1 package DBIx::Class::ResultSet;
5 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
7 use DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn;
8 use Scalar::Util qw/blessed weaken reftype/;
9 use DBIx::Class::_Util qw(
10 fail_on_internal_wantarray fail_on_internal_call UNRESOLVABLE_CONDITION
13 use Data::Compare (); # no imports!!! guard against insane architecture
15 # not importing first() as it will clash with our own method
19 # De-duplication in _merge_attr() is disabled, but left in for reference
20 # (the merger is used for other things that ought not to be de-duped)
21 *__HM_DEDUP = sub () { 0 };
31 # this is real - CDBICompat overrides it with insanity
32 # yes, prototype won't matter, but that's for now ;)
35 __PACKAGE__->mk_group_accessors('simple' => qw/_result_class result_source/);
39 DBIx::Class::ResultSet - Represents a query used for fetching a set of results.
43 my $users_rs = $schema->resultset('User');
44 while( $user = $users_rs->next) {
45 print $user->username;
48 my $registered_users_rs = $schema->resultset('User')->search({ registered => 1 });
49 my @cds_in_2005 = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({ year => 2005 })->all();
53 A ResultSet is an object which stores a set of conditions representing
54 a query. It is the backbone of DBIx::Class (i.e. the really
55 important/useful bit).
57 No SQL is executed on the database when a ResultSet is created, it
58 just stores all the conditions needed to create the query.
60 A basic ResultSet representing the data of an entire table is returned
61 by calling C<resultset> on a L<DBIx::Class::Schema> and passing in a
62 L<Source|DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/Source> name.
64 my $users_rs = $schema->resultset('User');
66 A new ResultSet is returned from calling L</search> on an existing
67 ResultSet. The new one will contain all the conditions of the
68 original, plus any new conditions added in the C<search> call.
70 A ResultSet also incorporates an implicit iterator. L</next> and L</reset>
71 can be used to walk through all the L<DBIx::Class::Row>s the ResultSet
74 The query that the ResultSet represents is B<only> executed against
75 the database when these methods are called:
76 L</find>, L</next>, L</all>, L</first>, L</single>, L</count>.
78 If a resultset is used in a numeric context it returns the L</count>.
79 However, if it is used in a boolean context it is B<always> true. So if
80 you want to check if a resultset has any results, you must use C<if $rs
85 =head2 Chaining resultsets
87 Let's say you've got a query that needs to be run to return some data
88 to the user. But, you have an authorization system in place that
89 prevents certain users from seeing certain information. So, you want
90 to construct the basic query in one method, but add constraints to it in
95 my $request = $self->get_request; # Get a request object somehow.
96 my $schema = $self->result_source->schema;
98 my $cd_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({
99 title => $request->param('title'),
100 year => $request->param('year'),
103 $cd_rs = $self->apply_security_policy( $cd_rs );
105 return $cd_rs->all();
108 sub apply_security_policy {
117 =head3 Resolving conditions and attributes
119 When a resultset is chained from another resultset (e.g.:
120 C<< my $new_rs = $old_rs->search(\%extra_cond, \%attrs) >>), conditions
121 and attributes with the same keys need resolving.
123 If any of L</columns>, L</select>, L</as> are present, they reset the
124 original selection, and start the selection "clean".
126 The L</join>, L</prefetch>, L</+columns>, L</+select>, L</+as> attributes
127 are merged into the existing ones from the original resultset.
129 The L</where> and L</having> attributes, and any search conditions, are
130 merged with an SQL C<AND> to the existing condition from the original
133 All other attributes are overridden by any new ones supplied in the
136 =head2 Multiple queries
138 Since a resultset just defines a query, you can do all sorts of
139 things with it with the same object.
141 # Don't hit the DB yet.
142 my $cd_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({
143 title => 'something',
147 # Each of these hits the DB individually.
148 my $count = $cd_rs->count;
149 my $most_recent = $cd_rs->get_column('date_released')->max();
150 my @records = $cd_rs->all;
152 And it's not just limited to SELECT statements.
158 $cd_rs->create({ artist => 'Fred' });
160 Which is the same as:
162 $schema->resultset('CD')->create({
163 title => 'something',
168 See: L</search>, L</count>, L</get_column>, L</all>, L</create>.
170 =head2 Custom ResultSet classes
172 To add methods to your resultsets, you can subclass L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet>, similar to:
174 package MyApp::Schema::ResultSet::User;
179 use base 'DBIx::Class::ResultSet';
183 $self->search({ $self->current_source_alias . '.active' => 1 });
188 $self->search({ $self->current_source_alias . '.verified' => 0 });
191 sub created_n_days_ago {
192 my ($self, $days_ago) = @_;
194 $self->current_source_alias . '.create_date' => {
196 $self->result_source->schema->storage->datetime_parser->format_datetime(
197 DateTime->now( time_zone => 'UTC' )->subtract( days => $days_ago )
202 sub users_to_warn { shift->active->unverified->created_n_days_ago(7) }
206 See L<DBIx::Class::Schema/load_namespaces> on how DBIC can discover and
207 automatically attach L<Result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>-specific
208 L<ResulSet|DBIx::Class::ResultSet> classes.
210 =head3 ResultSet subclassing with Moose and similar constructor-providers
212 Using L<Moose> or L<Moo> in your ResultSet classes is usually overkill, but
213 you may find it useful if your ResultSets contain a lot of business logic
214 (e.g. C<has xml_parser>, C<has json>, etc) or if you just prefer to organize
217 In order to write custom ResultSet classes with L<Moo> you need to use the
218 following template. The L<BUILDARGS|Moo/BUILDARGS> is necessary due to the
219 unusual signature of the L<constructor provided by DBIC
220 |DBIx::Class::ResultSet/new> C<< ->new($source, \%args) >>.
223 extends 'DBIx::Class::ResultSet';
224 sub BUILDARGS { $_[2] } # ::RS::new() expects my ($class, $rsrc, $args) = @_
230 If you want to build your custom ResultSet classes with L<Moose>, you need
231 a similar, though a little more elaborate template in order to interface the
232 inlining of the L<Moose>-provided
233 L<object constructor|Moose::Manual::Construction/WHERE'S THE CONSTRUCTOR?>,
236 package MyApp::Schema::ResultSet::User;
239 use MooseX::NonMoose;
240 extends 'DBIx::Class::ResultSet';
242 sub BUILDARGS { $_[2] } # ::RS::new() expects my ($class, $rsrc, $args) = @_
246 __PACKAGE__->meta->make_immutable;
250 The L<MooseX::NonMoose> is necessary so that the L<Moose> constructor does not
251 entirely overwrite the DBIC one (in contrast L<Moo> does this automatically).
252 Alternatively, you can skip L<MooseX::NonMoose> and get by with just L<Moose>
255 __PACKAGE__->meta->make_immutable(inline_constructor => 0);
263 =item Arguments: L<$source|DBIx::Class::ResultSource>, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
265 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search>
269 The resultset constructor. Takes a source object (usually a
270 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSourceProxy::Table>) and an attribute hash (see
271 L</ATTRIBUTES> below). Does not perform any queries -- these are
272 executed as needed by the other methods.
274 Generally you never construct a resultset manually. Instead you get one
276 C<< $schema->L<resultset|DBIx::Class::Schema/resultset>('$source_name') >>
277 or C<< $another_resultset->L<search|/search>(...) >> (the later called in
280 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({ title => '100th Window' });
286 If called on an object, proxies to L</new_result> instead, so
288 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->new({ title => 'Spoon' });
290 will return a CD object, not a ResultSet, and is equivalent to:
292 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->new_result({ title => 'Spoon' });
294 Please also keep in mind that many internals call L</new_result> directly,
295 so overloading this method with the idea of intercepting new result object
296 creation B<will not work>. See also warning pertaining to L</create>.
306 DBIx::Class::_ENV_::ASSERT_NO_INTERNAL_INDIRECT_CALLS and fail_on_internal_call;
307 return $class->new_result(@_);
310 my ($source, $attrs) = @_;
311 $source = $source->resolve
312 if $source->isa('DBIx::Class::ResultSourceHandle');
314 $attrs = { %{$attrs||{}} };
315 delete @{$attrs}{qw(_last_sqlmaker_alias_map _related_results_construction)};
317 if ($attrs->{page}) {
318 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
321 $attrs->{alias} ||= 'me';
324 result_source => $source,
325 cond => $attrs->{where},
330 # if there is a dark selector, this means we are already in a
331 # chain and the cleanup/sanification was taken care of by
333 $self->_normalize_selection($attrs)
334 unless $attrs->{_dark_selector};
337 $attrs->{result_class} || $source->result_class
347 =item Arguments: L<$cond|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker> | undef, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
349 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context) | L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
353 my @cds = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2001 }); # "... WHERE year = 2001"
354 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2005 });
356 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search([ { year => 2005 }, { year => 2004 } ]);
357 # year = 2005 OR year = 2004
359 In list context, C<< ->all() >> is called implicitly on the resultset, thus
360 returning a list of L<result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> objects instead.
361 To avoid that, use L</search_rs>.
363 If you need to pass in additional attributes but no additional condition,
364 call it as C<search(undef, \%attrs)>.
366 # "SELECT name, artistid FROM $artist_table"
367 my @all_artists = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(undef, {
368 columns => [qw/name artistid/],
371 For a list of attributes that can be passed to C<search>, see
372 L</ATTRIBUTES>. For more examples of using this function, see
373 L<Searching|DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/SEARCHING>. For a complete
374 documentation for the first argument, see L<SQL::Abstract/"WHERE CLAUSES">
375 and its extension L<DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>.
377 For more help on using joins with search, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Joining>.
381 Note that L</search> does not process/deflate any of the values passed in the
382 L<SQL::Abstract>-compatible search condition structure. This is unlike other
383 condition-bound methods L</new_result>, L</create> and L</find>. The user must ensure
384 manually that any value passed to this method will stringify to something the
385 RDBMS knows how to deal with. A notable example is the handling of L<DateTime>
386 objects, for more info see:
387 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Formatting DateTime objects in queries>.
393 my $rs = $self->search_rs( @_ );
396 DBIx::Class::_ENV_::ASSERT_NO_INTERNAL_WANTARRAY and my $sog = fail_on_internal_wantarray;
399 elsif (defined wantarray) {
403 # we can be called by a relationship helper, which in
404 # turn may be called in void context due to some braindead
405 # overload or whatever else the user decided to be clever
406 # at this particular day. Thus limit the exception to
407 # external code calls only
408 $self->throw_exception ('->search is *not* a mutator, calling it in void context makes no sense')
409 if (caller)[0] !~ /^\QDBIx::Class::/;
419 =item Arguments: L<$cond|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
421 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search>
425 This method does the same exact thing as search() except it will
426 always return a resultset, even in list context.
433 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
434 my ($call_cond, $call_attrs);
436 # Special-case handling for (undef, undef) or (undef)
437 # Note that (foo => undef) is valid deprecated syntax
438 @_ = () if not scalar grep { defined $_ } @_;
444 # fish out attrs in the ($condref, $attr) case
445 elsif (@_ == 2 and ( ! defined $_[0] or (ref $_[0]) ne '') ) {
446 ($call_cond, $call_attrs) = @_;
449 $self->throw_exception('Odd number of arguments to search')
453 carp_unique 'search( %condition ) is deprecated, use search( \%condition ) instead'
454 unless $rsrc->result_class->isa('DBIx::Class::CDBICompat');
456 for my $i (0 .. $#_) {
458 $self->throw_exception ('All keys in condition key/value pairs must be plain scalars')
459 if (! defined $_[$i] or ref $_[$i] ne '');
465 # see if we can keep the cache (no $rs changes)
467 my %safe = (alias => 1, cache => 1);
468 if ( ! List::Util::first { !$safe{$_} } keys %$call_attrs and (
471 ref $call_cond eq 'HASH' && ! keys %$call_cond
473 ref $call_cond eq 'ARRAY' && ! @$call_cond
475 $cache = $self->get_cache;
478 my $old_attrs = { %{$self->{attrs}} };
479 my ($old_having, $old_where) = delete @{$old_attrs}{qw(having where)};
481 my $new_attrs = { %$old_attrs };
483 # take care of call attrs (only if anything is changing)
484 if ($call_attrs and keys %$call_attrs) {
486 # copy for _normalize_selection
487 $call_attrs = { %$call_attrs };
489 my @selector_attrs = qw/select as columns cols +select +as +columns include_columns/;
491 # reset the current selector list if new selectors are supplied
492 if (List::Util::first { exists $call_attrs->{$_} } qw/columns cols select as/) {
493 delete @{$old_attrs}{(@selector_attrs, '_dark_selector')};
496 # Normalize the new selector list (operates on the passed-in attr structure)
497 # Need to do it on every chain instead of only once on _resolved_attrs, in
498 # order to allow detection of empty vs partial 'as'
499 $call_attrs->{_dark_selector} = $old_attrs->{_dark_selector}
500 if $old_attrs->{_dark_selector};
501 $self->_normalize_selection ($call_attrs);
503 # start with blind overwriting merge, exclude selector attrs
504 $new_attrs = { %{$old_attrs}, %{$call_attrs} };
505 delete @{$new_attrs}{@selector_attrs};
507 for (@selector_attrs) {
508 $new_attrs->{$_} = $self->_merge_attr($old_attrs->{$_}, $call_attrs->{$_})
509 if ( exists $old_attrs->{$_} or exists $call_attrs->{$_} );
512 # older deprecated name, use only if {columns} is not there
513 if (my $c = delete $new_attrs->{cols}) {
514 carp_unique( "Resultset attribute 'cols' is deprecated, use 'columns' instead" );
515 if ($new_attrs->{columns}) {
516 carp "Resultset specifies both the 'columns' and the legacy 'cols' attributes - ignoring 'cols'";
519 $new_attrs->{columns} = $c;
524 # join/prefetch use their own crazy merging heuristics
525 foreach my $key (qw/join prefetch/) {
526 $new_attrs->{$key} = $self->_merge_joinpref_attr($old_attrs->{$key}, $call_attrs->{$key})
527 if exists $call_attrs->{$key};
530 # stack binds together
531 $new_attrs->{bind} = [ @{ $old_attrs->{bind} || [] }, @{ $call_attrs->{bind} || [] } ];
535 for ($old_where, $call_cond) {
537 $new_attrs->{where} = $self->_stack_cond (
538 $_, $new_attrs->{where}
543 if (defined $old_having) {
544 $new_attrs->{having} = $self->_stack_cond (
545 $old_having, $new_attrs->{having}
549 my $rs = (ref $self)->new($rsrc, $new_attrs);
551 $rs->set_cache($cache) if ($cache);
557 sub _normalize_selection {
558 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
561 if ( exists $attrs->{include_columns} ) {
562 carp_unique( "Resultset attribute 'include_columns' is deprecated, use '+columns' instead" );
563 $attrs->{'+columns'} = $self->_merge_attr(
564 $attrs->{'+columns'}, delete $attrs->{include_columns}
568 # columns are always placed first, however
570 # Keep the X vs +X separation until _resolved_attrs time - this allows to
571 # delay the decision on whether to use a default select list ($rsrc->columns)
572 # allowing stuff like the remove_columns helper to work
574 # select/as +select/+as pairs need special handling - the amount of select/as
575 # elements in each pair does *not* have to be equal (think multicolumn
576 # selectors like distinct(foo, bar) ). If the selector is bare (no 'as'
577 # supplied at all) - try to infer the alias, either from the -as parameter
578 # of the selector spec, or use the parameter whole if it looks like a column
579 # name (ugly legacy heuristic). If all fails - leave the selector bare (which
580 # is ok as well), but make sure no more additions to the 'as' chain take place
581 for my $pref ('', '+') {
583 my ($sel, $as) = map {
584 my $key = "${pref}${_}";
586 my $val = [ ref $attrs->{$key} eq 'ARRAY'
588 : $attrs->{$key} || ()
590 delete $attrs->{$key};
594 if (! @$as and ! @$sel ) {
597 elsif (@$as and ! @$sel) {
598 $self->throw_exception(
599 "Unable to handle ${pref}as specification (@$as) without a corresponding ${pref}select"
603 # no as part supplied at all - try to deduce (unless explicit end of named selection is declared)
604 # if any @$as has been supplied we assume the user knows what (s)he is doing
605 # and blindly keep stacking up pieces
606 unless ($attrs->{_dark_selector}) {
609 if ( ref $_ eq 'HASH' and exists $_->{-as} ) {
610 push @$as, $_->{-as};
612 # assume any plain no-space, no-parenthesis string to be a column spec
613 # FIXME - this is retarded but is necessary to support shit like 'count(foo)'
614 elsif ( ! ref $_ and $_ =~ /^ [^\s\(\)]+ $/x) {
617 # if all else fails - raise a flag that no more aliasing will be allowed
619 $attrs->{_dark_selector} = {
621 string => ($dark_sel_dumper ||= do {
622 require Data::Dumper::Concise;
623 Data::Dumper::Concise::DumperObject()->Indent(0);
624 })->Values([$_])->Dump
632 elsif (@$as < @$sel) {
633 $self->throw_exception(
634 "Unable to handle an ${pref}as specification (@$as) with less elements than the corresponding ${pref}select"
637 elsif ($pref and $attrs->{_dark_selector}) {
638 $self->throw_exception(
639 "Unable to process named '+select', resultset contains an unnamed selector $attrs->{_dark_selector}{string}"
645 $attrs->{"${pref}select"} = $self->_merge_attr($attrs->{"${pref}select"}, $sel);
646 $attrs->{"${pref}as"} = $self->_merge_attr($attrs->{"${pref}as"}, $as);
651 my ($self, $left, $right) = @_;
654 (ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' and !@$_)
656 (ref $_ eq 'HASH' and ! keys %$_)
657 ) and $_ = undef for ($left, $right);
659 # either on of the two undef or both undef
660 if ( ( (defined $left) xor (defined $right) ) or ! defined $left ) {
661 return defined $left ? $left : $right;
664 my $cond = $self->result_source->schema->storage->_collapse_cond({ -and => [$left, $right] });
666 for my $c (grep { ref $cond->{$_} eq 'ARRAY' and ($cond->{$_}[0]||'') eq '-and' } keys %$cond) {
668 my @vals = sort @{$cond->{$c}}[ 1..$#{$cond->{$c}} ];
669 my @fin = shift @vals;
672 push @fin, $v unless Data::Compare::Compare( $fin[-1], $v );
675 $cond->{$c} = (@fin == 1) ? $fin[0] : [-and => @fin ];
681 =head2 search_literal
683 B<CAVEAT>: C<search_literal> is provided for Class::DBI compatibility and
684 should only be used in that context. C<search_literal> is a convenience
685 method. It is equivalent to calling C<< $schema->search(\[]) >>, but if you
686 want to ensure columns are bound correctly, use L</search>.
688 See L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/SEARCHING> and
689 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::FAQ/Searching> for searching techniques that do not
690 require C<search_literal>.
694 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @standalone_bind_values
696 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search> (scalar context) | L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
700 my @cds = $cd_rs->search_literal('year = ? AND title = ?', qw/2001 Reload/);
701 my $newrs = $artist_rs->search_literal('name = ?', 'Metallica');
703 Pass a literal chunk of SQL to be added to the conditional part of the
706 Example of how to use C<search> instead of C<search_literal>
708 my @cds = $cd_rs->search_literal('cdid = ? AND (artist = ? OR artist = ?)', (2, 1, 2));
709 my @cds = $cd_rs->search(\[ 'cdid = ? AND (artist = ? OR artist = ?)', [ 'cdid', 2 ], [ 'artist', 1 ], [ 'artist', 2 ] ]);
714 my ($self, $sql, @bind) = @_;
716 if ( @bind && ref($bind[-1]) eq 'HASH' ) {
719 return $self->search(\[ $sql, map [ {} => $_ ], @bind ], ($attr || () ));
726 =item Arguments: \%columns_values | @pk_values, { key => $unique_constraint, L<%attrs|/ATTRIBUTES> }?
728 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> | undef
732 Finds and returns a single row based on supplied criteria. Takes either a
733 hashref with the same format as L</create> (including inference of foreign
734 keys from related objects), or a list of primary key values in the same
735 order as the L<primary columns|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/primary_columns>
736 declaration on the L</result_source>.
738 In either case an attempt is made to combine conditions already existing on
739 the resultset with the condition passed to this method.
741 To aid with preparing the correct query for the storage you may supply the
742 C<key> attribute, which is the name of a
743 L<unique constraint|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint> (the
744 unique constraint corresponding to the
745 L<primary columns|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/primary_columns> is always named
746 C<primary>). If the C<key> attribute has been supplied, and DBIC is unable
747 to construct a query that satisfies the named unique constraint fully (
748 non-NULL values for each column member of the constraint) an exception is
751 If no C<key> is specified, the search is carried over all unique constraints
752 which are fully defined by the available condition.
754 If no such constraint is found, C<find> currently defaults to a simple
755 C<< search->(\%column_values) >> which may or may not do what you expect.
756 Note that this fallback behavior may be deprecated in further versions. If
757 you need to search with arbitrary conditions - use L</search>. If the query
758 resulting from this fallback produces more than one row, a warning to the
759 effect is issued, though only the first row is constructed and returned as
762 In addition to C<key>, L</find> recognizes and applies standard
763 L<resultset attributes|/ATTRIBUTES> in the same way as L</search> does.
765 Note that if you have extra concerns about the correctness of the resulting
766 query you need to specify the C<key> attribute and supply the entire condition
767 as an argument to find (since it is not always possible to perform the
768 combination of the resultset condition with the supplied one, especially if
769 the resultset condition contains literal sql).
771 For example, to find a row by its primary key:
773 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(5);
775 You can also find a row by a specific unique constraint:
777 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(
779 artist => 'Massive Attack',
780 title => 'Mezzanine',
782 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
785 See also L</find_or_create> and L</update_or_create>.
791 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
793 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
796 if (exists $attrs->{key}) {
797 $constraint_name = defined $attrs->{key}
799 : $self->throw_exception("An undefined 'key' resultset attribute makes no sense")
803 # Parse out the condition from input
806 if (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH') {
807 $call_cond = { %{$_[0]} };
810 # if only values are supplied we need to default to 'primary'
811 $constraint_name = 'primary' unless defined $constraint_name;
813 my @c_cols = $rsrc->unique_constraint_columns($constraint_name);
815 $self->throw_exception(
816 "No constraint columns, maybe a malformed '$constraint_name' constraint?"
819 $self->throw_exception (
820 'find() expects either a column/value hashref, or a list of values '
821 . "corresponding to the columns of the specified unique constraint '$constraint_name'"
822 ) unless @c_cols == @_;
825 @{$call_cond}{@c_cols} = @_;
829 for my $key (keys %$call_cond) {
831 my $keyref = ref($call_cond->{$key})
833 my $relinfo = $rsrc->relationship_info($key)
835 my $val = delete $call_cond->{$key};
837 next if $keyref eq 'ARRAY'; # has_many for multi_create
839 my ($rel_cond, $crosstable) = $rsrc->_resolve_condition(
840 $relinfo->{cond}, $val, $key, $key
843 $self->throw_exception("Complex condition via relationship '$key' is unsupported in find()")
844 if $crosstable or ref($rel_cond) ne 'HASH';
847 @related{keys %$rel_cond} = values %$rel_cond;
851 # relationship conditions take precedence (?)
852 @{$call_cond}{keys %related} = values %related;
854 my $alias = exists $attrs->{alias} ? $attrs->{alias} : $self->{attrs}{alias};
856 if (defined $constraint_name) {
857 $final_cond = $self->_qualify_cond_columns (
859 $self->_build_unique_cond (
867 elsif ($self->{attrs}{accessor} and $self->{attrs}{accessor} eq 'single') {
868 # This means that we got here after a merger of relationship conditions
869 # in ::Relationship::Base::search_related (the row method), and furthermore
870 # the relationship is of the 'single' type. This means that the condition
871 # provided by the relationship (already attached to $self) is sufficient,
872 # as there can be only one row in the database that would satisfy the
876 # no key was specified - fall down to heuristics mode:
877 # run through all unique queries registered on the resultset, and
878 # 'OR' all qualifying queries together
879 my (@unique_queries, %seen_column_combinations);
880 for my $c_name ($rsrc->unique_constraint_names) {
881 next if $seen_column_combinations{
882 join "\x00", sort $rsrc->unique_constraint_columns($c_name)
885 push @unique_queries, try {
886 $self->_build_unique_cond ($c_name, $call_cond, 'croak_on_nulls')
890 $final_cond = @unique_queries
891 ? [ map { $self->_qualify_cond_columns($_, $alias) } @unique_queries ]
892 : $self->_non_unique_find_fallback ($call_cond, $attrs)
896 # Run the query, passing the result_class since it should propagate for find
897 my $rs = $self->search ($final_cond, {result_class => $self->result_class, %$attrs});
898 if ($rs->_resolved_attrs->{collapse}) {
900 carp "Query returned more than one row" if $rs->next;
908 # This is a stop-gap method as agreed during the discussion on find() cleanup:
909 # http://lists.scsys.co.uk/pipermail/dbix-class/2010-October/009535.html
911 # It is invoked when find() is called in legacy-mode with insufficiently-unique
912 # condition. It is provided for overrides until a saner way forward is devised
914 # *NOTE* This is not a public method, and it's *GUARANTEED* to disappear down
915 # the road. Please adjust your tests accordingly to catch this situation early
916 # DBIx::Class::ResultSet->can('_non_unique_find_fallback') is reasonable
918 # The method will not be removed without an adequately complete replacement
919 # for strict-mode enforcement
920 sub _non_unique_find_fallback {
921 my ($self, $cond, $attrs) = @_;
923 return $self->_qualify_cond_columns(
925 exists $attrs->{alias}
927 : $self->{attrs}{alias}
932 sub _qualify_cond_columns {
933 my ($self, $cond, $alias) = @_;
935 my %aliased = %$cond;
936 for (keys %aliased) {
937 $aliased{"$alias.$_"} = delete $aliased{$_}
944 sub _build_unique_cond {
945 my ($self, $constraint_name, $extra_cond, $croak_on_null) = @_;
947 my @c_cols = $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($constraint_name);
949 # combination may fail if $self->{cond} is non-trivial
950 my ($final_cond) = try {
951 $self->_merge_with_rscond ($extra_cond)
956 # trim out everything not in $columns
957 $final_cond = { map {
958 exists $final_cond->{$_}
959 ? ( $_ => $final_cond->{$_} )
963 if (my @missing = grep
964 { ! ($croak_on_null ? defined $final_cond->{$_} : exists $final_cond->{$_}) }
967 $self->throw_exception( sprintf ( "Unable to satisfy requested constraint '%s', no values for column(s): %s",
969 join (', ', map { "'$_'" } @missing),
976 !$ENV{DBIC_NULLABLE_KEY_NOWARN}
978 my @undefs = sort grep { ! defined $final_cond->{$_} } (keys %$final_cond)
980 carp_unique ( sprintf (
981 "NULL/undef values supplied for requested unique constraint '%s' (NULL "
982 . 'values in column(s): %s). This is almost certainly not what you wanted, '
983 . 'though you can set DBIC_NULLABLE_KEY_NOWARN to disable this warning.',
985 join (', ', map { "'$_'" } @undefs),
992 =head2 search_related
996 =item Arguments: $rel_name, $cond?, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
998 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search> (scalar context) | L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
1002 $new_rs = $cd_rs->search_related('artist', {
1006 Searches the specified relationship, optionally specifying a condition and
1007 attributes for matching records. See L</ATTRIBUTES> for more information.
1009 In list context, C<< ->all() >> is called implicitly on the resultset, thus
1010 returning a list of result objects instead. To avoid that, use L</search_related_rs>.
1012 See also L</search_related_rs>.
1016 sub search_related {
1017 return shift->related_resultset(shift)->search(@_);
1020 =head2 search_related_rs
1022 This method works exactly the same as search_related, except that
1023 it guarantees a resultset, even in list context.
1027 sub search_related_rs {
1028 return shift->related_resultset(shift)->search_rs(@_);
1035 =item Arguments: none
1037 =item Return Value: L<$cursor|DBIx::Class::Cursor>
1041 Returns a storage-driven cursor to the given resultset. See
1042 L<DBIx::Class::Cursor> for more information.
1049 return $self->{cursor} ||= do {
1050 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs;
1051 $self->result_source->storage->select(
1052 $attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select}, $attrs->{where}, $attrs
1061 =item Arguments: L<$cond?|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>
1063 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> | undef
1067 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->single({ year => 2001 });
1069 Inflates the first result without creating a cursor if the resultset has
1070 any records in it; if not returns C<undef>. Used by L</find> as a lean version
1073 While this method can take an optional search condition (just like L</search>)
1074 being a fast-code-path it does not recognize search attributes. If you need to
1075 add extra joins or similar, call L</search> and then chain-call L</single> on the
1076 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet> returned.
1082 As of 0.08100, this method enforces the assumption that the preceding
1083 query returns only one row. If more than one row is returned, you will receive
1086 Query returned more than one row
1088 In this case, you should be using L</next> or L</find> instead, or if you really
1089 know what you are doing, use the L</rows> attribute to explicitly limit the size
1092 This method will also throw an exception if it is called on a resultset prefetching
1093 has_many, as such a prefetch implies fetching multiple rows from the database in
1094 order to assemble the resulting object.
1101 my ($self, $where) = @_;
1103 $self->throw_exception('single() only takes search conditions, no attributes. You want ->search( $cond, $attrs )->single()');
1106 my $attrs = { %{$self->_resolved_attrs} };
1108 $self->throw_exception(
1109 'single() can not be used on resultsets collapsing a has_many. Use find( \%cond ) or next() instead'
1110 ) if $attrs->{collapse};
1113 if (defined $attrs->{where}) {
1116 [ map { ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_ }
1117 $where, delete $attrs->{where} ]
1120 $attrs->{where} = $where;
1124 my $data = [ $self->result_source->storage->select_single(
1125 $attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select},
1126 $attrs->{where}, $attrs
1129 return undef unless @$data;
1130 $self->{_stashed_rows} = [ $data ];
1131 $self->_construct_results->[0];
1138 =item Arguments: L<$cond?|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>
1140 =item Return Value: L<$resultsetcolumn|DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn>
1144 my $max_length = $rs->get_column('length')->max;
1146 Returns a L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn> instance for a column of the ResultSet.
1151 my ($self, $column) = @_;
1152 my $new = DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn->new($self, $column);
1160 =item Arguments: L<$cond|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
1162 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search> (scalar context) | L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
1166 # WHERE title LIKE '%blue%'
1167 $cd_rs = $rs->search_like({ title => '%blue%'});
1169 Performs a search, but uses C<LIKE> instead of C<=> as the condition. Note
1170 that this is simply a convenience method retained for ex Class::DBI users.
1171 You most likely want to use L</search> with specific operators.
1173 For more information, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
1175 This method is deprecated and will be removed in 0.09. Use L</search()>
1176 instead. An example conversion is:
1178 ->search_like({ foo => 'bar' });
1182 ->search({ foo => { like => 'bar' } });
1189 'search_like() is deprecated and will be removed in DBIC version 0.09.'
1190 .' Instead use ->search({ x => { -like => "y%" } })'
1191 .' (note the outer pair of {}s - they are important!)'
1193 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
1194 my $query = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? { %{shift()} }: {@_};
1195 $query->{$_} = { 'like' => $query->{$_} } for keys %$query;
1196 return $class->search($query, { %$attrs });
1203 =item Arguments: $first, $last
1205 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search> (scalar context) | L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
1209 Returns a resultset or object list representing a subset of elements from the
1210 resultset slice is called on. Indexes are from 0, i.e., to get the first
1211 three records, call:
1213 my ($one, $two, $three) = $rs->slice(0, 2);
1218 my ($self, $min, $max) = @_;
1219 my $attrs = {}; # = { %{ $self->{attrs} || {} } };
1220 $attrs->{offset} = $self->{attrs}{offset} || 0;
1221 $attrs->{offset} += $min;
1222 $attrs->{rows} = ($max ? ($max - $min + 1) : 1);
1223 return $self->search(undef, $attrs);
1230 =item Arguments: none
1232 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> | undef
1236 Returns the next element in the resultset (C<undef> is there is none).
1238 Can be used to efficiently iterate over records in the resultset:
1240 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search;
1241 while (my $cd = $rs->next) {
1245 Note that you need to store the resultset object, and call C<next> on it.
1246 Calling C<< resultset('Table')->next >> repeatedly will always return the
1247 first record from the resultset.
1254 if (my $cache = $self->get_cache) {
1255 $self->{all_cache_position} ||= 0;
1256 return $cache->[$self->{all_cache_position}++];
1259 if ($self->{attrs}{cache}) {
1260 delete $self->{pager};
1261 $self->{all_cache_position} = 1;
1262 return ($self->all)[0];
1265 return shift(@{$self->{_stashed_results}}) if @{ $self->{_stashed_results}||[] };
1267 $self->{_stashed_results} = $self->_construct_results
1270 return shift @{$self->{_stashed_results}};
1273 # Constructs as many results as it can in one pass while respecting
1274 # cursor laziness. Several modes of operation:
1276 # * Always builds everything present in @{$self->{_stashed_rows}}
1277 # * If called with $fetch_all true - pulls everything off the cursor and
1278 # builds all result structures (or objects) in one pass
1279 # * If $self->_resolved_attrs->{collapse} is true, checks the order_by
1280 # and if the resultset is ordered properly by the left side:
1281 # * Fetches stuff off the cursor until the "master object" changes,
1282 # and saves the last extra row (if any) in @{$self->{_stashed_rows}}
1284 # * Just fetches, and collapses/constructs everything as if $fetch_all
1285 # was requested (there is no other way to collapse except for an
1287 # * If no collapse is requested - just get the next row, construct and
1289 sub _construct_results {
1290 my ($self, $fetch_all) = @_;
1292 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1293 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs;
1298 ! $attrs->{order_by}
1302 my @pcols = $rsrc->primary_columns
1304 # default order for collapsing unless the user asked for something
1305 $attrs->{order_by} = [ map { join '.', $attrs->{alias}, $_} @pcols ];
1306 $attrs->{_ordered_for_collapse} = 1;
1307 $attrs->{_order_is_artificial} = 1;
1310 # this will be used as both initial raw-row collector AND as a RV of
1311 # _construct_results. Not regrowing the array twice matters a lot...
1312 # a surprising amount actually
1313 my $rows = delete $self->{_stashed_rows};
1315 my $cursor; # we may not need one at all
1317 my $did_fetch_all = $fetch_all;
1320 # FIXME SUBOPTIMAL - we can do better, cursor->next/all (well diff. methods) should return a ref
1321 $rows = [ ($rows ? @$rows : ()), $self->cursor->all ];
1323 elsif( $attrs->{collapse} ) {
1325 # a cursor will need to be closed over in case of collapse
1326 $cursor = $self->cursor;
1328 $attrs->{_ordered_for_collapse} = (
1334 ->_extract_colinfo_of_stable_main_source_order_by_portion($attrs)
1336 ) unless defined $attrs->{_ordered_for_collapse};
1338 if (! $attrs->{_ordered_for_collapse}) {
1341 # instead of looping over ->next, use ->all in stealth mode
1342 # *without* calling a ->reset afterwards
1343 # FIXME ENCAPSULATION - encapsulation breach, cursor method additions pending
1344 if (! $cursor->{_done}) {
1345 $rows = [ ($rows ? @$rows : ()), $cursor->all ];
1346 $cursor->{_done} = 1;
1351 if (! $did_fetch_all and ! @{$rows||[]} ) {
1352 # FIXME SUBOPTIMAL - we can do better, cursor->next/all (well diff. methods) should return a ref
1353 $cursor ||= $self->cursor;
1354 if (scalar (my @r = $cursor->next) ) {
1359 return undef unless @{$rows||[]};
1361 # sanity check - people are too clever for their own good
1362 if ($attrs->{collapse} and my $aliastypes = $attrs->{_last_sqlmaker_alias_map} ) {
1364 my $multiplied_selectors;
1365 for my $sel_alias ( grep { $_ ne $attrs->{alias} } keys %{ $aliastypes->{selecting} } ) {
1367 $aliastypes->{multiplying}{$sel_alias}
1369 $aliastypes->{premultiplied}{$sel_alias}
1371 $multiplied_selectors->{$_} = 1 for values %{$aliastypes->{selecting}{$sel_alias}{-seen_columns}}
1375 for my $i (0 .. $#{$attrs->{as}} ) {
1376 my $sel = $attrs->{select}[$i];
1378 if (ref $sel eq 'SCALAR') {
1381 elsif( ref $sel eq 'REF' and ref $$sel eq 'ARRAY' ) {
1385 $self->throw_exception(
1386 'Result collapse not possible - selection from a has_many source redirected to the main object'
1387 ) if ($multiplied_selectors->{$sel} and $attrs->{as}[$i] !~ /\./);
1391 # hotspot - skip the setter
1392 my $res_class = $self->_result_class;
1394 my $inflator_cref = $self->{_result_inflator}{cref} ||= do {
1395 $res_class->can ('inflate_result')
1396 or $self->throw_exception("Inflator $res_class does not provide an inflate_result() method");
1399 my $infmap = $attrs->{as};
1401 $self->{_result_inflator}{is_core_row} = ( (
1404 ( \&DBIx::Class::Row::inflate_result || die "No ::Row::inflate_result() - can't happen" )
1405 ) ? 1 : 0 ) unless defined $self->{_result_inflator}{is_core_row};
1407 $self->{_result_inflator}{is_hri} = ( (
1408 ! $self->{_result_inflator}{is_core_row}
1411 require DBIx::Class::ResultClass::HashRefInflator
1413 DBIx::Class::ResultClass::HashRefInflator->can('inflate_result')
1415 ) ? 1 : 0 ) unless defined $self->{_result_inflator}{is_hri};
1418 if (! $attrs->{_related_results_construction}) {
1419 # construct a much simpler array->hash folder for the one-table cases right here
1420 if ($self->{_result_inflator}{is_hri}) {
1421 for my $r (@$rows) {
1422 $r = { map { $infmap->[$_] => $r->[$_] } 0..$#$infmap };
1425 # FIXME SUBOPTIMAL this is a very very very hot spot
1426 # while rather optimal we can *still* do much better, by
1427 # building a smarter Row::inflate_result(), and
1428 # switch to feeding it data via a much leaner interface
1430 # crude unscientific benchmarking indicated the shortcut eval is not worth it for
1431 # this particular resultset size
1432 elsif (@$rows < 60) {
1433 for my $r (@$rows) {
1434 $r = $inflator_cref->($res_class, $rsrc, { map { $infmap->[$_] => $r->[$_] } (0..$#$infmap) } );
1439 '$_ = $inflator_cref->($res_class, $rsrc, { %s }) for @$rows',
1440 join (', ', map { "\$infmap->[$_] => \$_->[$_]" } 0..$#$infmap )
1446 $self->{_result_inflator}{is_hri} ? 'hri'
1447 : $self->{_result_inflator}{is_core_row} ? 'classic_pruning'
1448 : 'classic_nonpruning'
1451 # $args and $attrs to _mk_row_parser are separated to delineate what is
1452 # core collapser stuff and what is dbic $rs specific
1453 @{$self->{_row_parser}{$parser_type}}{qw(cref nullcheck)} = $rsrc->_mk_row_parser({
1455 inflate_map => $infmap,
1456 collapse => $attrs->{collapse},
1457 premultiplied => $attrs->{_main_source_premultiplied},
1458 hri_style => $self->{_result_inflator}{is_hri},
1459 prune_null_branches => $self->{_result_inflator}{is_hri} || $self->{_result_inflator}{is_core_row},
1460 }, $attrs) unless $self->{_row_parser}{$parser_type}{cref};
1462 # column_info metadata historically hasn't been too reliable.
1463 # We need to start fixing this somehow (the collapse resolver
1464 # can't work without it). Add an explicit check for the *main*
1465 # result, hopefully this will gradually weed out such errors
1467 # FIXME - this is a temporary kludge that reduces performance
1468 # It is however necessary for the time being
1469 my ($unrolled_non_null_cols_to_check, $err);
1471 if (my $check_non_null_cols = $self->{_row_parser}{$parser_type}{nullcheck} ) {
1474 'Collapse aborted due to invalid ResultSource metadata - the following '
1475 . 'selections are declared non-nullable but NULLs were retrieved: '
1479 COL: for my $i (@$check_non_null_cols) {
1480 ! defined $_->[$i] and push @violating_idx, $i and next COL for @$rows;
1483 $self->throw_exception( $err . join (', ', map { "'$infmap->[$_]'" } @violating_idx ) )
1486 $unrolled_non_null_cols_to_check = join (',', @$check_non_null_cols);
1490 ($did_fetch_all or ! $attrs->{collapse}) ? undef
1491 : defined $unrolled_non_null_cols_to_check ? eval sprintf <<'EOS', $unrolled_non_null_cols_to_check
1493 # FIXME SUBOPTIMAL - we can do better, cursor->next/all (well diff. methods) should return a ref
1494 my @r = $cursor->next or return;
1495 if (my @violating_idx = grep { ! defined $r[$_] } (%s) ) {
1496 $self->throw_exception( $err . join (', ', map { "'$infmap->[$_]'" } @violating_idx ) )
1502 # FIXME SUBOPTIMAL - we can do better, cursor->next/all (well diff. methods) should return a ref
1503 my @r = $cursor->next or return;
1508 $self->{_row_parser}{$parser_type}{cref}->(
1510 $next_cref ? ( $next_cref, $self->{_stashed_rows} = [] ) : (),
1513 # Special-case multi-object HRI - there is no $inflator_cref pass
1514 unless ($self->{_result_inflator}{is_hri}) {
1515 $_ = $inflator_cref->($res_class, $rsrc, @$_) for @$rows
1519 # The @$rows check seems odd at first - why wouldn't we want to warn
1520 # regardless? The issue is things like find() etc, where the user
1521 # *knows* only one result will come back. In these cases the ->all
1522 # is not a pessimization, but rather something we actually want
1524 'Unable to properly collapse has_many results in iterator mode due '
1525 . 'to order criteria - performed an eager cursor slurp underneath. '
1526 . 'Consider using ->all() instead'
1527 ) if ( ! $fetch_all and @$rows > 1 );
1532 =head2 result_source
1536 =item Arguments: L<$result_source?|DBIx::Class::ResultSource>
1538 =item Return Value: L<$result_source|DBIx::Class::ResultSource>
1542 An accessor for the primary ResultSource object from which this ResultSet
1549 =item Arguments: $result_class?
1551 =item Return Value: $result_class
1555 An accessor for the class to use when creating result objects. Defaults to
1556 C<< result_source->result_class >> - which in most cases is the name of the
1557 L<"table"|DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/"ResultSource"> class.
1559 Note that changing the result_class will also remove any components
1560 that were originally loaded in the source class via
1561 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/load_components>. Any overloaded methods
1562 in the original source class will not run.
1567 my ($self, $result_class) = @_;
1568 if ($result_class) {
1570 # don't fire this for an object
1571 $self->ensure_class_loaded($result_class)
1572 unless ref($result_class);
1574 if ($self->get_cache) {
1575 carp_unique('Changing the result_class of a ResultSet instance with cached results is a noop - the cache contents will not be altered');
1577 # FIXME ENCAPSULATION - encapsulation breach, cursor method additions pending
1578 elsif ($self->{cursor} && $self->{cursor}{_pos}) {
1579 $self->throw_exception('Changing the result_class of a ResultSet instance with an active cursor is not supported');
1582 $self->_result_class($result_class);
1584 delete $self->{_result_inflator};
1586 $self->_result_class;
1593 =item Arguments: L<$cond|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
1595 =item Return Value: $count
1599 Performs an SQL C<COUNT> with the same query as the resultset was built
1600 with to find the number of elements. Passing arguments is equivalent to
1601 C<< $rs->search ($cond, \%attrs)->count >>
1607 return $self->search(@_)->count if @_ and defined $_[0];
1608 return scalar @{ $self->get_cache } if $self->get_cache;
1610 my $attrs = { %{ $self->_resolved_attrs } };
1612 # this is a little optimization - it is faster to do the limit
1613 # adjustments in software, instead of a subquery
1614 my ($rows, $offset) = delete @{$attrs}{qw/rows offset/};
1617 if ($self->_has_resolved_attr (qw/collapse group_by/)) {
1618 $crs = $self->_count_subq_rs ($attrs);
1621 $crs = $self->_count_rs ($attrs);
1623 my $count = $crs->next;
1625 $count -= $offset if $offset;
1626 $count = $rows if $rows and $rows < $count;
1627 $count = 0 if ($count < 0);
1636 =item Arguments: L<$cond|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
1638 =item Return Value: L<$count_rs|DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn>
1642 Same as L</count> but returns a L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn> object.
1643 This can be very handy for subqueries:
1645 ->search( { amount => $some_rs->count_rs->as_query } )
1647 As with regular resultsets the SQL query will be executed only after
1648 the resultset is accessed via L</next> or L</all>. That would return
1649 the same single value obtainable via L</count>.
1655 return $self->search(@_)->count_rs if @_;
1657 # this may look like a lack of abstraction (count() does about the same)
1658 # but in fact an _rs *must* use a subquery for the limits, as the
1659 # software based limiting can not be ported if this $rs is to be used
1660 # in a subquery itself (i.e. ->as_query)
1661 if ($self->_has_resolved_attr (qw/collapse group_by offset rows/)) {
1662 return $self->_count_subq_rs($self->{_attrs});
1665 return $self->_count_rs($self->{_attrs});
1670 # returns a ResultSetColumn object tied to the count query
1673 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
1675 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1677 my $tmp_attrs = { %$attrs };
1678 # take off any limits, record_filter is cdbi, and no point of ordering nor locking a count
1679 delete @{$tmp_attrs}{qw/rows offset order_by record_filter for/};
1681 # overwrite the selector (supplied by the storage)
1682 $rsrc->resultset_class->new($rsrc, {
1684 select => $rsrc->storage->_count_select ($rsrc, $attrs),
1686 })->get_column ('count');
1690 # same as above but uses a subquery
1692 sub _count_subq_rs {
1693 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
1695 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1697 my $sub_attrs = { %$attrs };
1698 # extra selectors do not go in the subquery and there is no point of ordering it, nor locking it
1699 delete @{$sub_attrs}{qw/collapse columns as select order_by for/};
1701 # if we multi-prefetch we group_by something unique, as this is what we would
1702 # get out of the rs via ->next/->all. We *DO WANT* to clobber old group_by regardless
1703 if ( $attrs->{collapse} ) {
1704 $sub_attrs->{group_by} = [ map { "$attrs->{alias}.$_" } @{
1705 $rsrc->_identifying_column_set || $self->throw_exception(
1706 'Unable to construct a unique group_by criteria properly collapsing the '
1707 . 'has_many prefetch before count()'
1712 # Calculate subquery selector
1713 if (my $g = $sub_attrs->{group_by}) {
1715 my $sql_maker = $rsrc->storage->sql_maker;
1717 # necessary as the group_by may refer to aliased functions
1719 for my $sel (@{$attrs->{select}}) {
1720 $sel_index->{$sel->{-as}} = $sel
1721 if (ref $sel eq 'HASH' and $sel->{-as});
1724 # anything from the original select mentioned on the group-by needs to make it to the inner selector
1725 # also look for named aggregates referred in the having clause
1726 # having often contains scalarrefs - thus parse it out entirely
1728 if ($attrs->{having}) {
1729 local $sql_maker->{having_bind};
1730 local $sql_maker->{quote_char} = $sql_maker->{quote_char};
1731 local $sql_maker->{name_sep} = $sql_maker->{name_sep};
1732 unless (defined $sql_maker->{quote_char} and length $sql_maker->{quote_char}) {
1733 $sql_maker->{quote_char} = [ "\x00", "\xFF" ];
1734 # if we don't unset it we screw up retarded but unfortunately working
1735 # 'MAX(foo.bar)' => { '>', 3 }
1736 $sql_maker->{name_sep} = '';
1739 my ($lquote, $rquote, $sep) = map { quotemeta $_ } ($sql_maker->_quote_chars, $sql_maker->name_sep);
1741 my $having_sql = $sql_maker->_parse_rs_attrs ({ having => $attrs->{having} });
1744 # search for both a proper quoted qualified string, for a naive unquoted scalarref
1745 # and if all fails for an utterly naive quoted scalar-with-function
1746 while ($having_sql =~ /
1747 $rquote $sep $lquote (.+?) $rquote
1749 [\s,] \w+ \. (\w+) [\s,]
1751 [\s,] $lquote (.+?) $rquote [\s,]
1753 my $part = $1 || $2 || $3; # one of them matched if we got here
1754 unless ($seen_having{$part}++) {
1761 my $colpiece = $sel_index->{$_} || $_;
1763 # unqualify join-based group_by's. Arcane but possible query
1764 # also horrible horrible hack to alias a column (not a func.)
1765 # (probably need to introduce SQLA syntax)
1766 if ($colpiece =~ /\./ && $colpiece !~ /^$attrs->{alias}\./) {
1769 $colpiece = \ sprintf ('%s AS %s', map { $sql_maker->_quote ($_) } ($colpiece, $as) );
1771 push @{$sub_attrs->{select}}, $colpiece;
1775 my @pcols = map { "$attrs->{alias}.$_" } ($rsrc->primary_columns);
1776 $sub_attrs->{select} = @pcols ? \@pcols : [ 1 ];
1779 return $rsrc->resultset_class
1780 ->new ($rsrc, $sub_attrs)
1782 ->search ({}, { columns => { count => $rsrc->storage->_count_select ($rsrc, $attrs) } })
1783 ->get_column ('count');
1787 =head2 count_literal
1789 B<CAVEAT>: C<count_literal> is provided for Class::DBI compatibility and
1790 should only be used in that context. See L</search_literal> for further info.
1794 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @standalone_bind_values
1796 =item Return Value: $count
1800 Counts the results in a literal query. Equivalent to calling L</search_literal>
1801 with the passed arguments, then L</count>.
1805 sub count_literal { shift->search_literal(@_)->count; }
1811 =item Arguments: none
1813 =item Return Value: L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
1817 Returns all elements in the resultset.
1824 $self->throw_exception("all() doesn't take any arguments, you probably wanted ->search(...)->all()");
1827 delete @{$self}{qw/_stashed_rows _stashed_results/};
1829 if (my $c = $self->get_cache) {
1833 $self->cursor->reset;
1835 my $objs = $self->_construct_results('fetch_all') || [];
1837 $self->set_cache($objs) if $self->{attrs}{cache};
1846 =item Arguments: none
1848 =item Return Value: $self
1852 Resets the resultset's cursor, so you can iterate through the elements again.
1853 Implicitly resets the storage cursor, so a subsequent L</next> will trigger
1861 delete @{$self}{qw/_stashed_rows _stashed_results/};
1862 $self->{all_cache_position} = 0;
1863 $self->cursor->reset;
1871 =item Arguments: none
1873 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> | undef
1877 L<Resets|/reset> the resultset (causing a fresh query to storage) and returns
1878 an object for the first result (or C<undef> if the resultset is empty).
1883 return $_[0]->reset->next;
1889 # Determines whether and what type of subquery is required for the $rs operation.
1890 # If grouping is necessary either supplies its own, or verifies the current one
1891 # After all is done delegates to the proper storage method.
1893 sub _rs_update_delete {
1894 my ($self, $op, $values) = @_;
1896 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1897 my $storage = $rsrc->schema->storage;
1899 my $attrs = { %{$self->_resolved_attrs} };
1901 my $join_classifications;
1902 my ($existing_group_by) = delete @{$attrs}{qw(group_by _grouped_by_distinct)};
1904 # do we need a subquery for any reason?
1906 defined $existing_group_by
1908 # if {from} is unparseable wrap a subq
1909 ref($attrs->{from}) ne 'ARRAY'
1911 # limits call for a subq
1912 $self->_has_resolved_attr(qw/rows offset/)
1915 # simplify the joinmap, so we can further decide if a subq is necessary
1916 if (!$needs_subq and @{$attrs->{from}} > 1) {
1918 ($attrs->{from}, $join_classifications) =
1919 $storage->_prune_unused_joins ($attrs);
1921 # any non-pruneable non-local restricting joins imply subq
1922 $needs_subq = defined List::Util::first { $_ ne $attrs->{alias} } keys %{ $join_classifications->{restricting} || {} };
1925 # check if the head is composite (by now all joins are thrown out unless $needs_subq)
1927 (ref $attrs->{from}[0]) ne 'HASH'
1929 ref $attrs->{from}[0]{ $attrs->{from}[0]{-alias} }
1933 # do we need anything like a subquery?
1934 if (! $needs_subq) {
1935 # Most databases do not allow aliasing of tables in UPDATE/DELETE. Thus
1936 # a condition containing 'me' or other table prefixes will not work
1937 # at all. Tell SQLMaker to dequalify idents via a gross hack.
1939 my $sqla = $rsrc->storage->sql_maker;
1940 local $sqla->{_dequalify_idents} = 1;
1941 \[ $sqla->_recurse_where($self->{cond}) ];
1945 # we got this far - means it is time to wrap a subquery
1946 my $idcols = $rsrc->_identifying_column_set || $self->throw_exception(
1948 "Unable to perform complex resultset %s() without an identifying set of columns on source '%s'",
1954 # make a new $rs selecting only the PKs (that's all we really need for the subq)
1955 delete $attrs->{$_} for qw/select as collapse/;
1956 $attrs->{columns} = [ map { "$attrs->{alias}.$_" } @$idcols ];
1958 # this will be consumed by the pruner waaaaay down the stack
1959 $attrs->{_force_prune_multiplying_joins} = 1;
1961 my $subrs = (ref $self)->new($rsrc, $attrs);
1963 if (@$idcols == 1) {
1964 $cond = { $idcols->[0] => { -in => $subrs->as_query } };
1966 elsif ($storage->_use_multicolumn_in) {
1967 # no syntax for calling this properly yet
1968 # !!! EXPERIMENTAL API !!! WILL CHANGE !!!
1969 $cond = $storage->sql_maker->_where_op_multicolumn_in (
1970 $idcols, # how do I convey a list of idents...? can binds reside on lhs?
1975 # if all else fails - get all primary keys and operate over a ORed set
1976 # wrap in a transaction for consistency
1977 # this is where the group_by/multiplication starts to matter
1981 # we do not need to check pre-multipliers, since if the premulti is there, its
1982 # parent (who is multi) will be there too
1983 keys %{ $join_classifications->{multiplying} || {} }
1985 # make sure if there is a supplied group_by it matches the columns compiled above
1986 # perfectly. Anything else can not be sanely executed on most databases so croak
1987 # right then and there
1988 if ($existing_group_by) {
1989 my @current_group_by = map
1990 { $_ =~ /\./ ? $_ : "$attrs->{alias}.$_" }
1995 join ("\x00", sort @current_group_by)
1997 join ("\x00", sort @{$attrs->{columns}} )
1999 $self->throw_exception (
2000 "You have just attempted a $op operation on a resultset which does group_by"
2001 . ' on columns other than the primary keys, while DBIC internally needs to retrieve'
2002 . ' the primary keys in a subselect. All sane RDBMS engines do not support this'
2003 . ' kind of queries. Please retry the operation with a modified group_by or'
2004 . ' without using one at all.'
2009 $subrs = $subrs->search({}, { group_by => $attrs->{columns} });
2012 $guard = $storage->txn_scope_guard;
2014 for my $row ($subrs->cursor->all) {
2016 { $idcols->[$_] => $row->[$_] }
2023 my $res = $cond ? $storage->$op (
2025 $op eq 'update' ? $values : (),
2029 $guard->commit if $guard;
2038 =item Arguments: \%values
2040 =item Return Value: $underlying_storage_rv
2044 Sets the specified columns in the resultset to the supplied values in a
2045 single query. Note that this will not run any accessor/set_column/update
2046 triggers, nor will it update any result object instances derived from this
2047 resultset (this includes the contents of the L<resultset cache|/set_cache>
2048 if any). See L</update_all> if you need to execute any on-update
2049 triggers or cascades defined either by you or a
2050 L<result component|DBIx::Class::Manual::Component/WHAT IS A COMPONENT>.
2052 The return value is a pass through of what the underlying
2053 storage backend returned, and may vary. See L<DBI/execute> for the most
2058 Note that L</update> does not process/deflate any of the values passed in.
2059 This is unlike the corresponding L<DBIx::Class::Row/update>. The user must
2060 ensure manually that any value passed to this method will stringify to
2061 something the RDBMS knows how to deal with. A notable example is the
2062 handling of L<DateTime> objects, for more info see:
2063 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Formatting DateTime objects in queries>.
2068 my ($self, $values) = @_;
2069 $self->throw_exception('Values for update must be a hash')
2070 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
2072 return $self->_rs_update_delete ('update', $values);
2079 =item Arguments: \%values
2081 =item Return Value: 1
2085 Fetches all objects and updates them one at a time via
2086 L<DBIx::Class::Row/update>. Note that C<update_all> will run DBIC defined
2087 triggers, while L</update> will not.
2092 my ($self, $values) = @_;
2093 $self->throw_exception('Values for update_all must be a hash')
2094 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
2096 my $guard = $self->result_source->schema->txn_scope_guard;
2097 $_->update({%$values}) for $self->all; # shallow copy - update will mangle it
2106 =item Arguments: none
2108 =item Return Value: $underlying_storage_rv
2112 Deletes the rows matching this resultset in a single query. Note that this
2113 will not run any delete triggers, nor will it alter the
2114 L<in_storage|DBIx::Class::Row/in_storage> status of any result object instances
2115 derived from this resultset (this includes the contents of the
2116 L<resultset cache|/set_cache> if any). See L</delete_all> if you need to
2117 execute any on-delete triggers or cascades defined either by you or a
2118 L<result component|DBIx::Class::Manual::Component/WHAT IS A COMPONENT>.
2120 The return value is a pass through of what the underlying storage backend
2121 returned, and may vary. See L<DBI/execute> for the most common case.
2127 $self->throw_exception('delete does not accept any arguments')
2130 return $self->_rs_update_delete ('delete');
2137 =item Arguments: none
2139 =item Return Value: 1
2143 Fetches all objects and deletes them one at a time via
2144 L<DBIx::Class::Row/delete>. Note that C<delete_all> will run DBIC defined
2145 triggers, while L</delete> will not.
2151 $self->throw_exception('delete_all does not accept any arguments')
2154 my $guard = $self->result_source->schema->txn_scope_guard;
2155 $_->delete for $self->all;
2164 =item Arguments: [ \@column_list, \@row_values+ ] | [ \%col_data+ ]
2166 =item Return Value: L<\@result_objects|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (scalar context) | L<@result_objects|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
2170 Accepts either an arrayref of hashrefs or alternatively an arrayref of
2177 The context of this method call has an important effect on what is
2178 submitted to storage. In void context data is fed directly to fastpath
2179 insertion routines provided by the underlying storage (most often
2180 L<DBI/execute_for_fetch>), bypassing the L<new|DBIx::Class::Row/new> and
2181 L<insert|DBIx::Class::Row/insert> calls on the
2182 L<Result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> class, including any
2183 augmentation of these methods provided by components. For example if you
2184 are using something like L<DBIx::Class::UUIDColumns> to create primary
2185 keys for you, you will find that your PKs are empty. In this case you
2186 will have to explicitly force scalar or list context in order to create
2191 In non-void (scalar or list) context, this method is simply a wrapper
2192 for L</create>. Depending on list or scalar context either a list of
2193 L<Result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> objects or an arrayref
2194 containing these objects is returned.
2196 When supplying data in "arrayref of arrayrefs" invocation style, the
2197 first element should be a list of column names and each subsequent
2198 element should be a data value in the earlier specified column order.
2201 $schema->resultset("Artist")->populate([
2202 [ qw( artistid name ) ],
2203 [ 100, 'A Formally Unknown Singer' ],
2204 [ 101, 'A singer that jumped the shark two albums ago' ],
2205 [ 102, 'An actually cool singer' ],
2208 For the arrayref of hashrefs style each hashref should be a structure
2209 suitable for passing to L</create>. Multi-create is also permitted with
2212 $schema->resultset("Artist")->populate([
2213 { artistid => 4, name => 'Manufactured Crap', cds => [
2214 { title => 'My First CD', year => 2006 },
2215 { title => 'Yet More Tweeny-Pop crap', year => 2007 },
2218 { artistid => 5, name => 'Angsty-Whiny Girl', cds => [
2219 { title => 'My parents sold me to a record company', year => 2005 },
2220 { title => 'Why Am I So Ugly?', year => 2006 },
2221 { title => 'I Got Surgery and am now Popular', year => 2007 }
2226 If you attempt a void-context multi-create as in the example above (each
2227 Artist also has the related list of CDs), and B<do not> supply the
2228 necessary autoinc foreign key information, this method will proxy to the
2229 less efficient L</create>, and then throw the Result objects away. In this
2230 case there are obviously no benefits to using this method over L</create>.
2239 # this is naive and just a quick check
2240 # the types will need to be checked more thoroughly when the
2241 # multi-source populate gets added
2242 if (ref $_[0] eq 'ARRAY') {
2243 return unless @{$_[0]};
2245 $data = $_[0] if (ref $_[0][0] eq 'HASH' or ref $_[0][0] eq 'ARRAY');
2248 $self->throw_exception('Populate expects an arrayref of hashrefs or arrayref of arrayrefs')
2251 # FIXME - no cref handling
2252 # At this point assume either hashes or arrays
2254 if(defined wantarray) {
2257 $guard = $self->result_source->schema->storage->txn_scope_guard
2258 if ( @$data > 2 or ( @$data == 2 and ref $data->[0] eq 'ARRAY' ) );
2260 if (ref $data->[0] eq 'ARRAY') {
2262 { my $vals = $_; $self->new_result({ map { $data->[0][$_] => $vals->[$_] } 0..$#{$data->[0]} })->insert }
2263 @{$data}[1 .. $#$data]
2267 @results = map { $self->new_result($_)->insert } @$data;
2270 $guard->commit if $guard;
2271 return wantarray ? @results : \@results;
2274 # we have to deal with *possibly incomplete* related data
2275 # this means we have to walk the data structure twice
2276 # whether we want this or not
2277 # jnap, I hate you ;)
2278 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
2279 my $rel_info = { map { $_ => $rsrc->relationship_info($_) } $rsrc->relationships };
2281 my ($colinfo, $colnames, $slices_with_rels);
2285 for my $i (0 .. $#$data) {
2287 my $current_slice_seen_rel_infos;
2289 ### Determine/Supplement collists
2290 ### BEWARE - This is a hot piece of code, a lot of weird idioms were used
2291 if( ref $data->[$i] eq 'ARRAY' ) {
2293 # positional(!) explicit column list
2296 $colinfo->{$data->[0][$_]} = { pos => $_, name => $data->[0][$_] } and push @$colnames, $data->[0][$_]
2297 for 0 .. $#{$data->[0]};
2304 for (values %$colinfo) {
2305 if ($_->{is_rel} ||= (
2306 $rel_info->{$_->{name}}
2309 ref $data->[$i][$_->{pos}] eq 'ARRAY'
2311 ref $data->[$i][$_->{pos}] eq 'HASH'
2313 ( defined blessed $data->[$i][$_->{pos}] and $data->[$i][$_->{pos}]->isa('DBIx::Class::Row') )
2319 # moar sanity check... sigh
2320 for ( ref $data->[$i][$_->{pos}] eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$data->[$i][$_->{pos}]} : $data->[$i][$_->{pos}] ) {
2321 if ( defined blessed $_ and $_->isa('DBIx::Class::Row' ) ) {
2322 carp_unique("Fast-path populate() with supplied related objects is not possible - falling back to regular create()");
2323 return my $throwaway = $self->populate(@_);
2327 push @$current_slice_seen_rel_infos, $rel_info->{$_->{name}};
2332 if ($current_slice_seen_rel_infos) {
2333 push @$slices_with_rels, { map { $colnames->[$_] => $data->[$i][$_] } 0 .. $#$colnames };
2335 # this is needed further down to decide whether or not to fallback to create()
2336 $colinfo->{$colnames->[$_]}{seen_null} ||= ! defined $data->[$i][$_]
2337 for 0 .. $#$colnames;
2340 elsif( ref $data->[$i] eq 'HASH' ) {
2342 for ( sort keys %{$data->[$i]} ) {
2344 $colinfo->{$_} ||= do {
2346 $self->throw_exception("Column '$_' must be present in supplied explicit column list")
2347 if $data_start; # it will be 0 on AoH, 1 on AoA
2349 push @$colnames, $_;
2352 { pos => $#$colnames, name => $_ }
2355 if ($colinfo->{$_}{is_rel} ||= (
2359 ref $data->[$i]{$_} eq 'ARRAY'
2361 ref $data->[$i]{$_} eq 'HASH'
2363 ( defined blessed $data->[$i]{$_} and $data->[$i]{$_}->isa('DBIx::Class::Row') )
2369 # moar sanity check... sigh
2370 for ( ref $data->[$i]{$_} eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$data->[$i]{$_}} : $data->[$i]{$_} ) {
2371 if ( defined blessed $_ and $_->isa('DBIx::Class::Row' ) ) {
2372 carp_unique("Fast-path populate() with supplied related objects is not possible - falling back to regular create()");
2373 return my $throwaway = $self->populate(@_);
2377 push @$current_slice_seen_rel_infos, $rel_info->{$_};
2381 if ($current_slice_seen_rel_infos) {
2382 push @$slices_with_rels, $data->[$i];
2384 # this is needed further down to decide whether or not to fallback to create()
2385 $colinfo->{$_}{seen_null} ||= ! defined $data->[$i]{$_}
2386 for keys %{$data->[$i]};
2390 $self->throw_exception('Unexpected populate() data structure member type: ' . ref $data->[$i] );
2394 { $_->{attrs}{is_depends_on} }
2395 @{ $current_slice_seen_rel_infos || [] }
2397 carp_unique("Fast-path populate() of belongs_to relationship data is not possible - falling back to regular create()");
2398 return my $throwaway = $self->populate(@_);
2402 if( $slices_with_rels ) {
2404 # need to exclude the rel "columns"
2405 $colnames = [ grep { ! $colinfo->{$_}{is_rel} } @$colnames ];
2407 # extra sanity check - ensure the main source is in fact identifiable
2408 # the localizing of nullability is insane, but oh well... the use-case is legit
2409 my $ci = $rsrc->columns_info($colnames);
2411 $ci->{$_} = { %{$ci->{$_}}, is_nullable => 0 }
2412 for grep { ! $colinfo->{$_}{seen_null} } keys %$ci;
2414 unless( $rsrc->_identifying_column_set($ci) ) {
2415 carp_unique("Fast-path populate() of non-uniquely identifiable rows with related data is not possible - falling back to regular create()");
2416 return my $throwaway = $self->populate(@_);
2420 ### inherit the data locked in the conditions of the resultset
2421 my ($rs_data) = $self->_merge_with_rscond({});
2422 delete @{$rs_data}{@$colnames}; # passed-in stuff takes precedence
2424 # if anything left - decompose rs_data
2426 if (keys %$rs_data) {
2427 push @$rs_data_vals, $rs_data->{$_}
2428 for sort keys %$rs_data;
2432 $guard = $rsrc->schema->storage->txn_scope_guard
2433 if $slices_with_rels;
2435 ### main source data
2436 # FIXME - need to switch entirely to a coderef-based thing,
2437 # so that large sets aren't copied several times... I think
2438 $rsrc->storage->insert_bulk(
2440 [ @$colnames, sort keys %$rs_data ],
2442 ref $data->[$_] eq 'ARRAY'
2444 $slices_with_rels ? [ @{$data->[$_]}[0..$#$colnames], @{$rs_data_vals||[]} ] # the collist changed
2445 : $rs_data_vals ? [ @{$data->[$_]}, @$rs_data_vals ]
2448 : [ @{$data->[$_]}{@$colnames}, @{$rs_data_vals||[]} ]
2449 } $data_start .. $#$data ],
2452 ### do the children relationships
2453 if ( $slices_with_rels ) {
2454 my @rels = grep { $colinfo->{$_}{is_rel} } keys %$colinfo
2455 or die 'wtf... please report a bug with DBIC_TRACE=1 output (stacktrace)';
2457 for my $sl (@$slices_with_rels) {
2459 my ($main_proto, $main_proto_rs);
2460 for my $rel (@rels) {
2461 next unless defined $sl->{$rel};
2465 (map { $_ => $sl->{$_} } @$colnames),
2468 unless (defined $colinfo->{$rel}{rs}) {
2470 $colinfo->{$rel}{rs} = $rsrc->related_source($rel)->resultset;
2472 $colinfo->{$rel}{fk_map} = { reverse %{ $rsrc->_resolve_relationship_condition(
2474 self_alias => "\xFE", # irrelevant
2475 foreign_alias => "\xFF", # irrelevant
2476 )->{identity_map} || {} } };
2480 $colinfo->{$rel}{rs}->search({ map # only so that we inherit them values properly, no actual search
2483 ( $main_proto_rs ||= $rsrc->resultset->search($main_proto) )
2484 ->get_column( $colinfo->{$rel}{fk_map}{$_} )
2488 keys %{$colinfo->{$rel}{fk_map}}
2489 })->populate( ref $sl->{$rel} eq 'ARRAY' ? $sl->{$rel} : [ $sl->{$rel} ] );
2496 $guard->commit if $guard;
2503 =item Arguments: none
2505 =item Return Value: L<$pager|Data::Page>
2509 Returns a L<Data::Page> object for the current resultset. Only makes
2510 sense for queries with a C<page> attribute.
2512 To get the full count of entries for a paged resultset, call
2513 C<total_entries> on the L<Data::Page> object.
2520 return $self->{pager} if $self->{pager};
2522 my $attrs = $self->{attrs};
2523 if (!defined $attrs->{page}) {
2524 $self->throw_exception("Can't create pager for non-paged rs");
2526 elsif ($attrs->{page} <= 0) {
2527 $self->throw_exception('Invalid page number (page-numbers are 1-based)');
2529 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
2531 # throw away the paging flags and re-run the count (possibly
2532 # with a subselect) to get the real total count
2533 my $count_attrs = { %$attrs };
2534 delete @{$count_attrs}{qw/rows offset page pager/};
2536 my $total_rs = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $count_attrs);
2538 require DBIx::Class::ResultSet::Pager;
2539 return $self->{pager} = DBIx::Class::ResultSet::Pager->new(
2540 sub { $total_rs->count }, #lazy-get the total
2542 $self->{attrs}{page},
2550 =item Arguments: $page_number
2552 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search>
2556 Returns a resultset for the $page_number page of the resultset on which page
2557 is called, where each page contains a number of rows equal to the 'rows'
2558 attribute set on the resultset (10 by default).
2563 my ($self, $page) = @_;
2564 return (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, { %{$self->{attrs}}, page => $page });
2571 =item Arguments: \%col_data
2573 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2577 Creates a new result object in the resultset's result class and returns
2578 it. The row is not inserted into the database at this point, call
2579 L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> to do that. Calling L<DBIx::Class::Row/in_storage>
2580 will tell you whether the result object has been inserted or not.
2582 Passes the hashref of input on to L<DBIx::Class::Row/new>.
2587 my ($self, $values) = @_;
2589 $self->throw_exception( "new_result takes only one argument - a hashref of values" )
2592 $self->throw_exception( "Result object instantiation requires a hashref as argument" )
2593 unless (ref $values eq 'HASH');
2595 my ($merged_cond, $cols_from_relations) = $self->_merge_with_rscond($values);
2597 my $new = $self->result_class->new({
2599 ( @$cols_from_relations
2600 ? (-cols_from_relations => $cols_from_relations)
2603 -result_source => $self->result_source, # DO NOT REMOVE THIS, REQUIRED
2607 reftype($new) eq 'HASH'
2613 carp_unique (sprintf (
2614 "%s->new returned a blessed empty hashref - a strong indicator something is wrong with its inheritance chain",
2615 $self->result_class,
2622 # _merge_with_rscond
2624 # Takes a simple hash of K/V data and returns its copy merged with the
2625 # condition already present on the resultset. Additionally returns an
2626 # arrayref of value/condition names, which were inferred from related
2627 # objects (this is needed for in-memory related objects)
2628 sub _merge_with_rscond {
2629 my ($self, $data) = @_;
2631 my ($implied_data, @cols_from_relations);
2633 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
2635 if (! defined $self->{cond}) {
2636 # just massage $data below
2638 elsif ($self->{cond} eq UNRESOLVABLE_CONDITION) {
2639 $implied_data = $self->{attrs}{related_objects}; # nothing might have been inserted yet
2640 @cols_from_relations = keys %{ $implied_data || {} };
2643 my $eqs = $self->result_source->schema->storage->_extract_fixed_condition_columns($self->{cond}, 'consider_nulls');
2644 $implied_data = { map {
2645 ( ($eqs->{$_}||'') eq UNRESOLVABLE_CONDITION ) ? () : ( $_ => $eqs->{$_} )
2651 { %{ $self->_remove_alias($_, $alias) } }
2652 # precedence must be given to passed values over values inherited from
2653 # the cond, so the order here is important.
2654 ( $implied_data||(), $data)
2656 \@cols_from_relations
2660 # _has_resolved_attr
2662 # determines if the resultset defines at least one
2663 # of the attributes supplied
2665 # used to determine if a subquery is necessary
2667 # supports some virtual attributes:
2669 # This will scan for any joins being present on the resultset.
2670 # It is not a mere key-search but a deep inspection of {from}
2673 sub _has_resolved_attr {
2674 my ($self, @attr_names) = @_;
2676 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs;
2680 for my $n (@attr_names) {
2681 if (grep { $n eq $_ } (qw/-join/) ) {
2682 $extra_checks{$n}++;
2686 my $attr = $attrs->{$n};
2688 next if not defined $attr;
2690 if (ref $attr eq 'HASH') {
2691 return 1 if keys %$attr;
2693 elsif (ref $attr eq 'ARRAY') {
2701 # a resolved join is expressed as a multi-level from
2703 $extra_checks{-join}
2705 ref $attrs->{from} eq 'ARRAY'
2707 @{$attrs->{from}} > 1
2715 # Remove the specified alias from the specified query hash. A copy is made so
2716 # the original query is not modified.
2719 my ($self, $query, $alias) = @_;
2721 my %orig = %{ $query || {} };
2724 foreach my $key (keys %orig) {
2726 $unaliased{$key} = $orig{$key};
2729 $unaliased{$1} = $orig{$key}
2730 if $key =~ m/^(?:\Q$alias\E\.)?([^.]+)$/;
2740 =item Arguments: none
2742 =item Return Value: \[ $sql, L<@bind_values|/DBIC BIND VALUES> ]
2746 Returns the SQL query and bind vars associated with the invocant.
2748 This is generally used as the RHS for a subquery.
2755 my $attrs = { %{ $self->_resolved_attrs } };
2757 my $aq = $self->result_source->storage->_select_args_to_query (
2758 $attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select}, $attrs->{where}, $attrs
2768 =item Arguments: \%col_data, { key => $unique_constraint, L<%attrs|/ATTRIBUTES> }?
2770 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2774 my $artist = $schema->resultset('Artist')->find_or_new(
2775 { artist => 'fred' }, { key => 'artists' });
2777 $cd->cd_to_producer->find_or_new({ producer => $producer },
2778 { key => 'primary' });
2780 Find an existing record from this resultset using L</find>. if none exists,
2781 instantiate a new result object and return it. The object will not be saved
2782 into your storage until you call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> on it.
2784 You most likely want this method when looking for existing rows using a unique
2785 constraint that is not the primary key, or looking for related rows.
2787 If you want objects to be saved immediately, use L</find_or_create> instead.
2789 B<Note>: Make sure to read the documentation of L</find> and understand the
2790 significance of the C<key> attribute, as its lack may skew your search, and
2791 subsequently result in spurious new objects.
2793 B<Note>: Take care when using C<find_or_new> with a table having
2794 columns with default values that you intend to be automatically
2795 supplied by the database (e.g. an auto_increment primary key column).
2796 In normal usage, the value of such columns should NOT be included at
2797 all in the call to C<find_or_new>, even when set to C<undef>.
2803 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
2804 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2805 if (keys %$hash and my $row = $self->find($hash, $attrs) ) {
2808 return $self->new_result($hash);
2815 =item Arguments: \%col_data
2817 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2821 Attempt to create a single new row or a row with multiple related rows
2822 in the table represented by the resultset (and related tables). This
2823 will not check for duplicate rows before inserting, use
2824 L</find_or_create> to do that.
2826 To create one row for this resultset, pass a hashref of key/value
2827 pairs representing the columns of the table and the values you wish to
2828 store. If the appropriate relationships are set up, foreign key fields
2829 can also be passed an object representing the foreign row, and the
2830 value will be set to its primary key.
2832 To create related objects, pass a hashref of related-object column values
2833 B<keyed on the relationship name>. If the relationship is of type C<multi>
2834 (L<DBIx::Class::Relationship/has_many>) - pass an arrayref of hashrefs.
2835 The process will correctly identify columns holding foreign keys, and will
2836 transparently populate them from the keys of the corresponding relation.
2837 This can be applied recursively, and will work correctly for a structure
2838 with an arbitrary depth and width, as long as the relationships actually
2839 exists and the correct column data has been supplied.
2841 Instead of hashrefs of plain related data (key/value pairs), you may
2842 also pass new or inserted objects. New objects (not inserted yet, see
2843 L</new_result>), will be inserted into their appropriate tables.
2845 Effectively a shortcut for C<< ->new_result(\%col_data)->insert >>.
2847 Example of creating a new row.
2849 $person_rs->create({
2850 name=>"Some Person",
2851 email=>"somebody@someplace.com"
2854 Example of creating a new row and also creating rows in a related C<has_many>
2855 or C<has_one> resultset. Note Arrayref.
2858 { artistid => 4, name => 'Manufactured Crap', cds => [
2859 { title => 'My First CD', year => 2006 },
2860 { title => 'Yet More Tweeny-Pop crap', year => 2007 },
2865 Example of creating a new row and also creating a row in a related
2866 C<belongs_to> resultset. Note Hashref.
2869 title=>"Music for Silly Walks",
2872 name=>"Silly Musician",
2880 When subclassing ResultSet never attempt to override this method. Since
2881 it is a simple shortcut for C<< $self->new_result($attrs)->insert >>, a
2882 lot of the internals simply never call it, so your override will be
2883 bypassed more often than not. Override either L<DBIx::Class::Row/new>
2884 or L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> depending on how early in the
2885 L</create> process you need to intervene. See also warning pertaining to
2893 #my ($self, $col_data) = @_;
2894 DBIx::Class::_ENV_::ASSERT_NO_INTERNAL_INDIRECT_CALLS and fail_on_internal_call;
2895 return shift->new_result(shift)->insert;
2898 =head2 find_or_create
2902 =item Arguments: \%col_data, { key => $unique_constraint, L<%attrs|/ATTRIBUTES> }?
2904 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2908 $cd->cd_to_producer->find_or_create({ producer => $producer },
2909 { key => 'primary' });
2911 Tries to find a record based on its primary key or unique constraints; if none
2912 is found, creates one and returns that instead.
2914 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create({
2916 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2917 title => 'Mezzanine',
2921 Also takes an optional C<key> attribute, to search by a specific key or unique
2922 constraint. For example:
2924 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create(
2926 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2927 title => 'Mezzanine',
2929 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
2932 B<Note>: Make sure to read the documentation of L</find> and understand the
2933 significance of the C<key> attribute, as its lack may skew your search, and
2934 subsequently result in spurious row creation.
2936 B<Note>: Because find_or_create() reads from the database and then
2937 possibly inserts based on the result, this method is subject to a race
2938 condition. Another process could create a record in the table after
2939 the find has completed and before the create has started. To avoid
2940 this problem, use find_or_create() inside a transaction.
2942 B<Note>: Take care when using C<find_or_create> with a table having
2943 columns with default values that you intend to be automatically
2944 supplied by the database (e.g. an auto_increment primary key column).
2945 In normal usage, the value of such columns should NOT be included at
2946 all in the call to C<find_or_create>, even when set to C<undef>.
2948 See also L</find> and L</update_or_create>. For information on how to declare
2949 unique constraints, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
2951 If you need to know if an existing row was found or a new one created use
2952 L</find_or_new> and L<DBIx::Class::Row/in_storage> instead. Don't forget
2953 to call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> to save the newly created row to the
2956 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_new({
2958 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2959 title => 'Mezzanine',
2963 if( !$cd->in_storage ) {
2970 sub find_or_create {
2972 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
2973 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2974 if (keys %$hash and my $row = $self->find($hash, $attrs) ) {
2977 return $self->new_result($hash)->insert;
2980 =head2 update_or_create
2984 =item Arguments: \%col_data, { key => $unique_constraint, L<%attrs|/ATTRIBUTES> }?
2986 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2990 $resultset->update_or_create({ col => $val, ... });
2992 Like L</find_or_create>, but if a row is found it is immediately updated via
2993 C<< $found_row->update (\%col_data) >>.
2996 Takes an optional C<key> attribute to search on a specific unique constraint.
2999 # In your application
3000 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->update_or_create(
3002 artist => 'Massive Attack',
3003 title => 'Mezzanine',
3006 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
3009 $cd->cd_to_producer->update_or_create({
3010 producer => $producer,
3016 B<Note>: Make sure to read the documentation of L</find> and understand the
3017 significance of the C<key> attribute, as its lack may skew your search, and
3018 subsequently result in spurious row creation.
3020 B<Note>: Take care when using C<update_or_create> with a table having
3021 columns with default values that you intend to be automatically
3022 supplied by the database (e.g. an auto_increment primary key column).
3023 In normal usage, the value of such columns should NOT be included at
3024 all in the call to C<update_or_create>, even when set to C<undef>.
3026 See also L</find> and L</find_or_create>. For information on how to declare
3027 unique constraints, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
3029 If you need to know if an existing row was updated or a new one created use
3030 L</update_or_new> and L<DBIx::Class::Row/in_storage> instead. Don't forget
3031 to call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> to save the newly created row to the
3036 sub update_or_create {
3038 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
3039 my $cond = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
3041 my $row = $self->find($cond, $attrs);
3043 $row->update($cond);
3047 return $self->new_result($cond)->insert;
3050 =head2 update_or_new
3054 =item Arguments: \%col_data, { key => $unique_constraint, L<%attrs|/ATTRIBUTES> }?
3056 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
3060 $resultset->update_or_new({ col => $val, ... });
3062 Like L</find_or_new> but if a row is found it is immediately updated via
3063 C<< $found_row->update (\%col_data) >>.
3067 # In your application
3068 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->update_or_new(
3070 artist => 'Massive Attack',
3071 title => 'Mezzanine',
3074 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
3077 if ($cd->in_storage) {
3078 # the cd was updated
3081 # the cd is not yet in the database, let's insert it
3085 B<Note>: Make sure to read the documentation of L</find> and understand the
3086 significance of the C<key> attribute, as its lack may skew your search, and
3087 subsequently result in spurious new objects.
3089 B<Note>: Take care when using C<update_or_new> with a table having
3090 columns with default values that you intend to be automatically
3091 supplied by the database (e.g. an auto_increment primary key column).
3092 In normal usage, the value of such columns should NOT be included at
3093 all in the call to C<update_or_new>, even when set to C<undef>.
3095 See also L</find>, L</find_or_create> and L</find_or_new>.
3101 my $attrs = ( @_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {} );
3102 my $cond = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
3104 my $row = $self->find( $cond, $attrs );
3105 if ( defined $row ) {
3106 $row->update($cond);
3110 return $self->new_result($cond);
3117 =item Arguments: none
3119 =item Return Value: L<\@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> | undef
3123 Gets the contents of the cache for the resultset, if the cache is set.
3125 The cache is populated either by using the L</prefetch> attribute to
3126 L</search> or by calling L</set_cache>.
3138 =item Arguments: L<\@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
3140 =item Return Value: L<\@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
3144 Sets the contents of the cache for the resultset. Expects an arrayref
3145 of objects of the same class as those produced by the resultset. Note that
3146 if the cache is set, the resultset will return the cached objects rather
3147 than re-querying the database even if the cache attr is not set.
3149 The contents of the cache can also be populated by using the
3150 L</prefetch> attribute to L</search>.
3155 my ( $self, $data ) = @_;
3156 $self->throw_exception("set_cache requires an arrayref")
3157 if defined($data) && (ref $data ne 'ARRAY');
3158 $self->{all_cache} = $data;
3165 =item Arguments: none
3167 =item Return Value: undef
3171 Clears the cache for the resultset.
3176 shift->set_cache(undef);
3183 =item Arguments: none
3185 =item Return Value: true, if the resultset has been paginated
3193 return !!$self->{attrs}{page};
3200 =item Arguments: none
3202 =item Return Value: true, if the resultset has been ordered with C<order_by>.
3210 return scalar $self->result_source->storage->_extract_order_criteria($self->{attrs}{order_by});
3213 =head2 related_resultset
3217 =item Arguments: $rel_name
3219 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search>
3223 Returns a related resultset for the supplied relationship name.
3225 $artist_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->related_resultset('Artist');
3229 sub related_resultset {
3230 my ($self, $rel) = @_;
3232 return $self->{related_resultsets}{$rel}
3233 if defined $self->{related_resultsets}{$rel};
3235 return $self->{related_resultsets}{$rel} = do {
3236 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
3237 my $rel_info = $rsrc->relationship_info($rel);
3239 $self->throw_exception(
3240 "search_related: result source '" . $rsrc->source_name .
3241 "' has no such relationship $rel")
3244 my $attrs = $self->_chain_relationship($rel);
3246 my $join_count = $attrs->{seen_join}{$rel};
3248 my $alias = $self->result_source->storage
3249 ->relname_to_table_alias($rel, $join_count);
3251 # since this is search_related, and we already slid the select window inwards
3252 # (the select/as attrs were deleted in the beginning), we need to flip all
3253 # left joins to inner, so we get the expected results
3254 # read the comment on top of the actual function to see what this does
3255 $attrs->{from} = $rsrc->schema->storage->_inner_join_to_node ($attrs->{from}, $alias);
3258 #XXX - temp fix for result_class bug. There likely is a more elegant fix -groditi
3259 delete @{$attrs}{qw(result_class alias)};
3261 my $rel_source = $rsrc->related_source($rel);
3265 # The reason we do this now instead of passing the alias to the
3266 # search_rs below is that if you wrap/overload resultset on the
3267 # source you need to know what alias it's -going- to have for things
3268 # to work sanely (e.g. RestrictWithObject wants to be able to add
3269 # extra query restrictions, and these may need to be $alias.)
3271 my $rel_attrs = $rel_source->resultset_attributes;
3272 local $rel_attrs->{alias} = $alias;
3274 $rel_source->resultset
3278 where => $attrs->{where},
3282 if (my $cache = $self->get_cache) {
3283 my @related_cache = map
3284 { $_->related_resultset($rel)->get_cache || () }
3288 $new->set_cache([ map @$_, @related_cache ]) if @related_cache == @$cache;
3295 =head2 current_source_alias
3299 =item Arguments: none
3301 =item Return Value: $source_alias
3305 Returns the current table alias for the result source this resultset is built
3306 on, that will be used in the SQL query. Usually it is C<me>.
3308 Currently the source alias that refers to the result set returned by a
3309 L</search>/L</find> family method depends on how you got to the resultset: it's
3310 C<me> by default, but eg. L</search_related> aliases it to the related result
3311 source name (and keeps C<me> referring to the original result set). The long
3312 term goal is to make L<DBIx::Class> always alias the current resultset as C<me>
3313 (and make this method unnecessary).
3315 Thus it's currently necessary to use this method in predefined queries (see
3316 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Predefined searches>) when referring to the
3317 source alias of the current result set:
3319 # in a result set class
3321 my ($self, $user) = @_;
3323 my $me = $self->current_source_alias;
3325 return $self->search({
3326 "$me.modified" => $user->id,
3332 sub current_source_alias {
3333 return (shift->{attrs} || {})->{alias} || 'me';
3336 =head2 as_subselect_rs
3340 =item Arguments: none
3342 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search>
3346 Act as a barrier to SQL symbols. The resultset provided will be made into a
3347 "virtual view" by including it as a subquery within the from clause. From this
3348 point on, any joined tables are inaccessible to ->search on the resultset (as if
3349 it were simply where-filtered without joins). For example:
3351 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Bar')->search({'x.name' => 'abc'},{ join => 'x' });
3353 # 'x' now pollutes the query namespace
3355 # So the following works as expected
3356 my $ok_rs = $rs->search({'x.other' => 1});
3358 # But this doesn't: instead of finding a 'Bar' related to two x rows (abc and
3359 # def) we look for one row with contradictory terms and join in another table
3360 # (aliased 'x_2') which we never use
3361 my $broken_rs = $rs->search({'x.name' => 'def'});
3363 my $rs2 = $rs->as_subselect_rs;
3365 # doesn't work - 'x' is no longer accessible in $rs2, having been sealed away
3366 my $not_joined_rs = $rs2->search({'x.other' => 1});
3368 # works as expected: finds a 'table' row related to two x rows (abc and def)
3369 my $correctly_joined_rs = $rs2->search({'x.name' => 'def'});
3371 Another example of when one might use this would be to select a subset of
3372 columns in a group by clause:
3374 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Bar')->search(undef, {
3375 group_by => [qw{ id foo_id baz_id }],
3376 })->as_subselect_rs->search(undef, {
3377 columns => [qw{ id foo_id }]
3380 In the above example normally columns would have to be equal to the group by,
3381 but because we isolated the group by into a subselect the above works.
3385 sub as_subselect_rs {
3388 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs;
3390 my $fresh_rs = (ref $self)->new (
3391 $self->result_source
3394 # these pieces will be locked in the subquery
3395 delete $fresh_rs->{cond};
3396 delete @{$fresh_rs->{attrs}}{qw/where bind/};
3398 return $fresh_rs->search( {}, {
3400 $attrs->{alias} => $self->as_query,
3401 -alias => $attrs->{alias},
3402 -rsrc => $self->result_source,
3404 alias => $attrs->{alias},
3408 # This code is called by search_related, and makes sure there
3409 # is clear separation between the joins before, during, and
3410 # after the relationship. This information is needed later
3411 # in order to properly resolve prefetch aliases (any alias
3412 # with a relation_chain_depth less than the depth of the
3413 # current prefetch is not considered)
3415 # The increments happen twice per join. An even number means a
3416 # relationship specified via a search_related, whereas an odd
3417 # number indicates a join/prefetch added via attributes
3419 # Also this code will wrap the current resultset (the one we
3420 # chain to) in a subselect IFF it contains limiting attributes
3421 sub _chain_relationship {
3422 my ($self, $rel) = @_;
3423 my $source = $self->result_source;
3424 my $attrs = { %{$self->{attrs}||{}} };
3426 # we need to take the prefetch the attrs into account before we
3427 # ->_resolve_join as otherwise they get lost - captainL
3428 my $join = $self->_merge_joinpref_attr( $attrs->{join}, $attrs->{prefetch} );
3430 delete @{$attrs}{qw/join prefetch collapse group_by distinct _grouped_by_distinct select as columns +select +as +columns/};
3432 my $seen = { %{ (delete $attrs->{seen_join}) || {} } };
3435 my @force_subq_attrs = qw/offset rows group_by having/;
3438 ($attrs->{from} && ref $attrs->{from} ne 'ARRAY')
3440 $self->_has_resolved_attr (@force_subq_attrs)
3442 # Nuke the prefetch (if any) before the new $rs attrs
3443 # are resolved (prefetch is useless - we are wrapping
3444 # a subquery anyway).
3445 my $rs_copy = $self->search;
3446 $rs_copy->{attrs}{join} = $self->_merge_joinpref_attr (
3447 $rs_copy->{attrs}{join},
3448 delete $rs_copy->{attrs}{prefetch},
3453 -alias => $attrs->{alias},
3454 $attrs->{alias} => $rs_copy->as_query,
3456 delete @{$attrs}{@force_subq_attrs, qw/where bind/};
3457 $seen->{-relation_chain_depth} = 0;
3459 elsif ($attrs->{from}) { #shallow copy suffices
3460 $from = [ @{$attrs->{from}} ];
3465 -alias => $attrs->{alias},
3466 $attrs->{alias} => $source->from,
3470 my $jpath = ($seen->{-relation_chain_depth})
3471 ? $from->[-1][0]{-join_path}
3474 my @requested_joins = $source->_resolve_join(
3481 push @$from, @requested_joins;
3483 $seen->{-relation_chain_depth}++;
3485 # if $self already had a join/prefetch specified on it, the requested
3486 # $rel might very well be already included. What we do in this case
3487 # is effectively a no-op (except that we bump up the chain_depth on
3488 # the join in question so we could tell it *is* the search_related)
3491 # we consider the last one thus reverse
3492 for my $j (reverse @requested_joins) {
3493 my ($last_j) = keys %{$j->[0]{-join_path}[-1]};
3494 if ($rel eq $last_j) {
3495 $j->[0]{-relation_chain_depth}++;
3501 unless ($already_joined) {
3502 push @$from, $source->_resolve_join(
3510 $seen->{-relation_chain_depth}++;
3512 return {%$attrs, from => $from, seen_join => $seen};
3515 sub _resolved_attrs {
3517 return $self->{_attrs} if $self->{_attrs};
3519 my $attrs = { %{ $self->{attrs} || {} } };
3520 my $source = $attrs->{result_source} = $self->result_source;
3521 my $alias = $attrs->{alias};
3523 $self->throw_exception("Specifying distinct => 1 in conjunction with collapse => 1 is unsupported")
3524 if $attrs->{collapse} and $attrs->{distinct};
3526 # default selection list
3527 $attrs->{columns} = [ $source->columns ]
3528 unless List::Util::first { exists $attrs->{$_} } qw/columns cols select as/;
3530 # merge selectors together
3531 for (qw/columns select as/) {
3532 $attrs->{$_} = $self->_merge_attr($attrs->{$_}, delete $attrs->{"+$_"})
3533 if $attrs->{$_} or $attrs->{"+$_"};
3536 # disassemble columns
3538 if (my $cols = delete $attrs->{columns}) {
3539 for my $c (ref $cols eq 'ARRAY' ? @$cols : $cols) {
3540 if (ref $c eq 'HASH') {
3541 for my $as (sort keys %$c) {
3542 push @sel, $c->{$as};
3553 # when trying to weed off duplicates later do not go past this point -
3554 # everything added from here on is unbalanced "anyone's guess" stuff
3555 my $dedup_stop_idx = $#as;
3557 push @as, @{ ref $attrs->{as} eq 'ARRAY' ? $attrs->{as} : [ $attrs->{as} ] }
3559 push @sel, @{ ref $attrs->{select} eq 'ARRAY' ? $attrs->{select} : [ $attrs->{select} ] }
3560 if $attrs->{select};
3562 # assume all unqualified selectors to apply to the current alias (legacy stuff)
3563 $_ = (ref $_ or $_ =~ /\./) ? $_ : "$alias.$_" for @sel;
3565 # disqualify all $alias.col as-bits (inflate-map mandated)
3566 $_ = ($_ =~ /^\Q$alias.\E(.+)$/) ? $1 : $_ for @as;
3568 # de-duplicate the result (remove *identical* select/as pairs)
3569 # and also die on duplicate {as} pointing to different {select}s
3570 # not using a c-style for as the condition is prone to shrinkage
3573 while ($i <= $dedup_stop_idx) {
3574 if ($seen->{"$sel[$i] \x00\x00 $as[$i]"}++) {
3579 elsif ($seen->{$as[$i]}++) {
3580 $self->throw_exception(
3581 "inflate_result() alias '$as[$i]' specified twice with different SQL-side {select}-ors"
3589 $attrs->{select} = \@sel;
3590 $attrs->{as} = \@as;
3592 $attrs->{from} ||= [{
3594 -alias => $self->{attrs}{alias},
3595 $self->{attrs}{alias} => $source->from,
3598 if ( $attrs->{join} || $attrs->{prefetch} ) {
3600 $self->throw_exception ('join/prefetch can not be used with a custom {from}')
3601 if ref $attrs->{from} ne 'ARRAY';
3603 my $join = (delete $attrs->{join}) || {};
3605 if ( defined $attrs->{prefetch} ) {
3606 $join = $self->_merge_joinpref_attr( $join, $attrs->{prefetch} );
3609 $attrs->{from} = # have to copy here to avoid corrupting the original
3611 @{ $attrs->{from} },
3612 $source->_resolve_join(
3615 { %{ $attrs->{seen_join} || {} } },
3616 ( $attrs->{seen_join} && keys %{$attrs->{seen_join}})
3617 ? $attrs->{from}[-1][0]{-join_path}
3624 if ( defined $attrs->{order_by} ) {
3625 $attrs->{order_by} = (
3626 ref( $attrs->{order_by} ) eq 'ARRAY'
3627 ? [ @{ $attrs->{order_by} } ]
3628 : [ $attrs->{order_by} || () ]
3632 if ($attrs->{group_by} and ref $attrs->{group_by} ne 'ARRAY') {
3633 $attrs->{group_by} = [ $attrs->{group_by} ];
3637 # generate selections based on the prefetch helper
3638 my ($prefetch, @prefetch_select, @prefetch_as);
3639 $prefetch = $self->_merge_joinpref_attr( {}, delete $attrs->{prefetch} )
3640 if defined $attrs->{prefetch};
3644 $self->throw_exception("Unable to prefetch, resultset contains an unnamed selector $attrs->{_dark_selector}{string}")
3645 if $attrs->{_dark_selector};
3647 $self->throw_exception("Specifying prefetch in conjunction with an explicit collapse => 0 is unsupported")
3648 if defined $attrs->{collapse} and ! $attrs->{collapse};
3650 $attrs->{collapse} = 1;
3652 # this is a separate structure (we don't look in {from} directly)
3653 # as the resolver needs to shift things off the lists to work
3654 # properly (identical-prefetches on different branches)
3656 if (ref $attrs->{from} eq 'ARRAY') {
3658 my $start_depth = $attrs->{seen_join}{-relation_chain_depth} || 0;
3660 for my $j ( @{$attrs->{from}}[1 .. $#{$attrs->{from}} ] ) {
3661 next unless $j->[0]{-alias};
3662 next unless $j->[0]{-join_path};
3663 next if ($j->[0]{-relation_chain_depth} || 0) < $start_depth;
3665 my @jpath = map { keys %$_ } @{$j->[0]{-join_path}};
3668 $p = $p->{$_} ||= {} for @jpath[ ($start_depth/2) .. $#jpath]; #only even depths are actual jpath boundaries
3669 push @{$p->{-join_aliases} }, $j->[0]{-alias};
3673 my @prefetch = $source->_resolve_prefetch( $prefetch, $alias, $join_map );
3675 # save these for after distinct resolution
3676 @prefetch_select = map { $_->[0] } @prefetch;
3677 @prefetch_as = map { $_->[1] } @prefetch;
3680 # run through the resulting joinstructure (starting from our current slot)
3681 # and unset collapse if proven unnecessary
3683 # also while we are at it find out if the current root source has
3684 # been premultiplied by previous related_source chaining
3686 # this allows to predict whether a root object with all other relation
3687 # data set to NULL is in fact unique
3688 if ($attrs->{collapse}) {
3690 if (ref $attrs->{from} eq 'ARRAY') {
3692 if (@{$attrs->{from}} == 1) {
3693 # no joins - no collapse
3694 $attrs->{collapse} = 0;
3697 # find where our table-spec starts
3698 my @fromlist = @{$attrs->{from}};
3700 my $t = shift @fromlist;
3703 # me vs join from-spec distinction - a ref means non-root
3704 if (ref $t eq 'ARRAY') {
3706 $is_multi ||= ! $t->{-is_single};
3708 last if ($t->{-alias} && $t->{-alias} eq $alias);
3709 $attrs->{_main_source_premultiplied} ||= $is_multi;
3712 # no non-singles remaining, nor any premultiplication - nothing to collapse
3714 ! $attrs->{_main_source_premultiplied}
3716 ! List::Util::first { ! $_->[0]{-is_single} } @fromlist
3718 $attrs->{collapse} = 0;
3724 # if we can not analyze the from - err on the side of safety
3725 $attrs->{_main_source_premultiplied} = 1;
3729 # generate the distinct induced group_by before injecting the prefetched select/as parts
3730 if (delete $attrs->{distinct}) {
3731 if ($attrs->{group_by}) {
3732 carp_unique ("Useless use of distinct on a grouped resultset ('distinct' is ignored when a 'group_by' is present)");
3735 $attrs->{_grouped_by_distinct} = 1;
3736 # distinct affects only the main selection part, not what prefetch may add below
3737 ($attrs->{group_by}, my $new_order) = $source->storage->_group_over_selection($attrs);
3739 # FIXME possibly ignore a rewritten order_by (may turn out to be an issue)
3740 # The thinking is: if we are collapsing the subquerying prefetch engine will
3741 # rip stuff apart for us anyway, and we do not want to have a potentially
3742 # function-converted external order_by
3743 # ( there is an explicit if ( collapse && _grouped_by_distinct ) check in DBIHacks )
3744 $attrs->{order_by} = $new_order unless $attrs->{collapse};
3748 # inject prefetch-bound selection (if any)
3749 push @{$attrs->{select}}, @prefetch_select;
3750 push @{$attrs->{as}}, @prefetch_as;
3752 # whether we can get away with the dumbest (possibly DBI-internal) collapser
3753 if ( List::Util::first { $_ =~ /\./ } @{$attrs->{as}} ) {
3754 $attrs->{_related_results_construction} = 1;
3757 # if both page and offset are specified, produce a combined offset
3758 # even though it doesn't make much sense, this is what pre 081xx has
3760 if (my $page = delete $attrs->{page}) {
3762 ($attrs->{rows} * ($page - 1))
3764 ($attrs->{offset} || 0)
3768 return $self->{_attrs} = $attrs;
3772 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
3774 if (ref $attr eq 'HASH') {
3775 return $self->_rollout_hash($attr);
3776 } elsif (ref $attr eq 'ARRAY') {
3777 return $self->_rollout_array($attr);
3783 sub _rollout_array {
3784 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
3787 foreach my $element (@{$attr}) {
3788 if (ref $element eq 'HASH') {
3789 push( @rolled_array, @{ $self->_rollout_hash( $element ) } );
3790 } elsif (ref $element eq 'ARRAY') {
3791 # XXX - should probably recurse here
3792 push( @rolled_array, @{$self->_rollout_array($element)} );
3794 push( @rolled_array, $element );
3797 return \@rolled_array;
3801 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
3804 foreach my $key (keys %{$attr}) {
3805 push( @rolled_array, { $key => $attr->{$key} } );
3807 return \@rolled_array;
3810 sub _calculate_score {
3811 my ($self, $a, $b) = @_;
3813 if (defined $a xor defined $b) {
3816 elsif (not defined $a) {
3820 if (ref $b eq 'HASH') {
3821 my ($b_key) = keys %{$b};
3822 if (ref $a eq 'HASH') {
3823 my ($a_key) = keys %{$a};
3824 if ($a_key eq $b_key) {
3825 return (1 + $self->_calculate_score( $a->{$a_key}, $b->{$b_key} ));
3830 return ($a eq $b_key) ? 1 : 0;
3833 if (ref $a eq 'HASH') {
3834 my ($a_key) = keys %{$a};
3835 return ($b eq $a_key) ? 1 : 0;
3837 return ($b eq $a) ? 1 : 0;
3842 sub _merge_joinpref_attr {
3843 my ($self, $orig, $import) = @_;
3845 return $import unless defined($orig);
3846 return $orig unless defined($import);
3848 $orig = $self->_rollout_attr($orig);
3849 $import = $self->_rollout_attr($import);
3852 foreach my $import_element ( @{$import} ) {
3853 # find best candidate from $orig to merge $b_element into
3854 my $best_candidate = { position => undef, score => 0 }; my $position = 0;
3855 foreach my $orig_element ( @{$orig} ) {
3856 my $score = $self->_calculate_score( $orig_element, $import_element );
3857 if ($score > $best_candidate->{score}) {
3858 $best_candidate->{position} = $position;
3859 $best_candidate->{score} = $score;
3863 my ($import_key) = ( ref $import_element eq 'HASH' ) ? keys %{$import_element} : ($import_element);
3864 $import_key = '' if not defined $import_key;
3866 if ($best_candidate->{score} == 0 || exists $seen_keys->{$import_key}) {
3867 push( @{$orig}, $import_element );
3869 my $orig_best = $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}];
3870 # merge orig_best and b_element together and replace original with merged
3871 if (ref $orig_best ne 'HASH') {
3872 $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}] = $import_element;
3873 } elsif (ref $import_element eq 'HASH') {
3874 my ($key) = keys %{$orig_best};
3875 $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}] = { $key => $self->_merge_joinpref_attr($orig_best->{$key}, $import_element->{$key}) };
3878 $seen_keys->{$import_key} = 1; # don't merge the same key twice
3881 return @$orig ? $orig : ();
3889 require Hash::Merge;
3890 my $hm = Hash::Merge->new;
3892 $hm->specify_behavior({
3895 my ($defl, $defr) = map { defined $_ } (@_[0,1]);
3897 if ($defl xor $defr) {
3898 return [ $defl ? $_[0] : $_[1] ];
3903 elsif (__HM_DEDUP and $_[0] eq $_[1]) {
3907 return [$_[0], $_[1]];
3911 return $_[1] if !defined $_[0];
3912 return $_[1] if __HM_DEDUP and List::Util::first { $_ eq $_[0] } @{$_[1]};
3913 return [$_[0], @{$_[1]}]
3916 return [] if !defined $_[0] and !keys %{$_[1]};
3917 return [ $_[1] ] if !defined $_[0];
3918 return [ $_[0] ] if !keys %{$_[1]};
3919 return [$_[0], $_[1]]
3924 return $_[0] if !defined $_[1];
3925 return $_[0] if __HM_DEDUP and List::Util::first { $_ eq $_[1] } @{$_[0]};
3926 return [@{$_[0]}, $_[1]]
3929 my @ret = @{$_[0]} or return $_[1];
3930 return [ @ret, @{$_[1]} ] unless __HM_DEDUP;
3931 my %idx = map { $_ => 1 } @ret;
3932 push @ret, grep { ! defined $idx{$_} } (@{$_[1]});
3936 return [ $_[1] ] if ! @{$_[0]};
3937 return $_[0] if !keys %{$_[1]};
3938 return $_[0] if __HM_DEDUP and List::Util::first { $_ eq $_[1] } @{$_[0]};
3939 return [ @{$_[0]}, $_[1] ];
3944 return [] if !keys %{$_[0]} and !defined $_[1];
3945 return [ $_[0] ] if !defined $_[1];
3946 return [ $_[1] ] if !keys %{$_[0]};
3947 return [$_[0], $_[1]]
3950 return [] if !keys %{$_[0]} and !@{$_[1]};
3951 return [ $_[0] ] if !@{$_[1]};
3952 return $_[1] if !keys %{$_[0]};
3953 return $_[1] if __HM_DEDUP and List::Util::first { $_ eq $_[0] } @{$_[1]};
3954 return [ $_[0], @{$_[1]} ];
3957 return [] if !keys %{$_[0]} and !keys %{$_[1]};
3958 return [ $_[0] ] if !keys %{$_[1]};
3959 return [ $_[1] ] if !keys %{$_[0]};
3960 return [ $_[0] ] if $_[0] eq $_[1];
3961 return [ $_[0], $_[1] ];
3964 } => 'DBIC_RS_ATTR_MERGER');
3968 return $hm->merge ($_[1], $_[2]);
3972 sub STORABLE_freeze {
3973 my ($self, $cloning) = @_;
3974 my $to_serialize = { %$self };
3976 # A cursor in progress can't be serialized (and would make little sense anyway)
3977 # the parser can be regenerated (and can't be serialized)
3978 delete @{$to_serialize}{qw/cursor _row_parser _result_inflator/};
3980 # nor is it sensical to store a not-yet-fired-count pager
3981 if ($to_serialize->{pager} and ref $to_serialize->{pager}{total_entries} eq 'CODE') {
3982 delete $to_serialize->{pager};
3985 Storable::nfreeze($to_serialize);
3988 # need this hook for symmetry
3990 my ($self, $cloning, $serialized) = @_;
3992 %$self = %{ Storable::thaw($serialized) };
3998 =head2 throw_exception
4000 See L<DBIx::Class::Schema/throw_exception> for details.
4004 sub throw_exception {
4007 if (ref $self and my $rsrc = $self->result_source) {
4008 $rsrc->throw_exception(@_)
4011 DBIx::Class::Exception->throw(@_);
4019 # XXX: FIXME: Attributes docs need clearing up
4023 Attributes are used to refine a ResultSet in various ways when
4024 searching for data. They can be passed to any method which takes an
4025 C<\%attrs> argument. See L</search>, L</search_rs>, L</find>,
4028 Default attributes can be set on the result class using
4029 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/resultset_attributes>. (Please read
4030 the CAVEATS on that feature before using it!)
4032 These are in no particular order:
4038 =item Value: ( $order_by | \@order_by | \%order_by )
4042 Which column(s) to order the results by.
4044 [The full list of suitable values is documented in
4045 L<SQL::Abstract/"ORDER BY CLAUSES">; the following is a summary of
4048 If a single column name, or an arrayref of names is supplied, the
4049 argument is passed through directly to SQL. The hashref syntax allows
4050 for connection-agnostic specification of ordering direction:
4052 For descending order:
4054 order_by => { -desc => [qw/col1 col2 col3/] }
4056 For explicit ascending order:
4058 order_by => { -asc => 'col' }
4060 The old scalarref syntax (i.e. order_by => \'year DESC') is still
4061 supported, although you are strongly encouraged to use the hashref
4062 syntax as outlined above.
4068 =item Value: \@columns | \%columns | $column
4072 Shortcut to request a particular set of columns to be retrieved. Each
4073 column spec may be a string (a table column name), or a hash (in which
4074 case the key is the C<as> value, and the value is used as the C<select>
4075 expression). Adds the L</current_source_alias> onto the start of any column without a C<.> in
4076 it and sets C<select> from that, then auto-populates C<as> from
4077 C<select> as normal. (You may also use the C<cols> attribute, as in
4078 earlier versions of DBIC, but this is deprecated)
4080 Essentially C<columns> does the same as L</select> and L</as>.
4082 columns => [ 'some_column', { dbic_slot => 'another_column' } ]
4086 select => [qw(some_column another_column)],
4087 as => [qw(some_column dbic_slot)]
4089 If you want to individually retrieve related columns (in essence perform
4090 manual prefetch) you have to make sure to specify the correct inflation slot
4091 chain such that it matches existing relationships:
4093 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({}, {
4094 # required to tell DBIC to collapse has_many relationships
4096 join => { cds => 'tracks'},
4098 'cds.cdid' => 'cds.cdid',
4099 'cds.tracks.title' => 'tracks.title',
4105 B<NOTE:> You B<MUST> explicitly quote C<'+columns'> when using this attribute.
4106 Not doing so causes Perl to incorrectly interpret C<+columns> as a bareword
4107 with a unary plus operator before it, which is the same as simply C<columns>.
4111 =item Value: \@extra_columns
4115 Indicates additional columns to be selected from storage. Works the same as
4116 L</columns> but adds columns to the current selection. (You may also use the
4117 C<include_columns> attribute, as in earlier versions of DBIC, but this is
4120 $schema->resultset('CD')->search(undef, {
4121 '+columns' => ['artist.name'],
4125 would return all CDs and include a 'name' column to the information
4126 passed to object inflation. Note that the 'artist' is the name of the
4127 column (or relationship) accessor, and 'name' is the name of the column
4128 accessor in the related table.
4134 =item Value: \@select_columns
4138 Indicates which columns should be selected from the storage. You can use
4139 column names, or in the case of RDBMS back ends, function or stored procedure
4142 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
4145 { count => 'employeeid' },
4146 { max => { length => 'name' }, -as => 'longest_name' }
4151 SELECT name, COUNT( employeeid ), MAX( LENGTH( name ) ) AS longest_name FROM employee
4153 B<NOTE:> You will almost always need a corresponding L</as> attribute when you
4154 use L</select>, to instruct DBIx::Class how to store the result of the column.
4155 Also note that the L</as> attribute has nothing to do with the SQL-side 'AS'
4156 identifier aliasing. You can however alias a function, so you can use it in
4157 e.g. an C<ORDER BY> clause. This is done via the C<-as> B<select function
4158 attribute> supplied as shown in the example above.
4162 B<NOTE:> You B<MUST> explicitly quote C<'+select'> when using this attribute.
4163 Not doing so causes Perl to incorrectly interpret C<+select> as a bareword
4164 with a unary plus operator before it, which is the same as simply C<select>.
4168 =item Value: \@extra_select_columns
4172 Indicates additional columns to be selected from storage. Works the same as
4173 L</select> but adds columns to the current selection, instead of specifying
4174 a new explicit list.
4180 =item Value: \@inflation_names
4184 Indicates DBIC-side names for object inflation. That is L</as> indicates the
4185 slot name in which the column value will be stored within the
4186 L<Row|DBIx::Class::Row> object. The value will then be accessible via this
4187 identifier by the C<get_column> method (or via the object accessor B<if one
4188 with the same name already exists>) as shown below. The L</as> attribute has
4189 B<nothing to do> with the SQL-side C<AS>. See L</select> for details.
4191 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
4194 { count => 'employeeid' },
4195 { max => { length => 'name' }, -as => 'longest_name' }
4204 If the object against which the search is performed already has an accessor
4205 matching a column name specified in C<as>, the value can be retrieved using
4206 the accessor as normal:
4208 my $name = $employee->name();
4210 If on the other hand an accessor does not exist in the object, you need to
4211 use C<get_column> instead:
4213 my $employee_count = $employee->get_column('employee_count');
4215 You can create your own accessors if required - see
4216 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook> for details.
4220 B<NOTE:> You B<MUST> explicitly quote C<'+as'> when using this attribute.
4221 Not doing so causes Perl to incorrectly interpret C<+as> as a bareword
4222 with a unary plus operator before it, which is the same as simply C<as>.
4226 =item Value: \@extra_inflation_names
4230 Indicates additional inflation names for selectors added via L</+select>. See L</as>.
4236 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
4240 Contains a list of relationships that should be joined for this query. For
4243 # Get CDs by Nine Inch Nails
4244 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
4245 { 'artist.name' => 'Nine Inch Nails' },
4246 { join => 'artist' }
4249 Can also contain a hash reference to refer to the other relation's relations.
4252 package MyApp::Schema::Track;
4253 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
4254 __PACKAGE__->table('track');
4255 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/trackid cd position title/);
4256 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('trackid');
4257 __PACKAGE__->belongs_to(cd => 'MyApp::Schema::CD');
4260 # In your application
4261 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
4262 { 'track.title' => 'Teardrop' },
4264 join => { cd => 'track' },
4265 order_by => 'artist.name',
4269 You need to use the relationship (not the table) name in conditions,
4270 because they are aliased as such. The current table is aliased as "me", so
4271 you need to use me.column_name in order to avoid ambiguity. For example:
4273 # Get CDs from 1984 with a 'Foo' track
4274 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
4277 'tracks.name' => 'Foo'
4279 { join => 'tracks' }
4282 If the same join is supplied twice, it will be aliased to <rel>_2 (and
4283 similarly for a third time). For e.g.
4285 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({
4286 'cds.title' => 'Down to Earth',
4287 'cds_2.title' => 'Popular',
4289 join => [ qw/cds cds/ ],
4292 will return a set of all artists that have both a cd with title 'Down
4293 to Earth' and a cd with title 'Popular'.
4295 If you want to fetch related objects from other tables as well, see L</prefetch>
4298 NOTE: An internal join-chain pruner will discard certain joins while
4299 constructing the actual SQL query, as long as the joins in question do not
4300 affect the retrieved result. This for example includes 1:1 left joins
4301 that are not part of the restriction specification (WHERE/HAVING) nor are
4302 a part of the query selection.
4304 For more help on using joins with search, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Joining>.
4310 =item Value: (0 | 1)
4314 When set to a true value, indicates that any rows fetched from joined has_many
4315 relationships are to be aggregated into the corresponding "parent" object. For
4316 example, the resultset:
4318 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({}, {
4319 '+columns' => [ qw/ tracks.title tracks.position / ],
4324 While executing the following query:
4326 SELECT me.*, tracks.title, tracks.position
4328 LEFT JOIN track tracks
4329 ON tracks.cdid = me.cdid
4331 Will return only as many objects as there are rows in the CD source, even
4332 though the result of the query may span many rows. Each of these CD objects
4333 will in turn have multiple "Track" objects hidden behind the has_many
4334 generated accessor C<tracks>. Without C<< collapse => 1 >>, the return values
4335 of this resultset would be as many CD objects as there are tracks (a "Cartesian
4336 product"), with each CD object containing exactly one of all fetched Track data.
4338 When a collapse is requested on a non-ordered resultset, an order by some
4339 unique part of the main source (the left-most table) is inserted automatically.
4340 This is done so that the resultset is allowed to be "lazy" - calling
4341 L<< $rs->next|/next >> will fetch only as many rows as it needs to build the next
4342 object with all of its related data.
4344 If an L</order_by> is already declared, and orders the resultset in a way that
4345 makes collapsing as described above impossible (e.g. C<< ORDER BY
4346 has_many_rel.column >> or C<ORDER BY RANDOM()>), DBIC will automatically
4347 switch to "eager" mode and slurp the entire resultset before constructing the
4348 first object returned by L</next>.
4350 Setting this attribute on a resultset that does not join any has_many
4351 relations is a no-op.
4353 For a more in-depth discussion, see L</PREFETCHING>.
4359 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
4363 This attribute is a shorthand for specifying a L</join> spec, adding all
4364 columns from the joined related sources as L</+columns> and setting
4365 L</collapse> to a true value. For example, the following two queries are
4368 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({}, {
4369 prefetch => { cds => ['genre', 'tracks' ] },
4374 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({}, {
4375 join => { cds => ['genre', 'tracks' ] },
4379 { +{ "cds.$_" => "cds.$_" } }
4380 $schema->source('Artist')->related_source('cds')->columns
4383 { +{ "cds.genre.$_" => "genre.$_" } }
4384 $schema->source('Artist')->related_source('cds')->related_source('genre')->columns
4387 { +{ "cds.tracks.$_" => "tracks.$_" } }
4388 $schema->source('Artist')->related_source('cds')->related_source('tracks')->columns
4393 Both producing the following SQL:
4395 SELECT me.artistid, me.name, me.rank, me.charfield,
4396 cds.cdid, cds.artist, cds.title, cds.year, cds.genreid, cds.single_track,
4397 genre.genreid, genre.name,
4398 tracks.trackid, tracks.cd, tracks.position, tracks.title, tracks.last_updated_on, tracks.last_updated_at
4401 ON cds.artist = me.artistid
4402 LEFT JOIN genre genre
4403 ON genre.genreid = cds.genreid
4404 LEFT JOIN track tracks
4405 ON tracks.cd = cds.cdid
4406 ORDER BY me.artistid
4408 While L</prefetch> implies a L</join>, it is ok to mix the two together, as
4409 the arguments are properly merged and generally do the right thing. For
4410 example, you may want to do the following:
4412 my $artists_and_cds_without_genre = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
4413 { 'genre.genreid' => undef },
4415 join => { cds => 'genre' },
4420 Which generates the following SQL:
4422 SELECT me.artistid, me.name, me.rank, me.charfield,
4423 cds.cdid, cds.artist, cds.title, cds.year, cds.genreid, cds.single_track
4426 ON cds.artist = me.artistid
4427 LEFT JOIN genre genre
4428 ON genre.genreid = cds.genreid
4429 WHERE genre.genreid IS NULL
4430 ORDER BY me.artistid
4432 For a more in-depth discussion, see L</PREFETCHING>.
4438 =item Value: $source_alias
4442 Sets the source alias for the query. Normally, this defaults to C<me>, but
4443 nested search queries (sub-SELECTs) might need specific aliases set to
4444 reference inner queries. For example:
4447 ->related_resultset('CDs')
4448 ->related_resultset('Tracks')
4450 'track.id' => { -ident => 'none_search.id' },
4454 my $ids = $self->search({
4457 alias => 'none_search',
4458 group_by => 'none_search.id',
4459 })->get_column('id')->as_query;
4461 $self->search({ id => { -in => $ids } })
4463 This attribute is directly tied to L</current_source_alias>.
4473 Makes the resultset paged and specifies the page to retrieve. Effectively
4474 identical to creating a non-pages resultset and then calling ->page($page)
4477 If L</rows> attribute is not specified it defaults to 10 rows per page.
4479 When you have a paged resultset, L</count> will only return the number
4480 of rows in the page. To get the total, use the L</pager> and call
4481 C<total_entries> on it.
4491 Specifies the maximum number of rows for direct retrieval or the number of
4492 rows per page if the page attribute or method is used.
4498 =item Value: $offset
4502 Specifies the (zero-based) row number for the first row to be returned, or the
4503 of the first row of the first page if paging is used.
4505 =head2 software_limit
4509 =item Value: (0 | 1)
4513 When combined with L</rows> and/or L</offset> the generated SQL will not
4514 include any limit dialect stanzas. Instead the entire result will be selected
4515 as if no limits were specified, and DBIC will perform the limit locally, by
4516 artificially advancing and finishing the resulting L</cursor>.
4518 This is the recommended way of performing resultset limiting when no sane RDBMS
4519 implementation is available (e.g.
4520 L<Sybase ASE|DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI::Sybase::ASE> using the
4521 L<Generic Sub Query|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker::LimitDialects/GenericSubQ> hack)
4527 =item Value: \@columns
4531 A arrayref of columns to group by. Can include columns of joined tables.
4533 group_by => [qw/ column1 column2 ... /]
4539 =item Value: $condition
4543 HAVING is a select statement attribute that is applied between GROUP BY and
4544 ORDER BY. It is applied to the after the grouping calculations have been
4547 having => { 'count_employee' => { '>=', 100 } }
4549 or with an in-place function in which case literal SQL is required:
4551 having => \[ 'count(employee) >= ?', [ count => 100 ] ]
4557 =item Value: (0 | 1)
4561 Set to 1 to automatically generate a L</group_by> clause based on the selection
4562 (including intelligent handling of L</order_by> contents). Note that the group
4563 criteria calculation takes place over the B<final> selection. This includes
4564 any L</+columns>, L</+select> or L</order_by> additions in subsequent
4565 L</search> calls, and standalone columns selected via
4566 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn> (L</get_column>). A notable exception are the
4567 extra selections specified via L</prefetch> - such selections are explicitly
4568 excluded from group criteria calculations.
4570 If the final ResultSet also explicitly defines a L</group_by> attribute, this
4571 setting is ignored and an appropriate warning is issued.
4577 Adds to the WHERE clause.
4579 # only return rows WHERE deleted IS NULL for all searches
4580 __PACKAGE__->resultset_attributes({ where => { deleted => undef } });
4582 Can be overridden by passing C<< { where => undef } >> as an attribute
4585 For more complicated where clauses see L<SQL::Abstract/WHERE CLAUSES>.
4591 Set to 1 to cache search results. This prevents extra SQL queries if you
4592 revisit rows in your ResultSet:
4594 my $resultset = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search( undef, { cache => 1 } );
4596 while( my $artist = $resultset->next ) {
4600 $rs->first; # without cache, this would issue a query
4602 By default, searches are not cached.
4604 For more examples of using these attributes, see
4605 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
4611 =item Value: ( 'update' | 'shared' | \$scalar )
4615 Set to 'update' for a SELECT ... FOR UPDATE or 'shared' for a SELECT
4616 ... FOR SHARED. If \$scalar is passed, this is taken directly and embedded in the
4621 DBIx::Class supports arbitrary related data prefetching from multiple related
4622 sources. Any combination of relationship types and column sets are supported.
4623 If L<collapsing|/collapse> is requested, there is an additional requirement of
4624 selecting enough data to make every individual object uniquely identifiable.
4626 Here are some more involved examples, based on the following relationship map:
4629 My::Schema::CD->belongs_to( artist => 'My::Schema::Artist' );
4630 My::Schema::CD->might_have( liner_note => 'My::Schema::LinerNotes' );
4631 My::Schema::CD->has_many( tracks => 'My::Schema::Track' );
4633 My::Schema::Artist->belongs_to( record_label => 'My::Schema::RecordLabel' );
4635 My::Schema::Track->has_many( guests => 'My::Schema::Guest' );
4639 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Tag')->search(
4648 The initial search results in SQL like the following:
4650 SELECT tag.*, cd.*, artist.* FROM tag
4651 JOIN cd ON tag.cd = cd.cdid
4652 JOIN artist ON cd.artist = artist.artistid
4654 L<DBIx::Class> has no need to go back to the database when we access the
4655 C<cd> or C<artist> relationships, which saves us two SQL statements in this
4658 Simple prefetches will be joined automatically, so there is no need
4659 for a C<join> attribute in the above search.
4661 The L</prefetch> attribute can be used with any of the relationship types
4662 and multiple prefetches can be specified together. Below is a more complex
4663 example that prefetches a CD's artist, its liner notes (if present),
4664 the cover image, the tracks on that CD, and the guests on those
4667 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
4671 { artist => 'record_label'}, # belongs_to => belongs_to
4672 'liner_note', # might_have
4673 'cover_image', # has_one
4674 { tracks => 'guests' }, # has_many => has_many
4679 This will produce SQL like the following:
4681 SELECT cd.*, artist.*, record_label.*, liner_note.*, cover_image.*,
4685 ON artist.artistid = me.artistid
4686 JOIN record_label record_label
4687 ON record_label.labelid = artist.labelid
4688 LEFT JOIN track tracks
4689 ON tracks.cdid = me.cdid
4690 LEFT JOIN guest guests
4691 ON guests.trackid = track.trackid
4692 LEFT JOIN liner_notes liner_note
4693 ON liner_note.cdid = me.cdid
4694 JOIN cd_artwork cover_image
4695 ON cover_image.cdid = me.cdid
4698 Now the C<artist>, C<record_label>, C<liner_note>, C<cover_image>,
4699 C<tracks>, and C<guests> of the CD will all be available through the
4700 relationship accessors without the need for additional queries to the
4705 Prefetch does a lot of deep magic. As such, it may not behave exactly
4706 as you might expect.
4712 Prefetch uses the L</cache> to populate the prefetched relationships. This
4713 may or may not be what you want.
4717 If you specify a condition on a prefetched relationship, ONLY those
4718 rows that match the prefetched condition will be fetched into that relationship.
4719 This means that adding prefetch to a search() B<may alter> what is returned by
4720 traversing a relationship. So, if you have C<< Artist->has_many(CDs) >> and you do
4722 my $artist_rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({
4728 my $count = $artist_rs->first->cds->count;
4730 my $artist_rs_prefetch = $artist_rs->search( {}, { prefetch => 'cds' } );
4732 my $prefetch_count = $artist_rs_prefetch->first->cds->count;
4734 cmp_ok( $count, '==', $prefetch_count, "Counts should be the same" );
4736 That cmp_ok() may or may not pass depending on the datasets involved. In other
4737 words the C<WHERE> condition would apply to the entire dataset, just like
4738 it would in regular SQL. If you want to add a condition only to the "right side"
4739 of a C<LEFT JOIN> - consider declaring and using a L<relationship with a custom
4740 condition|DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base/condition>
4744 =head1 DBIC BIND VALUES
4746 Because DBIC may need more information to bind values than just the column name
4747 and value itself, it uses a special format for both passing and receiving bind
4748 values. Each bind value should be composed of an arrayref of
4749 C<< [ \%args => $val ] >>. The format of C<< \%args >> is currently:
4755 If present (in any form), this is what is being passed directly to bind_param.
4756 Note that different DBD's expect different bind args. (e.g. DBD::SQLite takes
4757 a single numerical type, while DBD::Pg takes a hashref if bind options.)
4759 If this is specified, all other bind options described below are ignored.
4763 If present, this is used to infer the actual bind attribute by passing to
4764 C<< $resolved_storage->bind_attribute_by_data_type() >>. Defaults to the
4765 "data_type" from the L<add_columns column info|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_columns>.
4767 Note that the data type is somewhat freeform (hence the sqlt_ prefix);
4768 currently drivers are expected to "Do the Right Thing" when given a common
4769 datatype name. (Not ideal, but that's what we got at this point.)
4773 Currently used to correctly allocate buffers for bind_param_inout().
4774 Defaults to "size" from the L<add_columns column info|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_columns>,
4775 or to a sensible value based on the "data_type".
4779 Used to fill in missing sqlt_datatype and sqlt_size attributes (if they are
4780 explicitly specified they are never overridden). Also used by some weird DBDs,
4781 where the column name should be available at bind_param time (e.g. Oracle).
4785 For backwards compatibility and convenience, the following shortcuts are
4788 [ $name => $val ] === [ { dbic_colname => $name }, $val ]
4789 [ \$dt => $val ] === [ { sqlt_datatype => $dt }, $val ]
4790 [ undef, $val ] === [ {}, $val ]
4791 $val === [ {}, $val ]
4793 =head1 AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS
4795 See L<AUTHOR|DBIx::Class/AUTHOR> and L<CONTRIBUTORS|DBIx::Class/CONTRIBUTORS> in DBIx::Class
4799 You may distribute this code under the same terms as Perl itself.