect different bind args. (e.g. DBD::SQLite takes
4559 a single numerical type, while DBD::Pg takes a hashref if bind options.)
4561 If this is specified, all other bind options described below are ignored.
4565 If present, this is used to infer the actual bind attribute by passing to
4566 C<< $resolved_storage->bind_attribute_by_data_type() >>. Defaults to the
4567 "data_type" from the L<add_columns column info|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_columns>.
4569 Note that the data type is somewhat freeform (hence the sqlt_ prefix);
4570 currently drivers are expected to "Do the Right Thing" when given a common
4571 datatype name. (Not ideal, but that's what we got at this point.)
4575 Currently used to correctly allocate buffers for bind_param_inout().
4576 Defaults to "size" from the L<add_columns column info|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_columns>,
4577 or to a sensible value based on the "data_type".
4581 Used to fill in missing sqlt_datatype and sqlt_size attributes (if they are
4582 explicitly specified they are never overridden). Also used by some weird DBDs,
4583 where the column name should be available at bind_param time (e.g. Oracle).
4587 For backwards compatibility and convenience, the following shortcuts are
4590 [ $name => $val ] === [ { dbic_colname => $name }, $val ]
4591 [ \$dt => $val ] === [ { sqlt_datatype => $dt }, $val ]
4592 [ undef, $val ] === [ {}, $val ]
4593 $val === [ {}, $val ]
4595 =head1 AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS
4597 See L<AUTHOR|DBIx::Class/AUTHOR> and L<CONTRIBUTORS|DBIx::Class/CONTRIBUTORS> in DBIx::Class
4601 You may distribute this code under the same terms as Perl itself.