1 package DBIx::Class::ResultSet;
5 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
7 use DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn;
8 use DBIx::Class::ResultClass::HashRefInflator;
9 use Scalar::Util qw/blessed weaken reftype/;
10 use DBIx::Class::_Util qw(
11 fail_on_internal_wantarray fail_on_internal_call UNRESOLVABLE_CONDITION
15 # not importing first() as it will clash with our own method
19 # De-duplication in _merge_attr() is disabled, but left in for reference
20 # (the merger is used for other things that ought not to be de-duped)
21 *__HM_DEDUP = sub () { 0 };
31 # this is real - CDBICompat overrides it with insanity
32 # yes, prototype won't matter, but that's for now ;)
35 __PACKAGE__->mk_group_accessors('simple' => qw/_result_class result_source/);
39 DBIx::Class::ResultSet - Represents a query used for fetching a set of results.
43 my $users_rs = $schema->resultset('User');
44 while( $user = $users_rs->next) {
45 print $user->username;
48 my $registered_users_rs = $schema->resultset('User')->search({ registered => 1 });
49 my @cds_in_2005 = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({ year => 2005 })->all();
53 A ResultSet is an object which stores a set of conditions representing
54 a query. It is the backbone of DBIx::Class (i.e. the really
55 important/useful bit).
57 No SQL is executed on the database when a ResultSet is created, it
58 just stores all the conditions needed to create the query.
60 A basic ResultSet representing the data of an entire table is returned
61 by calling C<resultset> on a L<DBIx::Class::Schema> and passing in a
62 L<Source|DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/ResultSource> name.
64 my $users_rs = $schema->resultset('User');
66 A new ResultSet is returned from calling L</search> on an existing
67 ResultSet. The new one will contain all the conditions of the
68 original, plus any new conditions added in the C<search> call.
70 A ResultSet also incorporates an implicit iterator. L</next> and L</reset>
71 can be used to walk through all the L<DBIx::Class::Row>s the ResultSet
74 The query that the ResultSet represents is B<only> executed against
75 the database when these methods are called:
76 L</find>, L</next>, L</all>, L</first>, L</single>, L</count>.
78 If a resultset is used in a numeric context it returns the L</count>.
79 However, if it is used in a boolean context it is B<always> true. So if
80 you want to check if a resultset has any results, you must use C<if $rs
85 =head2 Chaining resultsets
87 Let's say you've got a query that needs to be run to return some data
88 to the user. But, you have an authorization system in place that
89 prevents certain users from seeing certain information. So, you want
90 to construct the basic query in one method, but add constraints to it in
95 my $request = $self->get_request; # Get a request object somehow.
96 my $schema = $self->result_source->schema;
98 my $cd_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({
99 title => $request->param('title'),
100 year => $request->param('year'),
103 $cd_rs = $self->apply_security_policy( $cd_rs );
105 return $cd_rs->all();
108 sub apply_security_policy {
117 =head3 Resolving conditions and attributes
119 When a resultset is chained from another resultset (e.g.:
120 C<< my $new_rs = $old_rs->search(\%extra_cond, \%attrs) >>), conditions
121 and attributes with the same keys need resolving.
123 If any of L</columns>, L</select>, L</as> are present, they reset the
124 original selection, and start the selection "clean".
126 The L</join>, L</prefetch>, L</+columns>, L</+select>, L</+as> attributes
127 are merged into the existing ones from the original resultset.
129 The L</where> and L</having> attributes, and any search conditions, are
130 merged with an SQL C<AND> to the existing condition from the original
133 All other attributes are overridden by any new ones supplied in the
136 =head2 Multiple queries
138 Since a resultset just defines a query, you can do all sorts of
139 things with it with the same object.
141 # Don't hit the DB yet.
142 my $cd_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({
143 title => 'something',
147 # Each of these hits the DB individually.
148 my $count = $cd_rs->count;
149 my $most_recent = $cd_rs->get_column('date_released')->max();
150 my @records = $cd_rs->all;
152 And it's not just limited to SELECT statements.
158 $cd_rs->create({ artist => 'Fred' });
160 Which is the same as:
162 $schema->resultset('CD')->create({
163 title => 'something',
168 See: L</search>, L</count>, L</get_column>, L</all>, L</create>.
170 =head2 Custom ResultSet classes
172 To add methods to your resultsets, you can subclass L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet>, similar to:
174 package MyApp::Schema::ResultSet::User;
179 use base 'DBIx::Class::ResultSet';
183 $self->search({ $self->current_source_alias . '.active' => 1 });
188 $self->search({ $self->current_source_alias . '.verified' => 0 });
191 sub created_n_days_ago {
192 my ($self, $days_ago) = @_;
194 $self->current_source_alias . '.create_date' => {
196 $self->result_source->schema->storage->datetime_parser->format_datetime(
197 DateTime->now( time_zone => 'UTC' )->subtract( days => $days_ago )
202 sub users_to_warn { shift->active->unverified->created_n_days_ago(7) }
206 See L<DBIx::Class::Schema/load_namespaces> on how DBIC can discover and
207 automatically attach L<Result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>-specific
208 L<ResulSet|DBIx::Class::ResultSet> classes.
210 =head3 ResultSet subclassing with Moose and similar constructor-providers
212 Using L<Moose> or L<Moo> in your ResultSet classes is usually overkill, but
213 you may find it useful if your ResultSets contain a lot of business logic
214 (e.g. C<has xml_parser>, C<has json>, etc) or if you just prefer to organize
217 In order to write custom ResultSet classes with L<Moo> you need to use the
218 following template. The L<BUILDARGS|Moo/BUILDARGS> is necessary due to the
219 unusual signature of the L<constructor provided by DBIC
220 |DBIx::Class::ResultSet/new> C<< ->new($source, \%args) >>.
223 extends 'DBIx::Class::ResultSet';
224 sub BUILDARGS { $_[2] } # ::RS::new() expects my ($class, $rsrc, $args) = @_
230 If you want to build your custom ResultSet classes with L<Moose>, you need
231 a similar, though a little more elaborate template in order to interface the
232 inlining of the L<Moose>-provided
233 L<object constructor|Moose::Manual::Construction/WHERE'S THE CONSTRUCTOR?>,
236 package MyApp::Schema::ResultSet::User;
239 use MooseX::NonMoose;
240 extends 'DBIx::Class::ResultSet';
242 sub BUILDARGS { $_[2] } # ::RS::new() expects my ($class, $rsrc, $args) = @_
246 __PACKAGE__->meta->make_immutable;
250 The L<MooseX::NonMoose> is necessary so that the L<Moose> constructor does not
251 entirely overwrite the DBIC one (in contrast L<Moo> does this automatically).
252 Alternatively, you can skip L<MooseX::NonMoose> and get by with just L<Moose>
255 __PACKAGE__->meta->make_immutable(inline_constructor => 0);
263 =item Arguments: L<$source|DBIx::Class::ResultSource>, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
265 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search>
269 The resultset constructor. Takes a source object (usually a
270 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSourceProxy::Table>) and an attribute hash (see
271 L</ATTRIBUTES> below). Does not perform any queries -- these are
272 executed as needed by the other methods.
274 Generally you never construct a resultset manually. Instead you get one
276 C<< $schema->L<resultset|DBIx::Class::Schema/resultset>('$source_name') >>
277 or C<< $another_resultset->L<search|/search>(...) >> (the later called in
280 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({ title => '100th Window' });
286 If called on an object, proxies to L</new_result> instead, so
288 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->new({ title => 'Spoon' });
290 will return a CD object, not a ResultSet, and is equivalent to:
292 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->new_result({ title => 'Spoon' });
294 Please also keep in mind that many internals call L</new_result> directly,
295 so overloading this method with the idea of intercepting new result object
296 creation B<will not work>. See also warning pertaining to L</create>.
306 DBIx::Class::_ENV_::ASSERT_NO_INTERNAL_INDIRECT_CALLS and fail_on_internal_call;
307 return $class->new_result(@_);
310 my ($source, $attrs) = @_;
311 $source = $source->resolve
312 if $source->isa('DBIx::Class::ResultSourceHandle');
314 $attrs = { %{$attrs||{}} };
315 delete @{$attrs}{qw(_last_sqlmaker_alias_map _simple_passthrough_construction)};
317 if ($attrs->{page}) {
318 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
321 $attrs->{alias} ||= 'me';
324 result_source => $source,
325 cond => $attrs->{where},
330 # if there is a dark selector, this means we are already in a
331 # chain and the cleanup/sanification was taken care of by
333 $self->_normalize_selection($attrs)
334 unless $attrs->{_dark_selector};
337 $attrs->{result_class} || $source->result_class
347 =item Arguments: L<$cond|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker> | undef, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
349 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context) | L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
353 my @cds = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2001 }); # "... WHERE year = 2001"
354 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2005 });
356 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search([ { year => 2005 }, { year => 2004 } ]);
357 # year = 2005 OR year = 2004
359 In list context, C<< ->all() >> is called implicitly on the resultset, thus
360 returning a list of L<result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> objects instead.
361 To avoid that, use L</search_rs>.
363 If you need to pass in additional attributes but no additional condition,
364 call it as C<search(undef, \%attrs)>.
366 # "SELECT name, artistid FROM $artist_table"
367 my @all_artists = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(undef, {
368 columns => [qw/name artistid/],
371 For a list of attributes that can be passed to C<search>, see
372 L</ATTRIBUTES>. For more examples of using this function, see
373 L<Searching|DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/SEARCHING>. For a complete
374 documentation for the first argument, see L<SQL::Abstract/"WHERE CLAUSES">
375 and its extension L<DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>.
377 For more help on using joins with search, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Joining>.
381 Note that L</search> does not process/deflate any of the values passed in the
382 L<SQL::Abstract>-compatible search condition structure. This is unlike other
383 condition-bound methods L</new_result>, L</create> and L</find>. The user must ensure
384 manually that any value passed to this method will stringify to something the
385 RDBMS knows how to deal with. A notable example is the handling of L<DateTime>
386 objects, for more info see:
387 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Formatting DateTime objects in queries>.
393 my $rs = $self->search_rs( @_ );
396 DBIx::Class::_ENV_::ASSERT_NO_INTERNAL_WANTARRAY and my $sog = fail_on_internal_wantarray;
399 elsif (defined wantarray) {
403 # we can be called by a relationship helper, which in
404 # turn may be called in void context due to some braindead
405 # overload or whatever else the user decided to be clever
406 # at this particular day. Thus limit the exception to
407 # external code calls only
408 $self->throw_exception ('->search is *not* a mutator, calling it in void context makes no sense')
409 if (caller)[0] !~ /^\QDBIx::Class::/;
419 =item Arguments: L<$cond|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
421 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search>
425 This method does the same exact thing as search() except it will
426 always return a resultset, even in list context.
433 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
434 my ($call_cond, $call_attrs);
436 # Special-case handling for (undef, undef) or (undef)
437 # Note that (foo => undef) is valid deprecated syntax
438 @_ = () if not scalar grep { defined $_ } @_;
444 # fish out attrs in the ($condref, $attr) case
445 elsif (@_ == 2 and ( ! defined $_[0] or (ref $_[0]) ne '') ) {
446 ($call_cond, $call_attrs) = @_;
449 $self->throw_exception('Odd number of arguments to search')
453 carp_unique 'search( %condition ) is deprecated, use search( \%condition ) instead'
454 unless $rsrc->result_class->isa('DBIx::Class::CDBICompat');
456 for my $i (0 .. $#_) {
458 $self->throw_exception ('All keys in condition key/value pairs must be plain scalars')
459 if (! defined $_[$i] or ref $_[$i] ne '');
465 # see if we can keep the cache (no $rs changes)
467 my %safe = (alias => 1, cache => 1);
468 if ( ! List::Util::first { !$safe{$_} } keys %$call_attrs and (
471 ref $call_cond eq 'HASH' && ! keys %$call_cond
473 ref $call_cond eq 'ARRAY' && ! @$call_cond
475 $cache = $self->get_cache;
478 my $old_attrs = { %{$self->{attrs}} };
479 my ($old_having, $old_where) = delete @{$old_attrs}{qw(having where)};
481 my $new_attrs = { %$old_attrs };
483 # take care of call attrs (only if anything is changing)
484 if ($call_attrs and keys %$call_attrs) {
486 # copy for _normalize_selection
487 $call_attrs = { %$call_attrs };
489 my @selector_attrs = qw/select as columns cols +select +as +columns include_columns/;
491 # reset the current selector list if new selectors are supplied
492 if (List::Util::first { exists $call_attrs->{$_} } qw/columns cols select as/) {
493 delete @{$old_attrs}{(@selector_attrs, '_dark_selector')};
496 # Normalize the new selector list (operates on the passed-in attr structure)
497 # Need to do it on every chain instead of only once on _resolved_attrs, in
498 # order to allow detection of empty vs partial 'as'
499 $call_attrs->{_dark_selector} = $old_attrs->{_dark_selector}
500 if $old_attrs->{_dark_selector};
501 $self->_normalize_selection ($call_attrs);
503 # start with blind overwriting merge, exclude selector attrs
504 $new_attrs = { %{$old_attrs}, %{$call_attrs} };
505 delete @{$new_attrs}{@selector_attrs};
507 for (@selector_attrs) {
508 $new_attrs->{$_} = $self->_merge_attr($old_attrs->{$_}, $call_attrs->{$_})
509 if ( exists $old_attrs->{$_} or exists $call_attrs->{$_} );
512 # older deprecated name, use only if {columns} is not there
513 if (my $c = delete $new_attrs->{cols}) {
514 carp_unique( "Resultset attribute 'cols' is deprecated, use 'columns' instead" );
515 if ($new_attrs->{columns}) {
516 carp "Resultset specifies both the 'columns' and the legacy 'cols' attributes - ignoring 'cols'";
519 $new_attrs->{columns} = $c;
524 # join/prefetch use their own crazy merging heuristics
525 foreach my $key (qw/join prefetch/) {
526 $new_attrs->{$key} = $self->_merge_joinpref_attr($old_attrs->{$key}, $call_attrs->{$key})
527 if exists $call_attrs->{$key};
530 # stack binds together
531 $new_attrs->{bind} = [ @{ $old_attrs->{bind} || [] }, @{ $call_attrs->{bind} || [] } ];
535 for ($old_where, $call_cond) {
537 $new_attrs->{where} = $self->_stack_cond (
538 $_, $new_attrs->{where}
543 if (defined $old_having) {
544 $new_attrs->{having} = $self->_stack_cond (
545 $old_having, $new_attrs->{having}
549 my $rs = (ref $self)->new($rsrc, $new_attrs);
551 $rs->set_cache($cache) if ($cache);
557 sub _normalize_selection {
558 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
561 if ( exists $attrs->{include_columns} ) {
562 carp_unique( "Resultset attribute 'include_columns' is deprecated, use '+columns' instead" );
563 $attrs->{'+columns'} = $self->_merge_attr(
564 $attrs->{'+columns'}, delete $attrs->{include_columns}
568 # columns are always placed first, however
570 # Keep the X vs +X separation until _resolved_attrs time - this allows to
571 # delay the decision on whether to use a default select list ($rsrc->columns)
572 # allowing stuff like the remove_columns helper to work
574 # select/as +select/+as pairs need special handling - the amount of select/as
575 # elements in each pair does *not* have to be equal (think multicolumn
576 # selectors like distinct(foo, bar) ). If the selector is bare (no 'as'
577 # supplied at all) - try to infer the alias, either from the -as parameter
578 # of the selector spec, or use the parameter whole if it looks like a column
579 # name (ugly legacy heuristic). If all fails - leave the selector bare (which
580 # is ok as well), but make sure no more additions to the 'as' chain take place
581 for my $pref ('', '+') {
583 my ($sel, $as) = map {
584 my $key = "${pref}${_}";
586 my $val = [ ref $attrs->{$key} eq 'ARRAY'
588 : $attrs->{$key} || ()
590 delete $attrs->{$key};
594 if (! @$as and ! @$sel ) {
597 elsif (@$as and ! @$sel) {
598 $self->throw_exception(
599 "Unable to handle ${pref}as specification (@$as) without a corresponding ${pref}select"
603 # no as part supplied at all - try to deduce (unless explicit end of named selection is declared)
604 # if any @$as has been supplied we assume the user knows what (s)he is doing
605 # and blindly keep stacking up pieces
606 unless ($attrs->{_dark_selector}) {
609 if ( ref $_ eq 'HASH' and exists $_->{-as} ) {
610 push @$as, $_->{-as};
612 # assume any plain no-space, no-parenthesis string to be a column spec
613 # FIXME - this is retarded but is necessary to support shit like 'count(foo)'
614 elsif ( ! ref $_ and $_ =~ /^ [^\s\(\)]+ $/x) {
617 # if all else fails - raise a flag that no more aliasing will be allowed
619 $attrs->{_dark_selector} = {
621 string => ($dark_sel_dumper ||= do {
622 require Data::Dumper::Concise;
623 Data::Dumper::Concise::DumperObject()->Indent(0);
624 })->Values([$_])->Dump
632 elsif (@$as < @$sel) {
633 $self->throw_exception(
634 "Unable to handle an ${pref}as specification (@$as) with less elements than the corresponding ${pref}select"
637 elsif ($pref and $attrs->{_dark_selector}) {
638 $self->throw_exception(
639 "Unable to process named '+select', resultset contains an unnamed selector $attrs->{_dark_selector}{string}"
645 $attrs->{"${pref}select"} = $self->_merge_attr($attrs->{"${pref}select"}, $sel);
646 $attrs->{"${pref}as"} = $self->_merge_attr($attrs->{"${pref}as"}, $as);
651 my ($self, $left, $right) = @_;
654 (ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' and !@$_)
656 (ref $_ eq 'HASH' and ! keys %$_)
657 ) and $_ = undef for ($left, $right);
659 # either one of the two undef
660 if ( (defined $left) xor (defined $right) ) {
661 return defined $left ? $left : $right;
664 elsif ( ! defined $left ) {
668 return $self->result_source->schema->storage->_collapse_cond({ -and => [$left, $right] });
672 =head2 search_literal
674 B<CAVEAT>: C<search_literal> is provided for Class::DBI compatibility and
675 should only be used in that context. C<search_literal> is a convenience
676 method. It is equivalent to calling C<< $schema->search(\[]) >>, but if you
677 want to ensure columns are bound correctly, use L</search>.
679 See L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/SEARCHING> and
680 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::FAQ/Searching> for searching techniques that do not
681 require C<search_literal>.
685 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @standalone_bind_values
687 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search> (scalar context) | L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
691 my @cds = $cd_rs->search_literal('year = ? AND title = ?', qw/2001 Reload/);
692 my $newrs = $artist_rs->search_literal('name = ?', 'Metallica');
694 Pass a literal chunk of SQL to be added to the conditional part of the
697 Example of how to use C<search> instead of C<search_literal>
699 my @cds = $cd_rs->search_literal('cdid = ? AND (artist = ? OR artist = ?)', (2, 1, 2));
700 my @cds = $cd_rs->search(\[ 'cdid = ? AND (artist = ? OR artist = ?)', [ 'cdid', 2 ], [ 'artist', 1 ], [ 'artist', 2 ] ]);
705 my ($self, $sql, @bind) = @_;
707 if ( @bind && ref($bind[-1]) eq 'HASH' ) {
710 return $self->search(\[ $sql, map [ {} => $_ ], @bind ], ($attr || () ));
717 =item Arguments: \%columns_values | @pk_values, { key => $unique_constraint, L<%attrs|/ATTRIBUTES> }?
719 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> | undef
723 Finds and returns a single row based on supplied criteria. Takes either a
724 hashref with the same format as L</create> (including inference of foreign
725 keys from related objects), or a list of primary key values in the same
726 order as the L<primary columns|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/primary_columns>
727 declaration on the L</result_source>.
729 In either case an attempt is made to combine conditions already existing on
730 the resultset with the condition passed to this method.
732 To aid with preparing the correct query for the storage you may supply the
733 C<key> attribute, which is the name of a
734 L<unique constraint|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint> (the
735 unique constraint corresponding to the
736 L<primary columns|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/primary_columns> is always named
737 C<primary>). If the C<key> attribute has been supplied, and DBIC is unable
738 to construct a query that satisfies the named unique constraint fully (
739 non-NULL values for each column member of the constraint) an exception is
742 If no C<key> is specified, the search is carried over all unique constraints
743 which are fully defined by the available condition.
745 If no such constraint is found, C<find> currently defaults to a simple
746 C<< search->(\%column_values) >> which may or may not do what you expect.
747 Note that this fallback behavior may be deprecated in further versions. If
748 you need to search with arbitrary conditions - use L</search>. If the query
749 resulting from this fallback produces more than one row, a warning to the
750 effect is issued, though only the first row is constructed and returned as
753 In addition to C<key>, L</find> recognizes and applies standard
754 L<resultset attributes|/ATTRIBUTES> in the same way as L</search> does.
756 Note that if you have extra concerns about the correctness of the resulting
757 query you need to specify the C<key> attribute and supply the entire condition
758 as an argument to find (since it is not always possible to perform the
759 combination of the resultset condition with the supplied one, especially if
760 the resultset condition contains literal sql).
762 For example, to find a row by its primary key:
764 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(5);
766 You can also find a row by a specific unique constraint:
768 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(
770 artist => 'Massive Attack',
771 title => 'Mezzanine',
773 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
776 See also L</find_or_create> and L</update_or_create>.
782 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
784 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
787 if (exists $attrs->{key}) {
788 $constraint_name = defined $attrs->{key}
790 : $self->throw_exception("An undefined 'key' resultset attribute makes no sense")
794 # Parse out the condition from input
797 if (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH') {
798 $call_cond = { %{$_[0]} };
801 # if only values are supplied we need to default to 'primary'
802 $constraint_name = 'primary' unless defined $constraint_name;
804 my @c_cols = $rsrc->unique_constraint_columns($constraint_name);
806 $self->throw_exception(
807 "No constraint columns, maybe a malformed '$constraint_name' constraint?"
810 $self->throw_exception (
811 'find() expects either a column/value hashref, or a list of values '
812 . "corresponding to the columns of the specified unique constraint '$constraint_name'"
813 ) unless @c_cols == @_;
815 @{$call_cond}{@c_cols} = @_;
818 # process relationship data if any
819 for my $key (keys %$call_cond) {
821 length ref($call_cond->{$key})
823 my $relinfo = $rsrc->relationship_info($key)
825 # implicitly skip has_many's (likely MC)
826 (ref (my $val = delete $call_cond->{$key}) ne 'ARRAY' )
828 my ($rel_cond, $crosstable) = $rsrc->_resolve_condition(
829 $relinfo->{cond}, $val, $key, $key
832 $self->throw_exception("Complex condition via relationship '$key' is unsupported in find()")
833 if $crosstable or ref($rel_cond) ne 'HASH';
835 # supplement condition
836 # relationship conditions take precedence (?)
837 @{$call_cond}{keys %$rel_cond} = values %$rel_cond;
841 my $alias = exists $attrs->{alias} ? $attrs->{alias} : $self->{attrs}{alias};
843 if (defined $constraint_name) {
844 $final_cond = $self->_qualify_cond_columns (
846 $self->result_source->_minimal_valueset_satisfying_constraint(
847 constraint_name => $constraint_name,
848 values => ($self->_merge_with_rscond($call_cond))[0],
855 elsif ($self->{attrs}{accessor} and $self->{attrs}{accessor} eq 'single') {
856 # This means that we got here after a merger of relationship conditions
857 # in ::Relationship::Base::search_related (the row method), and furthermore
858 # the relationship is of the 'single' type. This means that the condition
859 # provided by the relationship (already attached to $self) is sufficient,
860 # as there can be only one row in the database that would satisfy the
864 my (@unique_queries, %seen_column_combinations, $ci, @fc_exceptions);
866 # no key was specified - fall down to heuristics mode:
867 # run through all unique queries registered on the resultset, and
868 # 'OR' all qualifying queries together
870 # always start from 'primary' if it exists at all
871 for my $c_name ( sort {
873 : $b eq 'primary' ? 1
875 } $rsrc->unique_constraint_names) {
877 next if $seen_column_combinations{
878 join "\x00", sort $rsrc->unique_constraint_columns($c_name)
882 push @unique_queries, $self->_qualify_cond_columns(
883 $self->result_source->_minimal_valueset_satisfying_constraint(
884 constraint_name => $c_name,
885 values => ($self->_merge_with_rscond($call_cond))[0],
886 columns_info => ($ci ||= $self->result_source->columns_info),
892 push @fc_exceptions, $_ if $_ =~ /\bFilterColumn\b/;
897 @unique_queries ? \@unique_queries
898 : @fc_exceptions ? $self->throw_exception(join "; ", map { $_ =~ /(.*) at .+ line \d+$/s } @fc_exceptions )
899 : $self->_non_unique_find_fallback ($call_cond, $attrs)
903 # Run the query, passing the result_class since it should propagate for find
904 my $rs = $self->search ($final_cond, {result_class => $self->result_class, %$attrs});
905 if ($rs->_resolved_attrs->{collapse}) {
907 carp "Query returned more than one row" if $rs->next;
915 # This is a stop-gap method as agreed during the discussion on find() cleanup:
916 # http://lists.scsys.co.uk/pipermail/dbix-class/2010-October/009535.html
918 # It is invoked when find() is called in legacy-mode with insufficiently-unique
919 # condition. It is provided for overrides until a saner way forward is devised
921 # *NOTE* This is not a public method, and it's *GUARANTEED* to disappear down
922 # the road. Please adjust your tests accordingly to catch this situation early
923 # DBIx::Class::ResultSet->can('_non_unique_find_fallback') is reasonable
925 # The method will not be removed without an adequately complete replacement
926 # for strict-mode enforcement
927 sub _non_unique_find_fallback {
928 my ($self, $cond, $attrs) = @_;
930 return $self->_qualify_cond_columns(
932 exists $attrs->{alias}
934 : $self->{attrs}{alias}
939 sub _qualify_cond_columns {
940 my ($self, $cond, $alias) = @_;
942 my %aliased = %$cond;
943 for (keys %aliased) {
944 $aliased{"$alias.$_"} = delete $aliased{$_}
951 sub _build_unique_cond {
953 '_build_unique_cond is a private method, and moreover is about to go '
954 . 'away. Please contact the development team at %s if you believe you '
955 . 'have a genuine use for this method, in order to discuss alternatives.',
956 DBIx::Class::_ENV_::HELP_URL,
959 my ($self, $constraint_name, $cond, $croak_on_null) = @_;
961 $self->result_source->_minimal_valueset_satisfying_constraint(
962 constraint_name => $constraint_name,
964 carp_on_nulls => !$croak_on_null
968 =head2 search_related
972 =item Arguments: $rel_name, $cond?, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
974 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search> (scalar context) | L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
978 $new_rs = $cd_rs->search_related('artist', {
982 Searches the specified relationship, optionally specifying a condition and
983 attributes for matching records. See L</ATTRIBUTES> for more information.
985 In list context, C<< ->all() >> is called implicitly on the resultset, thus
986 returning a list of result objects instead. To avoid that, use L</search_related_rs>.
988 See also L</search_related_rs>.
993 return shift->related_resultset(shift)->search(@_);
996 =head2 search_related_rs
998 This method works exactly the same as search_related, except that
999 it guarantees a resultset, even in list context.
1003 sub search_related_rs {
1004 return shift->related_resultset(shift)->search_rs(@_);
1011 =item Arguments: none
1013 =item Return Value: L<$cursor|DBIx::Class::Cursor>
1017 Returns a storage-driven cursor to the given resultset. See
1018 L<DBIx::Class::Cursor> for more information.
1025 return $self->{cursor} ||= do {
1026 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs;
1027 $self->result_source->storage->select(
1028 $attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select}, $attrs->{where}, $attrs
1037 =item Arguments: L<$cond?|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>
1039 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> | undef
1043 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->single({ year => 2001 });
1045 Inflates the first result without creating a cursor if the resultset has
1046 any records in it; if not returns C<undef>. Used by L</find> as a lean version
1049 While this method can take an optional search condition (just like L</search>)
1050 being a fast-code-path it does not recognize search attributes. If you need to
1051 add extra joins or similar, call L</search> and then chain-call L</single> on the
1052 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet> returned.
1058 As of 0.08100, this method enforces the assumption that the preceding
1059 query returns only one row. If more than one row is returned, you will receive
1062 Query returned more than one row
1064 In this case, you should be using L</next> or L</find> instead, or if you really
1065 know what you are doing, use the L</rows> attribute to explicitly limit the size
1068 This method will also throw an exception if it is called on a resultset prefetching
1069 has_many, as such a prefetch implies fetching multiple rows from the database in
1070 order to assemble the resulting object.
1077 my ($self, $where) = @_;
1079 $self->throw_exception('single() only takes search conditions, no attributes. You want ->search( $cond, $attrs )->single()');
1082 my $attrs = { %{$self->_resolved_attrs} };
1084 $self->throw_exception(
1085 'single() can not be used on resultsets collapsing a has_many. Use find( \%cond ) or next() instead'
1086 ) if $attrs->{collapse};
1089 if (defined $attrs->{where}) {
1092 [ map { ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_ }
1093 $where, delete $attrs->{where} ]
1096 $attrs->{where} = $where;
1100 my $data = [ $self->result_source->storage->select_single(
1101 $attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select},
1102 $attrs->{where}, $attrs
1105 return undef unless @$data;
1106 $self->{_stashed_rows} = [ $data ];
1107 $self->_construct_results->[0];
1114 =item Arguments: L<$cond?|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>
1116 =item Return Value: L<$resultsetcolumn|DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn>
1120 my $max_length = $rs->get_column('length')->max;
1122 Returns a L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn> instance for a column of the ResultSet.
1127 my ($self, $column) = @_;
1128 my $new = DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn->new($self, $column);
1136 =item Arguments: L<$cond|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
1138 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search> (scalar context) | L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
1142 # WHERE title LIKE '%blue%'
1143 $cd_rs = $rs->search_like({ title => '%blue%'});
1145 Performs a search, but uses C<LIKE> instead of C<=> as the condition. Note
1146 that this is simply a convenience method retained for ex Class::DBI users.
1147 You most likely want to use L</search> with specific operators.
1149 For more information, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
1151 This method is deprecated and will be removed in 0.09. Use L<search()|/search>
1152 instead. An example conversion is:
1154 ->search_like({ foo => 'bar' });
1158 ->search({ foo => { like => 'bar' } });
1165 'search_like() is deprecated and will be removed in DBIC version 0.09.'
1166 .' Instead use ->search({ x => { -like => "y%" } })'
1167 .' (note the outer pair of {}s - they are important!)'
1169 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
1170 my $query = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? { %{shift()} }: {@_};
1171 $query->{$_} = { 'like' => $query->{$_} } for keys %$query;
1172 return $class->search($query, { %$attrs });
1179 =item Arguments: $first, $last
1181 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search> (scalar context) | L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
1185 Returns a resultset or object list representing a subset of elements from the
1186 resultset slice is called on. Indexes are from 0, i.e., to get the first
1187 three records, call:
1189 my ($one, $two, $three) = $rs->slice(0, 2);
1194 my ($self, $min, $max) = @_;
1195 my $attrs = {}; # = { %{ $self->{attrs} || {} } };
1196 $attrs->{offset} = $self->{attrs}{offset} || 0;
1197 $attrs->{offset} += $min;
1198 $attrs->{rows} = ($max ? ($max - $min + 1) : 1);
1199 return $self->search(undef, $attrs);
1206 =item Arguments: none
1208 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> | undef
1212 Returns the next element in the resultset (C<undef> is there is none).
1214 Can be used to efficiently iterate over records in the resultset:
1216 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search;
1217 while (my $cd = $rs->next) {
1221 Note that you need to store the resultset object, and call C<next> on it.
1222 Calling C<< resultset('Table')->next >> repeatedly will always return the
1223 first record from the resultset.
1230 if (my $cache = $self->get_cache) {
1231 $self->{all_cache_position} ||= 0;
1232 return $cache->[$self->{all_cache_position}++];
1235 if ($self->{attrs}{cache}) {
1236 delete $self->{pager};
1237 $self->{all_cache_position} = 1;
1238 return ($self->all)[0];
1241 return shift(@{$self->{_stashed_results}}) if @{ $self->{_stashed_results}||[] };
1243 $self->{_stashed_results} = $self->_construct_results
1246 return shift @{$self->{_stashed_results}};
1249 # Constructs as many results as it can in one pass while respecting
1250 # cursor laziness. Several modes of operation:
1252 # * Always builds everything present in @{$self->{_stashed_rows}}
1253 # * If called with $fetch_all true - pulls everything off the cursor and
1254 # builds all result structures (or objects) in one pass
1255 # * If $self->_resolved_attrs->{collapse} is true, checks the order_by
1256 # and if the resultset is ordered properly by the left side:
1257 # * Fetches stuff off the cursor until the "master object" changes,
1258 # and saves the last extra row (if any) in @{$self->{_stashed_rows}}
1260 # * Just fetches, and collapses/constructs everything as if $fetch_all
1261 # was requested (there is no other way to collapse except for an
1263 # * If no collapse is requested - just get the next row, construct and
1265 sub _construct_results {
1266 my ($self, $fetch_all) = @_;
1268 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1269 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs;
1274 ! $attrs->{order_by}
1278 my @pcols = $rsrc->primary_columns
1280 # default order for collapsing unless the user asked for something
1281 $attrs->{order_by} = [ map { join '.', $attrs->{alias}, $_} @pcols ];
1282 $attrs->{_ordered_for_collapse} = 1;
1283 $attrs->{_order_is_artificial} = 1;
1286 # this will be used as both initial raw-row collector AND as a RV of
1287 # _construct_results. Not regrowing the array twice matters a lot...
1288 # a surprising amount actually
1289 my $rows = delete $self->{_stashed_rows};
1291 my $cursor; # we may not need one at all
1293 my $did_fetch_all = $fetch_all;
1296 # FIXME SUBOPTIMAL - we can do better, cursor->next/all (well diff. methods) should return a ref
1297 $rows = [ ($rows ? @$rows : ()), $self->cursor->all ];
1299 elsif( $attrs->{collapse} ) {
1301 # a cursor will need to be closed over in case of collapse
1302 $cursor = $self->cursor;
1304 $attrs->{_ordered_for_collapse} = (
1310 ->_extract_colinfo_of_stable_main_source_order_by_portion($attrs)
1312 ) unless defined $attrs->{_ordered_for_collapse};
1314 if (! $attrs->{_ordered_for_collapse}) {
1317 # instead of looping over ->next, use ->all in stealth mode
1318 # *without* calling a ->reset afterwards
1319 # FIXME ENCAPSULATION - encapsulation breach, cursor method additions pending
1320 if (! $cursor->{_done}) {
1321 $rows = [ ($rows ? @$rows : ()), $cursor->all ];
1322 $cursor->{_done} = 1;
1327 if (! $did_fetch_all and ! @{$rows||[]} ) {
1328 # FIXME SUBOPTIMAL - we can do better, cursor->next/all (well diff. methods) should return a ref
1329 $cursor ||= $self->cursor;
1330 if (scalar (my @r = $cursor->next) ) {
1335 return undef unless @{$rows||[]};
1337 # sanity check - people are too clever for their own good
1338 if ($attrs->{collapse} and my $aliastypes = $attrs->{_last_sqlmaker_alias_map} ) {
1340 my $multiplied_selectors;
1341 for my $sel_alias ( grep { $_ ne $attrs->{alias} } keys %{ $aliastypes->{selecting} } ) {
1343 $aliastypes->{multiplying}{$sel_alias}
1345 $aliastypes->{premultiplied}{$sel_alias}
1347 $multiplied_selectors->{$_} = 1 for values %{$aliastypes->{selecting}{$sel_alias}{-seen_columns}}
1351 for my $i (0 .. $#{$attrs->{as}} ) {
1352 my $sel = $attrs->{select}[$i];
1354 if (ref $sel eq 'SCALAR') {
1357 elsif( ref $sel eq 'REF' and ref $$sel eq 'ARRAY' ) {
1361 $self->throw_exception(
1362 'Result collapse not possible - selection from a has_many source redirected to the main object'
1363 ) if ($multiplied_selectors->{$sel} and $attrs->{as}[$i] !~ /\./);
1367 # hotspot - skip the setter
1368 my $res_class = $self->_result_class;
1370 my $inflator_cref = $self->{_result_inflator}{cref} ||= do {
1371 $res_class->can ('inflate_result')
1372 or $self->throw_exception("Inflator $res_class does not provide an inflate_result() method");
1375 my $infmap = $attrs->{as};
1377 $self->{_result_inflator}{is_core_row} = ( (
1380 ( \&DBIx::Class::Row::inflate_result || die "No ::Row::inflate_result() - can't happen" )
1381 ) ? 1 : 0 ) unless defined $self->{_result_inflator}{is_core_row};
1383 $self->{_result_inflator}{is_hri} = ( (
1384 ! $self->{_result_inflator}{is_core_row}
1386 $inflator_cref == \&DBIx::Class::ResultClass::HashRefInflator::inflate_result
1387 ) ? 1 : 0 ) unless defined $self->{_result_inflator}{is_hri};
1390 if ($attrs->{_simple_passthrough_construction}) {
1391 # construct a much simpler array->hash folder for the one-table HRI cases right here
1392 if ($self->{_result_inflator}{is_hri}) {
1393 for my $r (@$rows) {
1394 $r = { map { $infmap->[$_] => $r->[$_] } 0..$#$infmap };
1397 # FIXME SUBOPTIMAL this is a very very very hot spot
1398 # while rather optimal we can *still* do much better, by
1399 # building a smarter Row::inflate_result(), and
1400 # switch to feeding it data via a much leaner interface
1402 # crude unscientific benchmarking indicated the shortcut eval is not worth it for
1403 # this particular resultset size
1404 elsif ( $self->{_result_inflator}{is_core_row} and @$rows < 60 ) {
1405 for my $r (@$rows) {
1406 $r = $inflator_cref->($res_class, $rsrc, { map { $infmap->[$_] => $r->[$_] } (0..$#$infmap) } );
1411 ( $self->{_result_inflator}{is_core_row}
1412 ? '$_ = $inflator_cref->($res_class, $rsrc, { %s }) for @$rows'
1413 # a custom inflator may be a multiplier/reductor - put it in direct list ctx
1414 : '@$rows = map { $inflator_cref->($res_class, $rsrc, { %s } ) } @$rows'
1416 ( join (', ', map { "\$infmap->[$_] => \$_->[$_]" } 0..$#$infmap ) )
1422 $self->{_result_inflator}{is_hri} ? 'hri'
1423 : $self->{_result_inflator}{is_core_row} ? 'classic_pruning'
1424 : 'classic_nonpruning'
1427 # $args and $attrs to _mk_row_parser are separated to delineate what is
1428 # core collapser stuff and what is dbic $rs specific
1429 @{$self->{_row_parser}{$parser_type}}{qw(cref nullcheck)} = $rsrc->_mk_row_parser({
1431 inflate_map => $infmap,
1432 collapse => $attrs->{collapse},
1433 premultiplied => $attrs->{_main_source_premultiplied},
1434 hri_style => $self->{_result_inflator}{is_hri},
1435 prune_null_branches => $self->{_result_inflator}{is_hri} || $self->{_result_inflator}{is_core_row},
1436 }, $attrs) unless $self->{_row_parser}{$parser_type}{cref};
1438 # column_info metadata historically hasn't been too reliable.
1439 # We need to start fixing this somehow (the collapse resolver
1440 # can't work without it). Add an explicit check for the *main*
1441 # result, hopefully this will gradually weed out such errors
1443 # FIXME - this is a temporary kludge that reduces performance
1444 # It is however necessary for the time being
1445 my ($unrolled_non_null_cols_to_check, $err);
1447 if (my $check_non_null_cols = $self->{_row_parser}{$parser_type}{nullcheck} ) {
1450 'Collapse aborted due to invalid ResultSource metadata - the following '
1451 . 'selections are declared non-nullable but NULLs were retrieved: '
1455 COL: for my $i (@$check_non_null_cols) {
1456 ! defined $_->[$i] and push @violating_idx, $i and next COL for @$rows;
1459 $self->throw_exception( $err . join (', ', map { "'$infmap->[$_]'" } @violating_idx ) )
1462 $unrolled_non_null_cols_to_check = join (',', @$check_non_null_cols);
1464 utf8::upgrade($unrolled_non_null_cols_to_check)
1465 if DBIx::Class::_ENV_::STRESSTEST_UTF8_UPGRADE_GENERATED_COLLAPSER_SOURCE;
1469 ($did_fetch_all or ! $attrs->{collapse}) ? undef
1470 : defined $unrolled_non_null_cols_to_check ? eval sprintf <<'EOS', $unrolled_non_null_cols_to_check
1472 # FIXME SUBOPTIMAL - we can do better, cursor->next/all (well diff. methods) should return a ref
1473 my @r = $cursor->next or return;
1474 if (my @violating_idx = grep { ! defined $r[$_] } (%s) ) {
1475 $self->throw_exception( $err . join (', ', map { "'$infmap->[$_]'" } @violating_idx ) )
1481 # FIXME SUBOPTIMAL - we can do better, cursor->next/all (well diff. methods) should return a ref
1482 my @r = $cursor->next or return;
1487 $self->{_row_parser}{$parser_type}{cref}->(
1489 $next_cref ? ( $next_cref, $self->{_stashed_rows} = [] ) : (),
1492 # simple in-place substitution, does not regrow $rows
1493 if ($self->{_result_inflator}{is_core_row}) {
1494 $_ = $inflator_cref->($res_class, $rsrc, @$_) for @$rows
1496 # Special-case multi-object HRI - there is no $inflator_cref pass at all
1497 elsif ( ! $self->{_result_inflator}{is_hri} ) {
1498 # the inflator may be a multiplier/reductor - put it in list ctx
1499 @$rows = map { $inflator_cref->($res_class, $rsrc, @$_) } @$rows;
1503 # The @$rows check seems odd at first - why wouldn't we want to warn
1504 # regardless? The issue is things like find() etc, where the user
1505 # *knows* only one result will come back. In these cases the ->all
1506 # is not a pessimization, but rather something we actually want
1508 'Unable to properly collapse has_many results in iterator mode due '
1509 . 'to order criteria - performed an eager cursor slurp underneath. '
1510 . 'Consider using ->all() instead'
1511 ) if ( ! $fetch_all and @$rows > 1 );
1516 =head2 result_source
1520 =item Arguments: L<$result_source?|DBIx::Class::ResultSource>
1522 =item Return Value: L<$result_source|DBIx::Class::ResultSource>
1526 An accessor for the primary ResultSource object from which this ResultSet
1533 =item Arguments: $result_class?
1535 =item Return Value: $result_class
1539 An accessor for the class to use when creating result objects. Defaults to
1540 C<< result_source->result_class >> - which in most cases is the name of the
1541 L<"table"|DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/"ResultSource"> class.
1543 Note that changing the result_class will also remove any components
1544 that were originally loaded in the source class via
1545 L<load_components|Class::C3::Componentised/load_components( @comps )>.
1546 Any overloaded methods in the original source class will not run.
1551 my ($self, $result_class) = @_;
1552 if ($result_class) {
1554 # don't fire this for an object
1555 $self->ensure_class_loaded($result_class)
1556 unless ref($result_class);
1558 if ($self->get_cache) {
1559 carp_unique('Changing the result_class of a ResultSet instance with cached results is a noop - the cache contents will not be altered');
1561 # FIXME ENCAPSULATION - encapsulation breach, cursor method additions pending
1562 elsif ($self->{cursor} && $self->{cursor}{_pos}) {
1563 $self->throw_exception('Changing the result_class of a ResultSet instance with an active cursor is not supported');
1566 $self->_result_class($result_class);
1568 delete $self->{_result_inflator};
1570 $self->_result_class;
1577 =item Arguments: L<$cond|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
1579 =item Return Value: $count
1583 Performs an SQL C<COUNT> with the same query as the resultset was built
1584 with to find the number of elements. Passing arguments is equivalent to
1585 C<< $rs->search ($cond, \%attrs)->count >>
1591 return $self->search(@_)->count if @_ and defined $_[0];
1592 return scalar @{ $self->get_cache } if $self->get_cache;
1594 my $attrs = { %{ $self->_resolved_attrs } };
1596 # this is a little optimization - it is faster to do the limit
1597 # adjustments in software, instead of a subquery
1598 my ($rows, $offset) = delete @{$attrs}{qw/rows offset/};
1601 if ($self->_has_resolved_attr (qw/collapse group_by/)) {
1602 $crs = $self->_count_subq_rs ($attrs);
1605 $crs = $self->_count_rs ($attrs);
1607 my $count = $crs->next;
1609 $count -= $offset if $offset;
1610 $count = $rows if $rows and $rows < $count;
1611 $count = 0 if ($count < 0);
1620 =item Arguments: L<$cond|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker>, L<\%attrs?|/ATTRIBUTES>
1622 =item Return Value: L<$count_rs|DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn>
1626 Same as L</count> but returns a L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn> object.
1627 This can be very handy for subqueries:
1629 ->search( { amount => $some_rs->count_rs->as_query } )
1631 As with regular resultsets the SQL query will be executed only after
1632 the resultset is accessed via L</next> or L</all>. That would return
1633 the same single value obtainable via L</count>.
1639 return $self->search(@_)->count_rs if @_;
1641 # this may look like a lack of abstraction (count() does about the same)
1642 # but in fact an _rs *must* use a subquery for the limits, as the
1643 # software based limiting can not be ported if this $rs is to be used
1644 # in a subquery itself (i.e. ->as_query)
1645 if ($self->_has_resolved_attr (qw/collapse group_by offset rows/)) {
1646 return $self->_count_subq_rs($self->{_attrs});
1649 return $self->_count_rs($self->{_attrs});
1654 # returns a ResultSetColumn object tied to the count query
1657 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
1659 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1661 my $tmp_attrs = { %$attrs };
1662 # take off any limits, record_filter is cdbi, and no point of ordering nor locking a count
1663 delete @{$tmp_attrs}{qw/rows offset order_by record_filter for/};
1665 # overwrite the selector (supplied by the storage)
1666 $rsrc->resultset_class->new($rsrc, {
1668 select => $rsrc->storage->_count_select ($rsrc, $attrs),
1670 })->get_column ('count');
1674 # same as above but uses a subquery
1676 sub _count_subq_rs {
1677 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
1679 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1681 my $sub_attrs = { %$attrs };
1682 # extra selectors do not go in the subquery and there is no point of ordering it, nor locking it
1683 delete @{$sub_attrs}{qw/collapse columns as select order_by for/};
1685 # if we multi-prefetch we group_by something unique, as this is what we would
1686 # get out of the rs via ->next/->all. We *DO WANT* to clobber old group_by regardless
1687 if ( $attrs->{collapse} ) {
1688 $sub_attrs->{group_by} = [ map { "$attrs->{alias}.$_" } @{
1689 $rsrc->_identifying_column_set || $self->throw_exception(
1690 'Unable to construct a unique group_by criteria properly collapsing the '
1691 . 'has_many prefetch before count()'
1696 # Calculate subquery selector
1697 if (my $g = $sub_attrs->{group_by}) {
1699 my $sql_maker = $rsrc->storage->sql_maker;
1701 # necessary as the group_by may refer to aliased functions
1703 for my $sel (@{$attrs->{select}}) {
1704 $sel_index->{$sel->{-as}} = $sel
1705 if (ref $sel eq 'HASH' and $sel->{-as});
1708 # anything from the original select mentioned on the group-by needs to make it to the inner selector
1709 # also look for named aggregates referred in the having clause
1710 # having often contains scalarrefs - thus parse it out entirely
1712 if ($attrs->{having}) {
1713 local $sql_maker->{having_bind};
1714 local $sql_maker->{quote_char} = $sql_maker->{quote_char};
1715 local $sql_maker->{name_sep} = $sql_maker->{name_sep};
1716 unless (defined $sql_maker->{quote_char} and length $sql_maker->{quote_char}) {
1717 $sql_maker->{quote_char} = [ "\x00", "\xFF" ];
1718 # if we don't unset it we screw up retarded but unfortunately working
1719 # 'MAX(foo.bar)' => { '>', 3 }
1720 $sql_maker->{name_sep} = '';
1723 my ($lquote, $rquote, $sep) = map { quotemeta $_ } ($sql_maker->_quote_chars, $sql_maker->name_sep);
1725 my $having_sql = $sql_maker->_parse_rs_attrs ({ having => $attrs->{having} });
1728 # search for both a proper quoted qualified string, for a naive unquoted scalarref
1729 # and if all fails for an utterly naive quoted scalar-with-function
1730 while ($having_sql =~ /
1731 $rquote $sep $lquote (.+?) $rquote
1733 [\s,] \w+ \. (\w+) [\s,]
1735 [\s,] $lquote (.+?) $rquote [\s,]
1737 my $part = $1 || $2 || $3; # one of them matched if we got here
1738 unless ($seen_having{$part}++) {
1745 my $colpiece = $sel_index->{$_} || $_;
1747 # unqualify join-based group_by's. Arcane but possible query
1748 # also horrible horrible hack to alias a column (not a func.)
1749 # (probably need to introduce SQLA syntax)
1750 if ($colpiece =~ /\./ && $colpiece !~ /^$attrs->{alias}\./) {
1753 $colpiece = \ sprintf ('%s AS %s', map { $sql_maker->_quote ($_) } ($colpiece, $as) );
1755 push @{$sub_attrs->{select}}, $colpiece;
1759 my @pcols = map { "$attrs->{alias}.$_" } ($rsrc->primary_columns);
1760 $sub_attrs->{select} = @pcols ? \@pcols : [ 1 ];
1763 return $rsrc->resultset_class
1764 ->new ($rsrc, $sub_attrs)
1766 ->search ({}, { columns => { count => $rsrc->storage->_count_select ($rsrc, $attrs) } })
1767 ->get_column ('count');
1771 =head2 count_literal
1773 B<CAVEAT>: C<count_literal> is provided for Class::DBI compatibility and
1774 should only be used in that context. See L</search_literal> for further info.
1778 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @standalone_bind_values
1780 =item Return Value: $count
1784 Counts the results in a literal query. Equivalent to calling L</search_literal>
1785 with the passed arguments, then L</count>.
1789 sub count_literal { shift->search_literal(@_)->count; }
1795 =item Arguments: none
1797 =item Return Value: L<@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
1801 Returns all elements in the resultset.
1808 $self->throw_exception("all() doesn't take any arguments, you probably wanted ->search(...)->all()");
1811 delete @{$self}{qw/_stashed_rows _stashed_results/};
1813 if (my $c = $self->get_cache) {
1817 $self->cursor->reset;
1819 my $objs = $self->_construct_results('fetch_all') || [];
1821 $self->set_cache($objs) if $self->{attrs}{cache};
1830 =item Arguments: none
1832 =item Return Value: $self
1836 Resets the resultset's cursor, so you can iterate through the elements again.
1837 Implicitly resets the storage cursor, so a subsequent L</next> will trigger
1845 delete @{$self}{qw/_stashed_rows _stashed_results/};
1846 $self->{all_cache_position} = 0;
1847 $self->cursor->reset;
1855 =item Arguments: none
1857 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> | undef
1861 L<Resets|/reset> the resultset (causing a fresh query to storage) and returns
1862 an object for the first result (or C<undef> if the resultset is empty).
1867 return $_[0]->reset->next;
1873 # Determines whether and what type of subquery is required for the $rs operation.
1874 # If grouping is necessary either supplies its own, or verifies the current one
1875 # After all is done delegates to the proper storage method.
1877 sub _rs_update_delete {
1878 my ($self, $op, $values) = @_;
1880 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1881 my $storage = $rsrc->schema->storage;
1883 my $attrs = { %{$self->_resolved_attrs} };
1885 my $join_classifications;
1886 my ($existing_group_by) = delete @{$attrs}{qw(group_by _grouped_by_distinct)};
1888 # do we need a subquery for any reason?
1890 defined $existing_group_by
1892 # if {from} is unparseable wrap a subq
1893 ref($attrs->{from}) ne 'ARRAY'
1895 # limits call for a subq
1896 $self->_has_resolved_attr(qw/rows offset/)
1899 # simplify the joinmap, so we can further decide if a subq is necessary
1900 if (!$needs_subq and @{$attrs->{from}} > 1) {
1902 ($attrs->{from}, $join_classifications) =
1903 $storage->_prune_unused_joins ($attrs);
1905 # any non-pruneable non-local restricting joins imply subq
1906 $needs_subq = defined List::Util::first { $_ ne $attrs->{alias} } keys %{ $join_classifications->{restricting} || {} };
1909 # check if the head is composite (by now all joins are thrown out unless $needs_subq)
1911 (ref $attrs->{from}[0]) ne 'HASH'
1913 ref $attrs->{from}[0]{ $attrs->{from}[0]{-alias} }
1917 # do we need anything like a subquery?
1918 if (! $needs_subq) {
1919 # Most databases do not allow aliasing of tables in UPDATE/DELETE. Thus
1920 # a condition containing 'me' or other table prefixes will not work
1921 # at all. Tell SQLMaker to dequalify idents via a gross hack.
1923 my $sqla = $rsrc->storage->sql_maker;
1924 local $sqla->{_dequalify_idents} = 1;
1925 \[ $sqla->_recurse_where($self->{cond}) ];
1929 # we got this far - means it is time to wrap a subquery
1930 my $idcols = $rsrc->_identifying_column_set || $self->throw_exception(
1932 "Unable to perform complex resultset %s() without an identifying set of columns on source '%s'",
1938 # make a new $rs selecting only the PKs (that's all we really need for the subq)
1939 delete $attrs->{$_} for qw/select as collapse/;
1940 $attrs->{columns} = [ map { "$attrs->{alias}.$_" } @$idcols ];
1942 # this will be consumed by the pruner waaaaay down the stack
1943 $attrs->{_force_prune_multiplying_joins} = 1;
1945 my $subrs = (ref $self)->new($rsrc, $attrs);
1947 if (@$idcols == 1) {
1948 $cond = { $idcols->[0] => { -in => $subrs->as_query } };
1950 elsif ($storage->_use_multicolumn_in) {
1951 # no syntax for calling this properly yet
1952 # !!! EXPERIMENTAL API !!! WILL CHANGE !!!
1953 $cond = $storage->sql_maker->_where_op_multicolumn_in (
1954 $idcols, # how do I convey a list of idents...? can binds reside on lhs?
1959 # if all else fails - get all primary keys and operate over a ORed set
1960 # wrap in a transaction for consistency
1961 # this is where the group_by/multiplication starts to matter
1965 # we do not need to check pre-multipliers, since if the premulti is there, its
1966 # parent (who is multi) will be there too
1967 keys %{ $join_classifications->{multiplying} || {} }
1969 # make sure if there is a supplied group_by it matches the columns compiled above
1970 # perfectly. Anything else can not be sanely executed on most databases so croak
1971 # right then and there
1972 if ($existing_group_by) {
1973 my @current_group_by = map
1974 { $_ =~ /\./ ? $_ : "$attrs->{alias}.$_" }
1979 join ("\x00", sort @current_group_by)
1981 join ("\x00", sort @{$attrs->{columns}} )
1983 $self->throw_exception (
1984 "You have just attempted a $op operation on a resultset which does group_by"
1985 . ' on columns other than the primary keys, while DBIC internally needs to retrieve'
1986 . ' the primary keys in a subselect. All sane RDBMS engines do not support this'
1987 . ' kind of queries. Please retry the operation with a modified group_by or'
1988 . ' without using one at all.'
1993 $subrs = $subrs->search({}, { group_by => $attrs->{columns} });
1996 $guard = $storage->txn_scope_guard;
1998 for my $row ($subrs->cursor->all) {
2000 { $idcols->[$_] => $row->[$_] }
2007 my $res = $cond ? $storage->$op (
2009 $op eq 'update' ? $values : (),
2013 $guard->commit if $guard;
2022 =item Arguments: \%values
2024 =item Return Value: $underlying_storage_rv
2028 Sets the specified columns in the resultset to the supplied values in a
2029 single query. Note that this will not run any accessor/set_column/update
2030 triggers, nor will it update any result object instances derived from this
2031 resultset (this includes the contents of the L<resultset cache|/set_cache>
2032 if any). See L</update_all> if you need to execute any on-update
2033 triggers or cascades defined either by you or a
2034 L<result component|DBIx::Class::Manual::Component/WHAT IS A COMPONENT>.
2036 The return value is a pass through of what the underlying
2037 storage backend returned, and may vary. See L<DBI/execute> for the most
2042 Note that L</update> does not process/deflate any of the values passed in.
2043 This is unlike the corresponding L<DBIx::Class::Row/update>. The user must
2044 ensure manually that any value passed to this method will stringify to
2045 something the RDBMS knows how to deal with. A notable example is the
2046 handling of L<DateTime> objects, for more info see:
2047 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Formatting DateTime objects in queries>.
2052 my ($self, $values) = @_;
2053 $self->throw_exception('Values for update must be a hash')
2054 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
2056 return $self->_rs_update_delete ('update', $values);
2063 =item Arguments: \%values
2065 =item Return Value: 1
2069 Fetches all objects and updates them one at a time via
2070 L<DBIx::Class::Row/update>. Note that C<update_all> will run DBIC defined
2071 triggers, while L</update> will not.
2076 my ($self, $values) = @_;
2077 $self->throw_exception('Values for update_all must be a hash')
2078 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
2080 my $guard = $self->result_source->schema->txn_scope_guard;
2081 $_->update({%$values}) for $self->all; # shallow copy - update will mangle it
2090 =item Arguments: none
2092 =item Return Value: $underlying_storage_rv
2096 Deletes the rows matching this resultset in a single query. Note that this
2097 will not run any delete triggers, nor will it alter the
2098 L<in_storage|DBIx::Class::Row/in_storage> status of any result object instances
2099 derived from this resultset (this includes the contents of the
2100 L<resultset cache|/set_cache> if any). See L</delete_all> if you need to
2101 execute any on-delete triggers or cascades defined either by you or a
2102 L<result component|DBIx::Class::Manual::Component/WHAT IS A COMPONENT>.
2104 The return value is a pass through of what the underlying storage backend
2105 returned, and may vary. See L<DBI/execute> for the most common case.
2111 $self->throw_exception('delete does not accept any arguments')
2114 return $self->_rs_update_delete ('delete');
2121 =item Arguments: none
2123 =item Return Value: 1
2127 Fetches all objects and deletes them one at a time via
2128 L<DBIx::Class::Row/delete>. Note that C<delete_all> will run DBIC defined
2129 triggers, while L</delete> will not.
2135 $self->throw_exception('delete_all does not accept any arguments')
2138 my $guard = $self->result_source->schema->txn_scope_guard;
2139 $_->delete for $self->all;
2148 =item Arguments: [ \@column_list, \@row_values+ ] | [ \%col_data+ ]
2150 =item Return Value: L<\@result_objects|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (scalar context) | L<@result_objects|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> (list context)
2154 Accepts either an arrayref of hashrefs or alternatively an arrayref of
2161 The context of this method call has an important effect on what is
2162 submitted to storage. In void context data is fed directly to fastpath
2163 insertion routines provided by the underlying storage (most often
2164 L<DBI/execute_for_fetch>), bypassing the L<new|DBIx::Class::Row/new> and
2165 L<insert|DBIx::Class::Row/insert> calls on the
2166 L<Result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> class, including any
2167 augmentation of these methods provided by components. For example if you
2168 are using something like L<DBIx::Class::UUIDColumns> to create primary
2169 keys for you, you will find that your PKs are empty. In this case you
2170 will have to explicitly force scalar or list context in order to create
2175 In non-void (scalar or list) context, this method is simply a wrapper
2176 for L</create>. Depending on list or scalar context either a list of
2177 L<Result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> objects or an arrayref
2178 containing these objects is returned.
2180 When supplying data in "arrayref of arrayrefs" invocation style, the
2181 first element should be a list of column names and each subsequent
2182 element should be a data value in the earlier specified column order.
2185 $schema->resultset("Artist")->populate([
2186 [ qw( artistid name ) ],
2187 [ 100, 'A Formally Unknown Singer' ],
2188 [ 101, 'A singer that jumped the shark two albums ago' ],
2189 [ 102, 'An actually cool singer' ],
2192 For the arrayref of hashrefs style each hashref should be a structure
2193 suitable for passing to L</create>. Multi-create is also permitted with
2196 $schema->resultset("Artist")->populate([
2197 { artistid => 4, name => 'Manufactured Crap', cds => [
2198 { title => 'My First CD', year => 2006 },
2199 { title => 'Yet More Tweeny-Pop crap', year => 2007 },
2202 { artistid => 5, name => 'Angsty-Whiny Girl', cds => [
2203 { title => 'My parents sold me to a record company', year => 2005 },
2204 { title => 'Why Am I So Ugly?', year => 2006 },
2205 { title => 'I Got Surgery and am now Popular', year => 2007 }
2210 If you attempt a void-context multi-create as in the example above (each
2211 Artist also has the related list of CDs), and B<do not> supply the
2212 necessary autoinc foreign key information, this method will proxy to the
2213 less efficient L</create>, and then throw the Result objects away. In this
2214 case there are obviously no benefits to using this method over L</create>.
2221 # this is naive and just a quick check
2222 # the types will need to be checked more thoroughly when the
2223 # multi-source populate gets added
2225 ref $_[0] eq 'ARRAY'
2227 ( @{$_[0]} or return )
2229 ( ref $_[0][0] eq 'HASH' or ref $_[0][0] eq 'ARRAY' )
2232 ) or $self->throw_exception('Populate expects an arrayref of hashrefs or arrayref of arrayrefs');
2234 # FIXME - no cref handling
2235 # At this point assume either hashes or arrays
2237 if(defined wantarray) {
2238 my (@results, $guard);
2240 if (ref $data->[0] eq 'ARRAY') {
2241 # column names only, nothing to do
2242 return if @$data == 1;
2244 $guard = $self->result_source->schema->storage->txn_scope_guard
2248 { my $vals = $_; $self->new_result({ map { $data->[0][$_] => $vals->[$_] } 0..$#{$data->[0]} })->insert }
2249 @{$data}[1 .. $#$data]
2254 $guard = $self->result_source->schema->storage->txn_scope_guard
2257 @results = map { $self->new_result($_)->insert } @$data;
2260 $guard->commit if $guard;
2261 return wantarray ? @results : \@results;
2264 # we have to deal with *possibly incomplete* related data
2265 # this means we have to walk the data structure twice
2266 # whether we want this or not
2267 # jnap, I hate you ;)
2268 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
2269 my $rel_info = { map { $_ => $rsrc->relationship_info($_) } $rsrc->relationships };
2271 my ($colinfo, $colnames, $slices_with_rels);
2275 for my $i (0 .. $#$data) {
2277 my $current_slice_seen_rel_infos;
2279 ### Determine/Supplement collists
2280 ### BEWARE - This is a hot piece of code, a lot of weird idioms were used
2281 if( ref $data->[$i] eq 'ARRAY' ) {
2283 # positional(!) explicit column list
2285 # column names only, nothing to do
2286 return if @$data == 1;
2288 $colinfo->{$data->[0][$_]} = { pos => $_, name => $data->[0][$_] } and push @$colnames, $data->[0][$_]
2289 for 0 .. $#{$data->[0]};
2296 for (values %$colinfo) {
2297 if ($_->{is_rel} ||= (
2298 $rel_info->{$_->{name}}
2301 ref $data->[$i][$_->{pos}] eq 'ARRAY'
2303 ref $data->[$i][$_->{pos}] eq 'HASH'
2305 ( defined blessed $data->[$i][$_->{pos}] and $data->[$i][$_->{pos}]->isa('DBIx::Class::Row') )
2311 # moar sanity check... sigh
2312 for ( ref $data->[$i][$_->{pos}] eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$data->[$i][$_->{pos}]} : $data->[$i][$_->{pos}] ) {
2313 if ( defined blessed $_ and $_->isa('DBIx::Class::Row' ) ) {
2314 carp_unique("Fast-path populate() with supplied related objects is not possible - falling back to regular create()");
2315 return my $throwaway = $self->populate(@_);
2319 push @$current_slice_seen_rel_infos, $rel_info->{$_->{name}};
2324 if ($current_slice_seen_rel_infos) {
2325 push @$slices_with_rels, { map { $colnames->[$_] => $data->[$i][$_] } 0 .. $#$colnames };
2327 # this is needed further down to decide whether or not to fallback to create()
2328 $colinfo->{$colnames->[$_]}{seen_null} ||= ! defined $data->[$i][$_]
2329 for 0 .. $#$colnames;
2332 elsif( ref $data->[$i] eq 'HASH' ) {
2334 for ( sort keys %{$data->[$i]} ) {
2336 $colinfo->{$_} ||= do {
2338 $self->throw_exception("Column '$_' must be present in supplied explicit column list")
2339 if $data_start; # it will be 0 on AoH, 1 on AoA
2341 push @$colnames, $_;
2344 { pos => $#$colnames, name => $_ }
2347 if ($colinfo->{$_}{is_rel} ||= (
2351 ref $data->[$i]{$_} eq 'ARRAY'
2353 ref $data->[$i]{$_} eq 'HASH'
2355 ( defined blessed $data->[$i]{$_} and $data->[$i]{$_}->isa('DBIx::Class::Row') )
2361 # moar sanity check... sigh
2362 for ( ref $data->[$i]{$_} eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$data->[$i]{$_}} : $data->[$i]{$_} ) {
2363 if ( defined blessed $_ and $_->isa('DBIx::Class::Row' ) ) {
2364 carp_unique("Fast-path populate() with supplied related objects is not possible - falling back to regular create()");
2365 return my $throwaway = $self->populate(@_);
2369 push @$current_slice_seen_rel_infos, $rel_info->{$_};
2373 if ($current_slice_seen_rel_infos) {
2374 push @$slices_with_rels, $data->[$i];
2376 # this is needed further down to decide whether or not to fallback to create()
2377 $colinfo->{$_}{seen_null} ||= ! defined $data->[$i]{$_}
2378 for keys %{$data->[$i]};
2382 $self->throw_exception('Unexpected populate() data structure member type: ' . ref $data->[$i] );
2386 { $_->{attrs}{is_depends_on} }
2387 @{ $current_slice_seen_rel_infos || [] }
2389 carp_unique("Fast-path populate() of belongs_to relationship data is not possible - falling back to regular create()");
2390 return my $throwaway = $self->populate(@_);
2394 if( $slices_with_rels ) {
2396 # need to exclude the rel "columns"
2397 $colnames = [ grep { ! $colinfo->{$_}{is_rel} } @$colnames ];
2399 # extra sanity check - ensure the main source is in fact identifiable
2400 # the localizing of nullability is insane, but oh well... the use-case is legit
2401 my $ci = $rsrc->columns_info($colnames);
2403 $ci->{$_} = { %{$ci->{$_}}, is_nullable => 0 }
2404 for grep { ! $colinfo->{$_}{seen_null} } keys %$ci;
2406 unless( $rsrc->_identifying_column_set($ci) ) {
2407 carp_unique("Fast-path populate() of non-uniquely identifiable rows with related data is not possible - falling back to regular create()");
2408 return my $throwaway = $self->populate(@_);
2412 ### inherit the data locked in the conditions of the resultset
2413 my ($rs_data) = $self->_merge_with_rscond({});
2414 delete @{$rs_data}{@$colnames}; # passed-in stuff takes precedence
2416 # if anything left - decompose rs_data
2418 if (keys %$rs_data) {
2419 push @$rs_data_vals, $rs_data->{$_}
2420 for sort keys %$rs_data;
2425 $guard = $rsrc->schema->storage->txn_scope_guard
2426 if $slices_with_rels;
2428 ### main source data
2429 # FIXME - need to switch entirely to a coderef-based thing,
2430 # so that large sets aren't copied several times... I think
2431 $rsrc->storage->_insert_bulk(
2433 [ @$colnames, sort keys %$rs_data ],
2435 ref $data->[$_] eq 'ARRAY'
2437 $slices_with_rels ? [ @{$data->[$_]}[0..$#$colnames], @{$rs_data_vals||[]} ] # the collist changed
2438 : $rs_data_vals ? [ @{$data->[$_]}, @$rs_data_vals ]
2441 : [ @{$data->[$_]}{@$colnames}, @{$rs_data_vals||[]} ]
2442 } $data_start .. $#$data ],
2445 ### do the children relationships
2446 if ( $slices_with_rels ) {
2447 my @rels = grep { $colinfo->{$_}{is_rel} } keys %$colinfo
2448 or die 'wtf... please report a bug with DBIC_TRACE=1 output (stacktrace)';
2450 for my $sl (@$slices_with_rels) {
2452 my ($main_proto, $main_proto_rs);
2453 for my $rel (@rels) {
2454 next unless defined $sl->{$rel};
2458 (map { $_ => $sl->{$_} } @$colnames),
2461 unless (defined $colinfo->{$rel}{rs}) {
2463 $colinfo->{$rel}{rs} = $rsrc->related_source($rel)->resultset;
2465 $colinfo->{$rel}{fk_map} = { reverse %{ $rsrc->_resolve_relationship_condition(
2467 self_alias => "\xFE", # irrelevant
2468 foreign_alias => "\xFF", # irrelevant
2469 )->{identity_map} || {} } };
2473 $colinfo->{$rel}{rs}->search({ map # only so that we inherit them values properly, no actual search
2476 ( $main_proto_rs ||= $rsrc->resultset->search($main_proto) )
2477 ->get_column( $colinfo->{$rel}{fk_map}{$_} )
2481 keys %{$colinfo->{$rel}{fk_map}}
2482 })->populate( ref $sl->{$rel} eq 'ARRAY' ? $sl->{$rel} : [ $sl->{$rel} ] );
2489 $guard->commit if $guard;
2496 =item Arguments: none
2498 =item Return Value: L<$pager|Data::Page>
2502 Returns a L<Data::Page> object for the current resultset. Only makes
2503 sense for queries with a C<page> attribute.
2505 To get the full count of entries for a paged resultset, call
2506 C<total_entries> on the L<Data::Page> object.
2513 return $self->{pager} if $self->{pager};
2515 my $attrs = $self->{attrs};
2516 if (!defined $attrs->{page}) {
2517 $self->throw_exception("Can't create pager for non-paged rs");
2519 elsif ($attrs->{page} <= 0) {
2520 $self->throw_exception('Invalid page number (page-numbers are 1-based)');
2522 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
2524 # throw away the paging flags and re-run the count (possibly
2525 # with a subselect) to get the real total count
2526 my $count_attrs = { %$attrs };
2527 delete @{$count_attrs}{qw/rows offset page pager/};
2529 my $total_rs = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $count_attrs);
2531 require DBIx::Class::ResultSet::Pager;
2532 return $self->{pager} = DBIx::Class::ResultSet::Pager->new(
2533 sub { $total_rs->count }, #lazy-get the total
2535 $self->{attrs}{page},
2543 =item Arguments: $page_number
2545 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search>
2549 Returns a resultset for the $page_number page of the resultset on which page
2550 is called, where each page contains a number of rows equal to the 'rows'
2551 attribute set on the resultset (10 by default).
2556 my ($self, $page) = @_;
2557 return (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, { %{$self->{attrs}}, page => $page });
2564 =item Arguments: \%col_data
2566 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2570 Creates a new result object in the resultset's result class and returns
2571 it. The row is not inserted into the database at this point, call
2572 L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> to do that. Calling L<DBIx::Class::Row/in_storage>
2573 will tell you whether the result object has been inserted or not.
2575 Passes the hashref of input on to L<DBIx::Class::Row/new>.
2580 my ($self, $values) = @_;
2582 $self->throw_exception( "new_result takes only one argument - a hashref of values" )
2585 $self->throw_exception( "Result object instantiation requires a hashref as argument" )
2586 unless (ref $values eq 'HASH');
2588 my ($merged_cond, $cols_from_relations) = $self->_merge_with_rscond($values);
2590 my $new = $self->result_class->new({
2592 ( @$cols_from_relations
2593 ? (-cols_from_relations => $cols_from_relations)
2596 -result_source => $self->result_source, # DO NOT REMOVE THIS, REQUIRED
2600 reftype($new) eq 'HASH'
2606 carp_unique (sprintf (
2607 "%s->new returned a blessed empty hashref - a strong indicator something is wrong with its inheritance chain",
2608 $self->result_class,
2615 # _merge_with_rscond
2617 # Takes a simple hash of K/V data and returns its copy merged with the
2618 # condition already present on the resultset. Additionally returns an
2619 # arrayref of value/condition names, which were inferred from related
2620 # objects (this is needed for in-memory related objects)
2621 sub _merge_with_rscond {
2622 my ($self, $data) = @_;
2624 my ($implied_data, @cols_from_relations);
2626 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
2628 if (! defined $self->{cond}) {
2629 # just massage $data below
2631 elsif ($self->{cond} eq UNRESOLVABLE_CONDITION) {
2632 $implied_data = $self->{attrs}{related_objects}; # nothing might have been inserted yet
2633 @cols_from_relations = keys %{ $implied_data || {} };
2636 my $eqs = $self->result_source->schema->storage->_extract_fixed_condition_columns($self->{cond}, 'consider_nulls');
2637 $implied_data = { map {
2638 ( ($eqs->{$_}||'') eq UNRESOLVABLE_CONDITION ) ? () : ( $_ => $eqs->{$_} )
2644 { %{ $self->_remove_alias($_, $alias) } }
2645 # precedence must be given to passed values over values inherited from
2646 # the cond, so the order here is important.
2647 ( $implied_data||(), $data)
2649 \@cols_from_relations
2653 # _has_resolved_attr
2655 # determines if the resultset defines at least one
2656 # of the attributes supplied
2658 # used to determine if a subquery is necessary
2660 # supports some virtual attributes:
2662 # This will scan for any joins being present on the resultset.
2663 # It is not a mere key-search but a deep inspection of {from}
2666 sub _has_resolved_attr {
2667 my ($self, @attr_names) = @_;
2669 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs;
2673 for my $n (@attr_names) {
2674 if (grep { $n eq $_ } (qw/-join/) ) {
2675 $extra_checks{$n}++;
2679 my $attr = $attrs->{$n};
2681 next if not defined $attr;
2683 if (ref $attr eq 'HASH') {
2684 return 1 if keys %$attr;
2686 elsif (ref $attr eq 'ARRAY') {
2694 # a resolved join is expressed as a multi-level from
2696 $extra_checks{-join}
2698 ref $attrs->{from} eq 'ARRAY'
2700 @{$attrs->{from}} > 1
2708 # Remove the specified alias from the specified query hash. A copy is made so
2709 # the original query is not modified.
2712 my ($self, $query, $alias) = @_;
2714 my %orig = %{ $query || {} };
2717 foreach my $key (keys %orig) {
2719 $unaliased{$key} = $orig{$key};
2722 $unaliased{$1} = $orig{$key}
2723 if $key =~ m/^(?:\Q$alias\E\.)?([^.]+)$/;
2733 =item Arguments: none
2735 =item Return Value: \[ $sql, L<@bind_values|/DBIC BIND VALUES> ]
2739 Returns the SQL query and bind vars associated with the invocant.
2741 This is generally used as the RHS for a subquery.
2748 my $attrs = { %{ $self->_resolved_attrs } };
2750 my $aq = $self->result_source->storage->_select_args_to_query (
2751 $attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select}, $attrs->{where}, $attrs
2761 =item Arguments: \%col_data, { key => $unique_constraint, L<%attrs|/ATTRIBUTES> }?
2763 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2767 my $artist = $schema->resultset('Artist')->find_or_new(
2768 { artist => 'fred' }, { key => 'artists' });
2770 $cd->cd_to_producer->find_or_new({ producer => $producer },
2771 { key => 'primary' });
2773 Find an existing record from this resultset using L</find>. if none exists,
2774 instantiate a new result object and return it. The object will not be saved
2775 into your storage until you call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> on it.
2777 You most likely want this method when looking for existing rows using a unique
2778 constraint that is not the primary key, or looking for related rows.
2780 If you want objects to be saved immediately, use L</find_or_create> instead.
2782 B<Note>: Make sure to read the documentation of L</find> and understand the
2783 significance of the C<key> attribute, as its lack may skew your search, and
2784 subsequently result in spurious new objects.
2786 B<Note>: Take care when using C<find_or_new> with a table having
2787 columns with default values that you intend to be automatically
2788 supplied by the database (e.g. an auto_increment primary key column).
2789 In normal usage, the value of such columns should NOT be included at
2790 all in the call to C<find_or_new>, even when set to C<undef>.
2796 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
2797 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2798 if (keys %$hash and my $row = $self->find($hash, $attrs) ) {
2801 return $self->new_result($hash);
2808 =item Arguments: \%col_data
2810 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2814 Attempt to create a single new row or a row with multiple related rows
2815 in the table represented by the resultset (and related tables). This
2816 will not check for duplicate rows before inserting, use
2817 L</find_or_create> to do that.
2819 To create one row for this resultset, pass a hashref of key/value
2820 pairs representing the columns of the table and the values you wish to
2821 store. If the appropriate relationships are set up, foreign key fields
2822 can also be passed an object representing the foreign row, and the
2823 value will be set to its primary key.
2825 To create related objects, pass a hashref of related-object column values
2826 B<keyed on the relationship name>. If the relationship is of type C<multi>
2827 (L<DBIx::Class::Relationship/has_many>) - pass an arrayref of hashrefs.
2828 The process will correctly identify columns holding foreign keys, and will
2829 transparently populate them from the keys of the corresponding relation.
2830 This can be applied recursively, and will work correctly for a structure
2831 with an arbitrary depth and width, as long as the relationships actually
2832 exists and the correct column data has been supplied.
2834 Instead of hashrefs of plain related data (key/value pairs), you may
2835 also pass new or inserted objects. New objects (not inserted yet, see
2836 L</new_result>), will be inserted into their appropriate tables.
2838 Effectively a shortcut for C<< ->new_result(\%col_data)->insert >>.
2840 Example of creating a new row.
2842 $person_rs->create({
2843 name=>"Some Person",
2844 email=>"somebody@someplace.com"
2847 Example of creating a new row and also creating rows in a related C<has_many>
2848 or C<has_one> resultset. Note Arrayref.
2851 { artistid => 4, name => 'Manufactured Crap', cds => [
2852 { title => 'My First CD', year => 2006 },
2853 { title => 'Yet More Tweeny-Pop crap', year => 2007 },
2858 Example of creating a new row and also creating a row in a related
2859 C<belongs_to> resultset. Note Hashref.
2862 title=>"Music for Silly Walks",
2865 name=>"Silly Musician",
2873 When subclassing ResultSet never attempt to override this method. Since
2874 it is a simple shortcut for C<< $self->new_result($attrs)->insert >>, a
2875 lot of the internals simply never call it, so your override will be
2876 bypassed more often than not. Override either L<DBIx::Class::Row/new>
2877 or L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> depending on how early in the
2878 L</create> process you need to intervene. See also warning pertaining to
2886 #my ($self, $col_data) = @_;
2887 DBIx::Class::_ENV_::ASSERT_NO_INTERNAL_INDIRECT_CALLS and fail_on_internal_call;
2888 return shift->new_result(shift)->insert;
2891 =head2 find_or_create
2895 =item Arguments: \%col_data, { key => $unique_constraint, L<%attrs|/ATTRIBUTES> }?
2897 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2901 $cd->cd_to_producer->find_or_create({ producer => $producer },
2902 { key => 'primary' });
2904 Tries to find a record based on its primary key or unique constraints; if none
2905 is found, creates one and returns that instead.
2907 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create({
2909 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2910 title => 'Mezzanine',
2914 Also takes an optional C<key> attribute, to search by a specific key or unique
2915 constraint. For example:
2917 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create(
2919 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2920 title => 'Mezzanine',
2922 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
2925 B<Note>: Make sure to read the documentation of L</find> and understand the
2926 significance of the C<key> attribute, as its lack may skew your search, and
2927 subsequently result in spurious row creation.
2929 B<Note>: Because find_or_create() reads from the database and then
2930 possibly inserts based on the result, this method is subject to a race
2931 condition. Another process could create a record in the table after
2932 the find has completed and before the create has started. To avoid
2933 this problem, use find_or_create() inside a transaction.
2935 B<Note>: Take care when using C<find_or_create> with a table having
2936 columns with default values that you intend to be automatically
2937 supplied by the database (e.g. an auto_increment primary key column).
2938 In normal usage, the value of such columns should NOT be included at
2939 all in the call to C<find_or_create>, even when set to C<undef>.
2941 See also L</find> and L</update_or_create>. For information on how to declare
2942 unique constraints, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
2944 If you need to know if an existing row was found or a new one created use
2945 L</find_or_new> and L<DBIx::Class::Row/in_storage> instead. Don't forget
2946 to call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> to save the newly created row to the
2949 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_new({
2951 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2952 title => 'Mezzanine',
2956 if( !$cd->in_storage ) {
2963 sub find_or_create {
2965 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
2966 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2967 if (keys %$hash and my $row = $self->find($hash, $attrs) ) {
2970 return $self->new_result($hash)->insert;
2973 =head2 update_or_create
2977 =item Arguments: \%col_data, { key => $unique_constraint, L<%attrs|/ATTRIBUTES> }?
2979 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
2983 $resultset->update_or_create({ col => $val, ... });
2985 Like L</find_or_create>, but if a row is found it is immediately updated via
2986 C<< $found_row->update (\%col_data) >>.
2989 Takes an optional C<key> attribute to search on a specific unique constraint.
2992 # In your application
2993 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->update_or_create(
2995 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2996 title => 'Mezzanine',
2999 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
3002 $cd->cd_to_producer->update_or_create({
3003 producer => $producer,
3009 B<Note>: Make sure to read the documentation of L</find> and understand the
3010 significance of the C<key> attribute, as its lack may skew your search, and
3011 subsequently result in spurious row creation.
3013 B<Note>: Take care when using C<update_or_create> with a table having
3014 columns with default values that you intend to be automatically
3015 supplied by the database (e.g. an auto_increment primary key column).
3016 In normal usage, the value of such columns should NOT be included at
3017 all in the call to C<update_or_create>, even when set to C<undef>.
3019 See also L</find> and L</find_or_create>. For information on how to declare
3020 unique constraints, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
3022 If you need to know if an existing row was updated or a new one created use
3023 L</update_or_new> and L<DBIx::Class::Row/in_storage> instead. Don't forget
3024 to call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> to save the newly created row to the
3029 sub update_or_create {
3031 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
3032 my $cond = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
3034 my $row = $self->find($cond, $attrs);
3036 $row->update($cond);
3040 return $self->new_result($cond)->insert;
3043 =head2 update_or_new
3047 =item Arguments: \%col_data, { key => $unique_constraint, L<%attrs|/ATTRIBUTES> }?
3049 =item Return Value: L<$result|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
3053 $resultset->update_or_new({ col => $val, ... });
3055 Like L</find_or_new> but if a row is found it is immediately updated via
3056 C<< $found_row->update (\%col_data) >>.
3060 # In your application
3061 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->update_or_new(
3063 artist => 'Massive Attack',
3064 title => 'Mezzanine',
3067 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
3070 if ($cd->in_storage) {
3071 # the cd was updated
3074 # the cd is not yet in the database, let's insert it
3078 B<Note>: Make sure to read the documentation of L</find> and understand the
3079 significance of the C<key> attribute, as its lack may skew your search, and
3080 subsequently result in spurious new objects.
3082 B<Note>: Take care when using C<update_or_new> with a table having
3083 columns with default values that you intend to be automatically
3084 supplied by the database (e.g. an auto_increment primary key column).
3085 In normal usage, the value of such columns should NOT be included at
3086 all in the call to C<update_or_new>, even when set to C<undef>.
3088 See also L</find>, L</find_or_create> and L</find_or_new>.
3094 my $attrs = ( @_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {} );
3095 my $cond = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
3097 my $row = $self->find( $cond, $attrs );
3098 if ( defined $row ) {
3099 $row->update($cond);
3103 return $self->new_result($cond);
3110 =item Arguments: none
3112 =item Return Value: L<\@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass> | undef
3116 Gets the contents of the cache for the resultset, if the cache is set.
3118 The cache is populated either by using the L</prefetch> attribute to
3119 L</search> or by calling L</set_cache>.
3131 =item Arguments: L<\@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
3133 =item Return Value: L<\@result_objs|DBIx::Class::Manual::ResultClass>
3137 Sets the contents of the cache for the resultset. Expects an arrayref
3138 of objects of the same class as those produced by the resultset. Note that
3139 if the cache is set, the resultset will return the cached objects rather
3140 than re-querying the database even if the cache attr is not set.
3142 The contents of the cache can also be populated by using the
3143 L</prefetch> attribute to L</search>.
3148 my ( $self, $data ) = @_;
3149 $self->throw_exception("set_cache requires an arrayref")
3150 if defined($data) && (ref $data ne 'ARRAY');
3151 $self->{all_cache} = $data;
3158 =item Arguments: none
3160 =item Return Value: undef
3164 Clears the cache for the resultset.
3169 shift->set_cache(undef);
3176 =item Arguments: none
3178 =item Return Value: true, if the resultset has been paginated
3186 return !!$self->{attrs}{page};
3193 =item Arguments: none
3195 =item Return Value: true, if the resultset has been ordered with C<order_by>.
3203 return scalar $self->result_source->storage->_extract_order_criteria($self->{attrs}{order_by});
3206 =head2 related_resultset
3210 =item Arguments: $rel_name
3212 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search>
3216 Returns a related resultset for the supplied relationship name.
3218 $artist_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->related_resultset('Artist');
3222 sub related_resultset {
3223 $_[0]->throw_exception(
3224 'Extra arguments to $rs->related_resultset() were always quietly '
3225 . 'discarded without consideration, you need to switch to '
3226 . '...->related_resultset( $relname )->search_rs( $search, $args ) instead.'
3229 return $_[0]->{related_resultsets}{$_[1]}
3230 if defined $_[0]->{related_resultsets}{$_[1]};
3232 my ($self, $rel) = @_;
3234 return $self->{related_resultsets}{$rel} = do {
3235 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
3236 my $rel_info = $rsrc->relationship_info($rel);
3238 $self->throw_exception(
3239 "search_related: result source '" . $rsrc->source_name .
3240 "' has no such relationship $rel")
3243 my $attrs = $self->_chain_relationship($rel);
3245 my $storage = $rsrc->schema->storage;
3247 # Previously this atribute was deleted (instead of being set as it is now)
3248 # Doing so seems to be harmless in all available test permutations
3249 # See also 01d59a6a6 and mst's comment below
3251 $attrs->{alias} = $storage->relname_to_table_alias(
3253 $attrs->{seen_join}{$rel}
3256 # since this is search_related, and we already slid the select window inwards
3257 # (the select/as attrs were deleted in the beginning), we need to flip all
3258 # left joins to inner, so we get the expected results
3259 # read the comment on top of the actual function to see what this does
3260 $attrs->{from} = $storage->_inner_join_to_node( $attrs->{from}, $attrs->{alias} );
3262 #XXX - temp fix for result_class bug. There likely is a more elegant fix -groditi
3263 delete $attrs->{result_class};
3267 # The reason we do this now instead of passing the alias to the
3268 # search_rs below is that if you wrap/overload resultset on the
3269 # source you need to know what alias it's -going- to have for things
3270 # to work sanely (e.g. RestrictWithObject wants to be able to add
3271 # extra query restrictions, and these may need to be $alias.)
3272 # -- mst ~ 2007 (01d59a6a6)
3274 # FIXME - this seems to be no longer neccessary (perhaps due to the
3275 # advances in relcond resolution. Testing DBIC::S::RWO and its only
3276 # dependent (as of Jun 2015 ) does not yield any difference with or
3277 # without this line. Nevertheless keep it as is for now, to minimize
3278 # churn, there is enough potential for breakage in 0.0829xx as it is
3279 # -- ribasushi Jun 2015
3281 my $rel_source = $rsrc->related_source($rel);
3282 local $rel_source->resultset_attributes->{alias} = $attrs->{alias};
3284 $rel_source->resultset->search_rs( undef, $attrs );
3287 if (my $cache = $self->get_cache) {
3288 my @related_cache = map
3289 { $_->related_resultset($rel)->get_cache || () }
3293 $new->set_cache([ map @$_, @related_cache ]) if @related_cache == @$cache;
3300 =head2 current_source_alias
3304 =item Arguments: none
3306 =item Return Value: $source_alias
3310 Returns the current table alias for the result source this resultset is built
3311 on, that will be used in the SQL query. Usually it is C<me>.
3313 Currently the source alias that refers to the result set returned by a
3314 L</search>/L</find> family method depends on how you got to the resultset: it's
3315 C<me> by default, but eg. L</search_related> aliases it to the related result
3316 source name (and keeps C<me> referring to the original result set). The long
3317 term goal is to make L<DBIx::Class> always alias the current resultset as C<me>
3318 (and make this method unnecessary).
3320 Thus it's currently necessary to use this method in predefined queries (see
3321 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Predefined searches>) when referring to the
3322 source alias of the current result set:
3324 # in a result set class
3326 my ($self, $user) = @_;
3328 my $me = $self->current_source_alias;
3330 return $self->search({
3331 "$me.modified" => $user->id,
3335 The alias of L<newly created resultsets|/search> can be altered by the
3336 L<alias attribute|/alias>.
3340 sub current_source_alias {
3341 return (shift->{attrs} || {})->{alias} || 'me';
3344 =head2 as_subselect_rs
3348 =item Arguments: none
3350 =item Return Value: L<$resultset|/search>
3354 Act as a barrier to SQL symbols. The resultset provided will be made into a
3355 "virtual view" by including it as a subquery within the from clause. From this
3356 point on, any joined tables are inaccessible to ->search on the resultset (as if
3357 it were simply where-filtered without joins). For example:
3359 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Bar')->search({'x.name' => 'abc'},{ join => 'x' });
3361 # 'x' now pollutes the query namespace
3363 # So the following works as expected
3364 my $ok_rs = $rs->search({'x.other' => 1});
3366 # But this doesn't: instead of finding a 'Bar' related to two x rows (abc and
3367 # def) we look for one row with contradictory terms and join in another table
3368 # (aliased 'x_2') which we never use
3369 my $broken_rs = $rs->search({'x.name' => 'def'});
3371 my $rs2 = $rs->as_subselect_rs;
3373 # doesn't work - 'x' is no longer accessible in $rs2, having been sealed away
3374 my $not_joined_rs = $rs2->search({'x.other' => 1});
3376 # works as expected: finds a 'table' row related to two x rows (abc and def)
3377 my $correctly_joined_rs = $rs2->search({'x.name' => 'def'});
3379 Another example of when one might use this would be to select a subset of
3380 columns in a group by clause:
3382 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Bar')->search(undef, {
3383 group_by => [qw{ id foo_id baz_id }],
3384 })->as_subselect_rs->search(undef, {
3385 columns => [qw{ id foo_id }]
3388 In the above example normally columns would have to be equal to the group by,
3389 but because we isolated the group by into a subselect the above works.
3393 sub as_subselect_rs {
3396 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs;
3398 my $fresh_rs = (ref $self)->new (
3399 $self->result_source
3402 # these pieces will be locked in the subquery
3403 delete $fresh_rs->{cond};
3404 delete @{$fresh_rs->{attrs}}{qw/where bind/};
3406 return $fresh_rs->search( {}, {
3408 $attrs->{alias} => $self->as_query,
3409 -alias => $attrs->{alias},
3410 -rsrc => $self->result_source,
3412 alias => $attrs->{alias},
3416 # This code is called by search_related, and makes sure there
3417 # is clear separation between the joins before, during, and
3418 # after the relationship. This information is needed later
3419 # in order to properly resolve prefetch aliases (any alias
3420 # with a relation_chain_depth less than the depth of the
3421 # current prefetch is not considered)
3423 # The increments happen twice per join. An even number means a
3424 # relationship specified via a search_related, whereas an odd
3425 # number indicates a join/prefetch added via attributes
3427 # Also this code will wrap the current resultset (the one we
3428 # chain to) in a subselect IFF it contains limiting attributes
3429 sub _chain_relationship {
3430 my ($self, $rel) = @_;
3431 my $source = $self->result_source;
3432 my $attrs = { %{$self->{attrs}||{}} };
3434 # we need to take the prefetch the attrs into account before we
3435 # ->_resolve_join as otherwise they get lost - captainL
3436 my $join = $self->_merge_joinpref_attr( $attrs->{join}, $attrs->{prefetch} );
3438 delete @{$attrs}{qw/join prefetch collapse group_by distinct _grouped_by_distinct select as columns +select +as +columns/};
3440 my $seen = { %{ (delete $attrs->{seen_join}) || {} } };
3443 my @force_subq_attrs = qw/offset rows group_by having/;
3446 ($attrs->{from} && ref $attrs->{from} ne 'ARRAY')
3448 $self->_has_resolved_attr (@force_subq_attrs)
3450 # Nuke the prefetch (if any) before the new $rs attrs
3451 # are resolved (prefetch is useless - we are wrapping
3452 # a subquery anyway).
3453 my $rs_copy = $self->search;
3454 $rs_copy->{attrs}{join} = $self->_merge_joinpref_attr (
3455 $rs_copy->{attrs}{join},
3456 delete $rs_copy->{attrs}{prefetch},
3461 -alias => $attrs->{alias},
3462 $attrs->{alias} => $rs_copy->as_query,
3464 delete @{$attrs}{@force_subq_attrs, qw/where bind/};
3465 $seen->{-relation_chain_depth} = 0;
3467 elsif ($attrs->{from}) { #shallow copy suffices
3468 $from = [ @{$attrs->{from}} ];
3473 -alias => $attrs->{alias},
3474 $attrs->{alias} => $source->from,
3478 my $jpath = ($seen->{-relation_chain_depth})
3479 ? $from->[-1][0]{-join_path}
3482 my @requested_joins = $source->_resolve_join(
3489 push @$from, @requested_joins;
3491 $seen->{-relation_chain_depth}++;
3493 # if $self already had a join/prefetch specified on it, the requested
3494 # $rel might very well be already included. What we do in this case
3495 # is effectively a no-op (except that we bump up the chain_depth on
3496 # the join in question so we could tell it *is* the search_related)
3499 # we consider the last one thus reverse
3500 for my $j (reverse @requested_joins) {
3501 my ($last_j) = keys %{$j->[0]{-join_path}[-1]};
3502 if ($rel eq $last_j) {
3503 $j->[0]{-relation_chain_depth}++;
3509 unless ($already_joined) {
3510 push @$from, $source->_resolve_join(
3518 $seen->{-relation_chain_depth}++;
3520 return {%$attrs, from => $from, seen_join => $seen};
3523 sub _resolved_attrs {
3525 return $self->{_attrs} if $self->{_attrs};
3527 my $attrs = { %{ $self->{attrs} || {} } };
3528 my $source = $attrs->{result_source} = $self->result_source;
3529 my $alias = $attrs->{alias};
3531 $self->throw_exception("Specifying distinct => 1 in conjunction with collapse => 1 is unsupported")
3532 if $attrs->{collapse} and $attrs->{distinct};
3534 # default selection list
3535 $attrs->{columns} = [ $source->columns ]
3536 unless List::Util::first { exists $attrs->{$_} } qw/columns cols select as/;
3538 # merge selectors together
3539 for (qw/columns select as/) {
3540 $attrs->{$_} = $self->_merge_attr($attrs->{$_}, delete $attrs->{"+$_"})
3541 if $attrs->{$_} or $attrs->{"+$_"};
3544 # disassemble columns
3546 if (my $cols = delete $attrs->{columns}) {
3547 for my $c (ref $cols eq 'ARRAY' ? @$cols : $cols) {
3548 if (ref $c eq 'HASH') {
3549 for my $as (sort keys %$c) {
3550 push @sel, $c->{$as};
3561 # when trying to weed off duplicates later do not go past this point -
3562 # everything added from here on is unbalanced "anyone's guess" stuff
3563 my $dedup_stop_idx = $#as;
3565 push @as, @{ ref $attrs->{as} eq 'ARRAY' ? $attrs->{as} : [ $attrs->{as} ] }
3567 push @sel, @{ ref $attrs->{select} eq 'ARRAY' ? $attrs->{select} : [ $attrs->{select} ] }
3568 if $attrs->{select};
3570 # assume all unqualified selectors to apply to the current alias (legacy stuff)
3571 $_ = (ref $_ or $_ =~ /\./) ? $_ : "$alias.$_" for @sel;
3573 # disqualify all $alias.col as-bits (inflate-map mandated)
3574 $_ = ($_ =~ /^\Q$alias.\E(.+)$/) ? $1 : $_ for @as;
3576 # de-duplicate the result (remove *identical* select/as pairs)
3577 # and also die on duplicate {as} pointing to different {select}s
3578 # not using a c-style for as the condition is prone to shrinkage
3581 while ($i <= $dedup_stop_idx) {
3582 if ($seen->{"$sel[$i] \x00\x00 $as[$i]"}++) {
3587 elsif ($seen->{$as[$i]}++) {
3588 $self->throw_exception(
3589 "inflate_result() alias '$as[$i]' specified twice with different SQL-side {select}-ors"
3597 $attrs->{select} = \@sel;
3598 $attrs->{as} = \@as;
3600 $attrs->{from} ||= [{
3602 -alias => $self->{attrs}{alias},
3603 $self->{attrs}{alias} => $source->from,
3606 if ( $attrs->{join} || $attrs->{prefetch} ) {
3608 $self->throw_exception ('join/prefetch can not be used with a custom {from}')
3609 if ref $attrs->{from} ne 'ARRAY';
3611 my $join = (delete $attrs->{join}) || {};
3613 if ( defined $attrs->{prefetch} ) {
3614 $join = $self->_merge_joinpref_attr( $join, $attrs->{prefetch} );
3617 $attrs->{from} = # have to copy here to avoid corrupting the original
3619 @{ $attrs->{from} },
3620 $source->_resolve_join(
3623 { %{ $attrs->{seen_join} || {} } },
3624 ( $attrs->{seen_join} && keys %{$attrs->{seen_join}})
3625 ? $attrs->{from}[-1][0]{-join_path}
3633 for my $attr (qw(order_by group_by)) {
3635 if ( defined $attrs->{$attr} ) {
3637 ref( $attrs->{$attr} ) eq 'ARRAY'
3638 ? [ @{ $attrs->{$attr} } ]
3639 : [ $attrs->{$attr} || () ]
3642 delete $attrs->{$attr} unless @{$attrs->{$attr}};
3647 # set collapse default based on presence of prefetch
3650 defined $attrs->{prefetch}
3652 $prefetch = $self->_merge_joinpref_attr( {}, delete $attrs->{prefetch} )
3654 $self->throw_exception("Specifying prefetch in conjunction with an explicit collapse => 0 is unsupported")
3655 if defined $attrs->{collapse} and ! $attrs->{collapse};
3657 $attrs->{collapse} = 1;
3661 # run through the resulting joinstructure (starting from our current slot)
3662 # and unset collapse if proven unnecessary
3664 # also while we are at it find out if the current root source has
3665 # been premultiplied by previous related_source chaining
3667 # this allows to predict whether a root object with all other relation
3668 # data set to NULL is in fact unique
3669 if ($attrs->{collapse}) {
3671 if (ref $attrs->{from} eq 'ARRAY') {
3673 if (@{$attrs->{from}} == 1) {
3674 # no joins - no collapse
3675 $attrs->{collapse} = 0;
3678 # find where our table-spec starts
3679 my @fromlist = @{$attrs->{from}};
3681 my $t = shift @fromlist;
3684 # me vs join from-spec distinction - a ref means non-root
3685 if (ref $t eq 'ARRAY') {
3687 $is_multi ||= ! $t->{-is_single};
3689 last if ($t->{-alias} && $t->{-alias} eq $alias);
3690 $attrs->{_main_source_premultiplied} ||= $is_multi;
3693 # no non-singles remaining, nor any premultiplication - nothing to collapse
3695 ! $attrs->{_main_source_premultiplied}
3697 ! List::Util::first { ! $_->[0]{-is_single} } @fromlist
3699 $attrs->{collapse} = 0;
3705 # if we can not analyze the from - err on the side of safety
3706 $attrs->{_main_source_premultiplied} = 1;
3711 # generate the distinct induced group_by before injecting the prefetched select/as parts
3712 if (delete $attrs->{distinct}) {
3713 if ($attrs->{group_by}) {
3714 carp_unique ("Useless use of distinct on a grouped resultset ('distinct' is ignored when a 'group_by' is present)");
3717 $attrs->{_grouped_by_distinct} = 1;
3718 # distinct affects only the main selection part, not what prefetch may add below
3719 ($attrs->{group_by}, my $new_order) = $source->storage->_group_over_selection($attrs);
3721 # FIXME possibly ignore a rewritten order_by (may turn out to be an issue)
3722 # The thinking is: if we are collapsing the subquerying prefetch engine will
3723 # rip stuff apart for us anyway, and we do not want to have a potentially
3724 # function-converted external order_by
3725 # ( there is an explicit if ( collapse && _grouped_by_distinct ) check in DBIHacks )
3726 $attrs->{order_by} = $new_order unless $attrs->{collapse};
3731 # generate selections based on the prefetch helper
3734 $self->throw_exception("Unable to prefetch, resultset contains an unnamed selector $attrs->{_dark_selector}{string}")
3735 if $attrs->{_dark_selector};
3737 # this is a separate structure (we don't look in {from} directly)
3738 # as the resolver needs to shift things off the lists to work
3739 # properly (identical-prefetches on different branches)
3740 my $joined_node_aliases_map = {};
3741 if (ref $attrs->{from} eq 'ARRAY') {
3743 my $start_depth = $attrs->{seen_join}{-relation_chain_depth} || 0;
3745 for my $j ( @{$attrs->{from}}[1 .. $#{$attrs->{from}} ] ) {
3746 next unless $j->[0]{-alias};
3747 next unless $j->[0]{-join_path};
3748 next if ($j->[0]{-relation_chain_depth} || 0) < $start_depth;
3750 my @jpath = map { keys %$_ } @{$j->[0]{-join_path}};
3752 my $p = $joined_node_aliases_map;
3753 $p = $p->{$_} ||= {} for @jpath[ ($start_depth/2) .. $#jpath]; #only even depths are actual jpath boundaries
3754 push @{$p->{-join_aliases} }, $j->[0]{-alias};
3758 ( push @{$attrs->{select}}, $_->[0] ) and ( push @{$attrs->{as}}, $_->[1] )
3759 for $source->_resolve_selection_from_prefetch( $prefetch, $joined_node_aliases_map );
3763 $attrs->{_simple_passthrough_construction} = !(
3766 grep { $_ =~ /\./ } @{$attrs->{as}}
3770 # if both page and offset are specified, produce a combined offset
3771 # even though it doesn't make much sense, this is what pre 081xx has
3773 if (my $page = delete $attrs->{page}) {
3775 ($attrs->{rows} * ($page - 1))
3777 ($attrs->{offset} || 0)
3781 return $self->{_attrs} = $attrs;
3785 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
3787 if (ref $attr eq 'HASH') {
3788 return $self->_rollout_hash($attr);
3789 } elsif (ref $attr eq 'ARRAY') {
3790 return $self->_rollout_array($attr);
3796 sub _rollout_array {
3797 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
3800 foreach my $element (@{$attr}) {
3801 if (ref $element eq 'HASH') {
3802 push( @rolled_array, @{ $self->_rollout_hash( $element ) } );
3803 } elsif (ref $element eq 'ARRAY') {
3804 # XXX - should probably recurse here
3805 push( @rolled_array, @{$self->_rollout_array($element)} );
3807 push( @rolled_array, $element );
3810 return \@rolled_array;
3814 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
3817 foreach my $key (keys %{$attr}) {
3818 push( @rolled_array, { $key => $attr->{$key} } );
3820 return \@rolled_array;
3823 sub _calculate_score {
3824 my ($self, $a, $b) = @_;
3826 if (defined $a xor defined $b) {
3829 elsif (not defined $a) {
3833 if (ref $b eq 'HASH') {
3834 my ($b_key) = keys %{$b};
3835 $b_key = '' if ! defined $b_key;
3836 if (ref $a eq 'HASH') {
3837 my ($a_key) = keys %{$a};
3838 $a_key = '' if ! defined $a_key;
3839 if ($a_key eq $b_key) {
3840 return (1 + $self->_calculate_score( $a->{$a_key}, $b->{$b_key} ));
3845 return ($a eq $b_key) ? 1 : 0;
3848 if (ref $a eq 'HASH') {
3849 my ($a_key) = keys %{$a};
3850 return ($b eq $a_key) ? 1 : 0;
3852 return ($b eq $a) ? 1 : 0;
3857 sub _merge_joinpref_attr {
3858 my ($self, $orig, $import) = @_;
3860 return $import unless defined($orig);
3861 return $orig unless defined($import);
3863 $orig = $self->_rollout_attr($orig);
3864 $import = $self->_rollout_attr($import);
3867 foreach my $import_element ( @{$import} ) {
3868 # find best candidate from $orig to merge $b_element into
3869 my $best_candidate = { position => undef, score => 0 }; my $position = 0;
3870 foreach my $orig_element ( @{$orig} ) {
3871 my $score = $self->_calculate_score( $orig_element, $import_element );
3872 if ($score > $best_candidate->{score}) {
3873 $best_candidate->{position} = $position;
3874 $best_candidate->{score} = $score;
3878 my ($import_key) = ( ref $import_element eq 'HASH' ) ? keys %{$import_element} : ($import_element);
3879 $import_key = '' if not defined $import_key;
3881 if ($best_candidate->{score} == 0 || exists $seen_keys->{$import_key}) {
3882 push( @{$orig}, $import_element );
3884 my $orig_best = $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}];
3885 # merge orig_best and b_element together and replace original with merged
3886 if (ref $orig_best ne 'HASH') {
3887 $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}] = $import_element;
3888 } elsif (ref $import_element eq 'HASH') {
3889 my ($key) = keys %{$orig_best};
3890 $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}] = { $key => $self->_merge_joinpref_attr($orig_best->{$key}, $import_element->{$key}) };
3893 $seen_keys->{$import_key} = 1; # don't merge the same key twice
3896 return @$orig ? $orig : ();
3904 require Hash::Merge;
3905 my $hm = Hash::Merge->new;
3907 $hm->specify_behavior({
3910 my ($defl, $defr) = map { defined $_ } (@_[0,1]);
3912 if ($defl xor $defr) {
3913 return [ $defl ? $_[0] : $_[1] ];
3918 elsif (__HM_DEDUP and $_[0] eq $_[1]) {
3922 return [$_[0], $_[1]];
3926 return $_[1] if !defined $_[0];
3927 return $_[1] if __HM_DEDUP and List::Util::first { $_ eq $_[0] } @{$_[1]};
3928 return [$_[0], @{$_[1]}]
3931 return [] if !defined $_[0] and !keys %{$_[1]};
3932 return [ $_[1] ] if !defined $_[0];
3933 return [ $_[0] ] if !keys %{$_[1]};
3934 return [$_[0], $_[1]]
3939 return $_[0] if !defined $_[1];
3940 return $_[0] if __HM_DEDUP and List::Util::first { $_ eq $_[1] } @{$_[0]};
3941 return [@{$_[0]}, $_[1]]
3944 my @ret = @{$_[0]} or return $_[1];
3945 return [ @ret, @{$_[1]} ] unless __HM_DEDUP;
3946 my %idx = map { $_ => 1 } @ret;
3947 push @ret, grep { ! defined $idx{$_} } (@{$_[1]});
3951 return [ $_[1] ] if ! @{$_[0]};
3952 return $_[0] if !keys %{$_[1]};
3953 return $_[0] if __HM_DEDUP and List::Util::first { $_ eq $_[1] } @{$_[0]};
3954 return [ @{$_[0]}, $_[1] ];
3959 return [] if !keys %{$_[0]} and !defined $_[1];
3960 return [ $_[0] ] if !defined $_[1];
3961 return [ $_[1] ] if !keys %{$_[0]};
3962 return [$_[0], $_[1]]
3965 return [] if !keys %{$_[0]} and !@{$_[1]};
3966 return [ $_[0] ] if !@{$_[1]};
3967 return $_[1] if !keys %{$_[0]};
3968 return $_[1] if __HM_DEDUP and List::Util::first { $_ eq $_[0] } @{$_[1]};
3969 return [ $_[0], @{$_[1]} ];
3972 return [] if !keys %{$_[0]} and !keys %{$_[1]};
3973 return [ $_[0] ] if !keys %{$_[1]};
3974 return [ $_[1] ] if !keys %{$_[0]};
3975 return [ $_[0] ] if $_[0] eq $_[1];
3976 return [ $_[0], $_[1] ];
3979 } => 'DBIC_RS_ATTR_MERGER');
3983 return $hm->merge ($_[1], $_[2]);
3987 sub STORABLE_freeze {
3988 my ($self, $cloning) = @_;
3989 my $to_serialize = { %$self };
3991 # A cursor in progress can't be serialized (and would make little sense anyway)
3992 # the parser can be regenerated (and can't be serialized)
3993 delete @{$to_serialize}{qw/cursor _row_parser _result_inflator/};
3995 # nor is it sensical to store a not-yet-fired-count pager
3996 if ($to_serialize->{pager} and ref $to_serialize->{pager}{total_entries} eq 'CODE') {
3997 delete $to_serialize->{pager};
4000 Storable::nfreeze($to_serialize);
4003 # need this hook for symmetry
4005 my ($self, $cloning, $serialized) = @_;
4007 %$self = %{ Storable::thaw($serialized) };
4013 =head2 throw_exception
4015 See L<DBIx::Class::Schema/throw_exception> for details.
4019 sub throw_exception {
4022 if (ref $self and my $rsrc = $self->result_source) {
4023 $rsrc->throw_exception(@_)
4026 DBIx::Class::Exception->throw(@_);
4034 # XXX: FIXME: Attributes docs need clearing up
4038 Attributes are used to refine a ResultSet in various ways when
4039 searching for data. They can be passed to any method which takes an
4040 C<\%attrs> argument. See L</search>, L</search_rs>, L</find>,
4043 Default attributes can be set on the result class using
4044 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/resultset_attributes>. (Please read
4045 the CAVEATS on that feature before using it!)
4047 These are in no particular order:
4053 =item Value: ( $order_by | \@order_by | \%order_by )
4057 Which column(s) to order the results by.
4059 [The full list of suitable values is documented in
4060 L<SQL::Abstract/"ORDER BY CLAUSES">; the following is a summary of
4063 If a single column name, or an arrayref of names is supplied, the
4064 argument is passed through directly to SQL. The hashref syntax allows
4065 for connection-agnostic specification of ordering direction:
4067 For descending order:
4069 order_by => { -desc => [qw/col1 col2 col3/] }
4071 For explicit ascending order:
4073 order_by => { -asc => 'col' }
4075 The old scalarref syntax (i.e. order_by => \'year DESC') is still
4076 supported, although you are strongly encouraged to use the hashref
4077 syntax as outlined above.
4083 =item Value: \@columns | \%columns | $column
4087 Shortcut to request a particular set of columns to be retrieved. Each
4088 column spec may be a string (a table column name), or a hash (in which
4089 case the key is the C<as> value, and the value is used as the C<select>
4090 expression). Adds the L</current_source_alias> onto the start of any column without a C<.> in
4091 it and sets C<select> from that, then auto-populates C<as> from
4092 C<select> as normal. (You may also use the C<cols> attribute, as in
4093 earlier versions of DBIC, but this is deprecated)
4095 Essentially C<columns> does the same as L</select> and L</as>.
4097 columns => [ 'some_column', { dbic_slot => 'another_column' } ]
4101 select => [qw(some_column another_column)],
4102 as => [qw(some_column dbic_slot)]
4104 If you want to individually retrieve related columns (in essence perform
4105 manual L</prefetch>) you have to make sure to specify the correct inflation slot
4106 chain such that it matches existing relationships:
4108 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({}, {
4109 # required to tell DBIC to collapse has_many relationships
4111 join => { cds => 'tracks' },
4113 'cds.cdid' => 'cds.cdid',
4114 'cds.tracks.title' => 'tracks.title',
4118 Like elsewhere, literal SQL or literal values can be included by using a
4119 scalar reference or a literal bind value, and these values will be available
4120 in the result with C<get_column> (see also
4121 L<SQL::Abstract/Literal SQL and value type operators>):
4123 # equivalent SQL: SELECT 1, 'a string', IF(my_column,?,?) ...
4124 # bind values: $true_value, $false_value
4128 bar => \q{'a string'},
4129 baz => \[ 'IF(my_column,?,?)', $true_value, $false_value ],
4135 B<NOTE:> You B<MUST> explicitly quote C<'+columns'> when using this attribute.
4136 Not doing so causes Perl to incorrectly interpret C<+columns> as a bareword
4137 with a unary plus operator before it, which is the same as simply C<columns>.
4141 =item Value: \@extra_columns
4145 Indicates additional columns to be selected from storage. Works the same as
4146 L</columns> but adds columns to the current selection. (You may also use the
4147 C<include_columns> attribute, as in earlier versions of DBIC, but this is
4150 $schema->resultset('CD')->search(undef, {
4151 '+columns' => ['artist.name'],
4155 would return all CDs and include a 'name' column to the information
4156 passed to object inflation. Note that the 'artist' is the name of the
4157 column (or relationship) accessor, and 'name' is the name of the column
4158 accessor in the related table.
4164 =item Value: \@select_columns
4168 Indicates which columns should be selected from the storage. You can use
4169 column names, or in the case of RDBMS back ends, function or stored procedure
4172 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
4175 { count => 'employeeid' },
4176 { max => { length => 'name' }, -as => 'longest_name' }
4181 SELECT name, COUNT( employeeid ), MAX( LENGTH( name ) ) AS longest_name FROM employee
4183 B<NOTE:> You will almost always need a corresponding L</as> attribute when you
4184 use L</select>, to instruct DBIx::Class how to store the result of the column.
4186 Also note that the L</as> attribute has B<nothing to do> with the SQL-side
4187 C<AS> identifier aliasing. You B<can> alias a function (so you can use it e.g.
4188 in an C<ORDER BY> clause), however this is done via the C<-as> B<select
4189 function attribute> supplied as shown in the example above.
4193 B<NOTE:> You B<MUST> explicitly quote C<'+select'> when using this attribute.
4194 Not doing so causes Perl to incorrectly interpret C<+select> as a bareword
4195 with a unary plus operator before it, which is the same as simply C<select>.
4199 =item Value: \@extra_select_columns
4203 Indicates additional columns to be selected from storage. Works the same as
4204 L</select> but adds columns to the current selection, instead of specifying
4205 a new explicit list.
4211 =item Value: \@inflation_names
4215 Indicates DBIC-side names for object inflation. That is L</as> indicates the
4216 slot name in which the column value will be stored within the
4217 L<Row|DBIx::Class::Row> object. The value will then be accessible via this
4218 identifier by the C<get_column> method (or via the object accessor B<if one
4219 with the same name already exists>) as shown below.
4221 The L</as> attribute has B<nothing to do> with the SQL-side identifier
4222 aliasing C<AS>. See L</select> for details.
4224 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
4227 { count => 'employeeid' },
4228 { max => { length => 'name' }, -as => 'longest_name' }
4237 If the object against which the search is performed already has an accessor
4238 matching a column name specified in C<as>, the value can be retrieved using
4239 the accessor as normal:
4241 my $name = $employee->name();
4243 If on the other hand an accessor does not exist in the object, you need to
4244 use C<get_column> instead:
4246 my $employee_count = $employee->get_column('employee_count');
4248 You can create your own accessors if required - see
4249 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook> for details.
4253 B<NOTE:> You B<MUST> explicitly quote C<'+as'> when using this attribute.
4254 Not doing so causes Perl to incorrectly interpret C<+as> as a bareword
4255 with a unary plus operator before it, which is the same as simply C<as>.
4259 =item Value: \@extra_inflation_names
4263 Indicates additional inflation names for selectors added via L</+select>. See L</as>.
4269 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
4273 Contains a list of relationships that should be joined for this query. For
4276 # Get CDs by Nine Inch Nails
4277 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
4278 { 'artist.name' => 'Nine Inch Nails' },
4279 { join => 'artist' }
4282 Can also contain a hash reference to refer to the other relation's relations.
4285 package MyApp::Schema::Track;
4286 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
4287 __PACKAGE__->table('track');
4288 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/trackid cd position title/);
4289 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('trackid');
4290 __PACKAGE__->belongs_to(cd => 'MyApp::Schema::CD');
4293 # In your application
4294 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
4295 { 'track.title' => 'Teardrop' },
4297 join => { cd => 'track' },
4298 order_by => 'artist.name',
4302 You need to use the relationship (not the table) name in conditions,
4303 because they are aliased as such. The current table is aliased as "me", so
4304 you need to use me.column_name in order to avoid ambiguity. For example:
4306 # Get CDs from 1984 with a 'Foo' track
4307 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
4310 'tracks.name' => 'Foo'
4312 { join => 'tracks' }
4315 If the same join is supplied twice, it will be aliased to <rel>_2 (and
4316 similarly for a third time). For e.g.
4318 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({
4319 'cds.title' => 'Down to Earth',
4320 'cds_2.title' => 'Popular',
4322 join => [ qw/cds cds/ ],
4325 will return a set of all artists that have both a cd with title 'Down
4326 to Earth' and a cd with title 'Popular'.
4328 If you want to fetch related objects from other tables as well, see L</prefetch>
4331 NOTE: An internal join-chain pruner will discard certain joins while
4332 constructing the actual SQL query, as long as the joins in question do not
4333 affect the retrieved result. This for example includes 1:1 left joins
4334 that are not part of the restriction specification (WHERE/HAVING) nor are
4335 a part of the query selection.
4337 For more help on using joins with search, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Joining>.
4343 =item Value: (0 | 1)
4347 When set to a true value, indicates that any rows fetched from joined has_many
4348 relationships are to be aggregated into the corresponding "parent" object. For
4349 example, the resultset:
4351 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({}, {
4352 '+columns' => [ qw/ tracks.title tracks.position / ],
4357 While executing the following query:
4359 SELECT me.*, tracks.title, tracks.position
4361 LEFT JOIN track tracks
4362 ON tracks.cdid = me.cdid
4364 Will return only as many objects as there are rows in the CD source, even
4365 though the result of the query may span many rows. Each of these CD objects
4366 will in turn have multiple "Track" objects hidden behind the has_many
4367 generated accessor C<tracks>. Without C<< collapse => 1 >>, the return values
4368 of this resultset would be as many CD objects as there are tracks (a "Cartesian
4369 product"), with each CD object containing exactly one of all fetched Track data.
4371 When a collapse is requested on a non-ordered resultset, an order by some
4372 unique part of the main source (the left-most table) is inserted automatically.
4373 This is done so that the resultset is allowed to be "lazy" - calling
4374 L<< $rs->next|/next >> will fetch only as many rows as it needs to build the next
4375 object with all of its related data.
4377 If an L</order_by> is already declared, and orders the resultset in a way that
4378 makes collapsing as described above impossible (e.g. C<< ORDER BY
4379 has_many_rel.column >> or C<ORDER BY RANDOM()>), DBIC will automatically
4380 switch to "eager" mode and slurp the entire resultset before constructing the
4381 first object returned by L</next>.
4383 Setting this attribute on a resultset that does not join any has_many
4384 relations is a no-op.
4386 For a more in-depth discussion, see L</PREFETCHING>.
4392 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
4396 This attribute is a shorthand for specifying a L</join> spec, adding all
4397 columns from the joined related sources as L</+columns> and setting
4398 L</collapse> to a true value. It can be thought of as a rough B<superset>
4399 of the L</join> attribute.
4401 For example, the following two queries are equivalent:
4403 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({}, {
4404 prefetch => { cds => ['genre', 'tracks' ] },
4409 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({}, {
4410 join => { cds => ['genre', 'tracks' ] },
4414 { +{ "cds.$_" => "cds.$_" } }
4415 $schema->source('Artist')->related_source('cds')->columns
4418 { +{ "cds.genre.$_" => "genre.$_" } }
4419 $schema->source('Artist')->related_source('cds')->related_source('genre')->columns
4422 { +{ "cds.tracks.$_" => "tracks.$_" } }
4423 $schema->source('Artist')->related_source('cds')->related_source('tracks')->columns
4428 Both producing the following SQL:
4430 SELECT me.artistid, me.name, me.rank, me.charfield,
4431 cds.cdid, cds.artist, cds.title, cds.year, cds.genreid, cds.single_track,
4432 genre.genreid, genre.name,
4433 tracks.trackid, tracks.cd, tracks.position, tracks.title, tracks.last_updated_on, tracks.last_updated_at
4436 ON cds.artist = me.artistid
4437 LEFT JOIN genre genre
4438 ON genre.genreid = cds.genreid
4439 LEFT JOIN track tracks
4440 ON tracks.cd = cds.cdid
4441 ORDER BY me.artistid
4443 While L</prefetch> implies a L</join>, it is ok to mix the two together, as
4444 the arguments are properly merged and generally do the right thing. For
4445 example, you may want to do the following:
4447 my $artists_and_cds_without_genre = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
4448 { 'genre.genreid' => undef },
4450 join => { cds => 'genre' },
4455 Which generates the following SQL:
4457 SELECT me.artistid, me.name, me.rank, me.charfield,
4458 cds.cdid, cds.artist, cds.title, cds.year, cds.genreid, cds.single_track
4461 ON cds.artist = me.artistid
4462 LEFT JOIN genre genre
4463 ON genre.genreid = cds.genreid
4464 WHERE genre.genreid IS NULL
4465 ORDER BY me.artistid
4467 For a more in-depth discussion, see L</PREFETCHING>.
4473 =item Value: $source_alias
4477 Sets the source alias for the query. Normally, this defaults to C<me>, but
4478 nested search queries (sub-SELECTs) might need specific aliases set to
4479 reference inner queries. For example:
4482 ->related_resultset('CDs')
4483 ->related_resultset('Tracks')
4485 'track.id' => { -ident => 'none_search.id' },
4489 my $ids = $self->search({
4492 alias => 'none_search',
4493 group_by => 'none_search.id',
4494 })->get_column('id')->as_query;
4496 $self->search({ id => { -in => $ids } })
4498 This attribute is directly tied to L</current_source_alias>.
4508 Makes the resultset paged and specifies the page to retrieve. Effectively
4509 identical to creating a non-pages resultset and then calling ->page($page)
4512 If L</rows> attribute is not specified it defaults to 10 rows per page.
4514 When you have a paged resultset, L</count> will only return the number
4515 of rows in the page. To get the total, use the L</pager> and call
4516 C<total_entries> on it.
4526 Specifies the maximum number of rows for direct retrieval or the number of
4527 rows per page if the page attribute or method is used.
4533 =item Value: $offset
4537 Specifies the (zero-based) row number for the first row to be returned, or the
4538 of the first row of the first page if paging is used.
4540 =head2 software_limit
4544 =item Value: (0 | 1)
4548 When combined with L</rows> and/or L</offset> the generated SQL will not
4549 include any limit dialect stanzas. Instead the entire result will be selected
4550 as if no limits were specified, and DBIC will perform the limit locally, by
4551 artificially advancing and finishing the resulting L</cursor>.
4553 This is the recommended way of performing resultset limiting when no sane RDBMS
4554 implementation is available (e.g.
4555 L<Sybase ASE|DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI::Sybase::ASE> using the
4556 L<Generic Sub Query|DBIx::Class::SQLMaker::LimitDialects/GenericSubQ> hack)
4562 =item Value: \@columns
4566 A arrayref of columns to group by. Can include columns of joined tables.
4568 group_by => [qw/ column1 column2 ... /]
4574 =item Value: $condition
4578 The HAVING operator specifies a B<secondary> condition applied to the set
4579 after the grouping calculations have been done. In other words it is a
4580 constraint just like L</where> (and accepting the same
4581 L<SQL::Abstract syntax|SQL::Abstract/WHERE CLAUSES>) applied to the data
4582 as it exists after GROUP BY has taken place. Specifying L</having> without
4583 L</group_by> is a logical mistake, and a fatal error on most RDBMS engines.
4587 having => { 'count_employee' => { '>=', 100 } }
4589 or with an in-place function in which case literal SQL is required:
4591 having => \[ 'count(employee) >= ?', 100 ]
4597 =item Value: (0 | 1)
4601 Set to 1 to automatically generate a L</group_by> clause based on the selection
4602 (including intelligent handling of L</order_by> contents). Note that the group
4603 criteria calculation takes place over the B<final> selection. This includes
4604 any L</+columns>, L</+select> or L</order_by> additions in subsequent
4605 L</search> calls, and standalone columns selected via
4606 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn> (L</get_column>). A notable exception are the
4607 extra selections specified via L</prefetch> - such selections are explicitly
4608 excluded from group criteria calculations.
4610 If the final ResultSet also explicitly defines a L</group_by> attribute, this
4611 setting is ignored and an appropriate warning is issued.
4615 Adds extra conditions to the resultset, combined with the preexisting C<WHERE>
4616 conditions, same as the B<first> argument to the L<search operator|/search>
4618 # only return rows WHERE deleted IS NULL for all searches
4619 __PACKAGE__->resultset_attributes({ where => { deleted => undef } });
4621 Note that the above example is
4622 L<strongly discouraged|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/resultset_attributes>.
4626 Set to 1 to cache search results. This prevents extra SQL queries if you
4627 revisit rows in your ResultSet:
4629 my $resultset = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search( undef, { cache => 1 } );
4631 while( my $artist = $resultset->next ) {
4635 $rs->first; # without cache, this would issue a query
4637 By default, searches are not cached.
4639 For more examples of using these attributes, see
4640 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
4646 =item Value: ( 'update' | 'shared' | \$scalar )
4650 Set to 'update' for a SELECT ... FOR UPDATE or 'shared' for a SELECT
4651 ... FOR SHARED. If \$scalar is passed, this is taken directly and embedded in the
4656 DBIx::Class supports arbitrary related data prefetching from multiple related
4657 sources. Any combination of relationship types and column sets are supported.
4658 If L<collapsing|/collapse> is requested, there is an additional requirement of
4659 selecting enough data to make every individual object uniquely identifiable.
4661 Here are some more involved examples, based on the following relationship map:
4664 My::Schema::CD->belongs_to( artist => 'My::Schema::Artist' );
4665 My::Schema::CD->might_have( liner_note => 'My::Schema::LinerNotes' );
4666 My::Schema::CD->has_many( tracks => 'My::Schema::Track' );
4668 My::Schema::Artist->belongs_to( record_label => 'My::Schema::RecordLabel' );
4670 My::Schema::Track->has_many( guests => 'My::Schema::Guest' );
4674 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Tag')->search(
4683 The initial search results in SQL like the following:
4685 SELECT tag.*, cd.*, artist.* FROM tag
4686 JOIN cd ON tag.cd = cd.cdid
4687 JOIN artist ON cd.artist = artist.artistid
4689 L<DBIx::Class> has no need to go back to the database when we access the
4690 C<cd> or C<artist> relationships, which saves us two SQL statements in this
4693 Simple prefetches will be joined automatically, so there is no need
4694 for a C<join> attribute in the above search.
4696 The L</prefetch> attribute can be used with any of the relationship types
4697 and multiple prefetches can be specified together. Below is a more complex
4698 example that prefetches a CD's artist, its liner notes (if present),
4699 the cover image, the tracks on that CD, and the guests on those
4702 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
4706 { artist => 'record_label'}, # belongs_to => belongs_to
4707 'liner_note', # might_have
4708 'cover_image', # has_one
4709 { tracks => 'guests' }, # has_many => has_many
4714 This will produce SQL like the following:
4716 SELECT cd.*, artist.*, record_label.*, liner_note.*, cover_image.*,
4720 ON artist.artistid = me.artistid
4721 JOIN record_label record_label
4722 ON record_label.labelid = artist.labelid
4723 LEFT JOIN track tracks
4724 ON tracks.cdid = me.cdid
4725 LEFT JOIN guest guests
4726 ON guests.trackid = track.trackid
4727 LEFT JOIN liner_notes liner_note
4728 ON liner_note.cdid = me.cdid
4729 JOIN cd_artwork cover_image
4730 ON cover_image.cdid = me.cdid
4733 Now the C<artist>, C<record_label>, C<liner_note>, C<cover_image>,
4734 C<tracks>, and C<guests> of the CD will all be available through the
4735 relationship accessors without the need for additional queries to the
4740 Prefetch does a lot of deep magic. As such, it may not behave exactly
4741 as you might expect.
4747 Prefetch uses the L</cache> to populate the prefetched relationships. This
4748 may or may not be what you want.
4752 If you specify a condition on a prefetched relationship, ONLY those
4753 rows that match the prefetched condition will be fetched into that relationship.
4754 This means that adding prefetch to a search() B<may alter> what is returned by
4755 traversing a relationship. So, if you have C<< Artist->has_many(CDs) >> and you do
4757 my $artist_rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({
4763 my $count = $artist_rs->first->cds->count;
4765 my $artist_rs_prefetch = $artist_rs->search( {}, { prefetch => 'cds' } );
4767 my $prefetch_count = $artist_rs_prefetch->first->cds->count;
4769 cmp_ok( $count, '==', $prefetch_count, "Counts should be the same" );
4771 That cmp_ok() may or may not pass depending on the datasets involved. In other
4772 words the C<WHERE> condition would apply to the entire dataset, just like
4773 it would in regular SQL. If you want to add a condition only to the "right side"
4774 of a C<LEFT JOIN> - consider declaring and using a L<relationship with a custom
4775 condition|DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base/condition>
4779 =head1 DBIC BIND VALUES
4781 Because DBIC may need more information to bind values than just the column name
4782 and value itself, it uses a special format for both passing and receiving bind
4783 values. Each bind value should be composed of an arrayref of
4784 C<< [ \%args => $val ] >>. The format of C<< \%args >> is currently:
4790 If present (in any form), this is what is being passed directly to bind_param.
4791 Note that different DBD's expect different bind args. (e.g. DBD::SQLite takes
4792 a single numerical type, while DBD::Pg takes a hashref if bind options.)
4794 If this is specified, all other bind options described below are ignored.
4798 If present, this is used to infer the actual bind attribute by passing to
4799 C<< $resolved_storage->bind_attribute_by_data_type() >>. Defaults to the
4800 "data_type" from the L<add_columns column info|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_columns>.
4802 Note that the data type is somewhat freeform (hence the sqlt_ prefix);
4803 currently drivers are expected to "Do the Right Thing" when given a common
4804 datatype name. (Not ideal, but that's what we got at this point.)
4808 Currently used to correctly allocate buffers for bind_param_inout().
4809 Defaults to "size" from the L<add_columns column info|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_columns>,
4810 or to a sensible value based on the "data_type".
4814 Used to fill in missing sqlt_datatype and sqlt_size attributes (if they are
4815 explicitly specified they are never overridden). Also used by some weird DBDs,
4816 where the column name should be available at bind_param time (e.g. Oracle).
4820 For backwards compatibility and convenience, the following shortcuts are
4823 [ $name => $val ] === [ { dbic_colname => $name }, $val ]
4824 [ \$dt => $val ] === [ { sqlt_datatype => $dt }, $val ]
4825 [ undef, $val ] === [ {}, $val ]
4826 $val === [ {}, $val ]
4828 =head1 FURTHER QUESTIONS?
4830 Check the list of L<additional DBIC resources|DBIx::Class/GETTING HELP/SUPPORT>.
4832 =head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
4834 This module is free software L<copyright|DBIx::Class/COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE>
4835 by the L<DBIx::Class (DBIC) authors|DBIx::Class/AUTHORS>. You can
4836 redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the
4837 L<DBIx::Class library|DBIx::Class/COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE>.