1 package DBIx::Class::ResultSet;
9 use Carp::Clan qw/^DBIx::Class/;
12 use DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn;
13 use DBIx::Class::ResultSourceHandle;
16 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
18 __PACKAGE__->mk_group_accessors('simple' => qw/_result_class _source_handle/);
22 DBIx::Class::ResultSet - Represents a query used for fetching a set of results.
26 my $users_rs = $schema->resultset('User');
27 my $registered_users_rs = $schema->resultset('User')->search({ registered => 1 });
28 my @cds_in_2005 = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({ year => 2005 })->all();
32 A ResultSet is an object which stores a set of conditions representing
33 a query. It is the backbone of DBIx::Class (i.e. the really
34 important/useful bit).
36 No SQL is executed on the database when a ResultSet is created, it
37 just stores all the conditions needed to create the query.
39 A basic ResultSet representing the data of an entire table is returned
40 by calling C<resultset> on a L<DBIx::Class::Schema> and passing in a
41 L<Source|DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/Source> name.
43 my $users_rs = $schema->resultset('User');
45 A new ResultSet is returned from calling L</search> on an existing
46 ResultSet. The new one will contain all the conditions of the
47 original, plus any new conditions added in the C<search> call.
49 A ResultSet also incorporates an implicit iterator. L</next> and L</reset>
50 can be used to walk through all the L<DBIx::Class::Row>s the ResultSet
53 The query that the ResultSet represents is B<only> executed against
54 the database when these methods are called:
55 L</find> L</next> L</all> L</first> L</single> L</count>
59 =head2 Chaining resultsets
61 Let's say you've got a query that needs to be run to return some data
62 to the user. But, you have an authorization system in place that
63 prevents certain users from seeing certain information. So, you want
64 to construct the basic query in one method, but add constraints to it in
69 my $request = $self->get_request; # Get a request object somehow.
70 my $schema = $self->get_schema; # Get the DBIC schema object somehow.
72 my $cd_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({
73 title => $request->param('title'),
74 year => $request->param('year'),
77 $self->apply_security_policy( $cd_rs );
82 sub apply_security_policy {
91 =head3 Resolving conditions and attributes
93 When a resultset is chained from another resultset, conditions and
94 attributes with the same keys need resolving.
96 L</join>, L</prefetch>, L</+select>, L</+as> attributes are merged
97 into the existing ones from the original resultset.
99 The L</where>, L</having> attribute, and any search conditions are
100 merged with an SQL C<AND> to the existing condition from the original
103 All other attributes are overridden by any new ones supplied in the
106 =head2 Multiple queries
108 Since a resultset just defines a query, you can do all sorts of
109 things with it with the same object.
111 # Don't hit the DB yet.
112 my $cd_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({
113 title => 'something',
117 # Each of these hits the DB individually.
118 my $count = $cd_rs->count;
119 my $most_recent = $cd_rs->get_column('date_released')->max();
120 my @records = $cd_rs->all;
122 And it's not just limited to SELECT statements.
128 $cd_rs->create({ artist => 'Fred' });
130 Which is the same as:
132 $schema->resultset('CD')->create({
133 title => 'something',
138 See: L</search>, L</count>, L</get_column>, L</all>, L</create>.
142 If a resultset is used in a numeric context it returns the L</count>.
143 However, if it is used in a booleand context it is always true. So if
144 you want to check if a resultset has any results use C<if $rs != 0>.
145 C<if $rs> will always be true.
153 =item Arguments: $source, \%$attrs
155 =item Return Value: $rs
159 The resultset constructor. Takes a source object (usually a
160 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSourceProxy::Table>) and an attribute hash (see
161 L</ATTRIBUTES> below). Does not perform any queries -- these are
162 executed as needed by the other methods.
164 Generally you won't need to construct a resultset manually. You'll
165 automatically get one from e.g. a L</search> called in scalar context:
167 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({ title => '100th Window' });
169 IMPORTANT: If called on an object, proxies to new_result instead so
171 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->new({ title => 'Spoon' });
173 will return a CD object, not a ResultSet.
179 return $class->new_result(@_) if ref $class;
181 my ($source, $attrs) = @_;
182 $source = $source->handle
183 unless $source->isa('DBIx::Class::ResultSourceHandle');
184 $attrs = { %{$attrs||{}} };
186 if ($attrs->{page}) {
187 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
190 $attrs->{alias} ||= 'me';
192 # Creation of {} and bless separated to mitigate RH perl bug
193 # see https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=196836
195 _source_handle => $source,
196 cond => $attrs->{where},
205 $attrs->{result_class} || $source->resolve->result_class
215 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
217 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
221 my @cds = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2001 }); # "... WHERE year = 2001"
222 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2005 });
224 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search([ { year => 2005 }, { year => 2004 } ]);
225 # year = 2005 OR year = 2004
227 If you need to pass in additional attributes but no additional condition,
228 call it as C<search(undef, \%attrs)>.
230 # "SELECT name, artistid FROM $artist_table"
231 my @all_artists = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(undef, {
232 columns => [qw/name artistid/],
235 For a list of attributes that can be passed to C<search>, see
236 L</ATTRIBUTES>. For more examples of using this function, see
237 L<Searching|DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Searching>. For a complete
238 documentation for the first argument, see L<SQL::Abstract>.
240 For more help on using joins with search, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Joining>.
246 my $rs = $self->search_rs( @_ );
247 return (wantarray ? $rs->all : $rs);
254 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
256 =item Return Value: $resultset
260 This method does the same exact thing as search() except it will
261 always return a resultset, even in list context.
268 # Special-case handling for (undef, undef).
269 if ( @_ == 2 && !defined $_[1] && !defined $_[0] ) {
274 $attrs = pop(@_) if @_ > 1 and ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH';
275 my $our_attrs = { %{$self->{attrs}} };
276 my $having = delete $our_attrs->{having};
277 my $where = delete $our_attrs->{where};
281 my %safe = (alias => 1, cache => 1);
284 (@_ && defined($_[0])) # @_ == () or (undef)
286 (keys %$attrs # empty attrs or only 'safe' attrs
287 && List::Util::first { !$safe{$_} } keys %$attrs)
289 # no search, effectively just a clone
290 $rows = $self->get_cache;
293 my $new_attrs = { %{$our_attrs}, %{$attrs} };
295 # merge new attrs into inherited
296 foreach my $key (qw/join prefetch +select +as bind/) {
297 next unless exists $attrs->{$key};
298 $new_attrs->{$key} = $self->_merge_attr($our_attrs->{$key}, $attrs->{$key});
303 (@_ == 1 || ref $_[0] eq "HASH")
305 (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH')
307 (keys %{ $_[0] } > 0)
315 ? $self->throw_exception("Odd number of arguments to search")
322 if (defined $where) {
323 $new_attrs->{where} = (
324 defined $new_attrs->{where}
327 ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_
328 } $where, $new_attrs->{where}
335 $new_attrs->{where} = (
336 defined $new_attrs->{where}
339 ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_
340 } $cond, $new_attrs->{where}
346 if (defined $having) {
347 $new_attrs->{having} = (
348 defined $new_attrs->{having}
351 ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_
352 } $having, $new_attrs->{having}
358 my $rs = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $new_attrs);
360 $rs->set_cache($rows);
365 =head2 search_literal
369 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @bind_values
371 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
375 my @cds = $cd_rs->search_literal('year = ? AND title = ?', qw/2001 Reload/);
376 my $newrs = $artist_rs->search_literal('name = ?', 'Metallica');
378 Pass a literal chunk of SQL to be added to the conditional part of the
381 CAVEAT: C<search_literal> is provided for Class::DBI compatibility and should
382 only be used in that context. C<search_literal> is a convenience method.
383 It is equivalent to calling $schema->search(\[]), but if you want to ensure
384 columns are bound correctly, use C<search>.
386 Example of how to use C<search> instead of C<search_literal>
388 my @cds = $cd_rs->search_literal('cdid = ? AND (artist = ? OR artist = ?)', (2, 1, 2));
389 my @cds = $cd_rs->search(\[ 'cdid = ? AND (artist = ? OR artist = ?)', [ 'cdid', 2 ], [ 'artist', 1 ], [ 'artist', 2 ] ]);
392 See L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Searching> and
393 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::FAQ/Searching> for searching techniques that do not
394 require C<search_literal>.
399 my ($self, $sql, @bind) = @_;
401 if ( @bind && ref($bind[-1]) eq 'HASH' ) {
404 return $self->search(\[ $sql, map [ __DUMMY__ => $_ ], @bind ], ($attr || () ));
411 =item Arguments: @values | \%cols, \%attrs?
413 =item Return Value: $row_object | undef
417 Finds a row based on its primary key or unique constraint. For example, to find
418 a row by its primary key:
420 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(5);
422 You can also find a row by a specific unique constraint using the C<key>
423 attribute. For example:
425 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find('Massive Attack', 'Mezzanine', {
426 key => 'cd_artist_title'
429 Additionally, you can specify the columns explicitly by name:
431 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(
433 artist => 'Massive Attack',
434 title => 'Mezzanine',
436 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
439 If the C<key> is specified as C<primary>, it searches only on the primary key.
441 If no C<key> is specified, it searches on all unique constraints defined on the
442 source for which column data is provided, including the primary key.
444 If your table does not have a primary key, you B<must> provide a value for the
445 C<key> attribute matching one of the unique constraints on the source.
447 In addition to C<key>, L</find> recognizes and applies standard
448 L<resultset attributes|/ATTRIBUTES> in the same way as L</search> does.
450 Note: If your query does not return only one row, a warning is generated:
452 Query returned more than one row
454 See also L</find_or_create> and L</update_or_create>. For information on how to
455 declare unique constraints, see
456 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
462 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
464 # Default to the primary key, but allow a specific key
465 my @cols = exists $attrs->{key}
466 ? $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($attrs->{key})
467 : $self->result_source->primary_columns;
468 $self->throw_exception(
469 "Can't find unless a primary key is defined or unique constraint is specified"
472 # Parse out a hashref from input
474 if (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH') {
475 $input_query = { %{$_[0]} };
477 elsif (@_ == @cols) {
479 @{$input_query}{@cols} = @_;
482 # Compatibility: Allow e.g. find(id => $value)
483 carp "Find by key => value deprecated; please use a hashref instead";
487 my (%related, $info);
489 KEY: foreach my $key (keys %$input_query) {
490 if (ref($input_query->{$key})
491 && ($info = $self->result_source->relationship_info($key))) {
492 my $val = delete $input_query->{$key};
493 next KEY if (ref($val) eq 'ARRAY'); # has_many for multi_create
494 my $rel_q = $self->result_source->_resolve_condition(
495 $info->{cond}, $val, $key
497 die "Can't handle OR join condition in find" if ref($rel_q) eq 'ARRAY';
498 @related{keys %$rel_q} = values %$rel_q;
501 if (my @keys = keys %related) {
502 @{$input_query}{@keys} = values %related;
506 # Build the final query: Default to the disjunction of the unique queries,
507 # but allow the input query in case the ResultSet defines the query or the
508 # user is abusing find
509 my $alias = exists $attrs->{alias} ? $attrs->{alias} : $self->{attrs}{alias};
511 if (exists $attrs->{key}) {
512 my @unique_cols = $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($attrs->{key});
513 my $unique_query = $self->_build_unique_query($input_query, \@unique_cols);
514 $query = $self->_add_alias($unique_query, $alias);
516 elsif ($self->{attrs}{accessor} and $self->{attrs}{accessor} eq 'single') {
517 # This means that we got here after a merger of relationship conditions
518 # in ::Relationship::Base::search_related (the row method), and furthermore
519 # the relationship is of the 'single' type. This means that the condition
520 # provided by the relationship (already attached to $self) is sufficient,
521 # as there can be only one row in the databse that would satisfy the
525 my @unique_queries = $self->_unique_queries($input_query, $attrs);
526 $query = @unique_queries
527 ? [ map { $self->_add_alias($_, $alias) } @unique_queries ]
528 : $self->_add_alias($input_query, $alias);
532 my $rs = $self->search ($query, $attrs);
533 if (keys %{$rs->_resolved_attrs->{collapse}}) {
535 carp "Query returned more than one row" if $rs->next;
545 # Add the specified alias to the specified query hash. A copy is made so the
546 # original query is not modified.
549 my ($self, $query, $alias) = @_;
551 my %aliased = %$query;
552 foreach my $col (grep { ! m/\./ } keys %aliased) {
553 $aliased{"$alias.$col"} = delete $aliased{$col};
561 # Build a list of queries which satisfy unique constraints.
563 sub _unique_queries {
564 my ($self, $query, $attrs) = @_;
566 my @constraint_names = exists $attrs->{key}
568 : $self->result_source->unique_constraint_names;
570 my $where = $self->_collapse_cond($self->{attrs}{where} || {});
571 my $num_where = scalar keys %$where;
574 foreach my $name (@constraint_names) {
575 my @unique_cols = $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($name);
576 my $unique_query = $self->_build_unique_query($query, \@unique_cols);
578 my $num_cols = scalar @unique_cols;
579 my $num_query = scalar keys %$unique_query;
581 my $total = $num_query + $num_where;
582 if ($num_query && ($num_query == $num_cols || $total == $num_cols)) {
583 # The query is either unique on its own or is unique in combination with
584 # the existing where clause
585 push @unique_queries, $unique_query;
589 return @unique_queries;
592 # _build_unique_query
594 # Constrain the specified query hash based on the specified column names.
596 sub _build_unique_query {
597 my ($self, $query, $unique_cols) = @_;
600 map { $_ => $query->{$_} }
601 grep { exists $query->{$_} }
606 =head2 search_related
610 =item Arguments: $rel, $cond, \%attrs?
612 =item Return Value: $new_resultset
616 $new_rs = $cd_rs->search_related('artist', {
620 Searches the specified relationship, optionally specifying a condition and
621 attributes for matching records. See L</ATTRIBUTES> for more information.
626 return shift->related_resultset(shift)->search(@_);
629 =head2 search_related_rs
631 This method works exactly the same as search_related, except that
632 it guarantees a restultset, even in list context.
636 sub search_related_rs {
637 return shift->related_resultset(shift)->search_rs(@_);
644 =item Arguments: none
646 =item Return Value: $cursor
650 Returns a storage-driven cursor to the given resultset. See
651 L<DBIx::Class::Cursor> for more information.
658 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
660 return $self->{cursor}
661 ||= $self->result_source->storage->select($attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select},
662 $attrs->{where},$attrs);
669 =item Arguments: $cond?
671 =item Return Value: $row_object?
675 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->single({ year => 2001 });
677 Inflates the first result without creating a cursor if the resultset has
678 any records in it; if not returns nothing. Used by L</find> as a lean version of
681 While this method can take an optional search condition (just like L</search>)
682 being a fast-code-path it does not recognize search attributes. If you need to
683 add extra joins or similar, call L</search> and then chain-call L</single> on the
684 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet> returned.
690 As of 0.08100, this method enforces the assumption that the preceeding
691 query returns only one row. If more than one row is returned, you will receive
694 Query returned more than one row
696 In this case, you should be using L</next> or L</find> instead, or if you really
697 know what you are doing, use the L</rows> attribute to explicitly limit the size
700 This method will also throw an exception if it is called on a resultset prefetching
701 has_many, as such a prefetch implies fetching multiple rows from the database in
702 order to assemble the resulting object.
709 my ($self, $where) = @_;
711 $self->throw_exception('single() only takes search conditions, no attributes. You want ->search( $cond, $attrs )->single()');
714 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
716 if (keys %{$attrs->{collapse}}) {
717 $self->throw_exception(
718 'single() can not be used on resultsets prefetching has_many. Use find( \%cond ) or next() instead'
723 if (defined $attrs->{where}) {
726 [ map { ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_ }
727 $where, delete $attrs->{where} ]
730 $attrs->{where} = $where;
734 # XXX: Disabled since it doesn't infer uniqueness in all cases
735 # unless ($self->_is_unique_query($attrs->{where})) {
736 # carp "Query not guaranteed to return a single row"
737 # . "; please declare your unique constraints or use search instead";
740 my @data = $self->result_source->storage->select_single(
741 $attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select},
742 $attrs->{where}, $attrs
745 return (@data ? ($self->_construct_object(@data))[0] : undef);
751 # Try to determine if the specified query is guaranteed to be unique, based on
752 # the declared unique constraints.
754 sub _is_unique_query {
755 my ($self, $query) = @_;
757 my $collapsed = $self->_collapse_query($query);
758 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
760 foreach my $name ($self->result_source->unique_constraint_names) {
761 my @unique_cols = map {
763 } $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($name);
765 # Count the values for each unique column
766 my %seen = map { $_ => 0 } @unique_cols;
768 foreach my $key (keys %$collapsed) {
769 my $aliased = $key =~ /\./ ? $key : "$alias.$key";
770 next unless exists $seen{$aliased}; # Additional constraints are okay
771 $seen{$aliased} = scalar keys %{ $collapsed->{$key} };
774 # If we get 0 or more than 1 value for a column, it's not necessarily unique
775 return 1 unless grep { $_ != 1 } values %seen;
783 # Recursively collapse the query, accumulating values for each column.
785 sub _collapse_query {
786 my ($self, $query, $collapsed) = @_;
790 if (ref $query eq 'ARRAY') {
791 foreach my $subquery (@$query) {
792 next unless ref $subquery; # -or
793 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_query($subquery, $collapsed);
796 elsif (ref $query eq 'HASH') {
797 if (keys %$query and (keys %$query)[0] eq '-and') {
798 foreach my $subquery (@{$query->{-and}}) {
799 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_query($subquery, $collapsed);
803 foreach my $col (keys %$query) {
804 my $value = $query->{$col};
805 $collapsed->{$col}{$value}++;
817 =item Arguments: $cond?
819 =item Return Value: $resultsetcolumn
823 my $max_length = $rs->get_column('length')->max;
825 Returns a L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn> instance for a column of the ResultSet.
830 my ($self, $column) = @_;
831 my $new = DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn->new($self, $column);
839 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
841 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
845 # WHERE title LIKE '%blue%'
846 $cd_rs = $rs->search_like({ title => '%blue%'});
848 Performs a search, but uses C<LIKE> instead of C<=> as the condition. Note
849 that this is simply a convenience method retained for ex Class::DBI users.
850 You most likely want to use L</search> with specific operators.
852 For more information, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
854 This method is deprecated and will be removed in 0.09. Use L</search()>
855 instead. An example conversion is:
857 ->search_like({ foo => 'bar' });
861 ->search({ foo => { like => 'bar' } });
868 'search_like() is deprecated and will be removed in DBIC version 0.09.'
869 .' Instead use ->search({ x => { -like => "y%" } })'
870 .' (note the outer pair of {}s - they are important!)'
872 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
873 my $query = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? { %{shift()} }: {@_};
874 $query->{$_} = { 'like' => $query->{$_} } for keys %$query;
875 return $class->search($query, { %$attrs });
882 =item Arguments: $first, $last
884 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
888 Returns a resultset or object list representing a subset of elements from the
889 resultset slice is called on. Indexes are from 0, i.e., to get the first
892 my ($one, $two, $three) = $rs->slice(0, 2);
897 my ($self, $min, $max) = @_;
898 my $attrs = {}; # = { %{ $self->{attrs} || {} } };
899 $attrs->{offset} = $self->{attrs}{offset} || 0;
900 $attrs->{offset} += $min;
901 $attrs->{rows} = ($max ? ($max - $min + 1) : 1);
902 return $self->search(undef(), $attrs);
903 #my $slice = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $attrs);
904 #return (wantarray ? $slice->all : $slice);
911 =item Arguments: none
913 =item Return Value: $result?
917 Returns the next element in the resultset (C<undef> is there is none).
919 Can be used to efficiently iterate over records in the resultset:
921 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search;
922 while (my $cd = $rs->next) {
926 Note that you need to store the resultset object, and call C<next> on it.
927 Calling C<< resultset('Table')->next >> repeatedly will always return the
928 first record from the resultset.
934 if (my $cache = $self->get_cache) {
935 $self->{all_cache_position} ||= 0;
936 return $cache->[$self->{all_cache_position}++];
938 if ($self->{attrs}{cache}) {
939 $self->{all_cache_position} = 1;
940 return ($self->all)[0];
942 if ($self->{stashed_objects}) {
943 my $obj = shift(@{$self->{stashed_objects}});
944 delete $self->{stashed_objects} unless @{$self->{stashed_objects}};
948 exists $self->{stashed_row}
949 ? @{delete $self->{stashed_row}}
950 : $self->cursor->next
952 return undef unless (@row);
953 my ($row, @more) = $self->_construct_object(@row);
954 $self->{stashed_objects} = \@more if @more;
958 sub _construct_object {
959 my ($self, @row) = @_;
961 my $info = $self->_collapse_result($self->{_attrs}{as}, \@row)
963 my @new = $self->result_class->inflate_result($self->result_source, @$info);
964 @new = $self->{_attrs}{record_filter}->(@new)
965 if exists $self->{_attrs}{record_filter};
969 sub _collapse_result {
970 my ($self, $as_proto, $row) = @_;
972 # if the first row that ever came in is totally empty - this means we got
973 # hit by a smooth^Wempty left-joined resultset. Just noop in that case
974 # instead of producing a {}
983 return undef unless $has_def;
987 # 'foo' => [ undef, 'foo' ]
988 # 'foo.bar' => [ 'foo', 'bar' ]
989 # 'foo.bar.baz' => [ 'foo.bar', 'baz' ]
991 my @construct_as = map { [ (/^(?:(.*)\.)?([^.]+)$/) ] } @$as_proto;
993 my %collapse = %{$self->{_attrs}{collapse}||{}};
997 # if we're doing collapsing (has_many prefetch) we need to grab records
998 # until the PK changes, so fill @pri_index. if not, we leave it empty so
999 # we know we don't have to bother.
1001 # the reason for not using the collapse stuff directly is because if you
1002 # had for e.g. two artists in a row with no cds, the collapse info for
1003 # both would be NULL (undef) so you'd lose the second artist
1005 # store just the index so we can check the array positions from the row
1006 # without having to contruct the full hash
1008 if (keys %collapse) {
1009 my %pri = map { ($_ => 1) } $self->result_source->primary_columns;
1010 foreach my $i (0 .. $#construct_as) {
1011 next if defined($construct_as[$i][0]); # only self table
1012 if (delete $pri{$construct_as[$i][1]}) {
1013 push(@pri_index, $i);
1015 last unless keys %pri; # short circuit (Johnny Five Is Alive!)
1019 # no need to do an if, it'll be empty if @pri_index is empty anyway
1021 my %pri_vals = map { ($_ => $copy[$_]) } @pri_index;
1025 do { # no need to check anything at the front, we always want the first row
1029 foreach my $this_as (@construct_as) {
1030 $const{$this_as->[0]||''}{$this_as->[1]} = shift(@copy);
1033 push(@const_rows, \%const);
1035 } until ( # no pri_index => no collapse => drop straight out
1038 do { # get another row, stash it, drop out if different PK
1040 @copy = $self->cursor->next;
1041 $self->{stashed_row} = \@copy;
1043 # last thing in do block, counts as true if anything doesn't match
1045 # check xor defined first for NULL vs. NOT NULL then if one is
1046 # defined the other must be so check string equality
1049 (defined $pri_vals{$_} ^ defined $copy[$_])
1050 || (defined $pri_vals{$_} && ($pri_vals{$_} ne $copy[$_]))
1055 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
1062 foreach my $const (@const_rows) {
1063 scalar @const_keys or do {
1064 @const_keys = sort { length($a) <=> length($b) } keys %$const;
1066 foreach my $key (@const_keys) {
1069 my @parts = split(/\./, $key);
1071 my $data = $const->{$key};
1072 foreach my $p (@parts) {
1073 $target = $target->[1]->{$p} ||= [];
1075 if ($cur eq ".${key}" && (my @ckey = @{$collapse{$cur}||[]})) {
1076 # collapsing at this point and on final part
1077 my $pos = $collapse_pos{$cur};
1078 CK: foreach my $ck (@ckey) {
1079 if (!defined $pos->{$ck} || $pos->{$ck} ne $data->{$ck}) {
1080 $collapse_pos{$cur} = $data;
1081 delete @collapse_pos{ # clear all positioning for sub-entries
1082 grep { m/^\Q${cur}.\E/ } keys %collapse_pos
1089 if (exists $collapse{$cur}) {
1090 $target = $target->[-1];
1093 $target->[0] = $data;
1095 $info->[0] = $const->{$key};
1103 =head2 result_source
1107 =item Arguments: $result_source?
1109 =item Return Value: $result_source
1113 An accessor for the primary ResultSource object from which this ResultSet
1120 =item Arguments: $result_class?
1122 =item Return Value: $result_class
1126 An accessor for the class to use when creating row objects. Defaults to
1127 C<< result_source->result_class >> - which in most cases is the name of the
1128 L<"table"|DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/"ResultSource"> class.
1130 Note that changing the result_class will also remove any components
1131 that were originally loaded in the source class via
1132 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/load_components>. Any overloaded methods
1133 in the original source class will not run.
1138 my ($self, $result_class) = @_;
1139 if ($result_class) {
1140 $self->ensure_class_loaded($result_class);
1141 $self->_result_class($result_class);
1143 $self->_result_class;
1150 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs??
1152 =item Return Value: $count
1156 Performs an SQL C<COUNT> with the same query as the resultset was built
1157 with to find the number of elements. Passing arguments is equivalent to
1158 C<< $rs->search ($cond, \%attrs)->count >>
1164 return $self->search(@_)->count if @_ and defined $_[0];
1165 return scalar @{ $self->get_cache } if $self->get_cache;
1167 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
1169 # this is a little optimization - it is faster to do the limit
1170 # adjustments in software, instead of a subquery
1171 my $rows = delete $attrs->{rows};
1172 my $offset = delete $attrs->{offset};
1175 if ($self->_has_resolved_attr (qw/collapse group_by/)) {
1176 $crs = $self->_count_subq_rs ($attrs);
1179 $crs = $self->_count_rs ($attrs);
1181 my $count = $crs->next;
1183 $count -= $offset if $offset;
1184 $count = $rows if $rows and $rows < $count;
1185 $count = 0 if ($count < 0);
1194 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs??
1196 =item Return Value: $count_rs
1200 Same as L</count> but returns a L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn> object.
1201 This can be very handy for subqueries:
1203 ->search( { amount => $some_rs->count_rs->as_query } )
1205 As with regular resultsets the SQL query will be executed only after
1206 the resultset is accessed via L</next> or L</all>. That would return
1207 the same single value obtainable via L</count>.
1213 return $self->search(@_)->count_rs if @_;
1215 # this may look like a lack of abstraction (count() does about the same)
1216 # but in fact an _rs *must* use a subquery for the limits, as the
1217 # software based limiting can not be ported if this $rs is to be used
1218 # in a subquery itself (i.e. ->as_query)
1219 if ($self->_has_resolved_attr (qw/collapse group_by offset rows/)) {
1220 return $self->_count_subq_rs;
1223 return $self->_count_rs;
1228 # returns a ResultSetColumn object tied to the count query
1231 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
1233 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1234 $attrs ||= $self->_resolved_attrs;
1236 my $tmp_attrs = { %$attrs };
1238 # take off any limits, record_filter is cdbi, and no point of ordering a count
1239 delete $tmp_attrs->{$_} for (qw/select as rows offset order_by record_filter/);
1241 # overwrite the selector (supplied by the storage)
1242 $tmp_attrs->{select} = $rsrc->storage->_count_select ($rsrc, $tmp_attrs);
1243 $tmp_attrs->{as} = 'count';
1245 # read the comment on top of the actual function to see what this does
1246 $tmp_attrs->{from} = $self->_switch_to_inner_join_if_needed (
1247 $tmp_attrs->{from}, $tmp_attrs->{alias}
1250 my $tmp_rs = $rsrc->resultset_class->new($rsrc, $tmp_attrs)->get_column ('count');
1256 # same as above but uses a subquery
1258 sub _count_subq_rs {
1259 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
1261 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1262 $attrs ||= $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
1264 my $sub_attrs = { %$attrs };
1266 # extra selectors do not go in the subquery and there is no point of ordering it
1267 delete $sub_attrs->{$_} for qw/collapse prefetch_select select as order_by/;
1269 # if we prefetch, we group_by primary keys only as this is what we would get out of the rs via ->next/->all
1270 # clobber old group_by regardless
1271 if ( keys %{$attrs->{collapse}} ) {
1272 $sub_attrs->{group_by} = [ map { "$attrs->{alias}.$_" } ($rsrc->primary_columns) ]
1275 $sub_attrs->{select} = $rsrc->storage->_subq_count_select ($rsrc, $sub_attrs);
1277 # read the comment on top of the actual function to see what this does
1278 $sub_attrs->{from} = $self->_switch_to_inner_join_if_needed (
1279 $sub_attrs->{from}, $sub_attrs->{alias}
1282 # this is so that ordering can be thrown away in things like Top limit
1283 $sub_attrs->{-for_count_only} = 1;
1285 my $sub_rs = $rsrc->resultset_class->new ($rsrc, $sub_attrs);
1288 -alias => 'count_subq',
1289 -source_handle => $rsrc->handle,
1290 count_subq => $sub_rs->as_query,
1293 # the subquery replaces this
1294 delete $attrs->{$_} for qw/where bind collapse group_by having having_bind rows offset/;
1296 return $self->_count_rs ($attrs);
1300 # The DBIC relationship chaining implementation is pretty simple - every
1301 # new related_relationship is pushed onto the {from} stack, and the {select}
1302 # window simply slides further in. This means that when we count somewhere
1303 # in the middle, we got to make sure that everything in the join chain is an
1304 # actual inner join, otherwise the count will come back with unpredictable
1305 # results (a resultset may be generated with _some_ rows regardless of if
1306 # the relation which the $rs currently selects has rows or not). E.g.
1307 # $artist_rs->cds->count - normally generates:
1308 # SELECT COUNT( * ) FROM artist me LEFT JOIN cd cds ON cds.artist = me.artistid
1309 # which actually returns the number of artists * (number of cds || 1)
1311 # So what we do here is crawl {from}, determine if the current alias is at
1312 # the top of the stack, and if not - make sure the chain is inner-joined down
1315 sub _switch_to_inner_join_if_needed {
1316 my ($self, $from, $alias) = @_;
1319 ref $from ne 'ARRAY'
1321 ref $from->[0] ne 'HASH'
1323 ! $from->[0]{-alias}
1325 $from->[0]{-alias} eq $alias
1328 # this would be the case with a subquery - we'll never find
1329 # the target as it is not in the parseable part of {from}
1330 return $from if @$from == 1;
1334 for my $j (@{$from}[1 .. $#$from]) {
1335 if ($j->[0]{-alias} eq $alias) {
1336 $switch_branch = $j->[0]{-join_path};
1341 # something else went wrong
1342 return $from unless $switch_branch;
1344 # So it looks like we will have to switch some stuff around.
1345 # local() is useless here as we will be leaving the scope
1346 # anyway, and deep cloning is just too fucking expensive
1347 # So replace the inner hashref manually
1348 my @new_from = ($from->[0]);
1349 my $sw_idx = { map { $_ => 1 } @$switch_branch };
1351 for my $j (@{$from}[1 .. $#$from]) {
1352 my $jalias = $j->[0]{-alias};
1354 if ($sw_idx->{$jalias}) {
1355 my %attrs = %{$j->[0]};
1356 delete $attrs{-join_type};
1375 =head2 count_literal
1379 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @bind_values
1381 =item Return Value: $count
1385 Counts the results in a literal query. Equivalent to calling L</search_literal>
1386 with the passed arguments, then L</count>.
1390 sub count_literal { shift->search_literal(@_)->count; }
1396 =item Arguments: none
1398 =item Return Value: @objects
1402 Returns all elements in the resultset. Called implicitly if the resultset
1403 is returned in list context.
1410 $self->throw_exception("all() doesn't take any arguments, you probably wanted ->search(...)->all()");
1413 return @{ $self->get_cache } if $self->get_cache;
1417 if (keys %{$self->_resolved_attrs->{collapse}}) {
1418 # Using $self->cursor->all is really just an optimisation.
1419 # If we're collapsing has_many prefetches it probably makes
1420 # very little difference, and this is cleaner than hacking
1421 # _construct_object to survive the approach
1422 $self->cursor->reset;
1423 my @row = $self->cursor->next;
1425 push(@obj, $self->_construct_object(@row));
1426 @row = (exists $self->{stashed_row}
1427 ? @{delete $self->{stashed_row}}
1428 : $self->cursor->next);
1431 @obj = map { $self->_construct_object(@$_) } $self->cursor->all;
1434 $self->set_cache(\@obj) if $self->{attrs}{cache};
1443 =item Arguments: none
1445 =item Return Value: $self
1449 Resets the resultset's cursor, so you can iterate through the elements again.
1450 Implicitly resets the storage cursor, so a subsequent L</next> will trigger
1457 delete $self->{_attrs} if exists $self->{_attrs};
1458 $self->{all_cache_position} = 0;
1459 $self->cursor->reset;
1467 =item Arguments: none
1469 =item Return Value: $object?
1473 Resets the resultset and returns an object for the first result (if the
1474 resultset returns anything).
1479 return $_[0]->reset->next;
1485 # Determines whether and what type of subquery is required for the $rs operation.
1486 # If grouping is necessary either supplies its own, or verifies the current one
1487 # After all is done delegates to the proper storage method.
1489 sub _rs_update_delete {
1490 my ($self, $op, $values) = @_;
1492 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1494 my $needs_group_by_subq = $self->_has_resolved_attr (qw/collapse group_by -join/);
1495 my $needs_subq = $self->_has_resolved_attr (qw/row offset/);
1497 if ($needs_group_by_subq or $needs_subq) {
1499 # make a new $rs selecting only the PKs (that's all we really need)
1500 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
1502 delete $attrs->{$_} for qw/collapse select as/;
1503 $attrs->{columns} = [ map { "$attrs->{alias}.$_" } ($self->result_source->primary_columns) ];
1505 if ($needs_group_by_subq) {
1506 # make sure no group_by was supplied, or if there is one - make sure it matches
1507 # the columns compiled above perfectly. Anything else can not be sanely executed
1508 # on most databases so croak right then and there
1510 if (my $g = $attrs->{group_by}) {
1511 my @current_group_by = map
1512 { $_ =~ /\./ ? $_ : "$attrs->{alias}.$_" }
1513 (ref $g eq 'ARRAY' ? @$g : $g );
1516 join ("\x00", sort @current_group_by)
1518 join ("\x00", sort @{$attrs->{columns}} )
1520 $self->throw_exception (
1521 "You have just attempted a $op operation on a resultset which does group_by"
1522 . ' on columns other than the primary keys, while DBIC internally needs to retrieve'
1523 . ' the primary keys in a subselect. All sane RDBMS engines do not support this'
1524 . ' kind of queries. Please retry the operation with a modified group_by or'
1525 . ' without using one at all.'
1530 $attrs->{group_by} = $attrs->{columns};
1534 my $subrs = (ref $self)->new($rsrc, $attrs);
1536 return $self->result_source->storage->_subq_update_delete($subrs, $op, $values);
1539 return $rsrc->storage->$op(
1541 $op eq 'update' ? $values : (),
1542 $self->_cond_for_update_delete,
1548 # _cond_for_update_delete
1550 # update/delete require the condition to be modified to handle
1551 # the differing SQL syntax available. This transforms the $self->{cond}
1552 # appropriately, returning the new condition.
1554 sub _cond_for_update_delete {
1555 my ($self, $full_cond) = @_;
1558 $full_cond ||= $self->{cond};
1559 # No-op. No condition, we're updating/deleting everything
1560 return $cond unless ref $full_cond;
1562 if (ref $full_cond eq 'ARRAY') {
1566 foreach my $key (keys %{$_}) {
1568 $hash{$1} = $_->{$key};
1574 elsif (ref $full_cond eq 'HASH') {
1575 if ((keys %{$full_cond})[0] eq '-and') {
1577 my @cond = @{$full_cond->{-and}};
1578 for (my $i = 0; $i < @cond; $i++) {
1579 my $entry = $cond[$i];
1581 if (ref $entry eq 'HASH') {
1582 $hash = $self->_cond_for_update_delete($entry);
1585 $entry =~ /([^.]+)$/;
1586 $hash->{$1} = $cond[++$i];
1588 push @{$cond->{-and}}, $hash;
1592 foreach my $key (keys %{$full_cond}) {
1594 $cond->{$1} = $full_cond->{$key};
1599 $self->throw_exception("Can't update/delete on resultset with condition unless hash or array");
1610 =item Arguments: \%values
1612 =item Return Value: $storage_rv
1616 Sets the specified columns in the resultset to the supplied values in a
1617 single query. Return value will be true if the update succeeded or false
1618 if no records were updated; exact type of success value is storage-dependent.
1623 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1624 $self->throw_exception('Values for update must be a hash')
1625 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
1627 return $self->_rs_update_delete ('update', $values);
1634 =item Arguments: \%values
1636 =item Return Value: 1
1640 Fetches all objects and updates them one at a time. Note that C<update_all>
1641 will run DBIC cascade triggers, while L</update> will not.
1646 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1647 $self->throw_exception('Values for update_all must be a hash')
1648 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
1649 foreach my $obj ($self->all) {
1650 $obj->set_columns($values)->update;
1659 =item Arguments: none
1661 =item Return Value: $storage_rv
1665 Deletes the contents of the resultset from its result source. Note that this
1666 will not run DBIC cascade triggers. See L</delete_all> if you need triggers
1667 to run. See also L<DBIx::Class::Row/delete>.
1669 Return value will be the amount of rows deleted; exact type of return value
1670 is storage-dependent.
1676 $self->throw_exception('delete does not accept any arguments')
1679 return $self->_rs_update_delete ('delete');
1686 =item Arguments: none
1688 =item Return Value: 1
1692 Fetches all objects and deletes them one at a time. Note that C<delete_all>
1693 will run DBIC cascade triggers, while L</delete> will not.
1699 $self->throw_exception('delete_all does not accept any arguments')
1702 $_->delete for $self->all;
1710 =item Arguments: \@data;
1714 Accepts either an arrayref of hashrefs or alternatively an arrayref of arrayrefs.
1715 For the arrayref of hashrefs style each hashref should be a structure suitable
1716 forsubmitting to a $resultset->create(...) method.
1718 In void context, C<insert_bulk> in L<DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI> is used
1719 to insert the data, as this is a faster method.
1721 Otherwise, each set of data is inserted into the database using
1722 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/create>, and the resulting objects are
1723 accumulated into an array. The array itself, or an array reference
1724 is returned depending on scalar or list context.
1726 Example: Assuming an Artist Class that has many CDs Classes relating:
1728 my $Artist_rs = $schema->resultset("Artist");
1730 ## Void Context Example
1731 $Artist_rs->populate([
1732 { artistid => 4, name => 'Manufactured Crap', cds => [
1733 { title => 'My First CD', year => 2006 },
1734 { title => 'Yet More Tweeny-Pop crap', year => 2007 },
1737 { artistid => 5, name => 'Angsty-Whiny Girl', cds => [
1738 { title => 'My parents sold me to a record company' ,year => 2005 },
1739 { title => 'Why Am I So Ugly?', year => 2006 },
1740 { title => 'I Got Surgery and am now Popular', year => 2007 }
1745 ## Array Context Example
1746 my ($ArtistOne, $ArtistTwo, $ArtistThree) = $Artist_rs->populate([
1747 { name => "Artist One"},
1748 { name => "Artist Two"},
1749 { name => "Artist Three", cds=> [
1750 { title => "First CD", year => 2007},
1751 { title => "Second CD", year => 2008},
1755 print $ArtistOne->name; ## response is 'Artist One'
1756 print $ArtistThree->cds->count ## reponse is '2'
1758 For the arrayref of arrayrefs style, the first element should be a list of the
1759 fieldsnames to which the remaining elements are rows being inserted. For
1762 $Arstist_rs->populate([
1763 [qw/artistid name/],
1764 [100, 'A Formally Unknown Singer'],
1765 [101, 'A singer that jumped the shark two albums ago'],
1766 [102, 'An actually cool singer.'],
1769 Please note an important effect on your data when choosing between void and
1770 wantarray context. Since void context goes straight to C<insert_bulk> in
1771 L<DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI> this will skip any component that is overriding
1772 C<insert>. So if you are using something like L<DBIx-Class-UUIDColumns> to
1773 create primary keys for you, you will find that your PKs are empty. In this
1774 case you will have to use the wantarray context in order to create those
1780 my $self = shift @_;
1781 my $data = ref $_[0][0] eq 'HASH'
1782 ? $_[0] : ref $_[0][0] eq 'ARRAY' ? $self->_normalize_populate_args($_[0]) :
1783 $self->throw_exception('Populate expects an arrayref of hashes or arrayref of arrayrefs');
1785 if(defined wantarray) {
1787 foreach my $item (@$data) {
1788 push(@created, $self->create($item));
1790 return wantarray ? @created : \@created;
1792 my ($first, @rest) = @$data;
1794 my @names = grep {!ref $first->{$_}} keys %$first;
1795 my @rels = grep { $self->result_source->has_relationship($_) } keys %$first;
1796 my @pks = $self->result_source->primary_columns;
1798 ## do the belongs_to relationships
1799 foreach my $index (0..$#$data) {
1801 # delegate to create() for any dataset without primary keys with specified relationships
1802 if (grep { !defined $data->[$index]->{$_} } @pks ) {
1804 if (grep { ref $data->[$index]{$r} eq $_ } qw/HASH ARRAY/) { # a related set must be a HASH or AoH
1805 my @ret = $self->populate($data);
1811 foreach my $rel (@rels) {
1812 next unless ref $data->[$index]->{$rel} eq "HASH";
1813 my $result = $self->related_resultset($rel)->create($data->[$index]->{$rel});
1814 my ($reverse) = keys %{$self->result_source->reverse_relationship_info($rel)};
1815 my $related = $result->result_source->_resolve_condition(
1816 $result->result_source->relationship_info($reverse)->{cond},
1821 delete $data->[$index]->{$rel};
1822 $data->[$index] = {%{$data->[$index]}, %$related};
1824 push @names, keys %$related if $index == 0;
1828 ## do bulk insert on current row
1829 my @values = map { [ @$_{@names} ] } @$data;
1831 $self->result_source->storage->insert_bulk(
1832 $self->result_source,
1837 ## do the has_many relationships
1838 foreach my $item (@$data) {
1840 foreach my $rel (@rels) {
1841 next unless $item->{$rel} && ref $item->{$rel} eq "ARRAY";
1843 my $parent = $self->find(map {{$_=>$item->{$_}} } @pks)
1844 || $self->throw_exception('Cannot find the relating object.');
1846 my $child = $parent->$rel;
1848 my $related = $child->result_source->_resolve_condition(
1849 $parent->result_source->relationship_info($rel)->{cond},
1854 my @rows_to_add = ref $item->{$rel} eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$item->{$rel}} : ($item->{$rel});
1855 my @populate = map { {%$_, %$related} } @rows_to_add;
1857 $child->populate( \@populate );
1863 =head2 _normalize_populate_args ($args)
1865 Private method used by L</populate> to normalize its incoming arguments. Factored
1866 out in case you want to subclass and accept new argument structures to the
1867 L</populate> method.
1871 sub _normalize_populate_args {
1872 my ($self, $data) = @_;
1873 my @names = @{shift(@$data)};
1874 my @results_to_create;
1875 foreach my $datum (@$data) {
1876 my %result_to_create;
1877 foreach my $index (0..$#names) {
1878 $result_to_create{$names[$index]} = $$datum[$index];
1880 push @results_to_create, \%result_to_create;
1882 return \@results_to_create;
1889 =item Arguments: none
1891 =item Return Value: $pager
1895 Return Value a L<Data::Page> object for the current resultset. Only makes
1896 sense for queries with a C<page> attribute.
1898 To get the full count of entries for a paged resultset, call
1899 C<total_entries> on the L<Data::Page> object.
1906 return $self->{pager} if $self->{pager};
1908 my $attrs = $self->{attrs};
1909 $self->throw_exception("Can't create pager for non-paged rs")
1910 unless $self->{attrs}{page};
1911 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
1913 # throw away the paging flags and re-run the count (possibly
1914 # with a subselect) to get the real total count
1915 my $count_attrs = { %$attrs };
1916 delete $count_attrs->{$_} for qw/rows offset page pager/;
1917 my $total_count = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $count_attrs)->count;
1919 return $self->{pager} = Data::Page->new(
1922 $self->{attrs}{page}
1930 =item Arguments: $page_number
1932 =item Return Value: $rs
1936 Returns a resultset for the $page_number page of the resultset on which page
1937 is called, where each page contains a number of rows equal to the 'rows'
1938 attribute set on the resultset (10 by default).
1943 my ($self, $page) = @_;
1944 return (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, { %{$self->{attrs}}, page => $page });
1951 =item Arguments: \%vals
1953 =item Return Value: $rowobject
1957 Creates a new row object in the resultset's result class and returns
1958 it. The row is not inserted into the database at this point, call
1959 L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> to do that. Calling L<DBIx::Class::Row/in_storage>
1960 will tell you whether the row object has been inserted or not.
1962 Passes the hashref of input on to L<DBIx::Class::Row/new>.
1967 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1968 $self->throw_exception( "new_result needs a hash" )
1969 unless (ref $values eq 'HASH');
1972 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
1975 defined $self->{cond}
1976 && $self->{cond} eq $DBIx::Class::ResultSource::UNRESOLVABLE_CONDITION
1978 %new = %{ $self->{attrs}{related_objects} || {} }; # nothing might have been inserted yet
1979 $new{-from_resultset} = [ keys %new ] if keys %new;
1981 $self->throw_exception(
1982 "Can't abstract implicit construct, condition not a hash"
1983 ) if ($self->{cond} && !(ref $self->{cond} eq 'HASH'));
1985 my $collapsed_cond = (
1987 ? $self->_collapse_cond($self->{cond})
1991 # precendence must be given to passed values over values inherited from
1992 # the cond, so the order here is important.
1993 my %implied = %{$self->_remove_alias($collapsed_cond, $alias)};
1994 while( my($col,$value) = each %implied ){
1995 if(ref($value) eq 'HASH' && keys(%$value) && (keys %$value)[0] eq '='){
1996 $new{$col} = $value->{'='};
1999 $new{$col} = $value if $self->_is_deterministic_value($value);
2005 %{ $self->_remove_alias($values, $alias) },
2006 -source_handle => $self->_source_handle,
2007 -result_source => $self->result_source, # DO NOT REMOVE THIS, REQUIRED
2010 return $self->result_class->new(\%new);
2013 # _is_deterministic_value
2015 # Make an effor to strip non-deterministic values from the condition,
2016 # to make sure new_result chokes less
2018 sub _is_deterministic_value {
2021 my $ref_type = ref $value;
2022 return 1 if $ref_type eq '' || $ref_type eq 'SCALAR';
2023 return 1 if Scalar::Util::blessed($value);
2027 # _has_resolved_attr
2029 # determines if the resultset defines at least one
2030 # of the attributes supplied
2032 # used to determine if a subquery is neccessary
2034 # supports some virtual attributes:
2036 # This will scan for any joins being present on the resultset.
2037 # It is not a mere key-search but a deep inspection of {from}
2040 sub _has_resolved_attr {
2041 my ($self, @attr_names) = @_;
2043 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs;
2047 for my $n (@attr_names) {
2048 if (grep { $n eq $_ } (qw/-join/) ) {
2049 $extra_checks{$n}++;
2053 my $attr = $attrs->{$n};
2055 next if not defined $attr;
2057 if (ref $attr eq 'HASH') {
2058 return 1 if keys %$attr;
2060 elsif (ref $attr eq 'ARRAY') {
2068 # a resolved join is expressed as a multi-level from
2070 $extra_checks{-join}
2072 ref $attrs->{from} eq 'ARRAY'
2074 @{$attrs->{from}} > 1
2082 # Recursively collapse the condition.
2084 sub _collapse_cond {
2085 my ($self, $cond, $collapsed) = @_;
2089 if (ref $cond eq 'ARRAY') {
2090 foreach my $subcond (@$cond) {
2091 next unless ref $subcond; # -or
2092 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_cond($subcond, $collapsed);
2095 elsif (ref $cond eq 'HASH') {
2096 if (keys %$cond and (keys %$cond)[0] eq '-and') {
2097 foreach my $subcond (@{$cond->{-and}}) {
2098 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_cond($subcond, $collapsed);
2102 foreach my $col (keys %$cond) {
2103 my $value = $cond->{$col};
2104 $collapsed->{$col} = $value;
2114 # Remove the specified alias from the specified query hash. A copy is made so
2115 # the original query is not modified.
2118 my ($self, $query, $alias) = @_;
2120 my %orig = %{ $query || {} };
2123 foreach my $key (keys %orig) {
2125 $unaliased{$key} = $orig{$key};
2128 $unaliased{$1} = $orig{$key}
2129 if $key =~ m/^(?:\Q$alias\E\.)?([^.]+)$/;
2135 =head2 as_query (EXPERIMENTAL)
2139 =item Arguments: none
2141 =item Return Value: \[ $sql, @bind ]
2145 Returns the SQL query and bind vars associated with the invocant.
2147 This is generally used as the RHS for a subquery.
2149 B<NOTE>: This feature is still experimental.
2156 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
2161 # my ($sql, \@bind, \%dbi_bind_attrs) = _select_args_to_query (...)
2162 # $sql also has no wrapping parenthesis in list ctx
2164 my $sqlbind = $self->result_source->storage
2165 ->_select_args_to_query ($attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select}, $attrs->{where}, $attrs);
2174 =item Arguments: \%vals, \%attrs?
2176 =item Return Value: $rowobject
2180 my $artist = $schema->resultset('Artist')->find_or_new(
2181 { artist => 'fred' }, { key => 'artists' });
2183 $cd->cd_to_producer->find_or_new({ producer => $producer },
2184 { key => 'primary });
2186 Find an existing record from this resultset, based on its primary
2187 key, or a unique constraint. If none exists, instantiate a new result
2188 object and return it. The object will not be saved into your storage
2189 until you call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> on it.
2191 You most likely want this method when looking for existing rows using
2192 a unique constraint that is not the primary key, or looking for
2195 If you want objects to be saved immediately, use L</find_or_create> instead.
2197 B<Note>: C<find_or_new> is probably not what you want when creating a
2198 new row in a table that uses primary keys supplied by the
2199 database. Passing in a primary key column with a value of I<undef>
2200 will cause L</find> to attempt to search for a row with a value of
2207 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
2208 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2209 if (keys %$hash and my $row = $self->find($hash, $attrs) ) {
2212 return $self->new_result($hash);
2219 =item Arguments: \%vals
2221 =item Return Value: a L<DBIx::Class::Row> $object
2225 Attempt to create a single new row or a row with multiple related rows
2226 in the table represented by the resultset (and related tables). This
2227 will not check for duplicate rows before inserting, use
2228 L</find_or_create> to do that.
2230 To create one row for this resultset, pass a hashref of key/value
2231 pairs representing the columns of the table and the values you wish to
2232 store. If the appropriate relationships are set up, foreign key fields
2233 can also be passed an object representing the foreign row, and the
2234 value will be set to its primary key.
2236 To create related objects, pass a hashref of related-object column values
2237 B<keyed on the relationship name>. If the relationship is of type C<multi>
2238 (L<DBIx::Class::Relationship/has_many>) - pass an arrayref of hashrefs.
2239 The process will correctly identify columns holding foreign keys, and will
2240 transparrently populate them from the keys of the corresponding relation.
2241 This can be applied recursively, and will work correctly for a structure
2242 with an arbitrary depth and width, as long as the relationships actually
2243 exists and the correct column data has been supplied.
2246 Instead of hashrefs of plain related data (key/value pairs), you may
2247 also pass new or inserted objects. New objects (not inserted yet, see
2248 L</new>), will be inserted into their appropriate tables.
2250 Effectively a shortcut for C<< ->new_result(\%vals)->insert >>.
2252 Example of creating a new row.
2254 $person_rs->create({
2255 name=>"Some Person",
2256 email=>"somebody@someplace.com"
2259 Example of creating a new row and also creating rows in a related C<has_many>
2260 or C<has_one> resultset. Note Arrayref.
2263 { artistid => 4, name => 'Manufactured Crap', cds => [
2264 { title => 'My First CD', year => 2006 },
2265 { title => 'Yet More Tweeny-Pop crap', year => 2007 },
2270 Example of creating a new row and also creating a row in a related
2271 C<belongs_to>resultset. Note Hashref.
2274 title=>"Music for Silly Walks",
2277 name=>"Silly Musician",
2284 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
2285 $self->throw_exception( "create needs a hashref" )
2286 unless ref $attrs eq 'HASH';
2287 return $self->new_result($attrs)->insert;
2290 =head2 find_or_create
2294 =item Arguments: \%vals, \%attrs?
2296 =item Return Value: $rowobject
2300 $cd->cd_to_producer->find_or_create({ producer => $producer },
2301 { key => 'primary' });
2303 Tries to find a record based on its primary key or unique constraints; if none
2304 is found, creates one and returns that instead.
2306 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create({
2308 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2309 title => 'Mezzanine',
2313 Also takes an optional C<key> attribute, to search by a specific key or unique
2314 constraint. For example:
2316 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create(
2318 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2319 title => 'Mezzanine',
2321 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
2324 B<Note>: Because find_or_create() reads from the database and then
2325 possibly inserts based on the result, this method is subject to a race
2326 condition. Another process could create a record in the table after
2327 the find has completed and before the create has started. To avoid
2328 this problem, use find_or_create() inside a transaction.
2330 B<Note>: C<find_or_create> is probably not what you want when creating
2331 a new row in a table that uses primary keys supplied by the
2332 database. Passing in a primary key column with a value of I<undef>
2333 will cause L</find> to attempt to search for a row with a value of
2336 See also L</find> and L</update_or_create>. For information on how to declare
2337 unique constraints, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
2341 sub find_or_create {
2343 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
2344 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2345 if (keys %$hash and my $row = $self->find($hash, $attrs) ) {
2348 return $self->create($hash);
2351 =head2 update_or_create
2355 =item Arguments: \%col_values, { key => $unique_constraint }?
2357 =item Return Value: $rowobject
2361 $resultset->update_or_create({ col => $val, ... });
2363 First, searches for an existing row matching one of the unique constraints
2364 (including the primary key) on the source of this resultset. If a row is
2365 found, updates it with the other given column values. Otherwise, creates a new
2368 Takes an optional C<key> attribute to search on a specific unique constraint.
2371 # In your application
2372 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->update_or_create(
2374 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2375 title => 'Mezzanine',
2378 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
2381 $cd->cd_to_producer->update_or_create({
2382 producer => $producer,
2389 If no C<key> is specified, it searches on all unique constraints defined on the
2390 source, including the primary key.
2392 If the C<key> is specified as C<primary>, it searches only on the primary key.
2394 See also L</find> and L</find_or_create>. For information on how to declare
2395 unique constraints, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
2397 B<Note>: C<update_or_create> is probably not what you want when
2398 looking for a row in a table that uses primary keys supplied by the
2399 database, unless you actually have a key value. Passing in a primary
2400 key column with a value of I<undef> will cause L</find> to attempt to
2401 search for a row with a value of I<NULL>.
2405 sub update_or_create {
2407 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
2408 my $cond = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2410 my $row = $self->find($cond, $attrs);
2412 $row->update($cond);
2416 return $self->create($cond);
2419 =head2 update_or_new
2423 =item Arguments: \%col_values, { key => $unique_constraint }?
2425 =item Return Value: $rowobject
2429 $resultset->update_or_new({ col => $val, ... });
2431 First, searches for an existing row matching one of the unique constraints
2432 (including the primary key) on the source of this resultset. If a row is
2433 found, updates it with the other given column values. Otherwise, instantiate
2434 a new result object and return it. The object will not be saved into your storage
2435 until you call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> on it.
2437 Takes an optional C<key> attribute to search on a specific unique constraint.
2440 # In your application
2441 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->update_or_new(
2443 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2444 title => 'Mezzanine',
2447 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
2450 if ($cd->in_storage) {
2451 # the cd was updated
2454 # the cd is not yet in the database, let's insert it
2458 See also L</find>, L</find_or_create> and L<find_or_new>.
2464 my $attrs = ( @_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {} );
2465 my $cond = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2467 my $row = $self->find( $cond, $attrs );
2468 if ( defined $row ) {
2469 $row->update($cond);
2473 return $self->new_result($cond);
2480 =item Arguments: none
2482 =item Return Value: \@cache_objects?
2486 Gets the contents of the cache for the resultset, if the cache is set.
2488 The cache is populated either by using the L</prefetch> attribute to
2489 L</search> or by calling L</set_cache>.
2501 =item Arguments: \@cache_objects
2503 =item Return Value: \@cache_objects
2507 Sets the contents of the cache for the resultset. Expects an arrayref
2508 of objects of the same class as those produced by the resultset. Note that
2509 if the cache is set the resultset will return the cached objects rather
2510 than re-querying the database even if the cache attr is not set.
2512 The contents of the cache can also be populated by using the
2513 L</prefetch> attribute to L</search>.
2518 my ( $self, $data ) = @_;
2519 $self->throw_exception("set_cache requires an arrayref")
2520 if defined($data) && (ref $data ne 'ARRAY');
2521 $self->{all_cache} = $data;
2528 =item Arguments: none
2530 =item Return Value: []
2534 Clears the cache for the resultset.
2539 shift->set_cache(undef);
2542 =head2 related_resultset
2546 =item Arguments: $relationship_name
2548 =item Return Value: $resultset
2552 Returns a related resultset for the supplied relationship name.
2554 $artist_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->related_resultset('Artist');
2558 sub related_resultset {
2559 my ($self, $rel) = @_;
2561 $self->{related_resultsets} ||= {};
2562 return $self->{related_resultsets}{$rel} ||= do {
2563 my $rel_info = $self->result_source->relationship_info($rel);
2565 $self->throw_exception(
2566 "search_related: result source '" . $self->result_source->source_name .
2567 "' has no such relationship $rel")
2570 my ($from,$seen) = $self->_chain_relationship($rel);
2572 my $join_count = $seen->{$rel};
2573 my $alias = ($join_count > 1 ? join('_', $rel, $join_count) : $rel);
2575 #XXX - temp fix for result_class bug. There likely is a more elegant fix -groditi
2576 my %attrs = %{$self->{attrs}||{}};
2577 delete @attrs{qw(result_class alias)};
2581 if (my $cache = $self->get_cache) {
2582 if ($cache->[0] && $cache->[0]->related_resultset($rel)->get_cache) {
2583 $new_cache = [ map { @{$_->related_resultset($rel)->get_cache} }
2588 my $rel_source = $self->result_source->related_source($rel);
2592 # The reason we do this now instead of passing the alias to the
2593 # search_rs below is that if you wrap/overload resultset on the
2594 # source you need to know what alias it's -going- to have for things
2595 # to work sanely (e.g. RestrictWithObject wants to be able to add
2596 # extra query restrictions, and these may need to be $alias.)
2598 my $attrs = $rel_source->resultset_attributes;
2599 local $attrs->{alias} = $alias;
2601 $rel_source->resultset
2609 where => $self->{cond},
2614 $new->set_cache($new_cache) if $new_cache;
2619 =head2 current_source_alias
2623 =item Arguments: none
2625 =item Return Value: $source_alias
2629 Returns the current table alias for the result source this resultset is built
2630 on, that will be used in the SQL query. Usually it is C<me>.
2632 Currently the source alias that refers to the result set returned by a
2633 L</search>/L</find> family method depends on how you got to the resultset: it's
2634 C<me> by default, but eg. L</search_related> aliases it to the related result
2635 source name (and keeps C<me> referring to the original result set). The long
2636 term goal is to make L<DBIx::Class> always alias the current resultset as C<me>
2637 (and make this method unnecessary).
2639 Thus it's currently necessary to use this method in predefined queries (see
2640 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Predefined searches>) when referring to the
2641 source alias of the current result set:
2643 # in a result set class
2645 my ($self, $user) = @_;
2647 my $me = $self->current_source_alias;
2649 return $self->search(
2650 "$me.modified" => $user->id,
2656 sub current_source_alias {
2659 return ($self->{attrs} || {})->{alias} || 'me';
2662 # This code is called by search_related, and makes sure there
2663 # is clear separation between the joins before, during, and
2664 # after the relationship. This information is needed later
2665 # in order to properly resolve prefetch aliases (any alias
2666 # with a relation_chain_depth less than the depth of the
2667 # current prefetch is not considered)
2669 # The increments happen in 1/2s to make it easier to correlate the
2670 # join depth with the join path. An integer means a relationship
2671 # specified via a search_related, whereas a fraction means an added
2672 # join/prefetch via attributes
2673 sub _chain_relationship {
2674 my ($self, $rel) = @_;
2675 my $source = $self->result_source;
2676 my $attrs = $self->{attrs};
2682 -source_handle => $source->handle,
2683 -alias => $attrs->{alias},
2684 $attrs->{alias} => $source->from,
2688 my $seen = { %{$attrs->{seen_join} || {} } };
2689 my $jpath = ($attrs->{seen_join} && keys %{$attrs->{seen_join}})
2690 ? $from->[-1][0]{-join_path}
2694 # we need to take the prefetch the attrs into account before we
2695 # ->_resolve_join as otherwise they get lost - captainL
2696 my $merged = $self->_merge_attr( $attrs->{join}, $attrs->{prefetch} );
2698 my @requested_joins = $source->_resolve_join(
2705 push @$from, @requested_joins;
2707 $seen->{-relation_chain_depth} += 0.5;
2709 # if $self already had a join/prefetch specified on it, the requested
2710 # $rel might very well be already included. What we do in this case
2711 # is effectively a no-op (except that we bump up the chain_depth on
2712 # the join in question so we could tell it *is* the search_related)
2716 # we consider the last one thus reverse
2717 for my $j (reverse @requested_joins) {
2718 if ($rel eq $j->[0]{-join_path}[-1]) {
2719 $j->[0]{-relation_chain_depth} += 0.5;
2725 # alternative way to scan the entire chain - not backwards compatible
2726 # for my $j (reverse @$from) {
2727 # next unless ref $j eq 'ARRAY';
2728 # if ($j->[0]{-join_path} && $j->[0]{-join_path}[-1] eq $rel) {
2729 # $j->[0]{-relation_chain_depth} += 0.5;
2730 # $already_joined++;
2735 unless ($already_joined) {
2736 push @$from, $source->_resolve_join(
2744 $seen->{-relation_chain_depth} += 0.5;
2746 return ($from,$seen);
2749 # too many times we have to do $attrs = { %{$self->_resolved_attrs} }
2750 sub _resolved_attrs_copy {
2752 return { %{$self->_resolved_attrs (@_)} };
2755 sub _resolved_attrs {
2757 return $self->{_attrs} if $self->{_attrs};
2759 my $attrs = { %{ $self->{attrs} || {} } };
2760 my $source = $self->result_source;
2761 my $alias = $attrs->{alias};
2763 $attrs->{columns} ||= delete $attrs->{cols} if exists $attrs->{cols};
2766 # build columns (as long as select isn't set) into a set of as/select hashes
2767 unless ( $attrs->{select} ) {
2769 ( ref($_) eq 'HASH' )
2773 /^\Q${alias}.\E(.+)$/
2784 } ( ref($attrs->{columns}) eq 'ARRAY' ) ? @{ delete $attrs->{columns}} : (delete $attrs->{columns} || $source->columns );
2786 # add the additional columns on
2787 foreach ( 'include_columns', '+columns' ) {
2788 push @colbits, map {
2789 ( ref($_) eq 'HASH' )
2791 : { ( split( /\./, $_ ) )[-1] => ( /\./ ? $_ : "${alias}.$_" ) }
2792 } ( ref($attrs->{$_}) eq 'ARRAY' ) ? @{ delete $attrs->{$_} } : delete $attrs->{$_} if ( $attrs->{$_} );
2795 # start with initial select items
2796 if ( $attrs->{select} ) {
2798 ( ref $attrs->{select} eq 'ARRAY' )
2799 ? [ @{ $attrs->{select} } ]
2800 : [ $attrs->{select} ];
2804 ref $attrs->{as} eq 'ARRAY'
2805 ? [ @{ $attrs->{as} } ]
2808 : [ map { m/^\Q${alias}.\E(.+)$/ ? $1 : $_ } @{ $attrs->{select} } ]
2813 # otherwise we intialise select & as to empty
2814 $attrs->{select} = [];
2818 # now add colbits to select/as
2819 push( @{ $attrs->{select} }, map { values( %{$_} ) } @colbits );
2820 push( @{ $attrs->{as} }, map { keys( %{$_} ) } @colbits );
2823 if ( $adds = delete $attrs->{'+select'} ) {
2824 $adds = [$adds] unless ref $adds eq 'ARRAY';
2826 @{ $attrs->{select} },
2827 map { /\./ || ref $_ ? $_ : "${alias}.$_" } @$adds
2830 if ( $adds = delete $attrs->{'+as'} ) {
2831 $adds = [$adds] unless ref $adds eq 'ARRAY';
2832 push( @{ $attrs->{as} }, @$adds );
2835 $attrs->{from} ||= [ {
2836 -source_handle => $source->handle,
2837 -alias => $self->{attrs}{alias},
2838 $self->{attrs}{alias} => $source->from,
2841 if ( $attrs->{join} || $attrs->{prefetch} ) {
2843 $self->throw_exception ('join/prefetch can not be used with a literal scalarref {from}')
2844 if ref $attrs->{from} ne 'ARRAY';
2846 my $join = delete $attrs->{join} || {};
2848 if ( defined $attrs->{prefetch} ) {
2849 $join = $self->_merge_attr( $join, $attrs->{prefetch} );
2852 $attrs->{from} = # have to copy here to avoid corrupting the original
2854 @{ $attrs->{from} },
2855 $source->_resolve_join(
2858 { %{ $attrs->{seen_join} || {} } },
2859 ($attrs->{seen_join} && keys %{$attrs->{seen_join}})
2860 ? $attrs->{from}[-1][0]{-join_path}
2867 if ( defined $attrs->{order_by} ) {
2868 $attrs->{order_by} = (
2869 ref( $attrs->{order_by} ) eq 'ARRAY'
2870 ? [ @{ $attrs->{order_by} } ]
2871 : [ $attrs->{order_by} || () ]
2875 if ($attrs->{group_by} and ! ref $attrs->{group_by}) {
2876 $attrs->{group_by} = [ $attrs->{group_by} ];
2879 $attrs->{collapse} ||= {};
2880 if ( my $prefetch = delete $attrs->{prefetch} ) {
2881 $prefetch = $self->_merge_attr( {}, $prefetch );
2883 my $prefetch_ordering = [];
2885 my $join_map = $self->_joinpath_aliases ($attrs->{from}, $attrs->{seen_join});
2888 $source->_resolve_prefetch( $prefetch, $alias, $join_map, $prefetch_ordering, $attrs->{collapse} );
2890 $attrs->{prefetch_select} = [ map { $_->[0] } @prefetch ];
2891 push @{ $attrs->{select} }, @{$attrs->{prefetch_select}};
2892 push @{ $attrs->{as} }, (map { $_->[1] } @prefetch);
2894 push( @{$attrs->{order_by}}, @$prefetch_ordering );
2895 $attrs->{_collapse_order_by} = \@$prefetch_ordering;
2899 if (delete $attrs->{distinct}) {
2900 $attrs->{group_by} ||= [ grep { !ref($_) || (ref($_) ne 'HASH') } @{$attrs->{select}} ];
2903 # if both page and offset are specified, produce a combined offset
2904 # even though it doesn't make much sense, this is what pre 081xx has
2906 if (my $page = delete $attrs->{page}) {
2908 ($attrs->{rows} * ($page - 1))
2910 ($attrs->{offset} || 0)
2914 return $self->{_attrs} = $attrs;
2917 sub _joinpath_aliases {
2918 my ($self, $fromspec, $seen) = @_;
2921 return $paths unless ref $fromspec eq 'ARRAY';
2923 my $cur_depth = $seen->{-relation_chain_depth} || 0;
2925 if (int ($cur_depth) != $cur_depth) {
2926 $self->throw_exception ("-relation_chain_depth is not an integer, something went horribly wrong ($cur_depth)");
2929 for my $j (@$fromspec) {
2931 next if ref $j ne 'ARRAY';
2932 next if $j->[0]{-relation_chain_depth} < $cur_depth;
2934 my $jpath = $j->[0]{-join_path};
2937 $p = $p->{$_} ||= {} for @{$jpath}[$cur_depth .. $#$jpath];
2938 push @{$p->{-join_aliases} }, $j->[0]{-alias};
2945 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
2947 if (ref $attr eq 'HASH') {
2948 return $self->_rollout_hash($attr);
2949 } elsif (ref $attr eq 'ARRAY') {
2950 return $self->_rollout_array($attr);
2956 sub _rollout_array {
2957 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
2960 foreach my $element (@{$attr}) {
2961 if (ref $element eq 'HASH') {
2962 push( @rolled_array, @{ $self->_rollout_hash( $element ) } );
2963 } elsif (ref $element eq 'ARRAY') {
2964 # XXX - should probably recurse here
2965 push( @rolled_array, @{$self->_rollout_array($element)} );
2967 push( @rolled_array, $element );
2970 return \@rolled_array;
2974 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
2977 foreach my $key (keys %{$attr}) {
2978 push( @rolled_array, { $key => $attr->{$key} } );
2980 return \@rolled_array;
2983 sub _calculate_score {
2984 my ($self, $a, $b) = @_;
2986 if (ref $b eq 'HASH') {
2987 my ($b_key) = keys %{$b};
2988 if (ref $a eq 'HASH') {
2989 my ($a_key) = keys %{$a};
2990 if ($a_key eq $b_key) {
2991 return (1 + $self->_calculate_score( $a->{$a_key}, $b->{$b_key} ));
2996 return ($a eq $b_key) ? 1 : 0;
2999 if (ref $a eq 'HASH') {
3000 my ($a_key) = keys %{$a};
3001 return ($b eq $a_key) ? 1 : 0;
3003 return ($b eq $a) ? 1 : 0;
3009 my ($self, $orig, $import) = @_;
3011 return $import unless defined($orig);
3012 return $orig unless defined($import);
3014 $orig = $self->_rollout_attr($orig);
3015 $import = $self->_rollout_attr($import);
3018 foreach my $import_element ( @{$import} ) {
3019 # find best candidate from $orig to merge $b_element into
3020 my $best_candidate = { position => undef, score => 0 }; my $position = 0;
3021 foreach my $orig_element ( @{$orig} ) {
3022 my $score = $self->_calculate_score( $orig_element, $import_element );
3023 if ($score > $best_candidate->{score}) {
3024 $best_candidate->{position} = $position;
3025 $best_candidate->{score} = $score;
3029 my ($import_key) = ( ref $import_element eq 'HASH' ) ? keys %{$import_element} : ($import_element);
3031 if ($best_candidate->{score} == 0 || exists $seen_keys->{$import_key}) {
3032 push( @{$orig}, $import_element );
3034 my $orig_best = $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}];
3035 # merge orig_best and b_element together and replace original with merged
3036 if (ref $orig_best ne 'HASH') {
3037 $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}] = $import_element;
3038 } elsif (ref $import_element eq 'HASH') {
3039 my ($key) = keys %{$orig_best};
3040 $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}] = { $key => $self->_merge_attr($orig_best->{$key}, $import_element->{$key}) };
3043 $seen_keys->{$import_key} = 1; # don't merge the same key twice
3053 $self->_source_handle($_[0]->handle);
3055 $self->_source_handle->resolve;
3059 =head2 throw_exception
3061 See L<DBIx::Class::Schema/throw_exception> for details.
3065 sub throw_exception {
3067 if (ref $self && $self->_source_handle->schema) {
3068 $self->_source_handle->schema->throw_exception(@_)
3075 # XXX: FIXME: Attributes docs need clearing up
3079 Attributes are used to refine a ResultSet in various ways when
3080 searching for data. They can be passed to any method which takes an
3081 C<\%attrs> argument. See L</search>, L</search_rs>, L</find>,
3084 These are in no particular order:
3090 =item Value: ( $order_by | \@order_by | \%order_by )
3094 Which column(s) to order the results by. If a single column name, or
3095 an arrayref of names is supplied, the argument is passed through
3096 directly to SQL. The hashref syntax allows for connection-agnostic
3097 specification of ordering direction:
3099 For descending order:
3101 order_by => { -desc => [qw/col1 col2 col3/] }
3103 For explicit ascending order:
3105 order_by => { -asc => 'col' }
3107 The old scalarref syntax (i.e. order_by => \'year DESC') is still
3108 supported, although you are strongly encouraged to use the hashref
3109 syntax as outlined above.
3115 =item Value: \@columns
3119 Shortcut to request a particular set of columns to be retrieved. Each
3120 column spec may be a string (a table column name), or a hash (in which
3121 case the key is the C<as> value, and the value is used as the C<select>
3122 expression). Adds C<me.> onto the start of any column without a C<.> in
3123 it and sets C<select> from that, then auto-populates C<as> from
3124 C<select> as normal. (You may also use the C<cols> attribute, as in
3125 earlier versions of DBIC.)
3131 =item Value: \@columns
3135 Indicates additional columns to be selected from storage. Works the same
3136 as L</columns> but adds columns to the selection. (You may also use the
3137 C<include_columns> attribute, as in earlier versions of DBIC). For
3140 $schema->resultset('CD')->search(undef, {
3141 '+columns' => ['artist.name'],
3145 would return all CDs and include a 'name' column to the information
3146 passed to object inflation. Note that the 'artist' is the name of the
3147 column (or relationship) accessor, and 'name' is the name of the column
3148 accessor in the related table.
3150 =head2 include_columns
3154 =item Value: \@columns
3158 Deprecated. Acts as a synonym for L</+columns> for backward compatibility.
3164 =item Value: \@select_columns
3168 Indicates which columns should be selected from the storage. You can use
3169 column names, or in the case of RDBMS back ends, function or stored procedure
3172 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
3175 { count => 'employeeid' },
3180 When you use function/stored procedure names and do not supply an C<as>
3181 attribute, the column names returned are storage-dependent. E.g. MySQL would
3182 return a column named C<count(employeeid)> in the above example.
3188 Indicates additional columns to be selected from storage. Works the same as
3189 L</select> but adds columns to the selection.
3197 Indicates additional column names for those added via L</+select>. See L</as>.
3205 =item Value: \@inflation_names
3209 Indicates column names for object inflation. That is, C<as>
3210 indicates the name that the column can be accessed as via the
3211 C<get_column> method (or via the object accessor, B<if one already
3212 exists>). It has nothing to do with the SQL code C<SELECT foo AS bar>.
3214 The C<as> attribute is used in conjunction with C<select>,
3215 usually when C<select> contains one or more function or stored
3218 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
3221 { count => 'employeeid' }
3223 as => ['name', 'employee_count'],
3226 my $employee = $rs->first(); # get the first Employee
3228 If the object against which the search is performed already has an accessor
3229 matching a column name specified in C<as>, the value can be retrieved using
3230 the accessor as normal:
3232 my $name = $employee->name();
3234 If on the other hand an accessor does not exist in the object, you need to
3235 use C<get_column> instead:
3237 my $employee_count = $employee->get_column('employee_count');
3239 You can create your own accessors if required - see
3240 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook> for details.
3242 Please note: This will NOT insert an C<AS employee_count> into the SQL
3243 statement produced, it is used for internal access only. Thus
3244 attempting to use the accessor in an C<order_by> clause or similar
3245 will fail miserably.
3247 To get around this limitation, you can supply literal SQL to your
3248 C<select> attibute that contains the C<AS alias> text, eg:
3250 select => [\'myfield AS alias']
3256 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
3260 Contains a list of relationships that should be joined for this query. For
3263 # Get CDs by Nine Inch Nails
3264 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
3265 { 'artist.name' => 'Nine Inch Nails' },
3266 { join => 'artist' }
3269 Can also contain a hash reference to refer to the other relation's relations.
3272 package MyApp::Schema::Track;
3273 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
3274 __PACKAGE__->table('track');
3275 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/trackid cd position title/);
3276 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('trackid');
3277 __PACKAGE__->belongs_to(cd => 'MyApp::Schema::CD');
3280 # In your application
3281 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
3282 { 'track.title' => 'Teardrop' },
3284 join => { cd => 'track' },
3285 order_by => 'artist.name',
3289 You need to use the relationship (not the table) name in conditions,
3290 because they are aliased as such. The current table is aliased as "me", so
3291 you need to use me.column_name in order to avoid ambiguity. For example:
3293 # Get CDs from 1984 with a 'Foo' track
3294 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
3297 'tracks.name' => 'Foo'
3299 { join => 'tracks' }
3302 If the same join is supplied twice, it will be aliased to <rel>_2 (and
3303 similarly for a third time). For e.g.
3305 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({
3306 'cds.title' => 'Down to Earth',
3307 'cds_2.title' => 'Popular',
3309 join => [ qw/cds cds/ ],
3312 will return a set of all artists that have both a cd with title 'Down
3313 to Earth' and a cd with title 'Popular'.
3315 If you want to fetch related objects from other tables as well, see C<prefetch>
3318 For more help on using joins with search, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Joining>.
3324 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
3328 Contains one or more relationships that should be fetched along with
3329 the main query (when they are accessed afterwards the data will
3330 already be available, without extra queries to the database). This is
3331 useful for when you know you will need the related objects, because it
3332 saves at least one query:
3334 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Tag')->search(
3343 The initial search results in SQL like the following:
3345 SELECT tag.*, cd.*, artist.* FROM tag
3346 JOIN cd ON tag.cd = cd.cdid
3347 JOIN artist ON cd.artist = artist.artistid
3349 L<DBIx::Class> has no need to go back to the database when we access the
3350 C<cd> or C<artist> relationships, which saves us two SQL statements in this
3353 Simple prefetches will be joined automatically, so there is no need
3354 for a C<join> attribute in the above search.
3356 C<prefetch> can be used with the following relationship types: C<belongs_to>,
3357 C<has_one> (or if you're using C<add_relationship>, any relationship declared
3358 with an accessor type of 'single' or 'filter'). A more complex example that
3359 prefetches an artists cds, the tracks on those cds, and the tags associted
3360 with that artist is given below (assuming many-to-many from artists to tags):
3362 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
3366 { cds => 'tracks' },
3367 { artist_tags => 'tags' }
3373 B<NOTE:> If you specify a C<prefetch> attribute, the C<join> and C<select>
3374 attributes will be ignored.
3384 Makes the resultset paged and specifies the page to retrieve. Effectively
3385 identical to creating a non-pages resultset and then calling ->page($page)
3388 If L<rows> attribute is not specified it defaults to 10 rows per page.
3390 When you have a paged resultset, L</count> will only return the number
3391 of rows in the page. To get the total, use the L</pager> and call
3392 C<total_entries> on it.
3402 Specifes the maximum number of rows for direct retrieval or the number of
3403 rows per page if the page attribute or method is used.
3409 =item Value: $offset
3413 Specifies the (zero-based) row number for the first row to be returned, or the
3414 of the first row of the first page if paging is used.
3420 =item Value: \@columns
3424 A arrayref of columns to group by. Can include columns of joined tables.
3426 group_by => [qw/ column1 column2 ... /]
3432 =item Value: $condition
3436 HAVING is a select statement attribute that is applied between GROUP BY and
3437 ORDER BY. It is applied to the after the grouping calculations have been
3440 having => { 'count(employee)' => { '>=', 100 } }
3446 =item Value: (0 | 1)
3450 Set to 1 to group by all columns.
3456 Adds to the WHERE clause.
3458 # only return rows WHERE deleted IS NULL for all searches
3459 __PACKAGE__->resultset_attributes({ where => { deleted => undef } }); )
3461 Can be overridden by passing C<{ where => undef }> as an attribute
3468 Set to 1 to cache search results. This prevents extra SQL queries if you
3469 revisit rows in your ResultSet:
3471 my $resultset = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search( undef, { cache => 1 } );
3473 while( my $artist = $resultset->next ) {
3477 $rs->first; # without cache, this would issue a query
3479 By default, searches are not cached.
3481 For more examples of using these attributes, see
3482 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
3488 =item Value: \@from_clause
3492 The C<from> attribute gives you manual control over the C<FROM> clause of SQL
3493 statements generated by L<DBIx::Class>, allowing you to express custom C<JOIN>
3496 NOTE: Use this on your own risk. This allows you to shoot off your foot!
3498 C<join> will usually do what you need and it is strongly recommended that you
3499 avoid using C<from> unless you cannot achieve the desired result using C<join>.
3500 And we really do mean "cannot", not just tried and failed. Attempting to use
3501 this because you're having problems with C<join> is like trying to use x86
3502 ASM because you've got a syntax error in your C. Trust us on this.
3504 Now, if you're still really, really sure you need to use this (and if you're
3505 not 100% sure, ask the mailing list first), here's an explanation of how this
3508 The syntax is as follows -
3511 { <alias1> => <table1> },
3513 { <alias2> => <table2>, -join_type => 'inner|left|right' },
3514 [], # nested JOIN (optional)
3515 { <table1.column1> => <table2.column2>, ... (more conditions) },
3517 # More of the above [ ] may follow for additional joins
3524 ON <table1.column1> = <table2.column2>
3525 <more joins may follow>
3527 An easy way to follow the examples below is to remember the following:
3529 Anything inside "[]" is a JOIN
3530 Anything inside "{}" is a condition for the enclosing JOIN
3532 The following examples utilize a "person" table in a family tree application.
3533 In order to express parent->child relationships, this table is self-joined:
3535 # Person->belongs_to('father' => 'Person');
3536 # Person->belongs_to('mother' => 'Person');
3538 C<from> can be used to nest joins. Here we return all children with a father,
3539 then search against all mothers of those children:
3541 $rs = $schema->resultset('Person')->search(
3544 alias => 'mother', # alias columns in accordance with "from"
3546 { mother => 'person' },
3549 { child => 'person' },
3551 { father => 'person' },
3552 { 'father.person_id' => 'child.father_id' }
3555 { 'mother.person_id' => 'child.mother_id' }
3562 # SELECT mother.* FROM person mother
3565 # JOIN person father
3566 # ON ( father.person_id = child.father_id )
3568 # ON ( mother.person_id = child.mother_id )
3570 The type of any join can be controlled manually. To search against only people
3571 with a father in the person table, we could explicitly use C<INNER JOIN>:
3573 $rs = $schema->resultset('Person')->search(
3576 alias => 'child', # alias columns in accordance with "from"
3578 { child => 'person' },
3580 { father => 'person', -join_type => 'inner' },
3581 { 'father.id' => 'child.father_id' }
3588 # SELECT child.* FROM person child
3589 # INNER JOIN person father ON child.father_id = father.id
3591 You can select from a subquery by passing a resultset to from as follows.
3593 $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
3595 { alias => 'artist2',
3596 from => [ { artist2 => $artist_rs->as_query } ],
3599 # and you'll get sql like this..
3600 # SELECT artist2.artistid, artist2.name, artist2.rank, artist2.charfield FROM
3601 # ( SELECT me.artistid, me.name, me.rank, me.charfield FROM artists me ) artist2
3603 If you need to express really complex joins, you
3604 can supply literal SQL to C<from> via a scalar reference. In this case
3605 the contents of the scalar will replace the table name associated with the
3608 WARNING: This technique might very well not work as expected on chained
3609 searches - you have been warned.
3611 # Assuming the Event resultsource is defined as:
3613 MySchema::Event->add_columns (
3616 is_auto_increment => 1,
3625 MySchema::Event->set_primary_key ('sequence');
3627 # This will get back the latest event for every location. The column
3628 # selector is still provided by DBIC, all we do is add a JOIN/WHERE
3629 # combo to limit the resultset
3631 $rs = $schema->resultset('Event');
3632 $table = $rs->result_source->name;
3633 $latest = $rs->search (
3636 (SELECT e1.* FROM $table e1
3638 ON e1.location = e2.location
3639 AND e1.sequence < e2.sequence
3640 WHERE e2.sequence is NULL
3645 # Equivalent SQL (with the DBIC chunks added):
3647 SELECT me.sequence, me.location, me.type FROM
3648 (SELECT e1.* FROM events e1
3650 ON e1.location = e2.location
3651 AND e1.sequence < e2.sequence
3652 WHERE e2.sequence is NULL
3659 =item Value: ( 'update' | 'shared' )
3663 Set to 'update' for a SELECT ... FOR UPDATE or 'shared' for a SELECT