1 package DBIx::Class::ResultSet;
6 use base 'DBIx::Class';
10 use DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn;
11 use DBIx::Class::ResultClass::HashRefInflator;
12 use Scalar::Util qw( blessed reftype );
13 use DBIx::Class::_Util qw(
14 dbic_internal_try dump_value
15 fail_on_internal_wantarray fail_on_internal_call UNRESOLVABLE_CONDITION
20 # De-duplication in _merge_attr() is disabled, but left in for reference
21 # (the merger is used for other things that ought not to be de-duped)
22 *__HM_DEDUP = sub () { 0 };
32 # this is real - CDBICompat overrides it with insanity
33 # yes, prototype won't matter, but that's for now ;)
36 __PACKAGE__->mk_group_accessors('simple' => qw/_result_class result_source/);
40 DBIx::Class::ResultSet - Represents a query used for fetching a set of results.
44 my $users_rs = $schema->resultset('User');
45 while( $user = $users_rs->next) {
46 print $user->username;
49 my $registered_users_rs = $schema->resultset('User')->search({ registered => 1 });
50 my @cds_in_2005 = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({ year => 2005 })->all();
54 A ResultSet is an object which stores a set of conditions representing
55 a query. It is the backbone of DBIx::Class (i.e. the really
56 important/useful bit).
58 No SQL is executed on the database when a ResultSet is created, it
59 just stores all the conditions needed to create the query.
61 A basic ResultSet representing the data of an entire table is returned
62 by calling C<resultset> on a L<DBIx::Class::Schema> and passing in a
63 L<Source|DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/ResultSource> name.
65 my $users_rs = $schema->resultset('User');
67 A new ResultSet is returned from calling L</search> on an existing
68 ResultSet. The new one will contain all the conditions of the
69 original, plus any new conditions added in the C<search> call.
71 A ResultSet also incorporates an implicit iterator. L</next> and L</reset>
72 can be used to walk through all the L<DBIx::Class::Row>s the ResultSet
75 The query that the ResultSet represents is B<only> executed against
76 the database when these methods are called:
77 L</find>, L</next>, L</all>, L</first>, L</single>, L</count>.
79 If a resultset is used in a numeric context it returns the L</count>.
80 However, if it is used in a boolean context it is B<always> true. So if
81 you want to check if a resultset has any results, you must use C<if $rs
86 =head2 Chaining resultsets
88 Let's say you've got a query that needs to be run to return some data
89 to the user. But, you have an authorization system in place that
90 prevents certain users from seeing certain information. So, you want
91 to construct the basic query in one method, but add constraints to it in
96 my $request = $self->get_request; # Get a request object somehow.
97 my $schema = $self->result_source->schema;
99 my $cd_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({
100 title => $request->param('title'),
101 year => $request->param('year'),
104 $cd_rs = $self->apply_security_policy( $cd_rs );
106 return $cd_rs->all();
109 sub apply_security_policy {
118 =head3 Resolving conditions and attributes
120 When a resultset is chained from another resultset (e.g.:
121 C<< my $new_rs = $old_rs->search(\%extra_cond, \%attrs) >>), conditions
122 and attributes with the same keys need resolving.
124 If any of L</columns>, L</select>, L</as> are present, they reset the
125 original selection, and start the selection "clean".
127 The L</join>, L</prefetch>, L</+columns>, L</+select>, L</+as> attributes
128 are merged into the existing ones from the original resultset.
130 The L</where> and L</having> attributes, and any search conditions, are
131 merged with an SQL C<AND> to the existing condition from the original
134 All other attributes are overridden by any new ones supplied in the
137 =head2 Multiple queries
139 Since a resultset just defines a query, you can do all sorts of
140 things with it with the same object.
142 # Don't hit the DB yet.
143 my $cd_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({
144 title => 'something',
148 # Each of these hits the DB individually.
149 my $count = $cd_rs->count;
150 my $most_recent = $cd_rs->get_column('date_released')->max();
151 my @records = $cd_rs->all;
153 And it's not just limited to SELECT statements.
159 $cd_rs->create({ artist => 'Fred' });
161 Which is the same as:
163 $schema->resultset('CD')->create({
164 title => 'something',
169 See: L</search>, L</count>, L</get_column>, L</all>, L</create>.
171 =head2 Custom ResultSet classes
173 To add methods to your resultsets, you can subclass L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet>, similar to:
175 package MyApp::Schema::ResultSet::User;
180 use base 'DBIx::Class::ResultSet';
184 $self->search({ $self->current_source_alias . '.active' => 1 });
189 $self->search({ $self->current_source_alias . '.verified' => 0 });
192 sub created_n_days_ago {
193 my ($self, $days_ago) = @_;
195 $self->current_source_alias . '.create_date' => {
197 $self->result_source->schema->storage->datetime_parser->format_datetime(
198 DateTime->now( time_zone => 'UTC' )->subtract( days => $days_ago )
203 sub users_to_warn { shift->active->unverified->created_n_days_ago(7) }
207 See L<DBIx::Class::Schema/load_namespaces> on how DBIC can discover and
208 automatically attach L<Result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>-specific
209 L<ResulSet|DBIx::Class::ResultSet> classes.
211 =head3 ResultSet subclassing with Moose and similar constructor-providers
213 Using L<Moose> or L<Moo> in your ResultSet classes is usually overkill, but
214 you may find it useful if your ResultSets contain a lot of business logic
215 (e.g. C<has xml_parser>, C<has json>, etc) or if you just prefer to organize
218 In order to write custom ResultSet classes with L<Moo> you need to use the
219 following template. The L<BUILDARGS|Moo/BUILDARGS> is necessary due to the
220 unusual signature of the L<constructor provided by DBIC
221 |DBIx::Class::ResultSet/new> C<< ->new($source, \%args) >>.
224 extends 'DBIx::Class::ResultSet';
225 sub BUILDARGS { $_[2] } # ::RS::new() expects my ($class, $rsrc, $args) = @_
231 If you want to build your custom ResultSet classes with L<Moose>, you need
232 a similar, though a little more elaborate template in order to interface the
233 inlining of the L<Moose>-provided
234 L<object constructor|Moose::Manual::Construction/WHERE'S THE CONSTRUCTOR?>,
237 package MyApp::Schema::ResultSet::User;
240 use MooseX::NonMoose;
241 extends 'DBIx::Class::ResultSet';
243 sub BUILDARGS { $_[2] } # ::RS::new() expects my ($class, $rsrc, $args) = @_
247 __PACKAGE__->meta->make_immutable;
251 The L<MooseX::NonMoose> is necessary so that the L<Moose> constructor does not
252 entirely overwrite the DBIC one (in contrast L<Moo> does this automatically).
253 Alternatively, you can skip L<MooseX::NonMoose> and get by with just L<Moose>
256 __PACKAGE__->meta->make_immutable(inline_constructor => 0);
264 =item Arguments: L<$source|DBIx::Class::ResultSource>, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
266 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search>
270 The resultset constructor. Takes a source object (usually a
271 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSourceProxy::Table>) and an attribute hash (see
272 L</ATTRIBUTES> below). Does not perform any queries -- these are
273 executed as needed by the other methods.
275 Generally you never construct a resultset manually. Instead you get one
277 C<< $schema->L<resultset|DBIx::Class::Schema/resultset>('$source_name') >>
278 or C<< $another_resultset->L<search|/search>(...) >> (the later called in
281 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({ title => '100th Window' });
287 If called on an object, proxies to L</new_result> instead, so
289 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->new({ title => 'Spoon' });
291 will return a CD object, not a ResultSet, and is equivalent to:
293 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->new_result({ title => 'Spoon' });
295 Please also keep in mind that many internals call L</new_result> directly,
296 so overloading this method with the idea of intercepting new result object
297 creation B<will not work>. See also warning pertaining to L</create>.
307 DBIx::Class::_ENV_::ASSERT_NO_INTERNAL_INDIRECT_CALLS and fail_on_internal_call;
308 return $class->new_result(@_);
311 my ($source, $attrs) = @_;
312 $source = $source->resolve
313 if $source->isa('DBIx::Class::ResultSourceHandle');
315 $attrs = { %{$attrs||{}} };
316 delete @{$attrs}{qw(_last_sqlmaker_alias_map _simple_passthrough_construction)};
318 if ($attrs->{page}) {
319 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
322 $attrs->{alias} ||= 'me';
325 result_source => $source,
326 cond => $attrs->{where},
331 # if there is a dark selector, this means we are already in a
332 # chain and the cleanup/sanification was taken care of by
334 $self->_normalize_selection($attrs)
335 unless $attrs->{_dark_selector};
338 $attrs->{result_class} || $source->result_class
348 =item Arguments: L<$cond|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker> | undef, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
350 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context) | L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
354 my @cds = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2001 }); # "... WHERE year = 2001"
355 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2005 });
357 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search([ { year => 2005 }, { year => 2004 } ]);
358 # year = 2005 OR year = 2004
360 In list context, C<< ->all() >> is called implicitly on the resultset, thus
361 returning a list of L<result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> objects instead.
362 To avoid that, use L</search_rs>.
364 If you need to pass in additional attributes but no additional condition,
365 call it as C<search(undef, \%attrs)>.
367 # "SELECT name, artistid FROM $artist_table"
368 my @all_artists = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(undef, {
369 columns => [qw/name artistid/],
372 For a list of attributes that can be passed to C<search>, see
373 L</ATTRIBUTES>. For more examples of using this function, see
374 L<Searching|DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/SEARCHING>. For a complete
375 documentation for the first argument, see L<SQL::Abstract/"WHERE CLAUSES">
376 and its extension L<DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>.
378 For more help on using joins with search, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Joining>.
382 Note that L</search> does not process/deflate any of the values passed in the
383 L<SQL::Abstract>-compatible search condition structure. This is unlike other
384 condition-bound methods L</new_result>, L</create> and L</find>. The user must ensure
385 manually that any value passed to this method will stringify to something the
386 RDBMS knows how to deal with. A notable example is the handling of L<DateTime>
387 objects, for more info see:
388 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Formatting DateTime objects in queries>.
394 my $rs = $self->search_rs( @_ );
397 DBIx::Class::_ENV_::ASSERT_NO_INTERNAL_WANTARRAY and my $sog = fail_on_internal_wantarray;
400 elsif (defined wantarray) {
404 # we can be called by a relationship helper, which in
405 # turn may be called in void context due to some braindead
406 # overload or whatever else the user decided to be clever
407 # at this particular day. Thus limit the exception to
408 # external code calls only
409 $self->throw_exception ('->search is *not* a mutator, calling it in void context makes no sense')
410 if (caller)[0] !~ /^\QDBIx::Class::/;
420 =item Arguments: L<$cond|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
422 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search>
426 This method does the same exact thing as search() except it will
427 always return a resultset, even in list context.
434 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
435 my ($call_cond, $call_attrs);
437 # Special-case handling for (undef, undef) or (undef)
438 # Note that (foo => undef) is valid deprecated syntax
439 @_ = () if not scalar grep { defined $_ } @_;
445 # fish out attrs in the ($condref, $attr) case
446 elsif (@_ == 2 and ( ! defined $_[0] or length ref $_[0] ) ) {
447 ($call_cond, $call_attrs) = @_;
450 $self->throw_exception('Odd number of arguments to search')
454 carp_unique 'search( %condition ) is deprecated, use search( \%condition ) instead'
455 unless $rsrc->result_class->isa('DBIx::Class::CDBICompat');
457 for my $i (0 .. $#_) {
459 $self->throw_exception ('All keys in condition key/value pairs must be plain scalars')
460 if (! defined $_[$i] or length ref $_[$i] );
466 # see if we can keep the cache (no $rs changes)
468 my %safe = (alias => 1, cache => 1);
469 if ( ! grep { !$safe{$_} } keys %$call_attrs and (
472 ref $call_cond eq 'HASH' && ! keys %$call_cond
474 ref $call_cond eq 'ARRAY' && ! @$call_cond
476 $cache = $self->get_cache;
479 my $old_attrs = { %{$self->{attrs}} };
480 my ($old_having, $old_where) = delete @{$old_attrs}{qw(having where)};
482 my $new_attrs = { %$old_attrs };
484 # take care of call attrs (only if anything is changing)
485 if ($call_attrs and keys %$call_attrs) {
487 # copy for _normalize_selection
488 $call_attrs = { %$call_attrs };
490 my @selector_attrs = qw/select as columns cols +select +as +columns include_columns/;
492 # reset the current selector list if new selectors are supplied
493 delete @{$old_attrs}{(@selector_attrs, '_dark_selector')}
494 if grep { exists $call_attrs->{$_} } qw(columns cols select as);
496 # Normalize the new selector list (operates on the passed-in attr structure)
497 # Need to do it on every chain instead of only once on _resolved_attrs, in
498 # order to allow detection of empty vs partial 'as'
499 $call_attrs->{_dark_selector} = $old_attrs->{_dark_selector}
500 if $old_attrs->{_dark_selector};
501 $self->_normalize_selection ($call_attrs);
503 # start with blind overwriting merge, exclude selector attrs
504 $new_attrs = { %{$old_attrs}, %{$call_attrs} };
505 delete @{$new_attrs}{@selector_attrs};
507 for (@selector_attrs) {
508 $new_attrs->{$_} = $self->_merge_attr($old_attrs->{$_}, $call_attrs->{$_})
509 if ( exists $old_attrs->{$_} or exists $call_attrs->{$_} );
512 # older deprecated name, use only if {columns} is not there
513 if (my $c = delete $new_attrs->{cols}) {
514 carp_unique( "Resultset attribute 'cols' is deprecated, use 'columns' instead" );
515 if ($new_attrs->{columns}) {
516 carp "Resultset specifies both the 'columns' and the legacy 'cols' attributes - ignoring 'cols'";
519 $new_attrs->{columns} = $c;
524 # join/prefetch use their own crazy merging heuristics
525 foreach my $key (qw/join prefetch/) {
526 $new_attrs->{$key} = $self->_merge_joinpref_attr($old_attrs->{$key}, $call_attrs->{$key})
527 if exists $call_attrs->{$key};
530 # stack binds together
531 $new_attrs->{bind} = [ @{ $old_attrs->{bind} || [] }, @{ $call_attrs->{bind} || [] } ];
535 for ($old_where, $call_cond) {
537 $new_attrs->{where} = $self->_stack_cond (
538 $_, $new_attrs->{where}
543 if (defined $old_having) {
544 $new_attrs->{having} = $self->_stack_cond (
545 $old_having, $new_attrs->{having}
549 my $rs = (ref $self)->new($rsrc, $new_attrs);
551 $rs->set_cache($cache) if ($cache);
556 sub _normalize_selection {
557 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
560 if ( exists $attrs->{include_columns} ) {
561 carp_unique( "Resultset attribute 'include_columns' is deprecated, use '+columns' instead" );
562 $attrs->{'+columns'} = $self->_merge_attr(
563 $attrs->{'+columns'}, delete $attrs->{include_columns}
567 # columns are always placed first, however
569 # Keep the X vs +X separation until _resolved_attrs time - this allows to
570 # delay the decision on whether to use a default select list ($rsrc->columns)
571 # allowing stuff like the remove_columns helper to work
573 # select/as +select/+as pairs need special handling - the amount of select/as
574 # elements in each pair does *not* have to be equal (think multicolumn
575 # selectors like distinct(foo, bar) ). If the selector is bare (no 'as'
576 # supplied at all) - try to infer the alias, either from the -as parameter
577 # of the selector spec, or use the parameter whole if it looks like a column
578 # name (ugly legacy heuristic). If all fails - leave the selector bare (which
579 # is ok as well), but make sure no more additions to the 'as' chain take place
580 for my $pref ('', '+') {
582 my ($sel, $as) = map {
583 my $key = "${pref}${_}";
585 my $val = [ ref $attrs->{$key} eq 'ARRAY'
587 : $attrs->{$key} || ()
589 delete $attrs->{$key};
593 if (! @$as and ! @$sel ) {
596 elsif (@$as and ! @$sel) {
597 $self->throw_exception(
598 "Unable to handle ${pref}as specification (@$as) without a corresponding ${pref}select"
602 # no as part supplied at all - try to deduce (unless explicit end of named selection is declared)
603 # if any @$as has been supplied we assume the user knows what (s)he is doing
604 # and blindly keep stacking up pieces
605 unless ($attrs->{_dark_selector}) {
608 if ( ref $_ eq 'HASH' and exists $_->{-as} ) {
609 push @$as, $_->{-as};
611 # assume any plain no-space, no-parenthesis string to be a column spec
612 # FIXME - this is retarded but is necessary to support shit like 'count(foo)'
613 elsif ( ! ref $_ and $_ =~ /^ [^\s\(\)]+ $/x) {
616 # if all else fails - raise a flag that no more aliasing will be allowed
618 $attrs->{_dark_selector} = {
621 local $Data::Dumper::Indent = 0;
630 elsif (@$as < @$sel) {
631 $self->throw_exception(
632 "Unable to handle an ${pref}as specification (@$as) with less elements than the corresponding ${pref}select"
635 elsif ($pref and $attrs->{_dark_selector}) {
636 $self->throw_exception(
637 "Unable to process named '+select', resultset contains an unnamed selector $attrs->{_dark_selector}{string}"
643 $attrs->{"${pref}select"} = $self->_merge_attr($attrs->{"${pref}select"}, $sel);
644 $attrs->{"${pref}as"} = $self->_merge_attr($attrs->{"${pref}as"}, $as);
649 my ($self, $left, $right) = @_;
652 (ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' and !@$_)
654 (ref $_ eq 'HASH' and ! keys %$_)
655 ) and $_ = undef for ($left, $right);
657 # either one of the two undef
658 if ( (defined $left) xor (defined $right) ) {
659 return defined $left ? $left : $right;
662 elsif ( ! defined $left ) {
666 return $self->result_source->schema->storage->_collapse_cond({ -and => [$left, $right] });
670 =head2 search_literal
672 B<CAVEAT>: C<search_literal> is provided for Class::DBI compatibility and
673 should only be used in that context. C<search_literal> is a convenience
674 method. It is equivalent to calling C<< $schema->search(\[]) >>, but if you
675 want to ensure columns are bound correctly, use L</search>.
677 See L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/SEARCHING> and
678 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::FAQ/Searching> for searching techniques that do not
679 require C<search_literal>.
683 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @standalone_bind_values
685 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search> (scalar context) | L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
689 my @cds = $cd_rs->search_literal('year = ? AND title = ?', qw/2001 Reload/);
690 my $newrs = $artist_rs->search_literal('name = ?', 'Metallica');
692 Pass a literal chunk of SQL to be added to the conditional part of the
695 Example of how to use C<search> instead of C<search_literal>
697 my @cds = $cd_rs->search_literal('cdid = ? AND (artist = ? OR artist = ?)', (2, 1, 2));
698 my @cds = $cd_rs->search(\[ 'cdid = ? AND (artist = ? OR artist = ?)', [ 'cdid', 2 ], [ 'artist', 1 ], [ 'artist', 2 ] ]);
703 my ($self, $sql, @bind) = @_;
705 if ( @bind && ref($bind[-1]) eq 'HASH' ) {
708 return $self->search(\[ $sql, map [ {} => $_ ], @bind ], ($attr || () ));
715 =item Arguments: \%columns_values | @pk_values, { key => $unique_constraint, L<%attrs|/ATTRIBUTES> }?
717 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> | undef
721 Finds and returns a single row based on supplied criteria. Takes either a
722 hashref with the same format as L</create> (including inference of foreign
723 keys from related objects), or a list of primary key values in the same
724 order as the L<primary columns|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/primary_columns>
725 declaration on the L</result_source>.
727 In either case an attempt is made to combine conditions already existing on
728 the resultset with the condition passed to this method.
730 To aid with preparing the correct query for the storage you may supply the
731 C<key> attribute, which is the name of a
732 L<unique constraint|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint> (the
733 unique constraint corresponding to the
734 L<primary columns|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/primary_columns> is always named
735 C<primary>). If the C<key> attribute has been supplied, and DBIC is unable
736 to construct a query that satisfies the named unique constraint fully (
737 non-NULL values for each column member of the constraint) an exception is
740 If no C<key> is specified, the search is carried over all unique constraints
741 which are fully defined by the available condition.
743 If no such constraint is found, C<find> currently defaults to a simple
744 C<< search->(\%column_values) >> which may or may not do what you expect.
745 Note that this fallback behavior may be deprecated in further versions. If
746 you need to search with arbitrary conditions - use L</search>. If the query
747 resulting from this fallback produces more than one row, a warning to the
748 effect is issued, though only the first row is constructed and returned as
751 In addition to C<key>, L</find> recognizes and applies standard
752 L<resultset attributes|/ATTRIBUTES> in the same way as L</search> does.
754 Note that if you have extra concerns about the correctness of the resulting
755 query you need to specify the C<key> attribute and supply the entire condition
756 as an argument to find (since it is not always possible to perform the
757 combination of the resultset condition with the supplied one, especially if
758 the resultset condition contains literal sql).
760 For example, to find a row by its primary key:
762 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(5);
764 You can also find a row by a specific unique constraint:
766 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(
768 artist => 'Massive Attack',
769 title => 'Mezzanine',
771 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
774 See also L</find_or_create> and L</update_or_create>.
780 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
782 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
785 if (exists $attrs->{key}) {
786 $constraint_name = defined $attrs->{key}
788 : $self->throw_exception("An undefined 'key' resultset attribute makes no sense")
792 # Parse out the condition from input
795 if (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH') {
796 $call_cond = { %{$_[0]} };
799 # if only values are supplied we need to default to 'primary'
800 $constraint_name = 'primary' unless defined $constraint_name;
802 my @c_cols = $rsrc->unique_constraint_columns($constraint_name);
804 $self->throw_exception(
805 "No constraint columns, maybe a malformed '$constraint_name' constraint?"
808 $self->throw_exception (
809 'find() expects either a column/value hashref, or a list of values '
810 . "corresponding to the columns of the specified unique constraint '$constraint_name'"
811 ) unless @c_cols == @_;
813 @{$call_cond}{@c_cols} = @_;
816 # process relationship data if any
817 for my $key (keys %$call_cond) {
819 length ref($call_cond->{$key})
821 my $relinfo = $rsrc->relationship_info($key)
823 # implicitly skip has_many's (likely MC)
824 (ref (my $val = delete $call_cond->{$key}) ne 'ARRAY' )
826 my ($rel_cond, $crosstable) = $rsrc->_resolve_condition(
827 $relinfo->{cond}, $val, $key, $key
830 $self->throw_exception("Complex condition via relationship '$key' is unsupported in find()")
831 if $crosstable or ref($rel_cond) ne 'HASH';
833 # supplement condition
834 # relationship conditions take precedence (?)
835 @{$call_cond}{keys %$rel_cond} = values %$rel_cond;
839 my $alias = exists $attrs->{alias} ? $attrs->{alias} : $self->{attrs}{alias};
841 if (defined $constraint_name) {
842 $final_cond = $self->_qualify_cond_columns (
844 $rsrc->_minimal_valueset_satisfying_constraint(
845 constraint_name => $constraint_name,
846 values => ($self->_merge_with_rscond($call_cond))[0],
853 elsif ($self->{attrs}{accessor} and $self->{attrs}{accessor} eq 'single') {
854 # This means that we got here after a merger of relationship conditions
855 # in ::Relationship::Base::search_related (the row method), and furthermore
856 # the relationship is of the 'single' type. This means that the condition
857 # provided by the relationship (already attached to $self) is sufficient,
858 # as there can be only one row in the database that would satisfy the
862 my (@unique_queries, %seen_column_combinations, $ci, @fc_exceptions);
864 # no key was specified - fall down to heuristics mode:
865 # run through all unique queries registered on the resultset, and
866 # 'OR' all qualifying queries together
868 # always start from 'primary' if it exists at all
869 for my $c_name ( sort {
871 : $b eq 'primary' ? 1
873 } $rsrc->unique_constraint_names) {
875 next if $seen_column_combinations{
876 join "\x00", sort $rsrc->unique_constraint_columns($c_name)
880 push @unique_queries, $self->_qualify_cond_columns(
881 $rsrc->_minimal_valueset_satisfying_constraint(
882 constraint_name => $c_name,
883 values => ($self->_merge_with_rscond($call_cond))[0],
884 columns_info => ($ci ||= $rsrc->columns_info),
890 push @fc_exceptions, $_ if $_ =~ /\bFilterColumn\b/;
895 @unique_queries ? \@unique_queries
896 : @fc_exceptions ? $self->throw_exception(join "; ", map { $_ =~ /(.*) at .+ line \d+$/s } @fc_exceptions )
897 : $self->_non_unique_find_fallback ($call_cond, $attrs)
901 # Run the query, passing the result_class since it should propagate for find
902 my $rs = $self->search ($final_cond, {result_class => $self->result_class, %$attrs});
903 if ($rs->_resolved_attrs->{collapse}) {
905 carp "Query returned more than one row" if $rs->next;
913 # This is a stop-gap method as agreed during the discussion on find() cleanup:
914 # http://lists.scsys.co.uk/pipermail/dbix-class/2010-October/009535.html
916 # It is invoked when find() is called in legacy-mode with insufficiently-unique
917 # condition. It is provided for overrides until a saner way forward is devised
919 # *NOTE* This is not a public method, and it's *GUARANTEED* to disappear down
920 # the road. Please adjust your tests accordingly to catch this situation early
921 # DBIx::Class::ResultSet->can('_non_unique_find_fallback') is reasonable
923 # The method will not be removed without an adequately complete replacement
924 # for strict-mode enforcement
925 sub _non_unique_find_fallback {
926 my ($self, $cond, $attrs) = @_;
928 return $self->_qualify_cond_columns(
930 exists $attrs->{alias}
932 : $self->{attrs}{alias}
937 sub _qualify_cond_columns {
938 my ($self, $cond, $alias) = @_;
940 my %aliased = %$cond;
941 for (keys %aliased) {
942 $aliased{"$alias.$_"} = delete $aliased{$_}
949 sub _build_unique_cond {
951 '_build_unique_cond is a private method, and moreover is about to go '
952 . 'away. Please contact the development team at %s if you believe you '
953 . 'have a genuine use for this method, in order to discuss alternatives.',
954 DBIx::Class::_ENV_::HELP_URL,
957 my ($self, $constraint_name, $cond, $croak_on_null) = @_;
959 $self->result_source->_minimal_valueset_satisfying_constraint(
960 constraint_name => $constraint_name,
962 carp_on_nulls => !$croak_on_null
966 =head2 search_related
970 =item Arguments: $rel_name, $cond?, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
972 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search> (scalar context) | L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
976 $new_rs = $cd_rs->search_related('artist', {
980 Searches the specified relationship, optionally specifying a condition and
981 attributes for matching records. See L</ATTRIBUTES> for more information.
983 In list context, C<< ->all() >> is called implicitly on the resultset, thus
984 returning a list of result objects instead. To avoid that, use L</search_related_rs>.
986 See also L</search_related_rs>.
991 DBIx::Class::_ENV_::ASSERT_NO_INTERNAL_INDIRECT_CALLS and fail_on_internal_call;
992 return shift->related_resultset(shift)->search(@_);
995 =head2 search_related_rs
997 This method works exactly the same as search_related, except that
998 it guarantees a resultset, even in list context.
1002 sub search_related_rs {
1003 DBIx::Class::_ENV_::ASSERT_NO_INTERNAL_INDIRECT_CALLS and fail_on_internal_call;
1004 return shift->related_resultset(shift)->search_rs(@_);
1011 =item Arguments: none
1013 =item Return Value: L<$cursor|DBIx::Class::Cursor>
1017 Returns a storage-driven cursor to the given resultset. See
1018 L<DBIx::Class::Cursor> for more information.
1025 return $self->{cursor} ||= do {
1026 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs;
1027 $self->result_source->schema->storage->select(
1028 $attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select}, $attrs->{where}, $attrs
1037 =item Arguments: L<$cond?|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>
1039 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> | undef
1043 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->single({ year => 2001 });
1045 Inflates the first result without creating a cursor if the resultset has
1046 any records in it; if not returns C<undef>. Used by L</find> as a lean version
1049 While this method can take an optional search condition (just like L</search>)
1050 being a fast-code-path it does not recognize search attributes. If you need to
1051 add extra joins or similar, call L</search> and then chain-call L</single> on the
1052 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet> returned.
1058 As of 0.08100, this method enforces the assumption that the preceding
1059 query returns only one row. If more than one row is returned, you will receive
1062 Query returned more than one row
1064 In this case, you should be using L</next> or L</find> instead, or if you really
1065 know what you are doing, use the L</rows> attribute to explicitly limit the size
1068 This method will also throw an exception if it is called on a resultset prefetching
1069 has_many, as such a prefetch implies fetching multiple rows from the database in
1070 order to assemble the resulting object.
1077 my ($self, $where) = @_;
1079 $self->throw_exception('single() only takes search conditions, no attributes. You want ->search( $cond, $attrs )->single()');
1082 my $attrs = { %{$self->_resolved_attrs} };
1084 $self->throw_exception(
1085 'single() can not be used on resultsets collapsing a has_many. Use find( \%cond ) or next() instead'
1086 ) if $attrs->{collapse};
1089 if (defined $attrs->{where}) {
1092 [ map { ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_ }
1093 $where, delete $attrs->{where} ]
1096 $attrs->{where} = $where;
1100 my $data = [ $self->result_source->schema->storage->select_single(
1101 $attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select},
1102 $attrs->{where}, $attrs
1105 return undef unless @$data;
1106 $self->{_stashed_rows} = [ $data ];
1107 $self->_construct_results->[0];
1114 =item Arguments: L<$cond?|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>
1116 =item Return Value: L<$resultsetcolumn|DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn>
1120 my $max_length = $rs->get_column('length')->max;
1122 Returns a L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn> instance for a column of the ResultSet.
1127 DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn->new(@_);
1134 =item Arguments: L<$cond|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
1136 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search> (scalar context) | L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
1140 # WHERE title LIKE '%blue%'
1141 $cd_rs = $rs->search_like({ title => '%blue%'});
1143 Performs a search, but uses C<LIKE> instead of C<=> as the condition. Note
1144 that this is simply a convenience method retained for ex Class::DBI users.
1145 You most likely want to use L</search> with specific operators.
1147 For more information, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
1149 This method is deprecated and will be removed in 0.09. Use L<search()|/search>
1150 instead. An example conversion is:
1152 ->search_like({ foo => 'bar' });
1156 ->search({ foo => { like => 'bar' } });
1163 'search_like() is deprecated and will be removed in DBIC version 0.09.'
1164 .' Instead use ->search({ x => { -like => "y%" } })'
1165 .' (note the outer pair of {}s - they are important!)'
1167 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
1168 my $query = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? { %{shift()} }: {@_};
1169 $query->{$_} = { 'like' => $query->{$_} } for keys %$query;
1170 return $class->search($query, { %$attrs });
1177 =item Arguments: $first, $last
1179 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search> (scalar context) | L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
1183 Returns a resultset or object list representing a subset of elements from the
1184 resultset slice is called on. Indexes are from 0, i.e., to get the first
1185 three records, call:
1187 my ($one, $two, $three) = $rs->slice(0, 2);
1192 my ($self, $min, $max) = @_;
1193 my $attrs = {}; # = { %{ $self->{attrs} || {} } };
1194 $attrs->{offset} = $self->{attrs}{offset} || 0;
1195 $attrs->{offset} += $min;
1196 $attrs->{rows} = ($max ? ($max - $min + 1) : 1);
1197 return $self->search(undef, $attrs);
1204 =item Arguments: none
1206 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> | undef
1210 Returns the next element in the resultset (C<undef> is there is none).
1212 Can be used to efficiently iterate over records in the resultset:
1214 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search;
1215 while (my $cd = $rs->next) {
1219 Note that you need to store the resultset object, and call C<next> on it.
1220 Calling C<< resultset('Table')->next >> repeatedly will always return the
1221 first record from the resultset.
1228 if (my $cache = $self->get_cache) {
1229 $self->{all_cache_position} ||= 0;
1230 return $cache->[$self->{all_cache_position}++];
1233 if ($self->{attrs}{cache}) {
1234 delete $self->{pager};
1235 $self->{all_cache_position} = 1;
1236 return ($self->all)[0];
1239 return shift(@{$self->{_stashed_results}}) if @{ $self->{_stashed_results}||[] };
1241 $self->{_stashed_results} = $self->_construct_results
1244 return shift @{$self->{_stashed_results}};
1247 # Constructs as many results as it can in one pass while respecting
1248 # cursor laziness. Several modes of operation:
1250 # * Always builds everything present in @{$self->{_stashed_rows}}
1251 # * If called with $fetch_all true - pulls everything off the cursor and
1252 # builds all result structures (or objects) in one pass
1253 # * If $self->_resolved_attrs->{collapse} is true, checks the order_by
1254 # and if the resultset is ordered properly by the left side:
1255 # * Fetches stuff off the cursor until the "master object" changes,
1256 # and saves the last extra row (if any) in @{$self->{_stashed_rows}}
1258 # * Just fetches, and collapses/constructs everything as if $fetch_all
1259 # was requested (there is no other way to collapse except for an
1261 # * If no collapse is requested - just get the next row, construct and
1263 sub _construct_results {
1264 my ($self, $fetch_all) = @_;
1266 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1267 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs;
1272 ! $attrs->{order_by}
1276 my @pcols = $rsrc->primary_columns
1278 # default order for collapsing unless the user asked for something
1279 $attrs->{order_by} = [ map { join '.', $attrs->{alias}, $_} @pcols ];
1280 $attrs->{_ordered_for_collapse} = 1;
1281 $attrs->{_order_is_artificial} = 1;
1284 # this will be used as both initial raw-row collector AND as a RV of
1285 # _construct_results. Not regrowing the array twice matters a lot...
1286 # a surprising amount actually
1287 my $rows = delete $self->{_stashed_rows};
1289 my $cursor; # we may not need one at all
1291 my $did_fetch_all = $fetch_all;
1294 # FIXME SUBOPTIMAL - we can do better, cursor->next/all (well diff. methods) should return a ref
1295 $rows = [ ($rows ? @$rows : ()), $self->cursor->all ];
1297 elsif( $attrs->{collapse} ) {
1299 # a cursor will need to be closed over in case of collapse
1300 $cursor = $self->cursor;
1302 $attrs->{_ordered_for_collapse} = (
1308 ->_extract_colinfo_of_stable_main_source_order_by_portion($attrs)
1310 ) unless defined $attrs->{_ordered_for_collapse};
1312 if (! $attrs->{_ordered_for_collapse}) {
1315 # instead of looping over ->next, use ->all in stealth mode
1316 # *without* calling a ->reset afterwards
1317 # FIXME ENCAPSULATION - encapsulation breach, cursor method additions pending
1318 if (! $cursor->{_done}) {
1319 $rows = [ ($rows ? @$rows : ()), $cursor->all ];
1320 $cursor->{_done} = 1;
1325 if (! $did_fetch_all and ! @{$rows||[]} ) {
1326 # FIXME SUBOPTIMAL - we can do better, cursor->next/all (well diff. methods) should return a ref
1327 $cursor ||= $self->cursor;
1328 if (scalar (my @r = $cursor->next) ) {
1333 return undef unless @{$rows||[]};
1335 # sanity check - people are too clever for their own good
1336 if ($attrs->{collapse} and my $aliastypes = $attrs->{_last_sqlmaker_alias_map} ) {
1338 my $multiplied_selectors;
1339 for my $sel_alias ( grep { $_ ne $attrs->{alias} } keys %{ $aliastypes->{selecting} } ) {
1341 $aliastypes->{multiplying}{$sel_alias}
1343 $aliastypes->{premultiplied}{$sel_alias}
1345 $multiplied_selectors->{$_} = 1 for values %{$aliastypes->{selecting}{$sel_alias}{-seen_columns}}
1349 for my $i (0 .. $#{$attrs->{as}} ) {
1350 my $sel = $attrs->{select}[$i];
1352 if (ref $sel eq 'SCALAR') {
1355 elsif( ref $sel eq 'REF' and ref $$sel eq 'ARRAY' ) {
1359 $self->throw_exception(
1360 'Result collapse not possible - selection from a has_many source redirected to the main object'
1361 ) if ($multiplied_selectors->{$sel} and $attrs->{as}[$i] !~ /\./);
1365 # hotspot - skip the setter
1366 my $res_class = $self->_result_class;
1368 my $inflator_cref = $self->{_result_inflator}{cref} ||= do {
1369 $res_class->can ('inflate_result')
1370 or $self->throw_exception("Inflator $res_class does not provide an inflate_result() method");
1373 my $infmap = $attrs->{as};
1375 $self->{_result_inflator}{is_core_row} = ( (
1378 ( \&DBIx::Class::Row::inflate_result || die "No ::Row::inflate_result() - can't happen" )
1379 ) ? 1 : 0 ) unless defined $self->{_result_inflator}{is_core_row};
1381 $self->{_result_inflator}{is_hri} = ( (
1382 ! $self->{_result_inflator}{is_core_row}
1384 $inflator_cref == \&DBIx::Class::ResultClass::HashRefInflator::inflate_result
1385 ) ? 1 : 0 ) unless defined $self->{_result_inflator}{is_hri};
1388 if ($attrs->{_simple_passthrough_construction}) {
1389 # construct a much simpler array->hash folder for the one-table HRI cases right here
1390 if ($self->{_result_inflator}{is_hri}) {
1391 for my $r (@$rows) {
1392 $r = { map { $infmap->[$_] => $r->[$_] } 0..$#$infmap };
1395 # FIXME SUBOPTIMAL this is a very very very hot spot
1396 # while rather optimal we can *still* do much better, by
1397 # building a smarter Row::inflate_result(), and
1398 # switch to feeding it data via a much leaner interface
1400 # crude unscientific benchmarking indicated the shortcut eval is not worth it for
1401 # this particular resultset size
1402 elsif ( $self->{_result_inflator}{is_core_row} and @$rows < 60 ) {
1403 for my $r (@$rows) {
1404 $r = $inflator_cref->($res_class, $rsrc, { map { $infmap->[$_] => $r->[$_] } (0..$#$infmap) } );
1409 ( $self->{_result_inflator}{is_core_row}
1410 ? '$_ = $inflator_cref->($res_class, $rsrc, { %s }) for @$rows'
1411 # a custom inflator may be a multiplier/reductor - put it in direct list ctx
1412 : '@$rows = map { $inflator_cref->($res_class, $rsrc, { %s } ) } @$rows'
1414 ( join (', ', map { "\$infmap->[$_] => \$_->[$_]" } 0..$#$infmap ) )
1420 $self->{_result_inflator}{is_hri} ? 'hri'
1421 : $self->{_result_inflator}{is_core_row} ? 'classic_pruning'
1422 : 'classic_nonpruning'
1425 unless( $self->{_row_parser}{$parser_type}{cref} ) {
1427 # $args and $attrs to _mk_row_parser are separated to delineate what is
1428 # core collapser stuff and what is dbic $rs specific
1429 $self->{_row_parser}{$parser_type}{src} = $rsrc->_mk_row_parser({
1430 inflate_map => $infmap,
1431 collapse => $attrs->{collapse},
1432 premultiplied => $attrs->{_main_source_premultiplied},
1433 hri_style => $self->{_result_inflator}{is_hri},
1434 prune_null_branches => $self->{_result_inflator}{is_hri} || $self->{_result_inflator}{is_core_row},
1437 $self->{_row_parser}{$parser_type}{cref} = do {
1438 package # hide form PAUSE
1439 DBIx::Class::__GENERATED_ROW_PARSER__;
1441 eval $self->{_row_parser}{$parser_type}{src};
1445 # this needs to close over the *current* cursor, hence why it is not cached above
1446 my $next_cref = ($did_fetch_all or ! $attrs->{collapse})
1449 # FIXME SUBOPTIMAL - we can do better, cursor->next/all (well diff. methods) should return a ref
1450 my @r = $cursor->next or return;
1455 $self->{_row_parser}{$parser_type}{cref}->(
1458 ( $self->{_stashed_rows} = [] ),
1459 ( my $null_violations = {} ),
1462 $self->throw_exception(
1463 'Collapse aborted - the following columns are declared (or defaulted to) '
1464 . 'non-nullable within DBIC but NULLs were retrieved from storage: '
1465 . join( ', ', map { "'$infmap->[$_]'" } sort { $a <=> $b } keys %$null_violations )
1466 . ' within data row ' . dump_value({
1469 ( ! defined $self->{_stashed_rows}[0][$_] or length $self->{_stashed_rows}[0][$_] < 50 )
1470 ? $self->{_stashed_rows}[0][$_]
1471 : substr( $self->{_stashed_rows}[0][$_], 0, 50 ) . '...'
1472 } 0 .. $#{$self->{_stashed_rows}[0]}
1474 ) if keys %$null_violations;
1476 # simple in-place substitution, does not regrow $rows
1477 if ($self->{_result_inflator}{is_core_row}) {
1478 $_ = $inflator_cref->($res_class, $rsrc, @$_) for @$rows
1480 # Special-case multi-object HRI - there is no $inflator_cref pass at all
1481 elsif ( ! $self->{_result_inflator}{is_hri} ) {
1482 # the inflator may be a multiplier/reductor - put it in list ctx
1483 @$rows = map { $inflator_cref->($res_class, $rsrc, @$_) } @$rows;
1487 # The @$rows check seems odd at first - why wouldn't we want to warn
1488 # regardless? The issue is things like find() etc, where the user
1489 # *knows* only one result will come back. In these cases the ->all
1490 # is not a pessimization, but rather something we actually want
1492 'Unable to properly collapse has_many results in iterator mode due '
1493 . 'to order criteria - performed an eager cursor slurp underneath. '
1494 . 'Consider using ->all() instead'
1495 ) if ( ! $fetch_all and @$rows > 1 );
1500 =head2 result_source
1504 =item Arguments: L<$result_source?|DBIx::Class::ResultSource>
1506 =item Return Value: L<$result_source|DBIx::Class::ResultSource>
1510 An accessor for the primary ResultSource object from which this ResultSet
1517 =item Arguments: $result_class?
1519 =item Return Value: $result_class
1523 An accessor for the class to use when creating result objects. Defaults to
1524 C<< result_source->result_class >> - which in most cases is the name of the
1525 L<"table"|DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/"ResultSource"> class.
1527 Note that changing the result_class will also remove any components
1528 that were originally loaded in the source class via
1529 L<load_components|Class::C3::Componentised/load_components( @comps )>.
1530 Any overloaded methods in the original source class will not run.
1535 my ($self, $result_class) = @_;
1536 if ($result_class) {
1538 # don't fire this for an object
1539 $self->ensure_class_loaded($result_class)
1540 unless ref($result_class);
1542 if ($self->get_cache) {
1543 carp_unique('Changing the result_class of a ResultSet instance with cached results is a noop - the cache contents will not be altered');
1545 # FIXME ENCAPSULATION - encapsulation breach, cursor method additions pending
1546 elsif ($self->{cursor} && $self->{cursor}{_pos}) {
1547 $self->throw_exception('Changing the result_class of a ResultSet instance with an active cursor is not supported');
1550 $self->_result_class($result_class);
1552 delete $self->{_result_inflator};
1554 $self->_result_class;
1561 =item Arguments: L<$cond|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
1563 =item Return Value: $count
1567 Performs an SQL C<COUNT> with the same query as the resultset was built
1568 with to find the number of elements. Passing arguments is equivalent to
1569 C<< $rs->search ($cond, \%attrs)->count >>
1575 return $self->search(@_)->count if @_ and defined $_[0];
1576 return scalar @{ $self->get_cache } if $self->get_cache;
1578 my $attrs = { %{ $self->_resolved_attrs } };
1580 # this is a little optimization - it is faster to do the limit
1581 # adjustments in software, instead of a subquery
1582 my ($rows, $offset) = delete @{$attrs}{qw/rows offset/};
1585 if ($self->_has_resolved_attr (qw/collapse group_by/)) {
1586 $crs = $self->_count_subq_rs ($attrs);
1589 $crs = $self->_count_rs ($attrs);
1591 my $count = $crs->next;
1593 $count -= $offset if $offset;
1594 $count = $rows if $rows and $rows < $count;
1595 $count = 0 if ($count < 0);
1604 =item Arguments: L<$cond|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
1606 =item Return Value: L<$count_rs|DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn>
1610 Same as L</count> but returns a L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn> object.
1611 This can be very handy for subqueries:
1613 ->search( { amount => $some_rs->count_rs->as_query } )
1615 As with regular resultsets the SQL query will be executed only after
1616 the resultset is accessed via L</next> or L</all>. That would return
1617 the same single value obtainable via L</count>.
1623 return $self->search(@_)->count_rs if @_;
1625 # this may look like a lack of abstraction (count() does about the same)
1626 # but in fact an _rs *must* use a subquery for the limits, as the
1627 # software based limiting can not be ported if this $rs is to be used
1628 # in a subquery itself (i.e. ->as_query)
1629 if ($self->_has_resolved_attr (qw/collapse group_by offset rows/)) {
1630 return $self->_count_subq_rs($self->{_attrs});
1633 return $self->_count_rs($self->{_attrs});
1638 # returns a ResultSetColumn object tied to the count query
1641 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
1643 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1645 my $tmp_attrs = { %$attrs };
1646 # take off any limits, record_filter is cdbi, and no point of ordering nor locking a count
1647 delete @{$tmp_attrs}{qw/rows offset order_by record_filter for/};
1649 # overwrite the selector (supplied by the storage)
1650 $rsrc->resultset_class->new($rsrc, {
1652 select => $rsrc->schema->storage->_count_select ($rsrc, $attrs),
1654 })->get_column ('count');
1658 # same as above but uses a subquery
1660 sub _count_subq_rs {
1661 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
1663 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1665 my $sub_attrs = { %$attrs };
1666 # extra selectors do not go in the subquery and there is no point of ordering it, nor locking it
1667 delete @{$sub_attrs}{qw/collapse columns as select order_by for/};
1669 # if we multi-prefetch we group_by something unique, as this is what we would
1670 # get out of the rs via ->next/->all. We *DO WANT* to clobber old group_by regardless
1671 if ( $attrs->{collapse} ) {
1672 $sub_attrs->{group_by} = [ map { "$attrs->{alias}.$_" } @{
1673 $rsrc->_identifying_column_set || $self->throw_exception(
1674 'Unable to construct a unique group_by criteria properly collapsing the '
1675 . 'has_many prefetch before count()'
1680 # Calculate subquery selector
1681 if (my $g = $sub_attrs->{group_by}) {
1683 my $sql_maker = $rsrc->schema->storage->sql_maker;
1685 # necessary as the group_by may refer to aliased functions
1687 for my $sel (@{$attrs->{select}}) {
1688 $sel_index->{$sel->{-as}} = $sel
1689 if (ref $sel eq 'HASH' and $sel->{-as});
1692 # anything from the original select mentioned on the group-by needs to make it to the inner selector
1693 # also look for named aggregates referred in the having clause
1694 # having often contains scalarrefs - thus parse it out entirely
1696 if ($attrs->{having}) {
1697 local $sql_maker->{having_bind};
1698 local $sql_maker->{quote_char} = $sql_maker->{quote_char};
1699 local $sql_maker->{name_sep} = $sql_maker->{name_sep};
1700 unless (defined $sql_maker->{quote_char} and length $sql_maker->{quote_char}) {
1701 $sql_maker->{quote_char} = [ "\x00", "\xFF" ];
1702 # if we don't unset it we screw up retarded but unfortunately working
1703 # 'MAX(foo.bar)' => { '>', 3 }
1704 $sql_maker->{name_sep} = '';
1707 my ($lquote, $rquote, $sep) = map { quotemeta $_ } ($sql_maker->_quote_chars, $sql_maker->name_sep);
1709 my $having_sql = $sql_maker->_parse_rs_attrs ({ having => $attrs->{having} });
1712 # search for both a proper quoted qualified string, for a naive unquoted scalarref
1713 # and if all fails for an utterly naive quoted scalar-with-function
1714 while ($having_sql =~ /
1715 $rquote $sep $lquote (.+?) $rquote
1717 [\s,] \w+ \. (\w+) [\s,]
1719 [\s,] $lquote (.+?) $rquote [\s,]
1721 my $part = $1 || $2 || $3; # one of them matched if we got here
1722 unless ($seen_having{$part}++) {
1729 my $colpiece = $sel_index->{$_} || $_;
1731 # unqualify join-based group_by's. Arcane but possible query
1732 # also horrible horrible hack to alias a column (not a func.)
1733 # (probably need to introduce SQLA syntax)
1734 if ($colpiece =~ /\./ && $colpiece !~ /^$attrs->{alias}\./) {
1737 $colpiece = \ sprintf ('%s AS %s', map { $sql_maker->_quote ($_) } ($colpiece, $as) );
1739 push @{$sub_attrs->{select}}, $colpiece;
1743 my @pcols = map { "$attrs->{alias}.$_" } ($rsrc->primary_columns);
1744 $sub_attrs->{select} = @pcols ? \@pcols : [ 1 ];
1747 return $rsrc->resultset_class
1748 ->new ($rsrc, $sub_attrs)
1750 ->search ({}, { columns => { count => $rsrc->schema->storage->_count_select ($rsrc, $attrs) } })
1751 ->get_column ('count');
1755 =head2 count_literal
1757 B<CAVEAT>: C<count_literal> is provided for Class::DBI compatibility and
1758 should only be used in that context. See L</search_literal> for further info.
1762 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @standalone_bind_values
1764 =item Return Value: $count
1768 Counts the results in a literal query. Equivalent to calling L</search_literal>
1769 with the passed arguments, then L</count>.
1774 DBIx::Class::_ENV_::ASSERT_NO_INTERNAL_INDIRECT_CALLS and fail_on_internal_call;
1775 shift->search_literal(@_)->count
1782 =item Arguments: none
1784 =item Return Value: L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
1788 Returns all elements in the resultset.
1795 $self->throw_exception("all() doesn't take any arguments, you probably wanted ->search(...)->all()");
1798 delete @{$self}{qw/_stashed_rows _stashed_results/};
1800 if (my $c = $self->get_cache) {
1804 $self->cursor->reset;
1806 my $objs = $self->_construct_results('fetch_all') || [];
1808 $self->set_cache($objs) if $self->{attrs}{cache};
1817 =item Arguments: none
1819 =item Return Value: $self
1823 Resets the resultset's cursor, so you can iterate through the elements again.
1824 Implicitly resets the storage cursor, so a subsequent L</next> will trigger
1832 delete @{$self}{qw/_stashed_rows _stashed_results/};
1833 $self->{all_cache_position} = 0;
1834 $self->cursor->reset;
1842 =item Arguments: none
1844 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> | undef
1848 L<Resets|/reset> the resultset (causing a fresh query to storage) and returns
1849 an object for the first result (or C<undef> if the resultset is empty).
1854 DBIx::Class::_ENV_::ASSERT_NO_INTERNAL_INDIRECT_CALLS and fail_on_internal_call;
1855 return $_[0]->reset->next;
1861 # Determines whether and what type of subquery is required for the $rs operation.
1862 # If grouping is necessary either supplies its own, or verifies the current one
1863 # After all is done delegates to the proper storage method.
1865 sub _rs_update_delete {
1866 my ($self, $op, $values) = @_;
1868 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1869 my $storage = $rsrc->schema->storage;
1871 my $attrs = { %{$self->_resolved_attrs} };
1873 my $join_classifications;
1874 my ($existing_group_by) = delete @{$attrs}{qw(group_by _grouped_by_distinct)};
1876 # do we need a subquery for any reason?
1878 defined $existing_group_by
1880 # if {from} is unparseable wrap a subq
1881 ref($attrs->{from}) ne 'ARRAY'
1883 # limits call for a subq
1884 $self->_has_resolved_attr(qw/rows offset/)
1887 # simplify the joinmap, so we can further decide if a subq is necessary
1888 if (!$needs_subq and @{$attrs->{from}} > 1) {
1890 ($attrs->{from}, $join_classifications) =
1891 $storage->_prune_unused_joins ($attrs);
1893 # any non-pruneable non-local restricting joins imply subq
1894 $needs_subq = grep { $_ ne $attrs->{alias} } keys %{ $join_classifications->{restricting} || {} };
1897 # check if the head is composite (by now all joins are thrown out unless $needs_subq)
1899 (ref $attrs->{from}[0]) ne 'HASH'
1901 ref $attrs->{from}[0]{ $attrs->{from}[0]{-alias} }
1905 # do we need anything like a subquery?
1906 if (! $needs_subq) {
1907 # Most databases do not allow aliasing of tables in UPDATE/DELETE. Thus
1908 # a condition containing 'me' or other table prefixes will not work
1909 # at all. Tell SQLMaker to dequalify idents via a gross hack.
1911 my $sqla = $rsrc->schema->storage->sql_maker;
1912 local $sqla->{_dequalify_idents} = 1;
1913 \[ $sqla->_recurse_where($self->{cond}) ];
1917 # we got this far - means it is time to wrap a subquery
1918 my $idcols = $rsrc->_identifying_column_set || $self->throw_exception(
1920 "Unable to perform complex resultset %s() without an identifying set of columns on source '%s'",
1926 # make a new $rs selecting only the PKs (that's all we really need for the subq)
1927 delete $attrs->{$_} for qw/select as collapse/;
1928 $attrs->{columns} = [ map { "$attrs->{alias}.$_" } @$idcols ];
1930 # this will be consumed by the pruner waaaaay down the stack
1931 $attrs->{_force_prune_multiplying_joins} = 1;
1933 my $subrs = (ref $self)->new($rsrc, $attrs);
1935 if (@$idcols == 1) {
1936 $cond = { $idcols->[0] => { -in => $subrs->as_query } };
1938 elsif ($storage->_use_multicolumn_in) {
1939 # no syntax for calling this properly yet
1940 # !!! EXPERIMENTAL API !!! WILL CHANGE !!!
1941 $cond = $storage->sql_maker->_where_op_multicolumn_in (
1942 $idcols, # how do I convey a list of idents...? can binds reside on lhs?
1947 # if all else fails - get all primary keys and operate over a ORed set
1948 # wrap in a transaction for consistency
1949 # this is where the group_by/multiplication starts to matter
1953 # we do not need to check pre-multipliers, since if the premulti is there, its
1954 # parent (who is multi) will be there too
1955 keys %{ $join_classifications->{multiplying} || {} }
1957 # make sure if there is a supplied group_by it matches the columns compiled above
1958 # perfectly. Anything else can not be sanely executed on most databases so croak
1959 # right then and there
1960 if ($existing_group_by) {
1961 my @current_group_by = map
1962 { $_ =~ /\./ ? $_ : "$attrs->{alias}.$_" }
1967 join ("\x00", sort @current_group_by)
1969 join ("\x00", sort @{$attrs->{columns}} )
1971 $self->throw_exception (
1972 "You have just attempted a $op operation on a resultset which does group_by"
1973 . ' on columns other than the primary keys, while DBIC internally needs to retrieve'
1974 . ' the primary keys in a subselect. All sane RDBMS engines do not support this'
1975 . ' kind of queries. Please retry the operation with a modified group_by or'
1976 . ' without using one at all.'
1981 $subrs = $subrs->search({}, { group_by => $attrs->{columns} });
1984 $guard = $storage->txn_scope_guard;
1986 for my $row ($subrs->cursor->all) {
1988 { $idcols->[$_] => $row->[$_] }
1995 my $res = $cond ? $storage->$op (
1997 $op eq 'update' ? $values : (),
2001 $guard->commit if $guard;
2010 =item Arguments: \%values
2012 =item Return Value: $underlying_storage_rv
2016 Sets the specified columns in the resultset to the supplied values in a
2017 single query. Note that this will not run any accessor/set_column/update
2018 triggers, nor will it update any result object instances derived from this
2019 resultset (this includes the contents of the L<resultset cache|/set_cache>
2020 if any). See L</update_all> if you need to execute any on-update
2021 triggers or cascades defined either by you or a
2022 L<result component|DBIx::Class::Manual::Component/WHAT IS A COMPONENT>.
2024 The return value is a pass through of what the underlying
2025 storage backend returned, and may vary. See L<DBI/execute> for the most
2030 Note that L</update> does not process/deflate any of the values passed in.
2031 This is unlike the corresponding L<DBIx::Class::Row/update>. The user must
2032 ensure manually that any value passed to this method will stringify to
2033 something the RDBMS knows how to deal with. A notable example is the
2034 handling of L<DateTime> objects, for more info see:
2035 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Formatting DateTime objects in queries>.
2040 my ($self, $values) = @_;
2041 $self->throw_exception('Values for update must be a hash')
2042 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
2044 return $self->_rs_update_delete ('update', $values);
2051 =item Arguments: \%values
2053 =item Return Value: 1
2057 Fetches all objects and updates them one at a time via
2058 L<DBIx::Class::Row/update>. Note that C<update_all> will run DBIC defined
2059 triggers, while L</update> will not.
2064 my ($self, $values) = @_;
2065 $self->throw_exception('Values for update_all must be a hash')
2066 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
2068 my $guard = $self->result_source->schema->txn_scope_guard;
2069 $_->update({%$values}) for $self->all; # shallow copy - update will mangle it
2078 =item Arguments: none
2080 =item Return Value: $underlying_storage_rv
2084 Deletes the rows matching this resultset in a single query. Note that this
2085 will not run any delete triggers, nor will it alter the
2086 L<in_storage|DBIx::Class::Row/in_storage> status of any result object instances
2087 derived from this resultset (this includes the contents of the
2088 L<resultset cache|/set_cache> if any). See L</delete_all> if you need to
2089 execute any on-delete triggers or cascades defined either by you or a
2090 L<result component|DBIx::Class::Manual::Component/WHAT IS A COMPONENT>.
2092 The return value is a pass through of what the underlying storage backend
2093 returned, and may vary. See L<DBI/execute> for the most common case.
2099 $self->throw_exception('delete does not accept any arguments')
2102 return $self->_rs_update_delete ('delete');
2109 =item Arguments: none
2111 =item Return Value: 1
2115 Fetches all objects and deletes them one at a time via
2116 L<DBIx::Class::Row/delete>. Note that C<delete_all> will run DBIC defined
2117 triggers, while L</delete> will not.
2123 $self->throw_exception('delete_all does not accept any arguments')
2126 my $guard = $self->result_source->schema->txn_scope_guard;
2127 $_->delete for $self->all;
2136 =item Arguments: [ \@column_list, \@row_values+ ] | [ \%col_data+ ]
2138 =item Return Value: L<\@result_objects|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (scalar context) | L<@result_objects|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
2142 Accepts either an arrayref of hashrefs or alternatively an arrayref of
2149 The context of this method call has an important effect on what is
2150 submitted to storage. In void context data is fed directly to fastpath
2151 insertion routines provided by the underlying storage (most often
2152 L<DBI/execute_for_fetch>), bypassing the L<new|DBIx::Class::Row/new> and
2153 L<insert|DBIx::Class::Row/insert> calls on the
2154 L<Result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> class, including any
2155 augmentation of these methods provided by components. For example if you
2156 are using something like L<DBIx::Class::UUIDColumns> to create primary
2157 keys for you, you will find that your PKs are empty. In this case you
2158 will have to explicitly force scalar or list context in order to create
2163 In non-void (scalar or list) context, this method is simply a wrapper
2164 for L</create>. Depending on list or scalar context either a list of
2165 L<Result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> objects or an arrayref
2166 containing these objects is returned.
2168 When supplying data in "arrayref of arrayrefs" invocation style, the
2169 first element should be a list of column names and each subsequent
2170 element should be a data value in the earlier specified column order.
2173 $schema->resultset("Artist")->populate([
2174 [ qw( artistid name ) ],
2175 [ 100, 'A Formally Unknown Singer' ],
2176 [ 101, 'A singer that jumped the shark two albums ago' ],
2177 [ 102, 'An actually cool singer' ],
2180 For the arrayref of hashrefs style each hashref should be a structure
2181 suitable for passing to L</create>. Multi-create is also permitted with
2184 $schema->resultset("Artist")->populate([
2185 { artistid => 4, name => 'Manufactured Crap', cds => [
2186 { title => 'My First CD', year => 2006 },
2187 { title => 'Yet More Tweeny-Pop crap', year => 2007 },
2190 { artistid => 5, name => 'Angsty-Whiny Girl', cds => [
2191 { title => 'My parents sold me to a record company', year => 2005 },
2192 { title => 'Why Am I So Ugly?', year => 2006 },
2193 { title => 'I Got Surgery and am now Popular', year => 2007 }
2198 If you attempt a void-context multi-create as in the example above (each
2199 Artist also has the related list of CDs), and B<do not> supply the
2200 necessary autoinc foreign key information, this method will proxy to the
2201 less efficient L</create>, and then throw the Result objects away. In this
2202 case there are obviously no benefits to using this method over L</create>.
2209 # this is naive and just a quick check
2210 # the types will need to be checked more thoroughly when the
2211 # multi-source populate gets added
2213 ref $_[0] eq 'ARRAY'
2215 ( @{$_[0]} or return )
2217 ( ref $_[0][0] eq 'HASH' or ref $_[0][0] eq 'ARRAY' )
2220 ) or $self->throw_exception('Populate expects an arrayref of hashrefs or arrayref of arrayrefs');
2222 # FIXME - no cref handling
2223 # At this point assume either hashes or arrays
2225 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
2227 if(defined wantarray) {
2228 my (@results, $guard);
2230 if (ref $data->[0] eq 'ARRAY') {
2231 # column names only, nothing to do
2232 return if @$data == 1;
2234 $guard = $rsrc->schema->storage->txn_scope_guard
2238 { my $vals = $_; $self->new_result({ map { $data->[0][$_] => $vals->[$_] } 0..$#{$data->[0]} })->insert }
2239 @{$data}[1 .. $#$data]
2244 $guard = $rsrc->schema->storage->txn_scope_guard
2247 @results = map { $self->new_result($_)->insert } @$data;
2250 $guard->commit if $guard;
2251 return wantarray ? @results : \@results;
2254 # we have to deal with *possibly incomplete* related data
2255 # this means we have to walk the data structure twice
2256 # whether we want this or not
2257 # jnap, I hate you ;)
2258 my $rel_info = { map { $_ => $rsrc->relationship_info($_) } $rsrc->relationships };
2260 my ($colinfo, $colnames, $slices_with_rels);
2264 for my $i (0 .. $#$data) {
2266 my $current_slice_seen_rel_infos;
2268 ### Determine/Supplement collists
2269 ### BEWARE - This is a hot piece of code, a lot of weird idioms were used
2270 if( ref $data->[$i] eq 'ARRAY' ) {
2272 # positional(!) explicit column list
2274 # column names only, nothing to do
2275 return if @$data == 1;
2277 $colinfo->{$data->[0][$_]} = { pos => $_, name => $data->[0][$_] } and push @$colnames, $data->[0][$_]
2278 for 0 .. $#{$data->[0]};
2285 for (values %$colinfo) {
2286 if ($_->{is_rel} ||= (
2287 $rel_info->{$_->{name}}
2290 ref $data->[$i][$_->{pos}] eq 'ARRAY'
2292 ref $data->[$i][$_->{pos}] eq 'HASH'
2294 ( defined blessed $data->[$i][$_->{pos}] and $data->[$i][$_->{pos}]->isa('DBIx::Class::Row') )
2300 # moar sanity check... sigh
2301 for ( ref $data->[$i][$_->{pos}] eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$data->[$i][$_->{pos}]} : $data->[$i][$_->{pos}] ) {
2302 if ( defined blessed $_ and $_->isa('DBIx::Class::Row' ) ) {
2303 carp_unique("Fast-path populate() with supplied related objects is not possible - falling back to regular create()");
2304 return my $throwaway = $self->populate(@_);
2308 push @$current_slice_seen_rel_infos, $rel_info->{$_->{name}};
2313 if ($current_slice_seen_rel_infos) {
2314 push @$slices_with_rels, { map { $colnames->[$_] => $data->[$i][$_] } 0 .. $#$colnames };
2316 # this is needed further down to decide whether or not to fallback to create()
2317 $colinfo->{$colnames->[$_]}{seen_null} ||= ! defined $data->[$i][$_]
2318 for 0 .. $#$colnames;
2321 elsif( ref $data->[$i] eq 'HASH' ) {
2323 for ( sort keys %{$data->[$i]} ) {
2325 $colinfo->{$_} ||= do {
2327 $self->throw_exception("Column '$_' must be present in supplied explicit column list")
2328 if $data_start; # it will be 0 on AoH, 1 on AoA
2330 push @$colnames, $_;
2333 { pos => $#$colnames, name => $_ }
2336 if ($colinfo->{$_}{is_rel} ||= (
2340 ref $data->[$i]{$_} eq 'ARRAY'
2342 ref $data->[$i]{$_} eq 'HASH'
2344 ( defined blessed $data->[$i]{$_} and $data->[$i]{$_}->isa('DBIx::Class::Row') )
2350 # moar sanity check... sigh
2351 for ( ref $data->[$i]{$_} eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$data->[$i]{$_}} : $data->[$i]{$_} ) {
2352 if ( defined blessed $_ and $_->isa('DBIx::Class::Row' ) ) {
2353 carp_unique("Fast-path populate() with supplied related objects is not possible - falling back to regular create()");
2354 return my $throwaway = $self->populate(@_);
2358 push @$current_slice_seen_rel_infos, $rel_info->{$_};
2362 if ($current_slice_seen_rel_infos) {
2363 push @$slices_with_rels, $data->[$i];
2365 # this is needed further down to decide whether or not to fallback to create()
2366 $colinfo->{$_}{seen_null} ||= ! defined $data->[$i]{$_}
2367 for keys %{$data->[$i]};
2371 $self->throw_exception('Unexpected populate() data structure member type: ' . ref $data->[$i] );
2375 { $_->{attrs}{is_depends_on} }
2376 @{ $current_slice_seen_rel_infos || [] }
2378 carp_unique("Fast-path populate() of belongs_to relationship data is not possible - falling back to regular create()");
2379 return my $throwaway = $self->populate(@_);
2383 if( $slices_with_rels ) {
2385 # need to exclude the rel "columns"
2386 $colnames = [ grep { ! $colinfo->{$_}{is_rel} } @$colnames ];
2388 # extra sanity check - ensure the main source is in fact identifiable
2389 # the localizing of nullability is insane, but oh well... the use-case is legit
2390 my $ci = $rsrc->columns_info($colnames);
2392 $ci->{$_} = { %{$ci->{$_}}, is_nullable => 0 }
2393 for grep { ! $colinfo->{$_}{seen_null} } keys %$ci;
2395 unless( $rsrc->_identifying_column_set($ci) ) {
2396 carp_unique("Fast-path populate() of non-uniquely identifiable rows with related data is not possible - falling back to regular create()");
2397 return my $throwaway = $self->populate(@_);
2401 ### inherit the data locked in the conditions of the resultset
2402 my ($rs_data) = $self->_merge_with_rscond({});
2403 delete @{$rs_data}{@$colnames}; # passed-in stuff takes precedence
2405 # if anything left - decompose rs_data
2407 if (keys %$rs_data) {
2408 push @$rs_data_vals, $rs_data->{$_}
2409 for sort keys %$rs_data;
2414 $guard = $rsrc->schema->storage->txn_scope_guard
2415 if $slices_with_rels;
2417 ### main source data
2418 # FIXME - need to switch entirely to a coderef-based thing,
2419 # so that large sets aren't copied several times... I think
2420 $rsrc->schema->storage->_insert_bulk(
2422 [ @$colnames, sort keys %$rs_data ],
2424 ref $data->[$_] eq 'ARRAY'
2426 $slices_with_rels ? [ @{$data->[$_]}[0..$#$colnames], @{$rs_data_vals||[]} ] # the collist changed
2427 : $rs_data_vals ? [ @{$data->[$_]}, @$rs_data_vals ]
2430 : [ @{$data->[$_]}{@$colnames}, @{$rs_data_vals||[]} ]
2431 } $data_start .. $#$data ],
2434 ### do the children relationships
2435 if ( $slices_with_rels ) {
2436 my @rels = grep { $colinfo->{$_}{is_rel} } keys %$colinfo
2437 or die 'wtf... please report a bug with DBIC_TRACE=1 output (stacktrace)';
2439 for my $sl (@$slices_with_rels) {
2441 my ($main_proto, $main_proto_rs);
2442 for my $rel (@rels) {
2443 next unless defined $sl->{$rel};
2447 (map { $_ => $sl->{$_} } @$colnames),
2450 unless (defined $colinfo->{$rel}{rs}) {
2452 $colinfo->{$rel}{rs} = $rsrc->related_source($rel)->resultset;
2454 $colinfo->{$rel}{fk_map} = { reverse %{ $rsrc->_resolve_relationship_condition(
2456 self_alias => "\xFE", # irrelevant
2457 foreign_alias => "\xFF", # irrelevant
2458 )->{identity_map} || {} } };
2462 $colinfo->{$rel}{rs}->search({ map # only so that we inherit them values properly, no actual search
2465 ( $main_proto_rs ||= $rsrc->resultset->search($main_proto) )
2466 ->get_column( $colinfo->{$rel}{fk_map}{$_} )
2470 keys %{$colinfo->{$rel}{fk_map}}
2471 })->populate( ref $sl->{$rel} eq 'ARRAY' ? $sl->{$rel} : [ $sl->{$rel} ] );
2478 $guard->commit if $guard;
2485 =item Arguments: none
2487 =item Return Value: L<$pager|Data::Page>
2491 Returns a L<Data::Page> object for the current resultset. Only makes
2492 sense for queries with a C<page> attribute.
2494 To get the full count of entries for a paged resultset, call
2495 C<total_entries> on the L<Data::Page> object.
2502 return $self->{pager} if $self->{pager};
2504 my $attrs = $self->{attrs};
2505 if (!defined $attrs->{page}) {
2506 $self->throw_exception("Can't create pager for non-paged rs");
2508 elsif ($attrs->{page} <= 0) {
2509 $self->throw_exception('Invalid page number (page-numbers are 1-based)');
2511 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
2513 # throw away the paging flags and re-run the count (possibly
2514 # with a subselect) to get the real total count
2515 my $count_attrs = { %$attrs };
2516 delete @{$count_attrs}{qw/rows offset page pager/};
2518 my $total_rs = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $count_attrs);
2520 require DBIx::Class::ResultSet::Pager;
2521 return $self->{pager} = DBIx::Class::ResultSet::Pager->new(
2522 sub { $total_rs->count }, #lazy-get the total
2524 $self->{attrs}{page},
2532 =item Arguments: $page_number
2534 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search>
2538 Returns a resultset for the $page_number page of the resultset on which page
2539 is called, where each page contains a number of rows equal to the 'rows'
2540 attribute set on the resultset (10 by default).
2545 my ($self, $page) = @_;
2546 return (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, { %{$self->{attrs}}, page => $page });
2553 =item Arguments: \%col_data
2555 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2559 Creates a new result object in the resultset's result class and returns
2560 it. The row is not inserted into the database at this point, call
2561 L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> to do that. Calling L<DBIx::Class::Row/in_storage>
2562 will tell you whether the result object has been inserted or not.
2564 Passes the hashref of input on to L<DBIx::Class::Row/new>.
2569 my ($self, $values) = @_;
2571 $self->throw_exception( "Result object instantiation requires a single hashref argument" )
2572 if @_ > 2 or ref $values ne 'HASH';
2574 my ($merged_cond, $cols_from_relations) = $self->_merge_with_rscond($values);
2576 my $new = $self->result_class->new({
2578 ( @$cols_from_relations
2579 ? (-cols_from_relations => $cols_from_relations)
2582 -result_source => $self->result_source, # DO NOT REMOVE THIS, REQUIRED
2586 reftype($new) eq 'HASH'
2592 carp_unique (sprintf (
2593 "%s->new returned a blessed empty hashref - a strong indicator something is wrong with its inheritance chain",
2594 $self->result_class,
2601 # _merge_with_rscond
2603 # Takes a simple hash of K/V data and returns its copy merged with the
2604 # condition already present on the resultset. Additionally returns an
2605 # arrayref of value/condition names, which were inferred from related
2606 # objects (this is needed for in-memory related objects)
2607 sub _merge_with_rscond {
2608 my ($self, $data) = @_;
2610 my ($implied_data, @cols_from_relations);
2612 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
2614 if (! defined $self->{cond}) {
2615 # just massage $data below
2617 elsif ($self->{cond} eq UNRESOLVABLE_CONDITION) {
2618 $implied_data = $self->{attrs}{related_objects}; # nothing might have been inserted yet
2619 @cols_from_relations = keys %{ $implied_data || {} };
2622 my $eqs = $self->result_source->schema->storage->_extract_fixed_condition_columns($self->{cond}, 'consider_nulls');
2623 $implied_data = { map {
2624 ( ($eqs->{$_}||'') eq UNRESOLVABLE_CONDITION ) ? () : ( $_ => $eqs->{$_} )
2630 { %{ $self->_remove_alias($_, $alias) } }
2631 # precedence must be given to passed values over values inherited from
2632 # the cond, so the order here is important.
2633 ( $implied_data||(), $data)
2635 \@cols_from_relations
2639 # _has_resolved_attr
2641 # determines if the resultset defines at least one
2642 # of the attributes supplied
2644 # used to determine if a subquery is necessary
2646 # supports some virtual attributes:
2648 # This will scan for any joins being present on the resultset.
2649 # It is not a mere key-search but a deep inspection of {from}
2652 sub _has_resolved_attr {
2653 my ($self, @attr_names) = @_;
2655 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs;
2659 for my $n (@attr_names) {
2660 if (grep { $n eq $_ } (qw/-join/) ) {
2661 $extra_checks{$n}++;
2665 my $attr = $attrs->{$n};
2667 next if not defined $attr;
2669 if (ref $attr eq 'HASH') {
2670 return 1 if keys %$attr;
2672 elsif (ref $attr eq 'ARRAY') {
2680 # a resolved join is expressed as a multi-level from
2682 $extra_checks{-join}
2684 ref $attrs->{from} eq 'ARRAY'
2686 @{$attrs->{from}} > 1
2694 # Remove the specified alias from the specified query hash. A copy is made so
2695 # the original query is not modified.
2698 my ($self, $query, $alias) = @_;
2700 my %orig = %{ $query || {} };
2703 foreach my $key (keys %orig) {
2705 $unaliased{$key} = $orig{$key};
2708 $unaliased{$1} = $orig{$key}
2709 if $key =~ m/^(?:\Q$alias\E\.)?([^.]+)$/;
2719 =item Arguments: none
2721 =item Return Value: \[ $sql, L<@bind_values|/DBIC BIND VALUES> ]
2725 Returns the SQL query and bind vars associated with the invocant.
2727 This is generally used as the RHS for a subquery.
2734 my $attrs = { %{ $self->_resolved_attrs } };
2736 my $aq = $self->result_source->schema->storage->_select_args_to_query (
2737 $attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select}, $attrs->{where}, $attrs
2747 =item Arguments: \%col_data, { key => $unique_constraint, L<%attrs|/ATTRIBUTES> }?
2749 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2753 my $artist = $schema->resultset('Artist')->find_or_new(
2754 { artist => 'fred' }, { key => 'artists' });
2756 $cd->cd_to_producer->find_or_new({ producer => $producer },
2757 { key => 'primary' });
2759 Find an existing record from this resultset using L</find>. if none exists,
2760 instantiate a new result object and return it. The object will not be saved
2761 into your storage until you call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> on it.
2763 You most likely want this method when looking for existing rows using a unique
2764 constraint that is not the primary key, or looking for related rows.
2766 If you want objects to be saved immediately, use L</find_or_create> instead.
2768 B<Note>: Make sure to read the documentation of L</find> and understand the
2769 significance of the C<key> attribute, as its lack may skew your search, and
2770 subsequently result in spurious new objects.
2772 B<Note>: Take care when using C<find_or_new> with a table having
2773 columns with default values that you intend to be automatically
2774 supplied by the database (e.g. an auto_increment primary key column).
2775 In normal usage, the value of such columns should NOT be included at
2776 all in the call to C<find_or_new>, even when set to C<undef>.
2782 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
2783 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2784 if (keys %$hash and my $row = $self->find($hash, $attrs) ) {
2787 return $self->new_result($hash);
2794 =item Arguments: \%col_data
2796 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2800 Attempt to create a single new row or a row with multiple related rows
2801 in the table represented by the resultset (and related tables). This
2802 will not check for duplicate rows before inserting, use
2803 L</find_or_create> to do that.
2805 To create one row for this resultset, pass a hashref of key/value
2806 pairs representing the columns of the table and the values you wish to
2807 store. If the appropriate relationships are set up, foreign key fields
2808 can also be passed an object representing the foreign row, and the
2809 value will be set to its primary key.
2811 To create related objects, pass a hashref of related-object column values
2812 B<keyed on the relationship name>. If the relationship is of type C<multi>
2813 (L<DBIx::Class::Relationship/has_many>) - pass an arrayref of hashrefs.
2814 The process will correctly identify columns holding foreign keys, and will
2815 transparently populate them from the keys of the corresponding relation.
2816 This can be applied recursively, and will work correctly for a structure
2817 with an arbitrary depth and width, as long as the relationships actually
2818 exists and the correct column data has been supplied.
2820 Instead of hashrefs of plain related data (key/value pairs), you may
2821 also pass new or inserted objects. New objects (not inserted yet, see
2822 L</new_result>), will be inserted into their appropriate tables.
2824 Effectively a shortcut for C<< ->new_result(\%col_data)->insert >>.
2826 Example of creating a new row.
2828 $person_rs->create({
2829 name=>"Some Person",
2830 email=>"somebody@someplace.com"
2833 Example of creating a new row and also creating rows in a related C<has_many>
2834 or C<has_one> resultset. Note Arrayref.
2837 { artistid => 4, name => 'Manufactured Crap', cds => [
2838 { title => 'My First CD', year => 2006 },
2839 { title => 'Yet More Tweeny-Pop crap', year => 2007 },
2844 Example of creating a new row and also creating a row in a related
2845 C<belongs_to> resultset. Note Hashref.
2848 title=>"Music for Silly Walks",
2851 name=>"Silly Musician",
2859 When subclassing ResultSet never attempt to override this method. Since
2860 it is a simple shortcut for C<< $self->new_result($attrs)->insert >>, a
2861 lot of the internals simply never call it, so your override will be
2862 bypassed more often than not. Override either L<DBIx::Class::Row/new>
2863 or L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> depending on how early in the
2864 L</create> process you need to intervene. See also warning pertaining to
2872 #my ($self, $col_data) = @_;
2873 DBIx::Class::_ENV_::ASSERT_NO_INTERNAL_INDIRECT_CALLS and fail_on_internal_call;
2874 return shift->new_result(shift)->insert;
2877 =head2 find_or_create
2881 =item Arguments: \%col_data, { key => $unique_constraint, L<%attrs|/ATTRIBUTES> }?
2883 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2887 $cd->cd_to_producer->find_or_create({ producer => $producer },
2888 { key => 'primary' });
2890 Tries to find a record based on its primary key or unique constraints; if none
2891 is found, creates one and returns that instead.
2893 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create({
2895 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2896 title => 'Mezzanine',
2900 Also takes an optional C<key> attribute, to search by a specific key or unique
2901 constraint. For example:
2903 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create(
2905 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2906 title => 'Mezzanine',
2908 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
2911 B<Note>: Make sure to read the documentation of L</find> and understand the
2912 significance of the C<key> attribute, as its lack may skew your search, and
2913 subsequently result in spurious row creation.
2915 B<Note>: Because find_or_create() reads from the database and then
2916 possibly inserts based on the result, this method is subject to a race
2917 condition. Another process could create a record in the table after
2918 the find has completed and before the create has started. To avoid
2919 this problem, use find_or_create() inside a transaction.
2921 B<Note>: Take care when using C<find_or_create> with a table having
2922 columns with default values that you intend to be automatically
2923 supplied by the database (e.g. an auto_increment primary key column).
2924 In normal usage, the value of such columns should NOT be included at
2925 all in the call to C<find_or_create>, even when set to C<undef>.
2927 See also L</find> and L</update_or_create>. For information on how to declare
2928 unique constraints, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
2930 If you need to know if an existing row was found or a new one created use
2931 L</find_or_new> and L<DBIx::Class::Row/in_storage> instead. Don't forget
2932 to call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> to save the newly created row to the
2935 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_new({
2937 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2938 title => 'Mezzanine',
2942 if( !$cd->in_storage ) {
2949 sub find_or_create {
2951 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
2952 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2953 if (keys %$hash and my $row = $self->find($hash, $attrs) ) {
2956 return $self->new_result($hash)->insert;
2959 =head2 update_or_create
2963 =item Arguments: \%col_data, { key => $unique_constraint, L<%attrs|/ATTRIBUTES> }?
2965 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2969 $resultset->update_or_create({ col => $val, ... });
2971 Like L</find_or_create>, but if a row is found it is immediately updated via
2972 C<< $found_row->update (\%col_data) >>.
2975 Takes an optional C<key> attribute to search on a specific unique constraint.
2978 # In your application
2979 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->update_or_create(
2981 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2982 title => 'Mezzanine',
2985 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
2988 $cd->cd_to_producer->update_or_create({
2989 producer => $producer,
2995 B<Note>: Make sure to read the documentation of L</find> and understand the
2996 significance of the C<key> attribute, as its lack may skew your search, and
2997 subsequently result in spurious row creation.
2999 B<Note>: Take care when using C<update_or_create> with a table having
3000 columns with default values that you intend to be automatically
3001 supplied by the database (e.g. an auto_increment primary key column).
3002 In normal usage, the value of such columns should NOT be included at
3003 all in the call to C<update_or_create>, even when set to C<undef>.
3005 See also L</find> and L</find_or_create>. For information on how to declare
3006 unique constraints, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
3008 If you need to know if an existing row was updated or a new one created use
3009 L</update_or_new> and L<DBIx::Class::Row/in_storage> instead. Don't forget
3010 to call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> to save the newly created row to the
3015 sub update_or_create {
3017 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
3018 my $cond = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
3020 my $row = $self->find($cond, $attrs);
3022 $row->update($cond);
3026 return $self->new_result($cond)->insert;
3029 =head2 update_or_new
3033 =item Arguments: \%col_data, { key => $unique_constraint, L<%attrs|/ATTRIBUTES> }?
3035 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
3039 $resultset->update_or_new({ col => $val, ... });
3041 Like L</find_or_new> but if a row is found it is immediately updated via
3042 C<< $found_row->update (\%col_data) >>.
3046 # In your application
3047 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->update_or_new(
3049 artist => 'Massive Attack',
3050 title => 'Mezzanine',
3053 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
3056 if ($cd->in_storage) {
3057 # the cd was updated
3060 # the cd is not yet in the database, let's insert it
3064 B<Note>: Make sure to read the documentation of L</find> and understand the
3065 significance of the C<key> attribute, as its lack may skew your search, and
3066 subsequently result in spurious new objects.
3068 B<Note>: Take care when using C<update_or_new> with a table having
3069 columns with default values that you intend to be automatically
3070 supplied by the database (e.g. an auto_increment primary key column).
3071 In normal usage, the value of such columns should NOT be included at
3072 all in the call to C<update_or_new>, even when set to C<undef>.
3074 See also L</find>, L</find_or_create> and L</find_or_new>.
3080 my $attrs = ( @_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {} );
3081 my $cond = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
3083 my $row = $self->find( $cond, $attrs );
3084 if ( defined $row ) {
3085 $row->update($cond);
3089 return $self->new_result($cond);
3096 =item Arguments: none
3098 =item Return Value: L<\@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> | undef
3102 Gets the contents of the cache for the resultset, if the cache is set.
3104 The cache is populated either by using the L</prefetch> attribute to
3105 L</search> or by calling L</set_cache>.
3117 =item Arguments: L<\@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
3119 =item Return Value: L<\@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
3123 Sets the contents of the cache for the resultset. Expects an arrayref
3124 of objects of the same class as those produced by the resultset. Note that
3125 if the cache is set, the resultset will return the cached objects rather
3126 than re-querying the database even if the cache attr is not set.
3128 The contents of the cache can also be populated by using the
3129 L</prefetch> attribute to L</search>.
3134 my ( $self, $data ) = @_;
3135 $self->throw_exception("set_cache requires an arrayref")
3136 if defined($data) && (ref $data ne 'ARRAY');
3137 $self->{all_cache} = $data;
3144 =item Arguments: none
3146 =item Return Value: undef
3150 Clears the cache for the resultset.
3155 shift->set_cache(undef);
3162 =item Arguments: none
3164 =item Return Value: true, if the resultset has been paginated
3172 return !!$self->{attrs}{page};
3179 =item Arguments: none
3181 =item Return Value: true, if the resultset has been ordered with C<order_by>.
3189 return scalar $self->result_source->schema->storage->_extract_order_criteria($self->{attrs}{order_by});
3192 =head2 related_resultset
3196 =item Arguments: $rel_name
3198 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search>
3202 Returns a related resultset for the supplied relationship name.
3204 $artist_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->related_resultset('Artist');
3208 sub related_resultset {
3209 $_[0]->throw_exception(
3210 'Extra arguments to $rs->related_resultset() were always quietly '
3211 . 'discarded without consideration, you need to switch to '
3212 . '...->related_resultset( $relname )->search_rs( $search, $args ) instead.'
3215 return $_[0]->{related_resultsets}{$_[1]}
3216 if defined $_[0]->{related_resultsets}{$_[1]};
3218 my ($self, $rel) = @_;
3220 return $self->{related_resultsets}{$rel} = do {
3221 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
3222 my $rel_info = $rsrc->relationship_info($rel);
3224 $self->throw_exception(
3225 "search_related: result source '" . $rsrc->source_name .
3226 "' has no such relationship $rel")
3229 my $attrs = $self->_chain_relationship($rel);
3231 my $storage = $rsrc->schema->storage;
3233 # Previously this atribute was deleted (instead of being set as it is now)
3234 # Doing so seems to be harmless in all available test permutations
3235 # See also 01d59a6a6 and mst's comment below
3237 $attrs->{alias} = $storage->relname_to_table_alias(
3239 $attrs->{seen_join}{$rel}
3242 # since this is search_related, and we already slid the select window inwards
3243 # (the select/as attrs were deleted in the beginning), we need to flip all
3244 # left joins to inner, so we get the expected results
3245 # read the comment on top of the actual function to see what this does
3246 $attrs->{from} = $storage->_inner_join_to_node( $attrs->{from}, $attrs->{alias} );
3248 #XXX - temp fix for result_class bug. There likely is a more elegant fix -groditi
3249 delete $attrs->{result_class};
3253 # The reason we do this now instead of passing the alias to the
3254 # search_rs below is that if you wrap/overload resultset on the
3255 # source you need to know what alias it's -going- to have for things
3256 # to work sanely (e.g. RestrictWithObject wants to be able to add
3257 # extra query restrictions, and these may need to be $alias.)
3258 # -- mst ~ 2007 (01d59a6a6)
3260 # FIXME - this seems to be no longer neccessary (perhaps due to the
3261 # advances in relcond resolution. Testing DBIC::S::RWO and its only
3262 # dependent (as of Jun 2015 ) does not yield any difference with or
3263 # without this line. Nevertheless keep it as is for now, to minimize
3264 # churn, there is enough potential for breakage in 0.0829xx as it is
3265 # -- ribasushi Jun 2015
3267 my $rel_source = $rsrc->related_source($rel);
3268 local $rel_source->resultset_attributes->{alias} = $attrs->{alias};
3270 $rel_source->resultset->search_rs( undef, $attrs );
3273 if (my $cache = $self->get_cache) {
3274 my @related_cache = map
3275 { $_->related_resultset($rel)->get_cache || () }
3279 $new->set_cache([ map @$_, @related_cache ]) if @related_cache == @$cache;
3286 =head2 current_source_alias
3290 =item Arguments: none
3292 =item Return Value: $source_alias
3296 Returns the current table alias for the result source this resultset is built
3297 on, that will be used in the SQL query. Usually it is C<me>.
3299 Currently the source alias that refers to the result set returned by a
3300 L</search>/L</find> family method depends on how you got to the resultset: it's
3301 C<me> by default, but eg. L</search_related> aliases it to the related result
3302 source name (and keeps C<me> referring to the original result set). The long
3303 term goal is to make L<DBIx::Class> always alias the current resultset as C<me>
3304 (and make this method unnecessary).
3306 Thus it's currently necessary to use this method in predefined queries (see
3307 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Predefined searches>) when referring to the
3308 source alias of the current result set:
3310 # in a result set class
3312 my ($self, $user) = @_;
3314 my $me = $self->current_source_alias;
3316 return $self->search({
3317 "$me.modified" => $user->id,
3321 The alias of L<newly created resultsets|/search> can be altered by the
3322 L<alias attribute|/alias>.
3326 sub current_source_alias {
3327 return (shift->{attrs} || {})->{alias} || 'me';
3330 =head2 as_subselect_rs
3334 =item Arguments: none
3336 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search>
3340 Act as a barrier to SQL symbols. The resultset provided will be made into a
3341 "virtual view" by including it as a subquery within the from clause. From this
3342 point on, any joined tables are inaccessible to ->search on the resultset (as if
3343 it were simply where-filtered without joins). For example:
3345 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Bar')->search({'x.name' => 'abc'},{ join => 'x' });
3347 # 'x' now pollutes the query namespace
3349 # So the following works as expected
3350 my $ok_rs = $rs->search({'x.other' => 1});
3352 # But this doesn't: instead of finding a 'Bar' related to two x rows (abc and
3353 # def) we look for one row with contradictory terms and join in another table
3354 # (aliased 'x_2') which we never use
3355 my $broken_rs = $rs->search({'x.name' => 'def'});
3357 my $rs2 = $rs->as_subselect_rs;
3359 # doesn't work - 'x' is no longer accessible in $rs2, having been sealed away
3360 my $not_joined_rs = $rs2->search({'x.other' => 1});
3362 # works as expected: finds a 'table' row related to two x rows (abc and def)
3363 my $correctly_joined_rs = $rs2->search({'x.name' => 'def'});
3365 Another example of when one might use this would be to select a subset of
3366 columns in a group by clause:
3368 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Bar')->search(undef, {
3369 group_by => [qw{ id foo_id baz_id }],
3370 })->as_subselect_rs->search(undef, {
3371 columns => [qw{ id foo_id }]
3374 In the above example normally columns would have to be equal to the group by,
3375 but because we isolated the group by into a subselect the above works.
3379 sub as_subselect_rs {
3382 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs;
3384 my $fresh_rs = (ref $self)->new (
3385 $self->result_source
3388 # these pieces will be locked in the subquery
3389 delete $fresh_rs->{cond};
3390 delete @{$fresh_rs->{attrs}}{qw/where bind/};
3392 return $fresh_rs->search( {}, {
3394 $attrs->{alias} => $self->as_query,
3395 -alias => $attrs->{alias},
3396 -rsrc => $self->result_source,
3398 alias => $attrs->{alias},
3402 # This code is called by search_related, and makes sure there
3403 # is clear separation between the joins before, during, and
3404 # after the relationship. This information is needed later
3405 # in order to properly resolve prefetch aliases (any alias
3406 # with a relation_chain_depth less than the depth of the
3407 # current prefetch is not considered)
3409 # The increments happen twice per join. An even number means a
3410 # relationship specified via a search_related, whereas an odd
3411 # number indicates a join/prefetch added via attributes
3413 # Also this code will wrap the current resultset (the one we
3414 # chain to) in a subselect IFF it contains limiting attributes
3415 sub _chain_relationship {
3416 my ($self, $rel) = @_;
3417 my $source = $self->result_source;
3418 my $attrs = { %{$self->{attrs}||{}} };
3420 # we need to take the prefetch the attrs into account before we
3421 # ->_resolve_join as otherwise they get lost - captainL
3422 my $join = $self->_merge_joinpref_attr( $attrs->{join}, $attrs->{prefetch} );
3424 delete @{$attrs}{qw/join prefetch collapse group_by distinct _grouped_by_distinct select as columns +select +as +columns/};
3426 my $seen = { %{ (delete $attrs->{seen_join}) || {} } };
3429 my @force_subq_attrs = qw/offset rows group_by having/;
3432 ($attrs->{from} && ref $attrs->{from} ne 'ARRAY')
3434 $self->_has_resolved_attr (@force_subq_attrs)
3436 # Nuke the prefetch (if any) before the new $rs attrs
3437 # are resolved (prefetch is useless - we are wrapping
3438 # a subquery anyway).
3439 my $rs_copy = $self->search;
3440 $rs_copy->{attrs}{join} = $self->_merge_joinpref_attr (
3441 $rs_copy->{attrs}{join},
3442 delete $rs_copy->{attrs}{prefetch},
3447 -alias => $attrs->{alias},
3448 $attrs->{alias} => $rs_copy->as_query,
3450 delete @{$attrs}{@force_subq_attrs, qw/where bind/};
3451 $seen->{-relation_chain_depth} = 0;
3453 elsif ($attrs->{from}) { #shallow copy suffices
3454 $from = [ @{$attrs->{from}} ];
3459 -alias => $attrs->{alias},
3460 $attrs->{alias} => $source->from,
3464 my $jpath = ($seen->{-relation_chain_depth})
3465 ? $from->[-1][0]{-join_path}
3468 my @requested_joins = $source->_resolve_join(
3475 push @$from, @requested_joins;
3477 $seen->{-relation_chain_depth}++;
3479 # if $self already had a join/prefetch specified on it, the requested
3480 # $rel might very well be already included. What we do in this case
3481 # is effectively a no-op (except that we bump up the chain_depth on
3482 # the join in question so we could tell it *is* the search_related)
3485 # we consider the last one thus reverse
3486 for my $j (reverse @requested_joins) {
3487 my ($last_j) = keys %{$j->[0]{-join_path}[-1]};
3488 if ($rel eq $last_j) {
3489 $j->[0]{-relation_chain_depth}++;
3495 unless ($already_joined) {
3496 push @$from, $source->_resolve_join(
3504 $seen->{-relation_chain_depth}++;
3506 return {%$attrs, from => $from, seen_join => $seen};
3509 sub _resolved_attrs {
3511 return $self->{_attrs} if $self->{_attrs};
3513 my $attrs = { %{ $self->{attrs} || {} } };
3514 my $source = $attrs->{result_source} = $self->result_source;
3515 my $alias = $attrs->{alias};
3517 $self->throw_exception("Specifying distinct => 1 in conjunction with collapse => 1 is unsupported")
3518 if $attrs->{collapse} and $attrs->{distinct};
3521 # Sanity check the paging attributes
3522 # SQLMaker does it too, but in case of a software_limit we'll never get there
3523 if (defined $attrs->{offset}) {
3524 $self->throw_exception('A supplied offset attribute must be a non-negative integer')
3525 if ( $attrs->{offset} =~ /[^0-9]/ or $attrs->{offset} < 0 );
3527 if (defined $attrs->{rows}) {
3528 $self->throw_exception("The rows attribute must be a positive integer if present")
3529 if ( $attrs->{rows} =~ /[^0-9]/ or $attrs->{rows} <= 0 );
3533 # default selection list
3534 $attrs->{columns} = [ $source->columns ]
3535 unless grep { exists $attrs->{$_} } qw/columns cols select as/;
3537 # merge selectors together
3538 for (qw/columns select as/) {
3539 $attrs->{$_} = $self->_merge_attr($attrs->{$_}, delete $attrs->{"+$_"})
3540 if $attrs->{$_} or $attrs->{"+$_"};
3543 # disassemble columns
3545 if (my $cols = delete $attrs->{columns}) {
3546 for my $c (ref $cols eq 'ARRAY' ? @$cols : $cols) {
3547 if (ref $c eq 'HASH') {
3548 for my $as (sort keys %$c) {
3549 push @sel, $c->{$as};
3560 # when trying to weed off duplicates later do not go past this point -
3561 # everything added from here on is unbalanced "anyone's guess" stuff
3562 my $dedup_stop_idx = $#as;
3564 push @as, @{ ref $attrs->{as} eq 'ARRAY' ? $attrs->{as} : [ $attrs->{as} ] }
3566 push @sel, @{ ref $attrs->{select} eq 'ARRAY' ? $attrs->{select} : [ $attrs->{select} ] }
3567 if $attrs->{select};
3569 # assume all unqualified selectors to apply to the current alias (legacy stuff)
3570 $_ = (ref $_ or $_ =~ /\./) ? $_ : "$alias.$_" for @sel;
3572 # disqualify all $alias.col as-bits (inflate-map mandated)
3573 $_ = ($_ =~ /^\Q$alias.\E(.+)$/) ? $1 : $_ for @as;
3575 # de-duplicate the result (remove *identical* select/as pairs)
3576 # and also die on duplicate {as} pointing to different {select}s
3577 # not using a c-style for as the condition is prone to shrinkage
3580 while ($i <= $dedup_stop_idx) {
3581 if ($seen->{"$sel[$i] \x00\x00 $as[$i]"}++) {
3586 elsif ($seen->{$as[$i]}++) {
3587 $self->throw_exception(
3588 "inflate_result() alias '$as[$i]' specified twice with different SQL-side {select}-ors"
3596 $attrs->{select} = \@sel;
3597 $attrs->{as} = \@as;
3599 $attrs->{from} ||= [{
3601 -alias => $self->{attrs}{alias},
3602 $self->{attrs}{alias} => $source->from,
3605 if ( $attrs->{join} || $attrs->{prefetch} ) {
3607 $self->throw_exception ('join/prefetch can not be used with a custom {from}')
3608 if ref $attrs->{from} ne 'ARRAY';
3610 my $join = (delete $attrs->{join}) || {};
3612 if ( defined $attrs->{prefetch} ) {
3613 $join = $self->_merge_joinpref_attr( $join, $attrs->{prefetch} );
3616 $attrs->{from} = # have to copy here to avoid corrupting the original
3618 @{ $attrs->{from} },
3619 $source->_resolve_join(
3622 { %{ $attrs->{seen_join} || {} } },
3623 ( $attrs->{seen_join} && keys %{$attrs->{seen_join}})
3624 ? $attrs->{from}[-1][0]{-join_path}
3632 for my $attr (qw(order_by group_by)) {
3634 if ( defined $attrs->{$attr} ) {
3636 ref( $attrs->{$attr} ) eq 'ARRAY'
3637 ? [ @{ $attrs->{$attr} } ]
3638 : [ $attrs->{$attr} || () ]
3641 delete $attrs->{$attr} unless @{$attrs->{$attr}};
3646 # set collapse default based on presence of prefetch
3649 defined $attrs->{prefetch}
3651 $prefetch = $self->_merge_joinpref_attr( {}, delete $attrs->{prefetch} )
3653 $self->throw_exception("Specifying prefetch in conjunction with an explicit collapse => 0 is unsupported")
3654 if defined $attrs->{collapse} and ! $attrs->{collapse};
3656 $attrs->{collapse} = 1;
3660 # run through the resulting joinstructure (starting from our current slot)
3661 # and unset collapse if proven unnecessary
3663 # also while we are at it find out if the current root source has
3664 # been premultiplied by previous related_source chaining
3666 # this allows to predict whether a root object with all other relation
3667 # data set to NULL is in fact unique
3668 if ($attrs->{collapse}) {
3670 if (ref $attrs->{from} eq 'ARRAY') {
3672 if (@{$attrs->{from}} == 1) {
3673 # no joins - no collapse
3674 $attrs->{collapse} = 0;
3677 # find where our table-spec starts
3678 my @fromlist = @{$attrs->{from}};
3680 my $t = shift @fromlist;
3683 # me vs join from-spec distinction - a ref means non-root
3684 if (ref $t eq 'ARRAY') {
3686 $is_multi ||= ! $t->{-is_single};
3688 last if ($t->{-alias} && $t->{-alias} eq $alias);
3689 $attrs->{_main_source_premultiplied} ||= $is_multi;
3692 # no non-singles remaining, nor any premultiplication - nothing to collapse
3694 ! $attrs->{_main_source_premultiplied}
3696 ! grep { ! $_->[0]{-is_single} } @fromlist
3698 $attrs->{collapse} = 0;
3704 # if we can not analyze the from - err on the side of safety
3705 $attrs->{_main_source_premultiplied} = 1;
3710 # generate the distinct induced group_by before injecting the prefetched select/as parts
3711 if (delete $attrs->{distinct}) {
3712 if ($attrs->{group_by}) {
3713 carp_unique ("Useless use of distinct on a grouped resultset ('distinct' is ignored when a 'group_by' is present)");
3716 $attrs->{_grouped_by_distinct} = 1;
3717 # distinct affects only the main selection part, not what prefetch may add below
3718 ($attrs->{group_by}, my $new_order) = $source->schema->storage->_group_over_selection($attrs);
3720 # FIXME possibly ignore a rewritten order_by (may turn out to be an issue)
3721 # The thinking is: if we are collapsing the subquerying prefetch engine will
3722 # rip stuff apart for us anyway, and we do not want to have a potentially
3723 # function-converted external order_by
3724 # ( there is an explicit if ( collapse && _grouped_by_distinct ) check in DBIHacks )
3725 $attrs->{order_by} = $new_order unless $attrs->{collapse};
3730 # generate selections based on the prefetch helper
3733 $self->throw_exception("Unable to prefetch, resultset contains an unnamed selector $attrs->{_dark_selector}{string}")
3734 if $attrs->{_dark_selector};
3736 # this is a separate structure (we don't look in {from} directly)
3737 # as the resolver needs to shift things off the lists to work
3738 # properly (identical-prefetches on different branches)
3739 my $joined_node_aliases_map = {};
3740 if (ref $attrs->{from} eq 'ARRAY') {
3742 my $start_depth = $attrs->{seen_join}{-relation_chain_depth} || 0;
3744 for my $j ( @{$attrs->{from}}[1 .. $#{$attrs->{from}} ] ) {
3745 next unless $j->[0]{-alias};
3746 next unless $j->[0]{-join_path};
3747 next if ($j->[0]{-relation_chain_depth} || 0) < $start_depth;
3749 my @jpath = map { keys %$_ } @{$j->[0]{-join_path}};
3751 my $p = $joined_node_aliases_map;
3752 $p = $p->{$_} ||= {} for @jpath[ ($start_depth/2) .. $#jpath]; #only even depths are actual jpath boundaries
3753 push @{$p->{-join_aliases} }, $j->[0]{-alias};
3757 ( push @{$attrs->{select}}, $_->[0] ) and ( push @{$attrs->{as}}, $_->[1] )
3758 for $source->_resolve_selection_from_prefetch( $prefetch, $joined_node_aliases_map );
3762 $attrs->{_simple_passthrough_construction} = !(
3765 grep { $_ =~ /\./ } @{$attrs->{as}}
3769 # if both page and offset are specified, produce a combined offset
3770 # even though it doesn't make much sense, this is what pre 081xx has
3772 if (my $page = delete $attrs->{page}) {
3774 ($attrs->{rows} * ($page - 1))
3776 ($attrs->{offset} || 0)
3780 return $self->{_attrs} = $attrs;
3784 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
3786 if (ref $attr eq 'HASH') {
3787 return $self->_rollout_hash($attr);
3788 } elsif (ref $attr eq 'ARRAY') {
3789 return $self->_rollout_array($attr);
3795 sub _rollout_array {
3796 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
3799 foreach my $element (@{$attr}) {
3800 if (ref $element eq 'HASH') {
3801 push( @rolled_array, @{ $self->_rollout_hash( $element ) } );
3802 } elsif (ref $element eq 'ARRAY') {
3803 # XXX - should probably recurse here
3804 push( @rolled_array, @{$self->_rollout_array($element)} );
3806 push( @rolled_array, $element );
3809 return \@rolled_array;
3813 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
3816 foreach my $key (keys %{$attr}) {
3817 push( @rolled_array, { $key => $attr->{$key} } );
3819 return \@rolled_array;
3822 sub _calculate_score {
3823 my ($self, $a, $b) = @_;
3825 if (defined $a xor defined $b) {
3828 elsif (not defined $a) {
3832 if (ref $b eq 'HASH') {
3833 my ($b_key) = keys %{$b};
3834 $b_key = '' if ! defined $b_key;
3835 if (ref $a eq 'HASH') {
3836 my ($a_key) = keys %{$a};
3837 $a_key = '' if ! defined $a_key;
3838 if ($a_key eq $b_key) {
3839 return (1 + $self->_calculate_score( $a->{$a_key}, $b->{$b_key} ));
3844 return ($a eq $b_key) ? 1 : 0;
3847 if (ref $a eq 'HASH') {
3848 my ($a_key) = keys %{$a};
3849 return ($b eq $a_key) ? 1 : 0;
3851 return ($b eq $a) ? 1 : 0;
3856 sub _merge_joinpref_attr {
3857 my ($self, $orig, $import) = @_;
3859 return $import unless defined($orig);
3860 return $orig unless defined($import);
3862 $orig = $self->_rollout_attr($orig);
3863 $import = $self->_rollout_attr($import);
3866 foreach my $import_element ( @{$import} ) {
3867 # find best candidate from $orig to merge $b_element into
3868 my $best_candidate = { position => undef, score => 0 }; my $position = 0;
3869 foreach my $orig_element ( @{$orig} ) {
3870 my $score = $self->_calculate_score( $orig_element, $import_element );
3871 if ($score > $best_candidate->{score}) {
3872 $best_candidate->{position} = $position;
3873 $best_candidate->{score} = $score;
3877 my ($import_key) = ( ref $import_element eq 'HASH' ) ? keys %{$import_element} : ($import_element);
3878 $import_key = '' if not defined $import_key;
3880 if ($best_candidate->{score} == 0 || exists $seen_keys->{$import_key}) {
3881 push( @{$orig}, $import_element );
3883 my $orig_best = $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}];
3884 # merge orig_best and b_element together and replace original with merged
3885 if (ref $orig_best ne 'HASH') {
3886 $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}] = $import_element;
3887 } elsif (ref $import_element eq 'HASH') {
3888 my ($key) = keys %{$orig_best};
3889 $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}] = { $key => $self->_merge_joinpref_attr($orig_best->{$key}, $import_element->{$key}) };
3892 $seen_keys->{$import_key} = 1; # don't merge the same key twice
3895 return @$orig ? $orig : ();
3903 require Hash::Merge;
3904 my $hm = Hash::Merge->new;
3906 $hm->specify_behavior({
3909 my ($defl, $defr) = map { defined $_ } (@_[0,1]);
3911 if ($defl xor $defr) {
3912 return [ $defl ? $_[0] : $_[1] ];
3917 elsif (__HM_DEDUP and $_[0] eq $_[1]) {
3921 return [$_[0], $_[1]];
3925 return $_[1] if !defined $_[0];
3926 return $_[1] if __HM_DEDUP and grep { $_ eq $_[0] } @{$_[1]};
3927 return [$_[0], @{$_[1]}]
3930 return [] if !defined $_[0] and !keys %{$_[1]};
3931 return [ $_[1] ] if !defined $_[0];
3932 return [ $_[0] ] if !keys %{$_[1]};
3933 return [$_[0], $_[1]]
3938 return $_[0] if !defined $_[1];
3939 return $_[0] if __HM_DEDUP and grep { $_ eq $_[1] } @{$_[0]};
3940 return [@{$_[0]}, $_[1]]
3943 my @ret = @{$_[0]} or return $_[1];
3944 return [ @ret, @{$_[1]} ] unless __HM_DEDUP;
3945 my %idx = map { $_ => 1 } @ret;
3946 push @ret, grep { ! defined $idx{$_} } (@{$_[1]});
3950 return [ $_[1] ] if ! @{$_[0]};
3951 return $_[0] if !keys %{$_[1]};
3952 return $_[0] if __HM_DEDUP and grep { $_ eq $_[1] } @{$_[0]};
3953 return [ @{$_[0]}, $_[1] ];
3958 return [] if !keys %{$_[0]} and !defined $_[1];
3959 return [ $_[0] ] if !defined $_[1];
3960 return [ $_[1] ] if !keys %{$_[0]};
3961 return [$_[0], $_[1]]
3964 return [] if !keys %{$_[0]} and !@{$_[1]};
3965 return [ $_[0] ] if !@{$_[1]};
3966 return $_[1] if !keys %{$_[0]};
3967 return $_[1] if __HM_DEDUP and grep { $_ eq $_[0] } @{$_[1]};
3968 return [ $_[0], @{$_[1]} ];
3971 return [] if !keys %{$_[0]} and !keys %{$_[1]};
3972 return [ $_[0] ] if !keys %{$_[1]};
3973 return [ $_[1] ] if !keys %{$_[0]};
3974 return [ $_[0] ] if $_[0] eq $_[1];
3975 return [ $_[0], $_[1] ];
3978 } => 'DBIC_RS_ATTR_MERGER');
3982 return $hm->merge ($_[1], $_[2]);
3986 sub STORABLE_freeze {
3987 my ($self, $cloning) = @_;
3988 my $to_serialize = { %$self };
3990 # A cursor in progress can't be serialized (and would make little sense anyway)
3991 # the parser can be regenerated (and can't be serialized)
3992 delete @{$to_serialize}{qw/cursor _row_parser _result_inflator/};
3994 # nor is it sensical to store a not-yet-fired-count pager
3995 if ($to_serialize->{pager} and ref $to_serialize->{pager}{total_entries} eq 'CODE') {
3996 delete $to_serialize->{pager};
3999 Storable::nfreeze($to_serialize);
4002 # need this hook for symmetry
4004 my ($self, $cloning, $serialized) = @_;
4006 %$self = %{ Storable::thaw($serialized) };
4012 =head2 throw_exception
4014 See L<DBIx::Class::Schema/throw_exception> for details.
4018 sub throw_exception {
4021 if (ref $self and my $rsrc = $self->result_source) {
4022 $rsrc->throw_exception(@_)
4025 DBIx::Class::Exception->throw(@_);
4033 # XXX: FIXME: Attributes docs need clearing up
4037 Attributes are used to refine a ResultSet in various ways when
4038 searching for data. They can be passed to any method which takes an
4039 C<\%attrs> argument. See L</search>, L</search_rs>, L</find>,
4042 Default attributes can be set on the result class using
4043 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/resultset_attributes>. (Please read
4044 the CAVEATS on that feature before using it!)
4046 These are in no particular order:
4052 =item Value: ( $order_by | \@order_by | \%order_by )
4056 Which column(s) to order the results by.
4058 [The full list of suitable values is documented in
4059 L<SQL::Abstract/"ORDER BY CLAUSES">; the following is a summary of
4062 If a single column name, or an arrayref of names is supplied, the
4063 argument is passed through directly to SQL. The hashref syntax allows
4064 for connection-agnostic specification of ordering direction:
4066 For descending order:
4068 order_by => { -desc => [qw/col1 col2 col3/] }
4070 For explicit ascending order:
4072 order_by => { -asc => 'col' }
4074 The old scalarref syntax (i.e. order_by => \'year DESC') is still
4075 supported, although you are strongly encouraged to use the hashref
4076 syntax as outlined above.
4082 =item Value: \@columns | \%columns | $column
4086 Shortcut to request a particular set of columns to be retrieved. Each
4087 column spec may be a string (a table column name), or a hash (in which
4088 case the key is the C<as> value, and the value is used as the C<select>
4089 expression). Adds the L</current_source_alias> onto the start of any column without a C<.> in
4090 it and sets C<select> from that, then auto-populates C<as> from
4091 C<select> as normal. (You may also use the C<cols> attribute, as in
4092 earlier versions of DBIC, but this is deprecated)
4094 Essentially C<columns> does the same as L</select> and L</as>.
4096 columns => [ 'some_column', { dbic_slot => 'another_column' } ]
4100 select => [qw(some_column another_column)],
4101 as => [qw(some_column dbic_slot)]
4103 If you want to individually retrieve related columns (in essence perform
4104 manual L</prefetch>) you have to make sure to specify the correct inflation slot
4105 chain such that it matches existing relationships:
4107 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({}, {
4108 # required to tell DBIC to collapse has_many relationships
4110 join => { cds => 'tracks' },
4112 'cds.cdid' => 'cds.cdid',
4113 'cds.tracks.title' => 'tracks.title',
4117 Like elsewhere, literal SQL or literal values can be included by using a
4118 scalar reference or a literal bind value, and these values will be available
4119 in the result with C<get_column> (see also
4120 L<SQL::Abstract/Literal SQL and value type operators>):
4122 # equivalent SQL: SELECT 1, 'a string', IF(my_column,?,?) ...
4123 # bind values: $true_value, $false_value
4127 bar => \q{'a string'},
4128 baz => \[ 'IF(my_column,?,?)', $true_value, $false_value ],
4134 B<NOTE:> You B<MUST> explicitly quote C<'+columns'> when using this attribute.
4135 Not doing so causes Perl to incorrectly interpret C<+columns> as a bareword
4136 with a unary plus operator before it, which is the same as simply C<columns>.
4140 =item Value: \@extra_columns
4144 Indicates additional columns to be selected from storage. Works the same as
4145 L</columns> but adds columns to the current selection. (You may also use the
4146 C<include_columns> attribute, as in earlier versions of DBIC, but this is
4149 $schema->resultset('CD')->search(undef, {
4150 '+columns' => ['artist.name'],
4154 would return all CDs and include a 'name' column to the information
4155 passed to object inflation. Note that the 'artist' is the name of the
4156 column (or relationship) accessor, and 'name' is the name of the column
4157 accessor in the related table.
4163 =item Value: \@select_columns
4167 Indicates which columns should be selected from the storage. You can use
4168 column names, or in the case of RDBMS back ends, function or stored procedure
4171 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
4174 { count => 'employeeid' },
4175 { max => { length => 'name' }, -as => 'longest_name' }
4180 SELECT name, COUNT( employeeid ), MAX( LENGTH( name ) ) AS longest_name FROM employee
4182 B<NOTE:> You will almost always need a corresponding L</as> attribute when you
4183 use L</select>, to instruct DBIx::Class how to store the result of the column.
4185 Also note that the L</as> attribute has B<nothing to do> with the SQL-side
4186 C<AS> identifier aliasing. You B<can> alias a function (so you can use it e.g.
4187 in an C<ORDER BY> clause), however this is done via the C<-as> B<select
4188 function attribute> supplied as shown in the example above.
4192 B<NOTE:> You B<MUST> explicitly quote C<'+select'> when using this attribute.
4193 Not doing so causes Perl to incorrectly interpret C<+select> as a bareword
4194 with a unary plus operator before it, which is the same as simply C<select>.
4198 =item Value: \@extra_select_columns
4202 Indicates additional columns to be selected from storage. Works the same as
4203 L</select> but adds columns to the current selection, instead of specifying
4204 a new explicit list.
4210 =item Value: \@inflation_names
4214 Indicates DBIC-side names for object inflation. That is L</as> indicates the
4215 slot name in which the column value will be stored within the
4216 L<Row|DBIx::Class::Row> object. The value will then be accessible via this
4217 identifier by the C<get_column> method (or via the object accessor B<if one
4218 with the same name already exists>) as shown below.
4220 The L</as> attribute has B<nothing to do> with the SQL-side identifier
4221 aliasing C<AS>. See L</select> for details.
4223 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
4226 { count => 'employeeid' },
4227 { max => { length => 'name' }, -as => 'longest_name' }
4236 If the object against which the search is performed already has an accessor
4237 matching a column name specified in C<as>, the value can be retrieved using
4238 the accessor as normal:
4240 my $name = $employee->name();
4242 If on the other hand an accessor does not exist in the object, you need to
4243 use C<get_column> instead:
4245 my $employee_count = $employee->get_column('employee_count');
4247 You can create your own accessors if required - see
4248 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook> for details.
4252 B<NOTE:> You B<MUST> explicitly quote C<'+as'> when using this attribute.
4253 Not doing so causes Perl to incorrectly interpret C<+as> as a bareword
4254 with a unary plus operator before it, which is the same as simply C<as>.
4258 =item Value: \@extra_inflation_names
4262 Indicates additional inflation names for selectors added via L</+select>. See L</as>.
4268 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
4272 Contains a list of relationships that should be joined for this query. For
4275 # Get CDs by Nine Inch Nails
4276 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
4277 { 'artist.name' => 'Nine Inch Nails' },
4278 { join => 'artist' }
4281 Can also contain a hash reference to refer to the other relation's relations.
4284 package MyApp::Schema::Track;
4285 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
4286 __PACKAGE__->table('track');
4287 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/trackid cd position title/);
4288 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('trackid');
4289 __PACKAGE__->belongs_to(cd => 'MyApp::Schema::CD');
4292 # In your application
4293 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
4294 { 'track.title' => 'Teardrop' },
4296 join => { cd => 'track' },
4297 order_by => 'artist.name',
4301 You need to use the relationship (not the table) name in conditions,
4302 because they are aliased as such. The current table is aliased as "me", so
4303 you need to use me.column_name in order to avoid ambiguity. For example:
4305 # Get CDs from 1984 with a 'Foo' track
4306 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
4309 'tracks.name' => 'Foo'
4311 { join => 'tracks' }
4314 If the same join is supplied twice, it will be aliased to <rel>_2 (and
4315 similarly for a third time). For e.g.
4317 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({
4318 'cds.title' => 'Down to Earth',
4319 'cds_2.title' => 'Popular',
4321 join => [ qw/cds cds/ ],
4324 will return a set of all artists that have both a cd with title 'Down
4325 to Earth' and a cd with title 'Popular'.
4327 If you want to fetch related objects from other tables as well, see L</prefetch>
4330 NOTE: An internal join-chain pruner will discard certain joins while
4331 constructing the actual SQL query, as long as the joins in question do not
4332 affect the retrieved result. This for example includes 1:1 left joins
4333 that are not part of the restriction specification (WHERE/HAVING) nor are
4334 a part of the query selection.
4336 For more help on using joins with search, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Joining>.
4342 =item Value: (0 | 1)
4346 When set to a true value, indicates that any rows fetched from joined has_many
4347 relationships are to be aggregated into the corresponding "parent" object. For
4348 example, the resultset:
4350 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({}, {
4351 '+columns' => [ qw/ tracks.title tracks.position / ],
4356 While executing the following query:
4358 SELECT me.*, tracks.title, tracks.position
4360 LEFT JOIN track tracks
4361 ON tracks.cdid = me.cdid
4363 Will return only as many objects as there are rows in the CD source, even
4364 though the result of the query may span many rows. Each of these CD objects
4365 will in turn have multiple "Track" objects hidden behind the has_many
4366 generated accessor C<tracks>. Without C<< collapse => 1 >>, the return values
4367 of this resultset would be as many CD objects as there are tracks (a "Cartesian
4368 product"), with each CD object containing exactly one of all fetched Track data.
4370 When a collapse is requested on a non-ordered resultset, an order by some
4371 unique part of the main source (the left-most table) is inserted automatically.
4372 This is done so that the resultset is allowed to be "lazy" - calling
4373 L<< $rs->next|/next >> will fetch only as many rows as it needs to build the next
4374 object with all of its related data.
4376 If an L</order_by> is already declared, and orders the resultset in a way that
4377 makes collapsing as described above impossible (e.g. C<< ORDER BY
4378 has_many_rel.column >> or C<ORDER BY RANDOM()>), DBIC will automatically
4379 switch to "eager" mode and slurp the entire resultset before constructing the
4380 first object returned by L</next>.
4382 Setting this attribute on a resultset that does not join any has_many
4383 relations is a no-op.
4385 For a more in-depth discussion, see L</PREFETCHING>.
4391 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
4395 This attribute is a shorthand for specifying a L</join> spec, adding all
4396 columns from the joined related sources as L</+columns> and setting
4397 L</collapse> to a true value. It can be thought of as a rough B<superset>
4398 of the L</join> attribute.
4400 For example, the following two queries are equivalent:
4402 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({}, {
4403 prefetch => { cds => ['genre', 'tracks' ] },
4408 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({}, {
4409 join => { cds => ['genre', 'tracks' ] },
4413 { +{ "cds.$_" => "cds.$_" } }
4414 $schema->source('Artist')->related_source('cds')->columns
4417 { +{ "cds.genre.$_" => "genre.$_" } }
4418 $schema->source('Artist')->related_source('cds')->related_source('genre')->columns
4421 { +{ "cds.tracks.$_" => "tracks.$_" } }
4422 $schema->source('Artist')->related_source('cds')->related_source('tracks')->columns
4427 Both producing the following SQL:
4429 SELECT me.artistid, me.name, me.rank, me.charfield,
4430 cds.cdid, cds.artist, cds.title, cds.year, cds.genreid, cds.single_track,
4431 genre.genreid, genre.name,
4432 tracks.trackid, tracks.cd, tracks.position, tracks.title, tracks.last_updated_on, tracks.last_updated_at
4435 ON cds.artist = me.artistid
4436 LEFT JOIN genre genre
4437 ON genre.genreid = cds.genreid
4438 LEFT JOIN track tracks
4439 ON tracks.cd = cds.cdid
4440 ORDER BY me.artistid
4442 While L</prefetch> implies a L</join>, it is ok to mix the two together, as
4443 the arguments are properly merged and generally do the right thing. For
4444 example, you may want to do the following:
4446 my $artists_and_cds_without_genre = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
4447 { 'genre.genreid' => undef },
4449 join => { cds => 'genre' },
4454 Which generates the following SQL:
4456 SELECT me.artistid, me.name, me.rank, me.charfield,
4457 cds.cdid, cds.artist, cds.title, cds.year, cds.genreid, cds.single_track
4460 ON cds.artist = me.artistid
4461 LEFT JOIN genre genre
4462 ON genre.genreid = cds.genreid
4463 WHERE genre.genreid IS NULL
4464 ORDER BY me.artistid
4466 For a more in-depth discussion, see L</PREFETCHING>.
4472 =item Value: $source_alias
4476 Sets the source alias for the query. Normally, this defaults to C<me>, but
4477 nested search queries (sub-SELECTs) might need specific aliases set to
4478 reference inner queries. For example:
4481 ->related_resultset('CDs')
4482 ->related_resultset('Tracks')
4484 'track.id' => { -ident => 'none_search.id' },
4488 my $ids = $self->search({
4491 alias => 'none_search',
4492 group_by => 'none_search.id',
4493 })->get_column('id')->as_query;
4495 $self->search({ id => { -in => $ids } })
4497 This attribute is directly tied to L</current_source_alias>.
4507 Makes the resultset paged and specifies the page to retrieve. Effectively
4508 identical to creating a non-pages resultset and then calling ->page($page)
4511 If L</rows> attribute is not specified it defaults to 10 rows per page.
4513 When you have a paged resultset, L</count> will only return the number
4514 of rows in the page. To get the total, use the L</pager> and call
4515 C<total_entries> on it.
4525 Specifies the maximum number of rows for direct retrieval or the number of
4526 rows per page if the page attribute or method is used.
4532 =item Value: $offset
4536 Specifies the (zero-based) row number for the first row to be returned, or the
4537 of the first row of the first page if paging is used.
4539 =head2 software_limit
4543 =item Value: (0 | 1)
4547 When combined with L</rows> and/or L</offset> the generated SQL will not
4548 include any limit dialect stanzas. Instead the entire result will be selected
4549 as if no limits were specified, and DBIC will perform the limit locally, by
4550 artificially advancing and finishing the resulting L</cursor>.
4552 This is the recommended way of performing resultset limiting when no sane RDBMS
4553 implementation is available (e.g.
4554 L<Sybase ASE|DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI::Sybase::ASE> using the
4555 L<Generic Sub Query|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker::LimitDialects/GenericSubQ> hack)
4561 =item Value: \@columns
4565 A arrayref of columns to group by. Can include columns of joined tables.
4567 group_by => [qw/ column1 column2 ... /]
4573 =item Value: $condition
4577 The HAVING operator specifies a B<secondary> condition applied to the set
4578 after the grouping calculations have been done. In other words it is a
4579 constraint just like L</where> (and accepting the same
4580 L<SQL::Abstract syntax|SQL::Abstract/WHERE CLAUSES>) applied to the data
4581 as it exists after GROUP BY has taken place. Specifying L</having> without
4582 L</group_by> is a logical mistake, and a fatal error on most RDBMS engines.
4586 having => { 'count_employee' => { '>=', 100 } }
4588 or with an in-place function in which case literal SQL is required:
4590 having => \[ 'count(employee) >= ?', 100 ]
4596 =item Value: (0 | 1)
4600 Set to 1 to automatically generate a L</group_by> clause based on the selection
4601 (including intelligent handling of L</order_by> contents). Note that the group
4602 criteria calculation takes place over the B<final> selection. This includes
4603 any L</+columns>, L</+select> or L</order_by> additions in subsequent
4604 L</search> calls, and standalone columns selected via
4605 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn> (L</get_column>). A notable exception are the
4606 extra selections specified via L</prefetch> - such selections are explicitly
4607 excluded from group criteria calculations.
4609 If the final ResultSet also explicitly defines a L</group_by> attribute, this
4610 setting is ignored and an appropriate warning is issued.
4614 Adds extra conditions to the resultset, combined with the preexisting C<WHERE>
4615 conditions, same as the B<first> argument to the L<search operator|/search>
4617 # only return rows WHERE deleted IS NULL for all searches
4618 __PACKAGE__->resultset_attributes({ where => { deleted => undef } });
4620 Note that the above example is
4621 L<strongly discouraged|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/resultset_attributes>.
4625 Set to 1 to cache search results. This prevents extra SQL queries if you
4626 revisit rows in your ResultSet:
4628 my $resultset = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search( undef, { cache => 1 } );
4630 while( my $artist = $resultset->next ) {
4634 $resultset->first; # without cache, this would issue a query
4636 By default, searches are not cached.
4638 For more examples of using these attributes, see
4639 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
4645 =item Value: ( 'update' | 'shared' | \$scalar )
4649 Set to 'update' for a SELECT ... FOR UPDATE or 'shared' for a SELECT
4650 ... FOR SHARED. If \$scalar is passed, this is taken directly and embedded in the
4655 DBIx::Class supports arbitrary related data prefetching from multiple related
4656 sources. Any combination of relationship types and column sets are supported.
4657 If L<collapsing|/collapse> is requested, there is an additional requirement of
4658 selecting enough data to make every individual object uniquely identifiable.
4660 Here are some more involved examples, based on the following relationship map:
4663 My::Schema::CD->belongs_to( artist => 'My::Schema::Artist' );
4664 My::Schema::CD->might_have( liner_note => 'My::Schema::LinerNotes' );
4665 My::Schema::CD->has_many( tracks => 'My::Schema::Track' );
4667 My::Schema::Artist->belongs_to( record_label => 'My::Schema::RecordLabel' );
4669 My::Schema::Track->has_many( guests => 'My::Schema::Guest' );
4673 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Tag')->search(
4682 The initial search results in SQL like the following:
4684 SELECT tag.*, cd.*, artist.* FROM tag
4685 JOIN cd ON tag.cd = cd.cdid
4686 JOIN artist ON cd.artist = artist.artistid
4688 L<DBIx::Class> has no need to go back to the database when we access the
4689 C<cd> or C<artist> relationships, which saves us two SQL statements in this
4692 Simple prefetches will be joined automatically, so there is no need
4693 for a C<join> attribute in the above search.
4695 The L</prefetch> attribute can be used with any of the relationship types
4696 and multiple prefetches can be specified together. Below is a more complex
4697 example that prefetches a CD's artist, its liner notes (if present),
4698 the cover image, the tracks on that CD, and the guests on those
4701 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
4705 { artist => 'record_label'}, # belongs_to => belongs_to
4706 'liner_note', # might_have
4707 'cover_image', # has_one
4708 { tracks => 'guests' }, # has_many => has_many
4713 This will produce SQL like the following:
4715 SELECT cd.*, artist.*, record_label.*, liner_note.*, cover_image.*,
4719 ON artist.artistid = me.artistid
4720 JOIN record_label record_label
4721 ON record_label.labelid = artist.labelid
4722 LEFT JOIN track tracks
4723 ON tracks.cdid = me.cdid
4724 LEFT JOIN guest guests
4725 ON guests.trackid = track.trackid
4726 LEFT JOIN liner_notes liner_note
4727 ON liner_note.cdid = me.cdid
4728 JOIN cd_artwork cover_image
4729 ON cover_image.cdid = me.cdid
4732 Now the C<artist>, C<record_label>, C<liner_note>, C<cover_image>,
4733 C<tracks>, and C<guests> of the CD will all be available through the
4734 relationship accessors without the need for additional queries to the
4739 Prefetch does a lot of deep magic. As such, it may not behave exactly
4740 as you might expect.
4746 Prefetch uses the L</cache> to populate the prefetched relationships. This
4747 may or may not be what you want.
4751 If you specify a condition on a prefetched relationship, ONLY those
4752 rows that match the prefetched condition will be fetched into that relationship.
4753 This means that adding prefetch to a search() B<may alter> what is returned by
4754 traversing a relationship. So, if you have C<< Artist->has_many(CDs) >> and you do
4756 my $artist_rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({
4762 my $count = $artist_rs->first->cds->count;
4764 my $artist_rs_prefetch = $artist_rs->search( {}, { prefetch => 'cds' } );
4766 my $prefetch_count = $artist_rs_prefetch->first->cds->count;
4768 cmp_ok( $count, '==', $prefetch_count, "Counts should be the same" );
4770 That cmp_ok() may or may not pass depending on the datasets involved. In other
4771 words the C<WHERE> condition would apply to the entire dataset, just like
4772 it would in regular SQL. If you want to add a condition only to the "right side"
4773 of a C<LEFT JOIN> - consider declaring and using a L<relationship with a custom
4774 condition|DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base/condition>
4778 =head1 DBIC BIND VALUES
4780 Because DBIC may need more information to bind values than just the column name
4781 and value itself, it uses a special format for both passing and receiving bind
4782 values. Each bind value should be composed of an arrayref of
4783 C<< [ \%args => $val ] >>. The format of C<< \%args >> is currently:
4789 If present (in any form), this is what is being passed directly to bind_param.
4790 Note that different DBD's expect different bind args. (e.g. DBD::SQLite takes
4791 a single numerical type, while DBD::Pg takes a hashref if bind options.)
4793 If this is specified, all other bind options described below are ignored.
4797 If present, this is used to infer the actual bind attribute by passing to
4798 C<< $resolved_storage->bind_attribute_by_data_type() >>. Defaults to the
4799 "data_type" from the L<add_columns column info|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_columns>.
4801 Note that the data type is somewhat freeform (hence the sqlt_ prefix);
4802 currently drivers are expected to "Do the Right Thing" when given a common
4803 datatype name. (Not ideal, but that's what we got at this point.)
4807 Currently used to correctly allocate buffers for bind_param_inout().
4808 Defaults to "size" from the L<add_columns column info|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_columns>,
4809 or to a sensible value based on the "data_type".
4813 Used to fill in missing sqlt_datatype and sqlt_size attributes (if they are
4814 explicitly specified they are never overridden). Also used by some weird DBDs,
4815 where the column name should be available at bind_param time (e.g. Oracle).
4819 For backwards compatibility and convenience, the following shortcuts are
4822 [ $name => $val ] === [ { dbic_colname => $name }, $val ]
4823 [ \$dt => $val ] === [ { sqlt_datatype => $dt }, $val ]
4824 [ undef, $val ] === [ {}, $val ]
4825 $val === [ {}, $val ]
4827 =head1 FURTHER QUESTIONS?
4829 Check the list of L<additional DBIC resources|DBIx::Class/GETTING HELP/SUPPORT>.
4831 =head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
4833 This module is free software L<copyright|DBIx::Class/COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE>
4834 by the L<DBIx::Class (DBIC) authors|DBIx::Class/AUTHORS>. You can
4835 redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the
4836 L<DBIx::Class library|DBIx::Class/COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE>.