1 package DBIx::Class::ResultSet;
11 use Scalar::Util qw/weaken/;
13 use DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn;
14 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
15 __PACKAGE__->load_components(qw/AccessorGroup/);
16 __PACKAGE__->mk_group_accessors('simple' => qw/result_source result_class/);
20 DBIx::Class::ResultSet - Responsible for fetching and creating resultset.
24 my $rs = $schema->resultset('User')->search(registered => 1);
25 my @rows = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(year => 2005);
29 The resultset is also known as an iterator. It is responsible for handling
30 queries that may return an arbitrary number of rows, e.g. via L</search>
31 or a C<has_many> relationship.
33 In the examples below, the following table classes are used:
35 package MyApp::Schema::Artist;
36 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
37 __PACKAGE__->load_components(qw/Core/);
38 __PACKAGE__->table('artist');
39 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/artistid name/);
40 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('artistid');
41 __PACKAGE__->has_many(cds => 'MyApp::Schema::CD');
44 package MyApp::Schema::CD;
45 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
46 __PACKAGE__->load_components(qw/Core/);
47 __PACKAGE__->table('cd');
48 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/cdid artist title year/);
49 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('cdid');
50 __PACKAGE__->belongs_to(artist => 'MyApp::Schema::Artist');
59 =item Arguments: $source, \%$attrs
61 =item Return Value: $rs
65 The resultset constructor. Takes a source object (usually a
66 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSourceProxy::Table>) and an attribute hash (see
67 L</ATTRIBUTES> below). Does not perform any queries -- these are
68 executed as needed by the other methods.
70 Generally you won't need to construct a resultset manually. You'll
71 automatically get one from e.g. a L</search> called in scalar context:
73 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({ title => '100th Window' });
75 IMPORTANT: If called on an object, proxies to new_result instead so
77 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->new({ title => 'Spoon' });
79 will return a CD object, not a ResultSet.
85 return $class->new_result(@_) if ref $class;
87 my ($source, $attrs) = @_;
89 $attrs = Storable::dclone($attrs || {}); # { %{ $attrs || {} } };
90 #use Data::Dumper; warn Dumper($attrs);
91 my $alias = ($attrs->{alias} ||= 'me');
93 $attrs->{columns} ||= delete $attrs->{cols} if $attrs->{cols};
94 delete $attrs->{as} if $attrs->{columns};
95 $attrs->{columns} ||= [ $source->columns ] unless $attrs->{select};
97 map { m/\./ ? $_ : "${alias}.$_" } @{delete $attrs->{columns}}
98 ] if $attrs->{columns};
100 map { m/^\Q$alias.\E(.+)$/ ? $1 : $_ } @{$attrs->{select}}
102 if (my $include = delete $attrs->{include_columns}) {
103 push(@{$attrs->{select}}, @$include);
104 push(@{$attrs->{as}}, map { m/([^.]+)$/; $1; } @$include);
106 #use Data::Dumper; warn Dumper(@{$attrs}{qw/select as/});
108 $attrs->{from} ||= [ { $alias => $source->from } ];
109 $attrs->{seen_join} ||= {};
111 if (my $join = delete $attrs->{join}) {
112 foreach my $j (ref $join eq 'ARRAY' ? @$join : ($join)) {
113 if (ref $j eq 'HASH') {
114 $seen{$_} = 1 foreach keys %$j;
119 push(@{$attrs->{from}}, $source->resolve_join(
120 $join, $attrs->{alias}, $attrs->{seen_join})
124 $attrs->{group_by} ||= $attrs->{select} if delete $attrs->{distinct};
125 $attrs->{order_by} = [ $attrs->{order_by} ] if
126 $attrs->{order_by} and !ref($attrs->{order_by});
127 $attrs->{order_by} ||= [];
129 my $collapse = $attrs->{collapse} || {};
130 if (my $prefetch = delete $attrs->{prefetch}) {
132 foreach my $p (ref $prefetch eq 'ARRAY' ? @$prefetch : ($prefetch)) {
133 if ( ref $p eq 'HASH' ) {
134 foreach my $key (keys %$p) {
135 push(@{$attrs->{from}}, $source->resolve_join($p, $attrs->{alias}))
139 push(@{$attrs->{from}}, $source->resolve_join($p, $attrs->{alias}))
142 my @prefetch = $source->resolve_prefetch(
143 $p, $attrs->{alias}, {}, \@pre_order, $collapse);
144 push(@{$attrs->{select}}, map { $_->[0] } @prefetch);
145 push(@{$attrs->{as}}, map { $_->[1] } @prefetch);
147 push(@{$attrs->{order_by}}, @pre_order);
149 $attrs->{collapse} = $collapse;
150 # use Data::Dumper; warn Dumper($collapse) if keys %{$collapse};
152 if ($attrs->{page}) {
153 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
154 $attrs->{offset} ||= 0;
155 $attrs->{offset} += ($attrs->{rows} * ($attrs->{page} - 1));
159 result_source => $source,
160 result_class => $attrs->{result_class} || $source->result_class,
161 cond => $attrs->{where},
162 from => $attrs->{from},
163 collapse => $collapse,
165 page => delete $attrs->{page},
175 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
177 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
181 my @cds = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2001 }); # "... WHERE year = 2001"
182 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2005 });
184 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search([ { year => 2005 }, { year => 2004 } ]);
185 # year = 2005 OR year = 2004
187 If you need to pass in additional attributes but no additional condition,
188 call it as C<search(undef, \%attrs)>.
190 # "SELECT name, artistid FROM $artist_table"
191 my @all_artists = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(undef, {
192 columns => [qw/name artistid/],
200 my $attrs = { %{$self->{attrs}} };
201 my $having = delete $attrs->{having};
202 $attrs = { %$attrs, %{ pop(@_) } } if @_ > 1 and ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH';
205 ? ((@_ == 1 || ref $_[0] eq "HASH")
208 ? $self->throw_exception(
209 "Odd number of arguments to search")
212 if (defined $where) {
213 $attrs->{where} = (defined $attrs->{where}
215 [ map { ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_ }
216 $where, $attrs->{where} ] }
220 if (defined $having) {
221 $attrs->{having} = (defined $attrs->{having}
223 [ map { ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_ }
224 $having, $attrs->{having} ] }
228 my $rs = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $attrs);
230 unless (@_) { # no search, effectively just a clone
231 my $rows = $self->get_cache;
233 $rs->set_cache($rows);
237 return (wantarray ? $rs->all : $rs);
240 =head2 search_literal
244 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @bind_values
246 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
250 my @cds = $cd_rs->search_literal('year = ? AND title = ?', qw/2001 Reload/);
251 my $newrs = $artist_rs->search_literal('name = ?', 'Metallica');
253 Pass a literal chunk of SQL to be added to the conditional part of the
259 my ($self, $cond, @vals) = @_;
260 my $attrs = (ref $vals[$#vals] eq 'HASH' ? { %{ pop(@vals) } } : {});
261 $attrs->{bind} = [ @{$self->{attrs}{bind}||[]}, @vals ];
262 return $self->search(\$cond, $attrs);
269 =item Arguments: @values | \%cols, \%attrs?
271 =item Return Value: $row_object
275 Finds a row based on its primary key or unique constraint. For example, to find
276 a row by its primary key:
278 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(5);
280 You can also find a row by a specific unique constraint using the C<key>
281 attribute. For example:
283 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find('Massive Attack', 'Mezzanine', { key => 'artist_title' });
285 Additionally, you can specify the columns explicitly by name:
287 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(
289 artist => 'Massive Attack',
290 title => 'Mezzanine',
292 { key => 'artist_title' }
295 If no C<key> is specified and you explicitly name columns, it searches on all
296 unique constraints defined on the source, including the primary key.
298 If the C<key> is specified as C<primary>, it searches only on the primary key.
300 See also L</find_or_create> and L</update_or_create>. For information on how to
301 declare unique constraints, see
302 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
308 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
310 # Parse out a hash from input
311 my @cols = exists $attrs->{key}
312 ? $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($attrs->{key})
313 : $self->result_source->primary_columns;
316 if (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH') {
317 $hash = { %{$_[0]} };
319 elsif (@_ == @cols) {
321 @{$hash}{@cols} = @_;
324 $self->throw_exception(
325 "Arguments to find must be a hashref or match the number of columns in the "
326 . exists $attrs->{key} ? "$attrs->{key} unique constraint" : "primary key"
330 # Check the hash we just parsed against our source's unique constraints
331 my @constraint_names = exists $attrs->{key}
333 : $self->result_source->unique_constraint_names;
334 $self->throw_exception(
335 "Can't find unless a primary key or unique constraint is defined"
336 ) unless @constraint_names;
339 foreach my $name (@constraint_names) {
340 my @unique_cols = $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($name);
341 my $unique_query = $self->_build_unique_query($hash, \@unique_cols);
343 # Add the ResultSet's alias
344 foreach my $key (grep { ! m/\./ } keys %$unique_query) {
345 $unique_query->{"$self->{attrs}{alias}.$key"} = delete $unique_query->{$key};
348 push @unique_queries, $unique_query if %$unique_query;
351 # Handle cases where the ResultSet already defines the query
352 my $query = @unique_queries ? \@unique_queries : undef;
356 my $rs = $self->search($query, $attrs);
357 return keys %{$rs->{collapse}} ? $rs->next : $rs->single;
360 return keys %{$self->{collapse}}
361 ? $self->search($query)->next
362 : $self->single($query);
366 # _build_unique_query
368 # Constrain the specified query hash based on the specified column names.
370 sub _build_unique_query {
371 my ($self, $query, $unique_cols) = @_;
374 map { $_ => $query->{$_} }
375 grep { exists $query->{$_} }
378 return \%unique_query;
381 =head2 search_related
385 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
387 =item Return Value: $new_resultset
391 $new_rs = $cd_rs->search_related('artist', {
395 Searches the specified relationship, optionally specifying a condition and
396 attributes for matching records. See L</ATTRIBUTES> for more information.
401 return shift->related_resultset(shift)->search(@_);
408 =item Arguments: none
410 =item Return Value: $cursor
414 Returns a storage-driven cursor to the given resultset. See
415 L<DBIx::Class::Cursor> for more information.
421 my $attrs = { %{$self->{attrs}} };
422 return $self->{cursor}
423 ||= $self->result_source->storage->select($self->{from}, $attrs->{select},
424 $attrs->{where},$attrs);
431 =item Arguments: $cond?
433 =item Return Value: $row_object?
437 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->single({ year => 2001 });
439 Inflates the first result without creating a cursor if the resultset has
440 any records in it; if not returns nothing. Used by L</find> as an optimisation.
445 my ($self, $where) = @_;
446 my $attrs = { %{$self->{attrs}} };
448 if (defined $attrs->{where}) {
451 [ map { ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_ }
452 $where, delete $attrs->{where} ]
455 $attrs->{where} = $where;
458 my @data = $self->result_source->storage->select_single(
459 $self->{from}, $attrs->{select},
460 $attrs->{where},$attrs);
461 return (@data ? $self->_construct_object(@data) : ());
468 =item Arguments: $cond?
470 =item Return Value: $resultsetcolumn
474 my $max_length = $rs->get_column('length')->max;
476 Returns a ResultSetColumn instance for $column based on $self
481 my ($self, $column) = @_;
483 my $new = DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn->new($self, $column);
491 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
493 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
497 # WHERE title LIKE '%blue%'
498 $cd_rs = $rs->search_like({ title => '%blue%'});
500 Performs a search, but uses C<LIKE> instead of C<=> as the condition. Note
501 that this is simply a convenience method. You most likely want to use
502 L</search> with specific operators.
504 For more information, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
510 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
511 my $query = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? { %{shift()} }: {@_};
512 $query->{$_} = { 'like' => $query->{$_} } for keys %$query;
513 return $class->search($query, { %$attrs });
520 =item Arguments: $first, $last
522 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
526 Returns a resultset or object list representing a subset of elements from the
527 resultset slice is called on. Indexes are from 0, i.e., to get the first
530 my ($one, $two, $three) = $rs->slice(0, 2);
535 my ($self, $min, $max) = @_;
536 my $attrs = {}; # = { %{ $self->{attrs} || {} } };
537 $attrs->{offset} = $self->{attrs}{offset} || 0;
538 $attrs->{offset} += $min;
539 $attrs->{rows} = ($max ? ($max - $min + 1) : 1);
540 return $self->search(undef(), $attrs);
541 #my $slice = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $attrs);
542 #return (wantarray ? $slice->all : $slice);
549 =item Arguments: none
551 =item Return Value: $result?
555 Returns the next element in the resultset (C<undef> is there is none).
557 Can be used to efficiently iterate over records in the resultset:
559 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search;
560 while (my $cd = $rs->next) {
564 Note that you need to store the resultset object, and call C<next> on it.
565 Calling C<< resultset('Table')->next >> repeatedly will always return the
566 first record from the resultset.
572 if (@{$self->{all_cache} || []}) {
573 $self->{all_cache_position} ||= 0;
574 return $self->{all_cache}->[$self->{all_cache_position}++];
576 if ($self->{attrs}{cache}) {
577 $self->{all_cache_position} = 1;
578 return ($self->all)[0];
580 my @row = (exists $self->{stashed_row} ?
581 @{delete $self->{stashed_row}} :
584 # warn Dumper(\@row); use Data::Dumper;
585 return unless (@row);
586 return $self->_construct_object(@row);
589 sub _construct_object {
590 my ($self, @row) = @_;
591 my @as = @{ $self->{attrs}{as} };
593 my $info = $self->_collapse_result(\@as, \@row);
595 my $new = $self->result_class->inflate_result($self->result_source, @$info);
597 $new = $self->{attrs}{record_filter}->($new)
598 if exists $self->{attrs}{record_filter};
602 sub _collapse_result {
603 my ($self, $as, $row, $prefix) = @_;
608 foreach my $this_as (@$as) {
609 my $val = shift @copy;
610 if (defined $prefix) {
611 if ($this_as =~ m/^\Q${prefix}.\E(.+)$/) {
613 $remain =~ /^(?:(.*)\.)?([^.]+)$/;
614 $const{$1||''}{$2} = $val;
617 $this_as =~ /^(?:(.*)\.)?([^.]+)$/;
618 $const{$1||''}{$2} = $val;
622 my $info = [ {}, {} ];
623 foreach my $key (keys %const) {
626 my @parts = split(/\./, $key);
627 foreach my $p (@parts) {
628 $target = $target->[1]->{$p} ||= [];
630 $target->[0] = $const{$key};
632 $info->[0] = $const{$key};
637 if (defined $prefix) {
639 m/^\Q${prefix}.\E(.+)$/ ? ($1) : ()
640 } keys %{$self->{collapse}}
642 @collapse = keys %{$self->{collapse}};
646 my ($c) = sort { length $a <=> length $b } @collapse;
648 foreach my $p (split(/\./, $c)) {
649 $target = $target->[1]->{$p} ||= [];
651 my $c_prefix = (defined($prefix) ? "${prefix}.${c}" : $c);
652 my @co_key = @{$self->{collapse}{$c_prefix}};
653 my %co_check = map { ($_, $target->[0]->{$_}); } @co_key;
654 my $tree = $self->_collapse_result($as, $row, $c_prefix);
657 !defined($tree->[0]->{$_}) ||
658 $co_check{$_} ne $tree->[0]->{$_}
661 last unless (@raw = $self->cursor->next);
662 $row = $self->{stashed_row} = \@raw;
663 $tree = $self->_collapse_result($as, $row, $c_prefix);
664 #warn Data::Dumper::Dumper($tree, $row);
676 =item Arguments: $result_source?
678 =item Return Value: $result_source
682 An accessor for the primary ResultSource object from which this ResultSet
692 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs??
694 =item Return Value: $count
698 Performs an SQL C<COUNT> with the same query as the resultset was built
699 with to find the number of elements. If passed arguments, does a search
700 on the resultset and counts the results of that.
702 Note: When using C<count> with C<group_by>, L<DBIX::Class> emulates C<GROUP BY>
703 using C<COUNT( DISTINCT( columns ) )>. Some databases (notably SQLite) do
704 not support C<DISTINCT> with multiple columns. If you are using such a
705 database, you should only use columns from the main table in your C<group_by>
712 return $self->search(@_)->count if @_ and defined $_[0];
713 return scalar @{ $self->get_cache } if @{ $self->get_cache };
715 my $count = $self->_count;
716 return 0 unless $count;
718 $count -= $self->{attrs}{offset} if $self->{attrs}{offset};
719 $count = $self->{attrs}{rows} if
720 $self->{attrs}{rows} and $self->{attrs}{rows} < $count;
724 sub _count { # Separated out so pager can get the full count
726 my $select = { count => '*' };
727 my $attrs = { %{ $self->{attrs} } };
728 if (my $group_by = delete $attrs->{group_by}) {
729 delete $attrs->{having};
730 my @distinct = (ref $group_by ? @$group_by : ($group_by));
731 # todo: try CONCAT for multi-column pk
732 my @pk = $self->result_source->primary_columns;
734 foreach my $column (@distinct) {
735 if ($column =~ qr/^(?:\Q$attrs->{alias}.\E)?$pk[0]$/) {
736 @distinct = ($column);
742 $select = { count => { distinct => \@distinct } };
743 #use Data::Dumper; die Dumper $select;
746 $attrs->{select} = $select;
747 $attrs->{as} = [qw/count/];
749 # offset, order by and page are not needed to count. record_filter is cdbi
750 delete $attrs->{$_} for qw/rows offset order_by page pager record_filter/;
752 my ($count) = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $attrs)->cursor->next;
760 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @bind_values
762 =item Return Value: $count
766 Counts the results in a literal query. Equivalent to calling L</search_literal>
767 with the passed arguments, then L</count>.
771 sub count_literal { shift->search_literal(@_)->count; }
777 =item Arguments: none
779 =item Return Value: @objects
783 Returns all elements in the resultset. Called implicitly if the resultset
784 is returned in list context.
790 return @{ $self->get_cache } if @{ $self->get_cache };
794 if (keys %{$self->{collapse}}) {
795 # Using $self->cursor->all is really just an optimisation.
796 # If we're collapsing has_many prefetches it probably makes
797 # very little difference, and this is cleaner than hacking
798 # _construct_object to survive the approach
799 $self->cursor->reset;
800 my @row = $self->cursor->next;
802 push(@obj, $self->_construct_object(@row));
803 @row = (exists $self->{stashed_row}
804 ? @{delete $self->{stashed_row}}
805 : $self->cursor->next);
808 @obj = map { $self->_construct_object(@$_) } $self->cursor->all;
811 $self->set_cache(\@obj) if $self->{attrs}{cache};
819 =item Arguments: none
821 =item Return Value: $self
825 Resets the resultset's cursor, so you can iterate through the elements again.
831 $self->{all_cache_position} = 0;
832 $self->cursor->reset;
840 =item Arguments: none
842 =item Return Value: $object?
846 Resets the resultset and returns an object for the first result (if the
847 resultset returns anything).
852 return $_[0]->reset->next;
855 # _cond_for_update_delete
857 # update/delete require the condition to be modified to handle
858 # the differing SQL syntax available. This transforms the $self->{cond}
859 # appropriately, returning the new condition.
861 sub _cond_for_update_delete {
865 if (!ref($self->{cond})) {
866 # No-op. No condition, we're updating/deleting everything
868 elsif (ref $self->{cond} eq 'ARRAY') {
872 foreach my $key (keys %{$_}) {
874 $hash{$1} = $_->{$key};
880 elsif (ref $self->{cond} eq 'HASH') {
881 if ((keys %{$self->{cond}})[0] eq '-and') {
884 my @cond = @{$self->{cond}{-and}};
885 for (my $i = 0; $i < @cond - 1; $i++) {
886 my $entry = $cond[$i];
889 if (ref $entry eq 'HASH') {
890 foreach my $key (keys %{$entry}) {
892 $hash{$1} = $entry->{$key};
896 $entry =~ /([^.]+)$/;
897 $hash{$entry} = $cond[++$i];
900 push @{$cond->{-and}}, \%hash;
904 foreach my $key (keys %{$self->{cond}}) {
906 $cond->{$1} = $self->{cond}{$key};
911 $self->throw_exception(
912 "Can't update/delete on resultset with condition unless hash or array"
924 =item Arguments: \%values
926 =item Return Value: $storage_rv
930 Sets the specified columns in the resultset to the supplied values in a
931 single query. Return value will be true if the update succeeded or false
932 if no records were updated; exact type of success value is storage-dependent.
937 my ($self, $values) = @_;
938 $self->throw_exception("Values for update must be a hash")
939 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
941 my $cond = $self->_cond_for_update_delete;
943 return $self->result_source->storage->update(
944 $self->result_source->from, $values, $cond
952 =item Arguments: \%values
954 =item Return Value: 1
958 Fetches all objects and updates them one at a time. Note that C<update_all>
959 will run DBIC cascade triggers, while L</update> will not.
964 my ($self, $values) = @_;
965 $self->throw_exception("Values for update must be a hash")
966 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
967 foreach my $obj ($self->all) {
968 $obj->set_columns($values)->update;
977 =item Arguments: none
979 =item Return Value: 1
983 Deletes the contents of the resultset from its result source. Note that this
984 will not run DBIC cascade triggers. See L</delete_all> if you need triggers
993 my $cond = $self->_cond_for_update_delete;
995 $self->result_source->storage->delete($self->result_source->from, $cond);
1003 =item Arguments: none
1005 =item Return Value: 1
1009 Fetches all objects and deletes them one at a time. Note that C<delete_all>
1010 will run DBIC cascade triggers, while L</delete> will not.
1016 $_->delete for $self->all;
1024 =item Arguments: none
1026 =item Return Value: $pager
1030 Return Value a L<Data::Page> object for the current resultset. Only makes
1031 sense for queries with a C<page> attribute.
1037 my $attrs = $self->{attrs};
1038 $self->throw_exception("Can't create pager for non-paged rs")
1039 unless $self->{page};
1040 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
1041 return $self->{pager} ||= Data::Page->new(
1042 $self->_count, $attrs->{rows}, $self->{page});
1049 =item Arguments: $page_number
1051 =item Return Value: $rs
1055 Returns a resultset for the $page_number page of the resultset on which page
1056 is called, where each page contains a number of rows equal to the 'rows'
1057 attribute set on the resultset (10 by default).
1062 my ($self, $page) = @_;
1063 my $attrs = { %{$self->{attrs}} };
1064 $attrs->{page} = $page;
1065 return (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $attrs);
1072 =item Arguments: \%vals
1074 =item Return Value: $object
1078 Creates an object in the resultset's result class and returns it.
1083 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1084 $self->throw_exception( "new_result needs a hash" )
1085 unless (ref $values eq 'HASH');
1086 $self->throw_exception(
1087 "Can't abstract implicit construct, condition not a hash"
1088 ) if ($self->{cond} && !(ref $self->{cond} eq 'HASH'));
1090 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
1091 foreach my $key (keys %{$self->{cond}||{}}) {
1092 $new{$1} = $self->{cond}{$key} if ($key =~ m/^(?:\Q${alias}.\E)?([^.]+)$/);
1094 my $obj = $self->result_class->new(\%new);
1095 $obj->result_source($self->result_source) if $obj->can('result_source');
1103 =item Arguments: \%vals, \%attrs?
1105 =item Return Value: $object
1109 Find an existing record from this resultset. If none exists, instantiate a new
1110 result object and return it. The object will not be saved into your storage
1111 until you call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> on it.
1113 If you want objects to be saved immediately, use L</find_or_create> instead.
1119 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
1120 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
1121 my $exists = $self->find($hash, $attrs);
1122 return defined $exists ? $exists : $self->new_result($hash);
1129 =item Arguments: \%vals
1131 =item Return Value: $object
1135 Inserts a record into the resultset and returns the object representing it.
1137 Effectively a shortcut for C<< ->new_result(\%vals)->insert >>.
1142 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
1143 $self->throw_exception( "create needs a hashref" )
1144 unless ref $attrs eq 'HASH';
1145 return $self->new_result($attrs)->insert;
1148 =head2 find_or_create
1152 =item Arguments: \%vals, \%attrs?
1154 =item Return Value: $object
1158 $class->find_or_create({ key => $val, ... });
1160 Searches for a record matching the search condition; if it doesn't find one,
1161 creates one and returns that instead.
1163 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create({
1165 artist => 'Massive Attack',
1166 title => 'Mezzanine',
1170 Also takes an optional C<key> attribute, to search by a specific key or unique
1171 constraint. For example:
1173 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create(
1175 artist => 'Massive Attack',
1176 title => 'Mezzanine',
1178 { key => 'artist_title' }
1181 See also L</find> and L</update_or_create>. For information on how to declare
1182 unique constraints, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
1186 sub find_or_create {
1188 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
1189 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
1190 my $exists = $self->find($hash, $attrs);
1191 return defined $exists ? $exists : $self->create($hash);
1194 =head2 update_or_create
1198 =item Arguments: \%col_values, { key => $unique_constraint }?
1200 =item Return Value: $object
1204 $class->update_or_create({ col => $val, ... });
1206 First, searches for an existing row matching one of the unique constraints
1207 (including the primary key) on the source of this resultset. If a row is
1208 found, updates it with the other given column values. Otherwise, creates a new
1211 Takes an optional C<key> attribute to search on a specific unique constraint.
1214 # In your application
1215 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->update_or_create(
1217 artist => 'Massive Attack',
1218 title => 'Mezzanine',
1221 { key => 'artist_title' }
1224 If no C<key> is specified, it searches on all unique constraints defined on the
1225 source, including the primary key.
1227 If the C<key> is specified as C<primary>, it searches only on the primary key.
1229 See also L</find> and L</find_or_create>. For information on how to declare
1230 unique constraints, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
1234 sub update_or_create {
1236 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
1237 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
1239 my $row = $self->find($hash, $attrs);
1241 $row->set_columns($hash);
1246 return $self->create($hash);
1253 =item Arguments: none
1255 =item Return Value: \@cache_objects?
1259 Gets the contents of the cache for the resultset, if the cache is set.
1264 shift->{all_cache} || [];
1271 =item Arguments: \@cache_objects
1273 =item Return Value: \@cache_objects
1277 Sets the contents of the cache for the resultset. Expects an arrayref
1278 of objects of the same class as those produced by the resultset. Note that
1279 if the cache is set the resultset will return the cached objects rather
1280 than re-querying the database even if the cache attr is not set.
1285 my ( $self, $data ) = @_;
1286 $self->throw_exception("set_cache requires an arrayref")
1287 if ref $data ne 'ARRAY';
1288 my $result_class = $self->result_class;
1290 $self->throw_exception(
1291 "cannot cache object of type '$_', expected '$result_class'"
1292 ) if ref $_ ne $result_class;
1294 $self->{all_cache} = $data;
1301 =item Arguments: none
1303 =item Return Value: []
1307 Clears the cache for the resultset.
1312 shift->set_cache([]);
1315 =head2 related_resultset
1319 =item Arguments: $relationship_name
1321 =item Return Value: $resultset
1325 Returns a related resultset for the supplied relationship name.
1327 $artist_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->related_resultset('Artist');
1331 sub related_resultset {
1332 my ( $self, $rel ) = @_;
1333 $self->{related_resultsets} ||= {};
1334 return $self->{related_resultsets}{$rel} ||= do {
1335 #warn "fetching related resultset for rel '$rel'";
1336 my $rel_obj = $self->result_source->relationship_info($rel);
1337 $self->throw_exception(
1338 "search_related: result source '" . $self->result_source->name .
1339 "' has no such relationship ${rel}")
1340 unless $rel_obj; #die Dumper $self->{attrs};
1342 my $rs = $self->search(undef, { join => $rel });
1343 my $alias = defined $rs->{attrs}{seen_join}{$rel}
1344 && $rs->{attrs}{seen_join}{$rel} > 1
1345 ? join('_', $rel, $rs->{attrs}{seen_join}{$rel})
1348 $self->result_source->schema->resultset($rel_obj->{class}
1358 =head2 throw_exception
1360 See L<DBIx::Class::Schema/throw_exception> for details.
1364 sub throw_exception {
1366 $self->result_source->schema->throw_exception(@_);
1369 # XXX: FIXME: Attributes docs need clearing up
1373 The resultset takes various attributes that modify its behavior. Here's an
1380 =item Value: ($order_by | \@order_by)
1384 Which column(s) to order the results by. This is currently passed
1385 through directly to SQL, so you can give e.g. C<year DESC> for a
1386 descending order on the column `year'.
1392 =item Value: \@columns
1396 Shortcut to request a particular set of columns to be retrieved. Adds
1397 C<me.> onto the start of any column without a C<.> in it and sets C<select>
1398 from that, then auto-populates C<as> from C<select> as normal. (You may also
1399 use the C<cols> attribute, as in earlier versions of DBIC.)
1401 =head2 include_columns
1405 =item Value: \@columns
1409 Shortcut to include additional columns in the returned results - for example
1411 $schema->resultset('CD')->search(undef, {
1412 include_columns => ['artist.name'],
1416 would return all CDs and include a 'name' column to the information
1417 passed to object inflation
1423 =item Value: \@select_columns
1427 Indicates which columns should be selected from the storage. You can use
1428 column names, or in the case of RDBMS back ends, function or stored procedure
1431 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
1434 { count => 'employeeid' },
1439 When you use function/stored procedure names and do not supply an C<as>
1440 attribute, the column names returned are storage-dependent. E.g. MySQL would
1441 return a column named C<count(employeeid)> in the above example.
1447 =item Value: \@inflation_names
1451 Indicates column names for object inflation. This is used in conjunction with
1452 C<select>, usually when C<select> contains one or more function or stored
1455 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
1458 { count => 'employeeid' }
1460 as => ['name', 'employee_count'],
1463 my $employee = $rs->first(); # get the first Employee
1465 If the object against which the search is performed already has an accessor
1466 matching a column name specified in C<as>, the value can be retrieved using
1467 the accessor as normal:
1469 my $name = $employee->name();
1471 If on the other hand an accessor does not exist in the object, you need to
1472 use C<get_column> instead:
1474 my $employee_count = $employee->get_column('employee_count');
1476 You can create your own accessors if required - see
1477 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook> for details.
1483 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
1487 Contains a list of relationships that should be joined for this query. For
1490 # Get CDs by Nine Inch Nails
1491 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
1492 { 'artist.name' => 'Nine Inch Nails' },
1493 { join => 'artist' }
1496 Can also contain a hash reference to refer to the other relation's relations.
1499 package MyApp::Schema::Track;
1500 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
1501 __PACKAGE__->table('track');
1502 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/trackid cd position title/);
1503 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('trackid');
1504 __PACKAGE__->belongs_to(cd => 'MyApp::Schema::CD');
1507 # In your application
1508 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
1509 { 'track.title' => 'Teardrop' },
1511 join => { cd => 'track' },
1512 order_by => 'artist.name',
1516 If the same join is supplied twice, it will be aliased to <rel>_2 (and
1517 similarly for a third time). For e.g.
1519 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({
1520 'cds.title' => 'Down to Earth',
1521 'cds_2.title' => 'Popular',
1523 join => [ qw/cds cds/ ],
1526 will return a set of all artists that have both a cd with title 'Down
1527 to Earth' and a cd with title 'Popular'.
1529 If you want to fetch related objects from other tables as well, see C<prefetch>
1536 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
1540 Contains one or more relationships that should be fetched along with the main
1541 query (when they are accessed afterwards they will have already been
1542 "prefetched"). This is useful for when you know you will need the related
1543 objects, because it saves at least one query:
1545 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Tag')->search(
1554 The initial search results in SQL like the following:
1556 SELECT tag.*, cd.*, artist.* FROM tag
1557 JOIN cd ON tag.cd = cd.cdid
1558 JOIN artist ON cd.artist = artist.artistid
1560 L<DBIx::Class> has no need to go back to the database when we access the
1561 C<cd> or C<artist> relationships, which saves us two SQL statements in this
1564 Simple prefetches will be joined automatically, so there is no need
1565 for a C<join> attribute in the above search. If you're prefetching to
1566 depth (e.g. { cd => { artist => 'label' } or similar), you'll need to
1567 specify the join as well.
1569 C<prefetch> can be used with the following relationship types: C<belongs_to>,
1570 C<has_one> (or if you're using C<add_relationship>, any relationship declared
1571 with an accessor type of 'single' or 'filter').
1577 =item Value: \@from_clause
1581 The C<from> attribute gives you manual control over the C<FROM> clause of SQL
1582 statements generated by L<DBIx::Class>, allowing you to express custom C<JOIN>
1585 NOTE: Use this on your own risk. This allows you to shoot off your foot!
1586 C<join> will usually do what you need and it is strongly recommended that you
1587 avoid using C<from> unless you cannot achieve the desired result using C<join>.
1589 In simple terms, C<from> works as follows:
1592 { <alias> => <table>, -join_type => 'inner|left|right' }
1593 [] # nested JOIN (optional)
1594 { <table.column> => <foreign_table.foreign_key> }
1600 ON <table.column> = <foreign_table.foreign_key>
1602 An easy way to follow the examples below is to remember the following:
1604 Anything inside "[]" is a JOIN
1605 Anything inside "{}" is a condition for the enclosing JOIN
1607 The following examples utilize a "person" table in a family tree application.
1608 In order to express parent->child relationships, this table is self-joined:
1610 # Person->belongs_to('father' => 'Person');
1611 # Person->belongs_to('mother' => 'Person');
1613 C<from> can be used to nest joins. Here we return all children with a father,
1614 then search against all mothers of those children:
1616 $rs = $schema->resultset('Person')->search(
1619 alias => 'mother', # alias columns in accordance with "from"
1621 { mother => 'person' },
1624 { child => 'person' },
1626 { father => 'person' },
1627 { 'father.person_id' => 'child.father_id' }
1630 { 'mother.person_id' => 'child.mother_id' }
1637 # SELECT mother.* FROM person mother
1640 # JOIN person father
1641 # ON ( father.person_id = child.father_id )
1643 # ON ( mother.person_id = child.mother_id )
1645 The type of any join can be controlled manually. To search against only people
1646 with a father in the person table, we could explicitly use C<INNER JOIN>:
1648 $rs = $schema->resultset('Person')->search(
1651 alias => 'child', # alias columns in accordance with "from"
1653 { child => 'person' },
1655 { father => 'person', -join_type => 'inner' },
1656 { 'father.id' => 'child.father_id' }
1663 # SELECT child.* FROM person child
1664 # INNER JOIN person father ON child.father_id = father.id
1674 Makes the resultset paged and specifies the page to retrieve. Effectively
1675 identical to creating a non-pages resultset and then calling ->page($page)
1686 Specifes the maximum number of rows for direct retrieval or the number of
1687 rows per page if the page attribute or method is used.
1693 =item Value: \@columns
1697 A arrayref of columns to group by. Can include columns of joined tables.
1699 group_by => [qw/ column1 column2 ... /]
1705 =item Value: $condition
1709 HAVING is a select statement attribute that is applied between GROUP BY and
1710 ORDER BY. It is applied to the after the grouping calculations have been
1713 having => { 'count(employee)' => { '>=', 100 } }
1719 =item Value: (0 | 1)
1723 Set to 1 to group by all columns.
1727 Set to 1 to cache search results. This prevents extra SQL queries if you
1728 revisit rows in your ResultSet:
1730 my $resultset = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search( undef, { cache => 1 } );
1732 while( my $artist = $resultset->next ) {
1736 $rs->first; # without cache, this would issue a query
1738 By default, searches are not cached.
1740 For more examples of using these attributes, see
1741 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.