1 package DBIx::Class::ResultSet;
11 use Scalar::Util qw/weaken/;
13 use DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn;
14 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
15 __PACKAGE__->load_components(qw/AccessorGroup/);
16 __PACKAGE__->mk_group_accessors('simple' => qw/result_source result_class/);
20 DBIx::Class::ResultSet - Responsible for fetching and creating resultset.
24 my $rs = $schema->resultset('User')->search(registered => 1);
25 my @rows = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(year => 2005);
29 The resultset is also known as an iterator. It is responsible for handling
30 queries that may return an arbitrary number of rows, e.g. via L</search>
31 or a C<has_many> relationship.
33 In the examples below, the following table classes are used:
35 package MyApp::Schema::Artist;
36 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
37 __PACKAGE__->load_components(qw/Core/);
38 __PACKAGE__->table('artist');
39 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/artistid name/);
40 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('artistid');
41 __PACKAGE__->has_many(cds => 'MyApp::Schema::CD');
44 package MyApp::Schema::CD;
45 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
46 __PACKAGE__->load_components(qw/Core/);
47 __PACKAGE__->table('cd');
48 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/cdid artist title year/);
49 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('cdid');
50 __PACKAGE__->belongs_to(artist => 'MyApp::Schema::Artist');
59 =item Arguments: $source, \%$attrs
61 =item Return Value: $rs
65 The resultset constructor. Takes a source object (usually a
66 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSourceProxy::Table>) and an attribute hash (see
67 L</ATTRIBUTES> below). Does not perform any queries -- these are
68 executed as needed by the other methods.
70 Generally you won't need to construct a resultset manually. You'll
71 automatically get one from e.g. a L</search> called in scalar context:
73 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({ title => '100th Window' });
75 IMPORTANT: If called on an object, proxies to new_result instead so
77 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->new({ title => 'Spoon' });
79 will return a CD object, not a ResultSet.
85 return $class->new_result(@_) if ref $class;
87 my ($source, $attrs) = @_;
89 $attrs = Storable::dclone($attrs || {}); # { %{ $attrs || {} } };
90 #use Data::Dumper; warn Dumper($attrs);
91 my $alias = ($attrs->{alias} ||= 'me');
93 $attrs->{columns} ||= delete $attrs->{cols} if $attrs->{cols};
94 delete $attrs->{as} if $attrs->{columns};
95 $attrs->{columns} ||= [ $source->columns ] unless $attrs->{select};
97 map { m/\./ ? $_ : "${alias}.$_" } @{delete $attrs->{columns}}
98 ] if $attrs->{columns};
100 map { m/^\Q$alias.\E(.+)$/ ? $1 : $_ } @{$attrs->{select}}
102 if (my $include = delete $attrs->{include_columns}) {
103 push(@{$attrs->{select}}, @$include);
104 push(@{$attrs->{as}}, map { m/([^.]+)$/; $1; } @$include);
106 #use Data::Dumper; warn Dumper(@{$attrs}{qw/select as/});
108 $attrs->{from} ||= [ { $alias => $source->from } ];
109 $attrs->{seen_join} ||= {};
111 if (my $join = delete $attrs->{join}) {
112 foreach my $j (ref $join eq 'ARRAY' ? @$join : ($join)) {
113 if (ref $j eq 'HASH') {
114 $seen{$_} = 1 foreach keys %$j;
119 push(@{$attrs->{from}}, $source->resolve_join(
120 $join, $attrs->{alias}, $attrs->{seen_join})
124 $attrs->{group_by} ||= $attrs->{select} if delete $attrs->{distinct};
125 $attrs->{order_by} = [ $attrs->{order_by} ] if
126 $attrs->{order_by} and !ref($attrs->{order_by});
127 $attrs->{order_by} ||= [];
129 my $collapse = $attrs->{collapse} || {};
130 if (my $prefetch = delete $attrs->{prefetch}) {
132 foreach my $p (ref $prefetch eq 'ARRAY' ? @$prefetch : ($prefetch)) {
133 if ( ref $p eq 'HASH' ) {
134 foreach my $key (keys %$p) {
135 push(@{$attrs->{from}}, $source->resolve_join($p, $attrs->{alias}))
139 push(@{$attrs->{from}}, $source->resolve_join($p, $attrs->{alias}))
142 my @prefetch = $source->resolve_prefetch(
143 $p, $attrs->{alias}, {}, \@pre_order, $collapse);
144 push(@{$attrs->{select}}, map { $_->[0] } @prefetch);
145 push(@{$attrs->{as}}, map { $_->[1] } @prefetch);
147 push(@{$attrs->{order_by}}, @pre_order);
149 $attrs->{collapse} = $collapse;
150 # use Data::Dumper; warn Dumper($collapse) if keys %{$collapse};
152 if ($attrs->{page}) {
153 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
154 $attrs->{offset} ||= 0;
155 $attrs->{offset} += ($attrs->{rows} * ($attrs->{page} - 1));
159 result_source => $source,
160 result_class => $attrs->{result_class} || $source->result_class,
161 cond => $attrs->{where},
162 from => $attrs->{from},
163 collapse => $collapse,
165 page => delete $attrs->{page},
175 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
177 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
181 my @cds = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2001 }); # "... WHERE year = 2001"
182 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2005 });
184 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search([ { year => 2005 }, { year => 2004 } ]);
185 # year = 2005 OR year = 2004
187 If you need to pass in additional attributes but no additional condition,
188 call it as C<search(undef, \%attrs)>.
190 # "SELECT name, artistid FROM $artist_table"
191 my @all_artists = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(undef, {
192 columns => [qw/name artistid/],
203 my $attrs = { %{$self->{attrs}} };
204 my $having = delete $attrs->{having};
205 $attrs = { %$attrs, %{ pop(@_) } } if @_ > 1 and ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH';
208 ? ((@_ == 1 || ref $_[0] eq "HASH")
211 ? $self->throw_exception(
212 "Odd number of arguments to search")
215 if (defined $where) {
216 $attrs->{where} = (defined $attrs->{where}
218 [ map { ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_ }
219 $where, $attrs->{where} ] }
223 if (defined $having) {
224 $attrs->{having} = (defined $attrs->{having}
226 [ map { ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_ }
227 $having, $attrs->{having} ] }
231 $rs = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $attrs);
237 return (wantarray ? $rs->all : $rs);
240 =head2 search_literal
244 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @bind_values
246 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
250 my @cds = $cd_rs->search_literal('year = ? AND title = ?', qw/2001 Reload/);
251 my $newrs = $artist_rs->search_literal('name = ?', 'Metallica');
253 Pass a literal chunk of SQL to be added to the conditional part of the
259 my ($self, $cond, @vals) = @_;
260 my $attrs = (ref $vals[$#vals] eq 'HASH' ? { %{ pop(@vals) } } : {});
261 $attrs->{bind} = [ @{$self->{attrs}{bind}||[]}, @vals ];
262 return $self->search(\$cond, $attrs);
269 =item Arguments: @values | \%cols, \%attrs?
271 =item Return Value: $row_object
275 Finds a row based on its primary key or unique constraint. For example:
277 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(5);
279 Also takes an optional C<key> attribute, to search by a specific key or unique
280 constraint. For example:
282 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(
284 artist => 'Massive Attack',
285 title => 'Mezzanine',
287 { key => 'artist_title' }
290 See also L</find_or_create> and L</update_or_create>.
295 my ($self, @vals) = @_;
296 my $attrs = (@vals > 1 && ref $vals[$#vals] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@vals) : {});
298 my %unique_constraints = $self->result_source->unique_constraints;
299 $self->throw_exception(
300 "Can't find unless a primary key or unique constraint is defined"
301 ) unless %unique_constraints;
303 my @constraint_names = keys %unique_constraints;
304 if (exists $attrs->{key}) {
305 $self->throw_exception(
306 "Unknown key $attrs->{key} on '" . $self->result_source->name . "'"
307 ) unless exists $unique_constraints{$attrs->{key}};
309 @constraint_names = ($attrs->{key});
313 foreach my $name (@constraint_names) {
314 my @unique_cols = @{ $unique_constraints{$name} };
316 if (ref $vals[0] eq 'HASH') {
318 map { $_ => $vals[0]->{$_} }
319 grep { exists $vals[0]->{$_} }
322 elsif (@unique_cols == @vals) {
323 # Assume the argument order corresponds to the constraint definition
324 @unique_hash{@unique_cols} = @vals;
326 elsif (@vals % 2 == 0) {
327 # Fix for CDBI calling with a hash
328 %unique_hash = @vals;
331 foreach my $key (grep { ! m/\./ } keys %unique_hash) {
332 $unique_hash{"$self->{attrs}{alias}.$key"} = delete $unique_hash{$key};
335 #use Data::Dumper; warn Dumper \@vals, \@unique_cols, \%unique_hash;
336 push @unique_hashes, \%unique_hash if %unique_hash;
339 # Handle cases where the ResultSet already defines the query
340 my $query = @unique_hashes ? \@unique_hashes : undef;
343 my $rs = $self->search($query, $attrs);
344 return keys %{$rs->{collapse}} ? $rs->next : $rs->single;
347 return keys %{$self->{collapse}}
348 ? $self->search($query)->next
349 : $self->single($query);
353 =head2 search_related
357 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
359 =item Return Value: $new_resultset
363 $new_rs = $cd_rs->search_related('artist', {
367 Searches the specified relationship, optionally specifying a condition and
368 attributes for matching records. See L</ATTRIBUTES> for more information.
373 return shift->related_resultset(shift)->search(@_);
380 =item Arguments: none
382 =item Return Value: $cursor
386 Returns a storage-driven cursor to the given resultset. See
387 L<DBIx::Class::Cursor> for more information.
393 my $attrs = { %{$self->{attrs}} };
394 return $self->{cursor}
395 ||= $self->result_source->storage->select($self->{from}, $attrs->{select},
396 $attrs->{where},$attrs);
403 =item Arguments: $cond?
405 =item Return Value: $row_object?
409 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->single({ year => 2001 });
411 Inflates the first result without creating a cursor if the resultset has
412 any records in it; if not returns nothing. Used by find() as an optimisation.
417 my ($self, $where) = @_;
418 my $attrs = { %{$self->{attrs}} };
420 if (defined $attrs->{where}) {
423 [ map { ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_ }
424 $where, delete $attrs->{where} ]
427 $attrs->{where} = $where;
430 my @data = $self->result_source->storage->select_single(
431 $self->{from}, $attrs->{select},
432 $attrs->{where},$attrs);
433 return (@data ? $self->_construct_object(@data) : ());
440 =item Arguments: $cond?
442 =item Return Value: $resultsetcolumn
446 my $max_length = $rs->get_column('length')->max;
448 Returns a ResultSetColumn instance for $column based on $self
453 my ($self, $column) = @_;
455 my $new = DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn->new($self, $column);
463 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
465 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
469 # WHERE title LIKE '%blue%'
470 $cd_rs = $rs->search_like({ title => '%blue%'});
472 Performs a search, but uses C<LIKE> instead of C<=> as the condition. Note
473 that this is simply a convenience method. You most likely want to use
474 L</search> with specific operators.
476 For more information, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
482 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
483 my $query = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? { %{shift()} }: {@_};
484 $query->{$_} = { 'like' => $query->{$_} } for keys %$query;
485 return $class->search($query, { %$attrs });
492 =item Arguments: $first, $last
494 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
498 Returns a resultset or object list representing a subset of elements from the
499 resultset slice is called on. Indexes are from 0, i.e., to get the first
502 my ($one, $two, $three) = $rs->slice(0, 2);
507 my ($self, $min, $max) = @_;
508 my $attrs = {}; # = { %{ $self->{attrs} || {} } };
509 $attrs->{offset} = $self->{attrs}{offset} || 0;
510 $attrs->{offset} += $min;
511 $attrs->{rows} = ($max ? ($max - $min + 1) : 1);
512 return $self->search(undef(), $attrs);
513 #my $slice = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $attrs);
514 #return (wantarray ? $slice->all : $slice);
521 =item Arguments: none
523 =item Return Value: $result?
527 Returns the next element in the resultset (C<undef> is there is none).
529 Can be used to efficiently iterate over records in the resultset:
531 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search;
532 while (my $cd = $rs->next) {
536 Note that you need to store the resultset object, and call C<next> on it.
537 Calling C<< resultset('Table')->next >> repeatedly will always return the
538 first record from the resultset.
544 if (@{$self->{all_cache} || []}) {
545 $self->{all_cache_position} ||= 0;
546 return $self->{all_cache}->[$self->{all_cache_position}++];
548 if ($self->{attrs}{cache}) {
549 $self->{all_cache_position} = 1;
550 return ($self->all)[0];
552 my @row = (exists $self->{stashed_row} ?
553 @{delete $self->{stashed_row}} :
556 # warn Dumper(\@row); use Data::Dumper;
557 return unless (@row);
558 return $self->_construct_object(@row);
561 sub _construct_object {
562 my ($self, @row) = @_;
563 my @as = @{ $self->{attrs}{as} };
565 my $info = $self->_collapse_result(\@as, \@row);
567 my $new = $self->result_class->inflate_result($self->result_source, @$info);
569 $new = $self->{attrs}{record_filter}->($new)
570 if exists $self->{attrs}{record_filter};
574 sub _collapse_result {
575 my ($self, $as, $row, $prefix) = @_;
580 foreach my $this_as (@$as) {
581 my $val = shift @copy;
582 if (defined $prefix) {
583 if ($this_as =~ m/^\Q${prefix}.\E(.+)$/) {
585 $remain =~ /^(?:(.*)\.)?([^.]+)$/;
586 $const{$1||''}{$2} = $val;
589 $this_as =~ /^(?:(.*)\.)?([^.]+)$/;
590 $const{$1||''}{$2} = $val;
594 my $info = [ {}, {} ];
595 foreach my $key (keys %const) {
598 my @parts = split(/\./, $key);
599 foreach my $p (@parts) {
600 $target = $target->[1]->{$p} ||= [];
602 $target->[0] = $const{$key};
604 $info->[0] = $const{$key};
609 if (defined $prefix) {
611 m/^\Q${prefix}.\E(.+)$/ ? ($1) : ()
612 } keys %{$self->{collapse}}
614 @collapse = keys %{$self->{collapse}};
618 my ($c) = sort { length $a <=> length $b } @collapse;
620 foreach my $p (split(/\./, $c)) {
621 $target = $target->[1]->{$p} ||= [];
623 my $c_prefix = (defined($prefix) ? "${prefix}.${c}" : $c);
624 my @co_key = @{$self->{collapse}{$c_prefix}};
625 my %co_check = map { ($_, $target->[0]->{$_}); } @co_key;
626 my $tree = $self->_collapse_result($as, $row, $c_prefix);
629 !defined($tree->[0]->{$_}) ||
630 $co_check{$_} ne $tree->[0]->{$_}
633 last unless (@raw = $self->cursor->next);
634 $row = $self->{stashed_row} = \@raw;
635 $tree = $self->_collapse_result($as, $row, $c_prefix);
636 #warn Data::Dumper::Dumper($tree, $row);
648 =item Arguments: $result_source?
650 =item Return Value: $result_source
654 An accessor for the primary ResultSource object from which this ResultSet
664 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs??
666 =item Return Value: $count
670 Performs an SQL C<COUNT> with the same query as the resultset was built
671 with to find the number of elements. If passed arguments, does a search
672 on the resultset and counts the results of that.
674 Note: When using C<count> with C<group_by>, L<DBIX::Class> emulates C<GROUP BY>
675 using C<COUNT( DISTINCT( columns ) )>. Some databases (notably SQLite) do
676 not support C<DISTINCT> with multiple columns. If you are using such a
677 database, you should only use columns from the main table in your C<group_by>
684 return $self->search(@_)->count if @_ and defined $_[0];
685 return scalar @{ $self->get_cache } if @{ $self->get_cache };
687 my $count = $self->_count;
688 return 0 unless $count;
690 $count -= $self->{attrs}{offset} if $self->{attrs}{offset};
691 $count = $self->{attrs}{rows} if
692 $self->{attrs}{rows} and $self->{attrs}{rows} < $count;
696 sub _count { # Separated out so pager can get the full count
698 my $select = { count => '*' };
699 my $attrs = { %{ $self->{attrs} } };
700 if (my $group_by = delete $attrs->{group_by}) {
701 delete $attrs->{having};
702 my @distinct = (ref $group_by ? @$group_by : ($group_by));
703 # todo: try CONCAT for multi-column pk
704 my @pk = $self->result_source->primary_columns;
706 foreach my $column (@distinct) {
707 if ($column =~ qr/^(?:\Q$attrs->{alias}.\E)?$pk[0]$/) {
708 @distinct = ($column);
714 $select = { count => { distinct => \@distinct } };
715 #use Data::Dumper; die Dumper $select;
718 $attrs->{select} = $select;
719 $attrs->{as} = [qw/count/];
721 # offset, order by and page are not needed to count. record_filter is cdbi
722 delete $attrs->{$_} for qw/rows offset order_by page pager record_filter/;
724 my ($count) = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $attrs)->cursor->next;
732 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @bind_values
734 =item Return Value: $count
738 Counts the results in a literal query. Equivalent to calling L</search_literal>
739 with the passed arguments, then L</count>.
743 sub count_literal { shift->search_literal(@_)->count; }
749 =item Arguments: none
751 =item Return Value: @objects
755 Returns all elements in the resultset. Called implicitly if the resultset
756 is returned in list context.
762 return @{ $self->get_cache } if @{ $self->get_cache };
766 if (keys %{$self->{collapse}}) {
767 # Using $self->cursor->all is really just an optimisation.
768 # If we're collapsing has_many prefetches it probably makes
769 # very little difference, and this is cleaner than hacking
770 # _construct_object to survive the approach
771 $self->cursor->reset;
772 my @row = $self->cursor->next;
774 push(@obj, $self->_construct_object(@row));
775 @row = (exists $self->{stashed_row}
776 ? @{delete $self->{stashed_row}}
777 : $self->cursor->next);
780 @obj = map { $self->_construct_object(@$_) } $self->cursor->all;
783 $self->set_cache(\@obj) if $self->{attrs}{cache};
791 =item Arguments: none
793 =item Return Value: $self
797 Resets the resultset's cursor, so you can iterate through the elements again.
803 $self->{all_cache_position} = 0;
804 $self->cursor->reset;
812 =item Arguments: none
814 =item Return Value: $object?
818 Resets the resultset and returns an object for the first result (if the
819 resultset returns anything).
824 return $_[0]->reset->next;
827 # _cond_for_update_delete
829 # update/delete require the condition to be modified to handle
830 # the differing SQL syntax available. This transforms the $self->{cond}
831 # appropriately, returning the new condition.
833 sub _cond_for_update_delete {
837 if (!ref($self->{cond})) {
838 # No-op. No condition, we're updating/deleting everything
840 elsif (ref $self->{cond} eq 'ARRAY') {
844 foreach my $key (keys %{$_}) {
846 $hash{$1} = $_->{$key};
852 elsif (ref $self->{cond} eq 'HASH') {
853 if ((keys %{$self->{cond}})[0] eq '-and') {
856 my @cond = @{$self->{cond}{-and}};
857 for (my $i = 0; $i < @cond - 1; $i++) {
858 my $entry = $cond[$i];
861 if (ref $entry eq 'HASH') {
862 foreach my $key (keys %{$entry}) {
864 $hash{$1} = $entry->{$key};
868 $entry =~ /([^.]+)$/;
869 $hash{$entry} = $cond[++$i];
872 push @{$cond->{-and}}, \%hash;
876 foreach my $key (keys %{$self->{cond}}) {
878 $cond->{$1} = $self->{cond}{$key};
883 $self->throw_exception(
884 "Can't update/delete on resultset with condition unless hash or array"
896 =item Arguments: \%values
898 =item Return Value: $storage_rv
902 Sets the specified columns in the resultset to the supplied values in a
903 single query. Return value will be true if the update succeeded or false
904 if no records were updated; exact type of success value is storage-dependent.
909 my ($self, $values) = @_;
910 $self->throw_exception("Values for update must be a hash")
911 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
913 my $cond = $self->_cond_for_update_delete;
915 return $self->result_source->storage->update(
916 $self->result_source->from, $values, $cond
924 =item Arguments: \%values
926 =item Return Value: 1
930 Fetches all objects and updates them one at a time. Note that C<update_all>
931 will run DBIC cascade triggers, while L</update> will not.
936 my ($self, $values) = @_;
937 $self->throw_exception("Values for update must be a hash")
938 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
939 foreach my $obj ($self->all) {
940 $obj->set_columns($values)->update;
949 =item Arguments: none
951 =item Return Value: 1
955 Deletes the contents of the resultset from its result source. Note that this
956 will not run DBIC cascade triggers. See L</delete_all> if you need triggers
965 my $cond = $self->_cond_for_update_delete;
967 $self->result_source->storage->delete($self->result_source->from, $cond);
975 =item Arguments: none
977 =item Return Value: 1
981 Fetches all objects and deletes them one at a time. Note that C<delete_all>
982 will run DBIC cascade triggers, while L</delete> will not.
988 $_->delete for $self->all;
996 =item Arguments: none
998 =item Return Value: $pager
1002 Return Value a L<Data::Page> object for the current resultset. Only makes
1003 sense for queries with a C<page> attribute.
1009 my $attrs = $self->{attrs};
1010 $self->throw_exception("Can't create pager for non-paged rs")
1011 unless $self->{page};
1012 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
1013 return $self->{pager} ||= Data::Page->new(
1014 $self->_count, $attrs->{rows}, $self->{page});
1021 =item Arguments: $page_number
1023 =item Return Value: $rs
1027 Returns a resultset for the $page_number page of the resultset on which page
1028 is called, where each page contains a number of rows equal to the 'rows'
1029 attribute set on the resultset (10 by default).
1034 my ($self, $page) = @_;
1035 my $attrs = { %{$self->{attrs}} };
1036 $attrs->{page} = $page;
1037 return (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $attrs);
1044 =item Arguments: \%vals
1046 =item Return Value: $object
1050 Creates an object in the resultset's result class and returns it.
1055 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1056 $self->throw_exception( "new_result needs a hash" )
1057 unless (ref $values eq 'HASH');
1058 $self->throw_exception(
1059 "Can't abstract implicit construct, condition not a hash"
1060 ) if ($self->{cond} && !(ref $self->{cond} eq 'HASH'));
1062 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
1063 foreach my $key (keys %{$self->{cond}||{}}) {
1064 $new{$1} = $self->{cond}{$key} if ($key =~ m/^(?:\Q${alias}.\E)?([^.]+)$/);
1066 my $obj = $self->result_class->new(\%new);
1067 $obj->result_source($self->result_source) if $obj->can('result_source');
1075 =item Arguments: \%vals
1077 =item Return Value: $object
1081 Inserts a record into the resultset and returns the object representing it.
1083 Effectively a shortcut for C<< ->new_result(\%vals)->insert >>.
1088 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
1089 $self->throw_exception( "create needs a hashref" )
1090 unless ref $attrs eq 'HASH';
1091 return $self->new_result($attrs)->insert;
1094 =head2 find_or_create
1098 =item Arguments: \%vals, \%attrs?
1100 =item Return Value: $object
1104 $class->find_or_create({ key => $val, ... });
1106 Searches for a record matching the search condition; if it doesn't find one,
1107 creates one and returns that instead.
1109 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create({
1111 artist => 'Massive Attack',
1112 title => 'Mezzanine',
1116 Also takes an optional C<key> attribute, to search by a specific key or unique
1117 constraint. For example:
1119 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create(
1121 artist => 'Massive Attack',
1122 title => 'Mezzanine',
1124 { key => 'artist_title' }
1127 See also L</find> and L</update_or_create>.
1131 sub find_or_create {
1133 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
1134 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
1135 my $exists = $self->find($hash, $attrs);
1136 return defined $exists ? $exists : $self->create($hash);
1139 =head2 update_or_create
1143 =item Arguments: \%col_values, { key => $unique_constraint }?
1145 =item Return Value: $object
1149 $class->update_or_create({ col => $val, ... });
1151 First, searches for an existing row matching one of the unique constraints
1152 (including the primary key) on the source of this resultset. If a row is
1153 found, updates it with the other given column values. Otherwise, creates a new
1156 Takes an optional C<key> attribute to search on a specific unique constraint.
1159 # In your application
1160 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->update_or_create(
1162 artist => 'Massive Attack',
1163 title => 'Mezzanine',
1166 { key => 'artist_title' }
1169 If no C<key> is specified, it searches on all unique constraints defined on the
1170 source, including the primary key.
1172 If the C<key> is specified as C<primary>, it searches only on the primary key.
1174 See also L</find> and L</find_or_create>.
1178 sub update_or_create {
1180 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
1181 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
1183 my $row = $self->find($hash, $attrs);
1185 $row->set_columns($hash);
1190 return $self->create($hash);
1197 =item Arguments: none
1199 =item Return Value: \@cache_objects?
1203 Gets the contents of the cache for the resultset, if the cache is set.
1208 shift->{all_cache} || [];
1215 =item Arguments: \@cache_objects
1217 =item Return Value: \@cache_objects
1221 Sets the contents of the cache for the resultset. Expects an arrayref
1222 of objects of the same class as those produced by the resultset. Note that
1223 if the cache is set the resultset will return the cached objects rather
1224 than re-querying the database even if the cache attr is not set.
1229 my ( $self, $data ) = @_;
1230 $self->throw_exception("set_cache requires an arrayref")
1231 if ref $data ne 'ARRAY';
1232 my $result_class = $self->result_class;
1234 $self->throw_exception(
1235 "cannot cache object of type '$_', expected '$result_class'"
1236 ) if ref $_ ne $result_class;
1238 $self->{all_cache} = $data;
1245 =item Arguments: none
1247 =item Return Value: []
1251 Clears the cache for the resultset.
1256 shift->set_cache([]);
1259 =head2 related_resultset
1263 =item Arguments: $relationship_name
1265 =item Return Value: $resultset
1269 Returns a related resultset for the supplied relationship name.
1271 $artist_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->related_resultset('Artist');
1275 sub related_resultset {
1276 my ( $self, $rel ) = @_;
1277 $self->{related_resultsets} ||= {};
1278 return $self->{related_resultsets}{$rel} ||= do {
1279 #warn "fetching related resultset for rel '$rel'";
1280 my $rel_obj = $self->result_source->relationship_info($rel);
1281 $self->throw_exception(
1282 "search_related: result source '" . $self->result_source->name .
1283 "' has no such relationship ${rel}")
1284 unless $rel_obj; #die Dumper $self->{attrs};
1286 my $rs = $self->search(undef, { join => $rel });
1287 my $alias = defined $rs->{attrs}{seen_join}{$rel}
1288 && $rs->{attrs}{seen_join}{$rel} > 1
1289 ? join('_', $rel, $rs->{attrs}{seen_join}{$rel})
1292 $self->result_source->schema->resultset($rel_obj->{class}
1302 =head2 throw_exception
1304 See L<DBIx::Class::Schema/throw_exception> for details.
1308 sub throw_exception {
1310 $self->result_source->schema->throw_exception(@_);
1313 # XXX: FIXME: Attributes docs need clearing up
1317 The resultset takes various attributes that modify its behavior. Here's an
1324 =item Value: ($order_by | \@order_by)
1328 Which column(s) to order the results by. This is currently passed
1329 through directly to SQL, so you can give e.g. C<year DESC> for a
1330 descending order on the column `year'.
1336 =item Value: \@columns
1340 Shortcut to request a particular set of columns to be retrieved. Adds
1341 C<me.> onto the start of any column without a C<.> in it and sets C<select>
1342 from that, then auto-populates C<as> from C<select> as normal. (You may also
1343 use the C<cols> attribute, as in earlier versions of DBIC.)
1345 =head2 include_columns
1349 =item Value: \@columns
1353 Shortcut to include additional columns in the returned results - for example
1355 $schema->resultset('CD')->search(undef, {
1356 include_columns => ['artist.name'],
1360 would return all CDs and include a 'name' column to the information
1361 passed to object inflation
1367 =item Value: \@select_columns
1371 Indicates which columns should be selected from the storage. You can use
1372 column names, or in the case of RDBMS back ends, function or stored procedure
1375 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
1378 { count => 'employeeid' },
1383 When you use function/stored procedure names and do not supply an C<as>
1384 attribute, the column names returned are storage-dependent. E.g. MySQL would
1385 return a column named C<count(employeeid)> in the above example.
1391 =item Value: \@inflation_names
1395 Indicates column names for object inflation. This is used in conjunction with
1396 C<select>, usually when C<select> contains one or more function or stored
1399 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
1402 { count => 'employeeid' }
1404 as => ['name', 'employee_count'],
1407 my $employee = $rs->first(); # get the first Employee
1409 If the object against which the search is performed already has an accessor
1410 matching a column name specified in C<as>, the value can be retrieved using
1411 the accessor as normal:
1413 my $name = $employee->name();
1415 If on the other hand an accessor does not exist in the object, you need to
1416 use C<get_column> instead:
1418 my $employee_count = $employee->get_column('employee_count');
1420 You can create your own accessors if required - see
1421 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook> for details.
1427 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
1431 Contains a list of relationships that should be joined for this query. For
1434 # Get CDs by Nine Inch Nails
1435 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
1436 { 'artist.name' => 'Nine Inch Nails' },
1437 { join => 'artist' }
1440 Can also contain a hash reference to refer to the other relation's relations.
1443 package MyApp::Schema::Track;
1444 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
1445 __PACKAGE__->table('track');
1446 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/trackid cd position title/);
1447 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('trackid');
1448 __PACKAGE__->belongs_to(cd => 'MyApp::Schema::CD');
1451 # In your application
1452 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
1453 { 'track.title' => 'Teardrop' },
1455 join => { cd => 'track' },
1456 order_by => 'artist.name',
1460 If the same join is supplied twice, it will be aliased to <rel>_2 (and
1461 similarly for a third time). For e.g.
1463 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({
1464 'cds.title' => 'Down to Earth',
1465 'cds_2.title' => 'Popular',
1467 join => [ qw/cds cds/ ],
1470 will return a set of all artists that have both a cd with title 'Down
1471 to Earth' and a cd with title 'Popular'.
1473 If you want to fetch related objects from other tables as well, see C<prefetch>
1480 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
1484 Contains one or more relationships that should be fetched along with the main
1485 query (when they are accessed afterwards they will have already been
1486 "prefetched"). This is useful for when you know you will need the related
1487 objects, because it saves at least one query:
1489 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Tag')->search(
1498 The initial search results in SQL like the following:
1500 SELECT tag.*, cd.*, artist.* FROM tag
1501 JOIN cd ON tag.cd = cd.cdid
1502 JOIN artist ON cd.artist = artist.artistid
1504 L<DBIx::Class> has no need to go back to the database when we access the
1505 C<cd> or C<artist> relationships, which saves us two SQL statements in this
1508 Simple prefetches will be joined automatically, so there is no need
1509 for a C<join> attribute in the above search. If you're prefetching to
1510 depth (e.g. { cd => { artist => 'label' } or similar), you'll need to
1511 specify the join as well.
1513 C<prefetch> can be used with the following relationship types: C<belongs_to>,
1514 C<has_one> (or if you're using C<add_relationship>, any relationship declared
1515 with an accessor type of 'single' or 'filter').
1521 =item Value: \@from_clause
1525 The C<from> attribute gives you manual control over the C<FROM> clause of SQL
1526 statements generated by L<DBIx::Class>, allowing you to express custom C<JOIN>
1529 NOTE: Use this on your own risk. This allows you to shoot off your foot!
1530 C<join> will usually do what you need and it is strongly recommended that you
1531 avoid using C<from> unless you cannot achieve the desired result using C<join>.
1533 In simple terms, C<from> works as follows:
1536 { <alias> => <table>, -join_type => 'inner|left|right' }
1537 [] # nested JOIN (optional)
1538 { <table.column> => <foreign_table.foreign_key> }
1544 ON <table.column> = <foreign_table.foreign_key>
1546 An easy way to follow the examples below is to remember the following:
1548 Anything inside "[]" is a JOIN
1549 Anything inside "{}" is a condition for the enclosing JOIN
1551 The following examples utilize a "person" table in a family tree application.
1552 In order to express parent->child relationships, this table is self-joined:
1554 # Person->belongs_to('father' => 'Person');
1555 # Person->belongs_to('mother' => 'Person');
1557 C<from> can be used to nest joins. Here we return all children with a father,
1558 then search against all mothers of those children:
1560 $rs = $schema->resultset('Person')->search(
1563 alias => 'mother', # alias columns in accordance with "from"
1565 { mother => 'person' },
1568 { child => 'person' },
1570 { father => 'person' },
1571 { 'father.person_id' => 'child.father_id' }
1574 { 'mother.person_id' => 'child.mother_id' }
1581 # SELECT mother.* FROM person mother
1584 # JOIN person father
1585 # ON ( father.person_id = child.father_id )
1587 # ON ( mother.person_id = child.mother_id )
1589 The type of any join can be controlled manually. To search against only people
1590 with a father in the person table, we could explicitly use C<INNER JOIN>:
1592 $rs = $schema->resultset('Person')->search(
1595 alias => 'child', # alias columns in accordance with "from"
1597 { child => 'person' },
1599 { father => 'person', -join_type => 'inner' },
1600 { 'father.id' => 'child.father_id' }
1607 # SELECT child.* FROM person child
1608 # INNER JOIN person father ON child.father_id = father.id
1618 Makes the resultset paged and specifies the page to retrieve. Effectively
1619 identical to creating a non-pages resultset and then calling ->page($page)
1630 Specifes the maximum number of rows for direct retrieval or the number of
1631 rows per page if the page attribute or method is used.
1637 =item Value: \@columns
1641 A arrayref of columns to group by. Can include columns of joined tables.
1643 group_by => [qw/ column1 column2 ... /]
1649 =item Value: $condition
1653 HAVING is a select statement attribute that is applied between GROUP BY and
1654 ORDER BY. It is applied to the after the grouping calculations have been
1657 having => { 'count(employee)' => { '>=', 100 } }
1663 =item Value: (0 | 1)
1667 Set to 1 to group by all columns.
1671 Set to 1 to cache search results. This prevents extra SQL queries if you
1672 revisit rows in your ResultSet:
1674 my $resultset = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search( undef, { cache => 1 } );
1676 while( my $artist = $resultset->next ) {
1680 $rs->first; # without cache, this would issue a query
1682 By default, searches are not cached.
1684 For more examples of using these attributes, see
1685 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.