1 package DBIx::Class::ResultSet;
9 use Carp::Clan qw/^DBIx::Class/;
12 use DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn;
13 use DBIx::Class::ResultSourceHandle;
15 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
17 __PACKAGE__->mk_group_accessors('simple' => qw/result_class _source_handle/);
21 DBIx::Class::ResultSet - Responsible for fetching and creating resultset.
25 my $rs = $schema->resultset('User')->search(registered => 1);
26 my @rows = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(year => 2005);
30 The resultset is also known as an iterator. It is responsible for handling
31 queries that may return an arbitrary number of rows, e.g. via L</search>
32 or a C<has_many> relationship.
34 In the examples below, the following table classes are used:
36 package MyApp::Schema::Artist;
37 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
38 __PACKAGE__->load_components(qw/Core/);
39 __PACKAGE__->table('artist');
40 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/artistid name/);
41 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('artistid');
42 __PACKAGE__->has_many(cds => 'MyApp::Schema::CD');
45 package MyApp::Schema::CD;
46 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
47 __PACKAGE__->load_components(qw/Core/);
48 __PACKAGE__->table('cd');
49 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/cdid artist title year/);
50 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('cdid');
51 __PACKAGE__->belongs_to(artist => 'MyApp::Schema::Artist');
56 If a resultset is used as a number it returns the C<count()>. However, if it is used as a boolean it is always true. So if you want to check if a result set has any results use C<if $rs != 0>. C<if $rs> will always be true.
64 =item Arguments: $source, \%$attrs
66 =item Return Value: $rs
70 The resultset constructor. Takes a source object (usually a
71 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSourceProxy::Table>) and an attribute hash (see
72 L</ATTRIBUTES> below). Does not perform any queries -- these are
73 executed as needed by the other methods.
75 Generally you won't need to construct a resultset manually. You'll
76 automatically get one from e.g. a L</search> called in scalar context:
78 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({ title => '100th Window' });
80 IMPORTANT: If called on an object, proxies to new_result instead so
82 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->new({ title => 'Spoon' });
84 will return a CD object, not a ResultSet.
90 return $class->new_result(@_) if ref $class;
92 my ($source, $attrs) = @_;
93 $source = $source->handle
94 unless $source->isa('DBIx::Class::ResultSourceHandle');
95 $attrs = { %{$attrs||{}} };
98 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
101 $attrs->{alias} ||= 'me';
103 # Creation of {} and bless separated to mitigate RH perl bug
104 # see https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=196836
106 _source_handle => $source,
107 result_class => $attrs->{result_class} || $source->resolve->result_class,
108 cond => $attrs->{where},
123 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
125 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
129 my @cds = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2001 }); # "... WHERE year = 2001"
130 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2005 });
132 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search([ { year => 2005 }, { year => 2004 } ]);
133 # year = 2005 OR year = 2004
135 If you need to pass in additional attributes but no additional condition,
136 call it as C<search(undef, \%attrs)>.
138 # "SELECT name, artistid FROM $artist_table"
139 my @all_artists = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(undef, {
140 columns => [qw/name artistid/],
143 For a list of attributes that can be passed to C<search>, see
144 L</ATTRIBUTES>. For more examples of using this function, see
145 L<Searching|DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Searching>. For a complete
146 documentation for the first argument, see L<SQL::Abstract>.
148 For more help on using joins with search, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Joining>.
154 my $rs = $self->search_rs( @_ );
155 return (wantarray ? $rs->all : $rs);
162 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
164 =item Return Value: $resultset
168 This method does the same exact thing as search() except it will
169 always return a resultset, even in list context.
177 $attrs = pop(@_) if @_ > 1 and ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH';
178 my $our_attrs = { %{$self->{attrs}} };
179 my $having = delete $our_attrs->{having};
180 my $where = delete $our_attrs->{where};
184 my %safe = (alias => 1, cache => 1);
187 (@_ && defined($_[0])) # @_ == () or (undef)
189 (keys %$attrs # empty attrs or only 'safe' attrs
190 && List::Util::first { !$safe{$_} } keys %$attrs)
192 # no search, effectively just a clone
193 $rows = $self->get_cache;
196 my $new_attrs = { %{$our_attrs}, %{$attrs} };
198 # merge new attrs into inherited
199 foreach my $key (qw/join prefetch/) {
200 next unless exists $attrs->{$key};
201 $new_attrs->{$key} = $self->_merge_attr($our_attrs->{$key}, $attrs->{$key});
206 (@_ == 1 || ref $_[0] eq "HASH")
208 (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH')
210 (keys %{ $_[0] } > 0)
218 ? $self->throw_exception("Odd number of arguments to search")
225 if (defined $where) {
226 $new_attrs->{where} = (
227 defined $new_attrs->{where}
230 ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_
231 } $where, $new_attrs->{where}
238 $new_attrs->{where} = (
239 defined $new_attrs->{where}
242 ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_
243 } $cond, $new_attrs->{where}
249 if (defined $having) {
250 $new_attrs->{having} = (
251 defined $new_attrs->{having}
254 ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_
255 } $having, $new_attrs->{having}
261 my $rs = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $new_attrs);
263 $rs->set_cache($rows);
268 =head2 search_literal
272 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @bind_values
274 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
278 my @cds = $cd_rs->search_literal('year = ? AND title = ?', qw/2001 Reload/);
279 my $newrs = $artist_rs->search_literal('name = ?', 'Metallica');
281 Pass a literal chunk of SQL to be added to the conditional part of the
284 CAVEAT: C<search_literal> is provided for Class::DBI compatibility and should
285 only be used in that context. There are known problems using C<search_literal>
286 in chained queries; it can result in bind values in the wrong order. See
287 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Searching> and
288 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::FAQ/Searching> for searching techniques that do not
289 require C<search_literal>.
294 my ($self, $cond, @vals) = @_;
295 my $attrs = (ref $vals[$#vals] eq 'HASH' ? { %{ pop(@vals) } } : {});
296 $attrs->{bind} = [ @{$self->{attrs}{bind}||[]}, @vals ];
297 return $self->search(\$cond, $attrs);
304 =item Arguments: @values | \%cols, \%attrs?
306 =item Return Value: $row_object
310 Finds a row based on its primary key or unique constraint. For example, to find
311 a row by its primary key:
313 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(5);
315 You can also find a row by a specific unique constraint using the C<key>
316 attribute. For example:
318 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find('Massive Attack', 'Mezzanine', {
319 key => 'cd_artist_title'
322 Additionally, you can specify the columns explicitly by name:
324 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(
326 artist => 'Massive Attack',
327 title => 'Mezzanine',
329 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
332 If the C<key> is specified as C<primary>, it searches only on the primary key.
334 If no C<key> is specified, it searches on all unique constraints defined on the
335 source, including the primary key.
337 If your table does not have a primary key, you B<must> provide a value for the
338 C<key> attribute matching one of the unique constraints on the source.
340 See also L</find_or_create> and L</update_or_create>. For information on how to
341 declare unique constraints, see
342 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
348 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
350 # Default to the primary key, but allow a specific key
351 my @cols = exists $attrs->{key}
352 ? $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($attrs->{key})
353 : $self->result_source->primary_columns;
354 $self->throw_exception(
355 "Can't find unless a primary key is defined or unique constraint is specified"
358 # Parse out a hashref from input
360 if (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH') {
361 $input_query = { %{$_[0]} };
363 elsif (@_ == @cols) {
365 @{$input_query}{@cols} = @_;
368 # Compatibility: Allow e.g. find(id => $value)
369 carp "Find by key => value deprecated; please use a hashref instead";
373 my (%related, $info);
375 KEY: foreach my $key (keys %$input_query) {
376 if (ref($input_query->{$key})
377 && ($info = $self->result_source->relationship_info($key))) {
378 my $val = delete $input_query->{$key};
379 next KEY if (ref($val) eq 'ARRAY'); # has_many for multi_create
380 my $rel_q = $self->result_source->resolve_condition(
381 $info->{cond}, $val, $key
383 die "Can't handle OR join condition in find" if ref($rel_q) eq 'ARRAY';
384 @related{keys %$rel_q} = values %$rel_q;
387 if (my @keys = keys %related) {
388 @{$input_query}{@keys} = values %related;
391 my @unique_queries = $self->_unique_queries($input_query, $attrs);
393 # Build the final query: Default to the disjunction of the unique queries,
394 # but allow the input query in case the ResultSet defines the query or the
395 # user is abusing find
396 my $alias = exists $attrs->{alias} ? $attrs->{alias} : $self->{attrs}{alias};
397 my $query = @unique_queries
398 ? [ map { $self->_add_alias($_, $alias) } @unique_queries ]
399 : $self->_add_alias($input_query, $alias);
403 my $rs = $self->search($query, $attrs);
404 return keys %{$rs->_resolved_attrs->{collapse}} ? $rs->next : $rs->single;
407 return keys %{$self->_resolved_attrs->{collapse}}
408 ? $self->search($query)->next
409 : $self->single($query);
415 # Add the specified alias to the specified query hash. A copy is made so the
416 # original query is not modified.
419 my ($self, $query, $alias) = @_;
421 my %aliased = %$query;
422 foreach my $col (grep { ! m/\./ } keys %aliased) {
423 $aliased{"$alias.$col"} = delete $aliased{$col};
431 # Build a list of queries which satisfy unique constraints.
433 sub _unique_queries {
434 my ($self, $query, $attrs) = @_;
436 my @constraint_names = exists $attrs->{key}
438 : $self->result_source->unique_constraint_names;
440 my $where = $self->_collapse_cond($self->{attrs}{where} || {});
441 my $num_where = scalar keys %$where;
444 foreach my $name (@constraint_names) {
445 my @unique_cols = $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($name);
446 my $unique_query = $self->_build_unique_query($query, \@unique_cols);
448 my $num_cols = scalar @unique_cols;
449 my $num_query = scalar keys %$unique_query;
451 my $total = $num_query + $num_where;
452 if ($num_query && ($num_query == $num_cols || $total == $num_cols)) {
453 # The query is either unique on its own or is unique in combination with
454 # the existing where clause
455 push @unique_queries, $unique_query;
459 return @unique_queries;
462 # _build_unique_query
464 # Constrain the specified query hash based on the specified column names.
466 sub _build_unique_query {
467 my ($self, $query, $unique_cols) = @_;
470 map { $_ => $query->{$_} }
471 grep { exists $query->{$_} }
476 =head2 search_related
480 =item Arguments: $rel, $cond, \%attrs?
482 =item Return Value: $new_resultset
486 $new_rs = $cd_rs->search_related('artist', {
490 Searches the specified relationship, optionally specifying a condition and
491 attributes for matching records. See L</ATTRIBUTES> for more information.
496 return shift->related_resultset(shift)->search(@_);
503 =item Arguments: none
505 =item Return Value: $cursor
509 Returns a storage-driven cursor to the given resultset. See
510 L<DBIx::Class::Cursor> for more information.
517 my $attrs = { %{$self->_resolved_attrs} };
518 return $self->{cursor}
519 ||= $self->result_source->storage->select($attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select},
520 $attrs->{where},$attrs);
527 =item Arguments: $cond?
529 =item Return Value: $row_object?
533 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->single({ year => 2001 });
535 Inflates the first result without creating a cursor if the resultset has
536 any records in it; if not returns nothing. Used by L</find> as an optimisation.
538 Can optionally take an additional condition *only* - this is a fast-code-path
539 method; if you need to add extra joins or similar call ->search and then
540 ->single without a condition on the $rs returned from that.
545 my ($self, $where) = @_;
546 my $attrs = { %{$self->_resolved_attrs} };
548 if (defined $attrs->{where}) {
551 [ map { ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_ }
552 $where, delete $attrs->{where} ]
555 $attrs->{where} = $where;
559 # XXX: Disabled since it doesn't infer uniqueness in all cases
560 # unless ($self->_is_unique_query($attrs->{where})) {
561 # carp "Query not guaranteed to return a single row"
562 # . "; please declare your unique constraints or use search instead";
565 my @data = $self->result_source->storage->select_single(
566 $attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select},
567 $attrs->{where}, $attrs
570 return (@data ? ($self->_construct_object(@data))[0] : undef);
575 # Try to determine if the specified query is guaranteed to be unique, based on
576 # the declared unique constraints.
578 sub _is_unique_query {
579 my ($self, $query) = @_;
581 my $collapsed = $self->_collapse_query($query);
582 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
584 foreach my $name ($self->result_source->unique_constraint_names) {
585 my @unique_cols = map {
587 } $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($name);
589 # Count the values for each unique column
590 my %seen = map { $_ => 0 } @unique_cols;
592 foreach my $key (keys %$collapsed) {
593 my $aliased = $key =~ /\./ ? $key : "$alias.$key";
594 next unless exists $seen{$aliased}; # Additional constraints are okay
595 $seen{$aliased} = scalar keys %{ $collapsed->{$key} };
598 # If we get 0 or more than 1 value for a column, it's not necessarily unique
599 return 1 unless grep { $_ != 1 } values %seen;
607 # Recursively collapse the query, accumulating values for each column.
609 sub _collapse_query {
610 my ($self, $query, $collapsed) = @_;
614 if (ref $query eq 'ARRAY') {
615 foreach my $subquery (@$query) {
616 next unless ref $subquery; # -or
617 # warn "ARRAY: " . Dumper $subquery;
618 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_query($subquery, $collapsed);
621 elsif (ref $query eq 'HASH') {
622 if (keys %$query and (keys %$query)[0] eq '-and') {
623 foreach my $subquery (@{$query->{-and}}) {
624 # warn "HASH: " . Dumper $subquery;
625 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_query($subquery, $collapsed);
629 # warn "LEAF: " . Dumper $query;
630 foreach my $col (keys %$query) {
631 my $value = $query->{$col};
632 $collapsed->{$col}{$value}++;
644 =item Arguments: $cond?
646 =item Return Value: $resultsetcolumn
650 my $max_length = $rs->get_column('length')->max;
652 Returns a L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn> instance for a column of the ResultSet.
657 my ($self, $column) = @_;
658 my $new = DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn->new($self, $column);
666 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
668 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
672 # WHERE title LIKE '%blue%'
673 $cd_rs = $rs->search_like({ title => '%blue%'});
675 Performs a search, but uses C<LIKE> instead of C<=> as the condition. Note
676 that this is simply a convenience method. You most likely want to use
677 L</search> with specific operators.
679 For more information, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
685 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
686 my $query = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? { %{shift()} }: {@_};
687 $query->{$_} = { 'like' => $query->{$_} } for keys %$query;
688 return $class->search($query, { %$attrs });
695 =item Arguments: $first, $last
697 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
701 Returns a resultset or object list representing a subset of elements from the
702 resultset slice is called on. Indexes are from 0, i.e., to get the first
705 my ($one, $two, $three) = $rs->slice(0, 2);
710 my ($self, $min, $max) = @_;
711 my $attrs = {}; # = { %{ $self->{attrs} || {} } };
712 $attrs->{offset} = $self->{attrs}{offset} || 0;
713 $attrs->{offset} += $min;
714 $attrs->{rows} = ($max ? ($max - $min + 1) : 1);
715 return $self->search(undef(), $attrs);
716 #my $slice = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $attrs);
717 #return (wantarray ? $slice->all : $slice);
724 =item Arguments: none
726 =item Return Value: $result?
730 Returns the next element in the resultset (C<undef> is there is none).
732 Can be used to efficiently iterate over records in the resultset:
734 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search;
735 while (my $cd = $rs->next) {
739 Note that you need to store the resultset object, and call C<next> on it.
740 Calling C<< resultset('Table')->next >> repeatedly will always return the
741 first record from the resultset.
747 if (my $cache = $self->get_cache) {
748 $self->{all_cache_position} ||= 0;
749 return $cache->[$self->{all_cache_position}++];
751 if ($self->{attrs}{cache}) {
752 $self->{all_cache_position} = 1;
753 return ($self->all)[0];
755 if ($self->{stashed_objects}) {
756 my $obj = shift(@{$self->{stashed_objects}});
757 delete $self->{stashed_objects} unless @{$self->{stashed_objects}};
761 exists $self->{stashed_row}
762 ? @{delete $self->{stashed_row}}
763 : $self->cursor->next
765 return undef unless (@row);
766 my ($row, @more) = $self->_construct_object(@row);
767 $self->{stashed_objects} = \@more if @more;
771 sub _construct_object {
772 my ($self, @row) = @_;
773 my $info = $self->_collapse_result($self->{_attrs}{as}, \@row);
774 my @new = $self->result_class->inflate_result($self->result_source, @$info);
775 @new = $self->{_attrs}{record_filter}->(@new)
776 if exists $self->{_attrs}{record_filter};
780 sub _collapse_result {
781 my ($self, $as_proto, $row) = @_;
785 # 'foo' => [ undef, 'foo' ]
786 # 'foo.bar' => [ 'foo', 'bar' ]
787 # 'foo.bar.baz' => [ 'foo.bar', 'baz' ]
789 my @construct_as = map { [ (/^(?:(.*)\.)?([^.]+)$/) ] } @$as_proto;
791 my %collapse = %{$self->{_attrs}{collapse}||{}};
795 # if we're doing collapsing (has_many prefetch) we need to grab records
796 # until the PK changes, so fill @pri_index. if not, we leave it empty so
797 # we know we don't have to bother.
799 # the reason for not using the collapse stuff directly is because if you
800 # had for e.g. two artists in a row with no cds, the collapse info for
801 # both would be NULL (undef) so you'd lose the second artist
803 # store just the index so we can check the array positions from the row
804 # without having to contruct the full hash
806 if (keys %collapse) {
807 my %pri = map { ($_ => 1) } $self->result_source->primary_columns;
808 foreach my $i (0 .. $#construct_as) {
809 next if defined($construct_as[$i][0]); # only self table
810 if (delete $pri{$construct_as[$i][1]}) {
811 push(@pri_index, $i);
813 last unless keys %pri; # short circuit (Johnny Five Is Alive!)
817 # no need to do an if, it'll be empty if @pri_index is empty anyway
819 my %pri_vals = map { ($_ => $copy[$_]) } @pri_index;
823 do { # no need to check anything at the front, we always want the first row
827 foreach my $this_as (@construct_as) {
828 $const{$this_as->[0]||''}{$this_as->[1]} = shift(@copy);
831 push(@const_rows, \%const);
833 } until ( # no pri_index => no collapse => drop straight out
836 do { # get another row, stash it, drop out if different PK
838 @copy = $self->cursor->next;
839 $self->{stashed_row} = \@copy;
841 # last thing in do block, counts as true if anything doesn't match
843 # check xor defined first for NULL vs. NOT NULL then if one is
844 # defined the other must be so check string equality
847 (defined $pri_vals{$_} ^ defined $copy[$_])
848 || (defined $pri_vals{$_} && ($pri_vals{$_} ne $copy[$_]))
853 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
860 foreach my $const (@const_rows) {
861 scalar @const_keys or do {
862 @const_keys = sort { length($a) <=> length($b) } keys %$const;
864 foreach my $key (@const_keys) {
867 my @parts = split(/\./, $key);
869 my $data = $const->{$key};
870 foreach my $p (@parts) {
871 $target = $target->[1]->{$p} ||= [];
873 if ($cur eq ".${key}" && (my @ckey = @{$collapse{$cur}||[]})) {
874 # collapsing at this point and on final part
875 my $pos = $collapse_pos{$cur};
876 CK: foreach my $ck (@ckey) {
877 if (!defined $pos->{$ck} || $pos->{$ck} ne $data->{$ck}) {
878 $collapse_pos{$cur} = $data;
879 delete @collapse_pos{ # clear all positioning for sub-entries
880 grep { m/^\Q${cur}.\E/ } keys %collapse_pos
887 if (exists $collapse{$cur}) {
888 $target = $target->[-1];
891 $target->[0] = $data;
893 $info->[0] = $const->{$key};
905 =item Arguments: $result_source?
907 =item Return Value: $result_source
911 An accessor for the primary ResultSource object from which this ResultSet
918 =item Arguments: $result_class?
920 =item Return Value: $result_class
924 An accessor for the class to use when creating row objects. Defaults to
925 C<< result_source->result_class >> - which in most cases is the name of the
926 L<"table"|DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/"ResultSource"> class.
935 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs??
937 =item Return Value: $count
941 Performs an SQL C<COUNT> with the same query as the resultset was built
942 with to find the number of elements. If passed arguments, does a search
943 on the resultset and counts the results of that.
945 Note: When using C<count> with C<group_by>, L<DBIx::Class> emulates C<GROUP BY>
946 using C<COUNT( DISTINCT( columns ) )>. Some databases (notably SQLite) do
947 not support C<DISTINCT> with multiple columns. If you are using such a
948 database, you should only use columns from the main table in your C<group_by>
955 return $self->search(@_)->count if @_ and defined $_[0];
956 return scalar @{ $self->get_cache } if $self->get_cache;
957 my $count = $self->_count;
958 return 0 unless $count;
960 # need to take offset from resolved attrs
962 $count -= $self->{_attrs}{offset} if $self->{_attrs}{offset};
963 $count = $self->{attrs}{rows} if
964 $self->{attrs}{rows} and $self->{attrs}{rows} < $count;
965 $count = 0 if ($count < 0);
969 sub _count { # Separated out so pager can get the full count
971 my $select = { count => '*' };
973 my $attrs = { %{$self->_resolved_attrs} };
974 if (my $group_by = delete $attrs->{group_by}) {
975 delete $attrs->{having};
976 my @distinct = (ref $group_by ? @$group_by : ($group_by));
977 # todo: try CONCAT for multi-column pk
978 my @pk = $self->result_source->primary_columns;
980 my $alias = $attrs->{alias};
981 foreach my $column (@distinct) {
982 if ($column =~ qr/^(?:\Q${alias}.\E)?$pk[0]$/) {
983 @distinct = ($column);
989 $select = { count => { distinct => \@distinct } };
992 $attrs->{select} = $select;
993 $attrs->{as} = [qw/count/];
995 # offset, order by and page are not needed to count. record_filter is cdbi
996 delete $attrs->{$_} for qw/rows offset order_by page pager record_filter/;
998 my $tmp_rs = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $attrs);
999 my ($count) = $tmp_rs->cursor->next;
1007 =head2 count_literal
1011 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @bind_values
1013 =item Return Value: $count
1017 Counts the results in a literal query. Equivalent to calling L</search_literal>
1018 with the passed arguments, then L</count>.
1022 sub count_literal { shift->search_literal(@_)->count; }
1028 =item Arguments: none
1030 =item Return Value: @objects
1034 Returns all elements in the resultset. Called implicitly if the resultset
1035 is returned in list context.
1041 return @{ $self->get_cache } if $self->get_cache;
1045 # TODO: don't call resolve here
1046 if (keys %{$self->_resolved_attrs->{collapse}}) {
1047 # if ($self->{attrs}{prefetch}) {
1048 # Using $self->cursor->all is really just an optimisation.
1049 # If we're collapsing has_many prefetches it probably makes
1050 # very little difference, and this is cleaner than hacking
1051 # _construct_object to survive the approach
1052 my @row = $self->cursor->next;
1054 push(@obj, $self->_construct_object(@row));
1055 @row = (exists $self->{stashed_row}
1056 ? @{delete $self->{stashed_row}}
1057 : $self->cursor->next);
1060 @obj = map { $self->_construct_object(@$_) } $self->cursor->all;
1063 $self->set_cache(\@obj) if $self->{attrs}{cache};
1071 =item Arguments: none
1073 =item Return Value: $self
1077 Resets the resultset's cursor, so you can iterate through the elements again.
1083 delete $self->{_attrs} if exists $self->{_attrs};
1084 $self->{all_cache_position} = 0;
1085 $self->cursor->reset;
1093 =item Arguments: none
1095 =item Return Value: $object?
1099 Resets the resultset and returns an object for the first result (if the
1100 resultset returns anything).
1105 return $_[0]->reset->next;
1108 # _cond_for_update_delete
1110 # update/delete require the condition to be modified to handle
1111 # the differing SQL syntax available. This transforms the $self->{cond}
1112 # appropriately, returning the new condition.
1114 sub _cond_for_update_delete {
1115 my ($self, $full_cond) = @_;
1118 $full_cond ||= $self->{cond};
1119 # No-op. No condition, we're updating/deleting everything
1120 return $cond unless ref $full_cond;
1122 if (ref $full_cond eq 'ARRAY') {
1126 foreach my $key (keys %{$_}) {
1128 $hash{$1} = $_->{$key};
1134 elsif (ref $full_cond eq 'HASH') {
1135 if ((keys %{$full_cond})[0] eq '-and') {
1138 my @cond = @{$full_cond->{-and}};
1139 for (my $i = 0; $i < @cond; $i++) {
1140 my $entry = $cond[$i];
1143 if (ref $entry eq 'HASH') {
1144 $hash = $self->_cond_for_update_delete($entry);
1147 $entry =~ /([^.]+)$/;
1148 $hash->{$1} = $cond[++$i];
1151 push @{$cond->{-and}}, $hash;
1155 foreach my $key (keys %{$full_cond}) {
1157 $cond->{$1} = $full_cond->{$key};
1162 $self->throw_exception(
1163 "Can't update/delete on resultset with condition unless hash or array"
1175 =item Arguments: \%values
1177 =item Return Value: $storage_rv
1181 Sets the specified columns in the resultset to the supplied values in a
1182 single query. Return value will be true if the update succeeded or false
1183 if no records were updated; exact type of success value is storage-dependent.
1188 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1189 $self->throw_exception("Values for update must be a hash")
1190 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
1192 my $cond = $self->_cond_for_update_delete;
1194 return $self->result_source->storage->update(
1195 $self->result_source, $values, $cond
1203 =item Arguments: \%values
1205 =item Return Value: 1
1209 Fetches all objects and updates them one at a time. Note that C<update_all>
1210 will run DBIC cascade triggers, while L</update> will not.
1215 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1216 $self->throw_exception("Values for update must be a hash")
1217 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
1218 foreach my $obj ($self->all) {
1219 $obj->set_columns($values)->update;
1228 =item Arguments: none
1230 =item Return Value: 1
1234 Deletes the contents of the resultset from its result source. Note that this
1235 will not run DBIC cascade triggers. See L</delete_all> if you need triggers
1236 to run. See also L<DBIx::Class::Row/delete>.
1243 my $cond = $self->_cond_for_update_delete;
1245 $self->result_source->storage->delete($self->result_source, $cond);
1253 =item Arguments: none
1255 =item Return Value: 1
1259 Fetches all objects and deletes them one at a time. Note that C<delete_all>
1260 will run DBIC cascade triggers, while L</delete> will not.
1266 $_->delete for $self->all;
1274 =item Arguments: \@data;
1278 Pass an arrayref of hashrefs. Each hashref should be a structure suitable for
1279 submitting to a $resultset->create(...) method.
1281 In void context, C<insert_bulk> in L<DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI> is used
1282 to insert the data, as this is a faster method.
1284 Otherwise, each set of data is inserted into the database using
1285 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/create>, and a arrayref of the resulting row
1286 objects is returned.
1288 Example: Assuming an Artist Class that has many CDs Classes relating:
1290 my $Artist_rs = $schema->resultset("Artist");
1292 ## Void Context Example
1293 $Artist_rs->populate([
1294 { artistid => 4, name => 'Manufactured Crap', cds => [
1295 { title => 'My First CD', year => 2006 },
1296 { title => 'Yet More Tweeny-Pop crap', year => 2007 },
1299 { artistid => 5, name => 'Angsty-Whiny Girl', cds => [
1300 { title => 'My parents sold me to a record company' ,year => 2005 },
1301 { title => 'Why Am I So Ugly?', year => 2006 },
1302 { title => 'I Got Surgery and am now Popular', year => 2007 }
1307 ## Array Context Example
1308 my ($ArtistOne, $ArtistTwo, $ArtistThree) = $Artist_rs->populate([
1309 { name => "Artist One"},
1310 { name => "Artist Two"},
1311 { name => "Artist Three", cds=> [
1312 { title => "First CD", year => 2007},
1313 { title => "Second CD", year => 2008},
1317 print $ArtistOne->name; ## response is 'Artist One'
1318 print $ArtistThree->cds->count ## reponse is '2'
1320 Please note an important effect on your data when choosing between void and
1321 wantarray context. Since void context goes straight to C<insert_bulk> in
1322 L<DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI> this will skip any component that is overriding
1323 c<insert>. So if you are using something like L<DBIx-Class-UUIDColumns> to
1324 create primary keys for you, you will find that your PKs are empty. In this
1325 case you will have to use the wantarray context in order to create those
1331 my ($self, $data) = @_;
1333 if(defined wantarray) {
1335 foreach my $item (@$data) {
1336 push(@created, $self->create($item));
1340 my ($first, @rest) = @$data;
1342 my @names = grep {!ref $first->{$_}} keys %$first;
1343 my @rels = grep { $self->result_source->has_relationship($_) } keys %$first;
1344 my @pks = $self->result_source->primary_columns;
1346 ## do the belongs_to relationships
1347 foreach my $index (0..$#$data) {
1348 if( grep { !defined $data->[$index]->{$_} } @pks ) {
1349 my @ret = $self->populate($data);
1353 foreach my $rel (@rels) {
1354 next unless $data->[$index]->{$rel} && ref $data->[$index]->{$rel} eq "HASH";
1355 my $result = $self->related_resultset($rel)->create($data->[$index]->{$rel});
1356 my ($reverse) = keys %{$self->result_source->reverse_relationship_info($rel)};
1357 my $related = $result->result_source->resolve_condition(
1358 $result->result_source->relationship_info($reverse)->{cond},
1363 delete $data->[$index]->{$rel};
1364 $data->[$index] = {%{$data->[$index]}, %$related};
1366 push @names, keys %$related if $index == 0;
1370 ## do bulk insert on current row
1371 my @values = map { [ @$_{@names} ] } @$data;
1373 $self->result_source->storage->insert_bulk(
1374 $self->result_source,
1379 ## do the has_many relationships
1380 foreach my $item (@$data) {
1382 foreach my $rel (@rels) {
1383 next unless $item->{$rel} && ref $item->{$rel} eq "ARRAY";
1385 my $parent = $self->find(map {{$_=>$item->{$_}} } @pks)
1386 || $self->throw_exception('Cannot find the relating object.');
1388 my $child = $parent->$rel;
1390 my $related = $child->result_source->resolve_condition(
1391 $parent->result_source->relationship_info($rel)->{cond},
1396 my @rows_to_add = ref $item->{$rel} eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$item->{$rel}} : ($item->{$rel});
1397 my @populate = map { {%$_, %$related} } @rows_to_add;
1399 $child->populate( \@populate );
1409 =item Arguments: none
1411 =item Return Value: $pager
1415 Return Value a L<Data::Page> object for the current resultset. Only makes
1416 sense for queries with a C<page> attribute.
1422 my $attrs = $self->{attrs};
1423 $self->throw_exception("Can't create pager for non-paged rs")
1424 unless $self->{attrs}{page};
1425 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
1426 return $self->{pager} ||= Data::Page->new(
1427 $self->_count, $attrs->{rows}, $self->{attrs}{page});
1434 =item Arguments: $page_number
1436 =item Return Value: $rs
1440 Returns a resultset for the $page_number page of the resultset on which page
1441 is called, where each page contains a number of rows equal to the 'rows'
1442 attribute set on the resultset (10 by default).
1447 my ($self, $page) = @_;
1448 return (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, { %{$self->{attrs}}, page => $page });
1455 =item Arguments: \%vals
1457 =item Return Value: $object
1461 Creates a new row object in the resultset's result class and returns
1462 it. The row is not inserted into the database at this point, call
1463 L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> to do that. Calling L<DBIx::Class::Row/in_storage>
1464 will tell you whether the row object has been inserted or not.
1466 Passes the hashref of input on to L<DBIx::Class::Row/new>.
1471 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1472 $self->throw_exception( "new_result needs a hash" )
1473 unless (ref $values eq 'HASH');
1474 $self->throw_exception(
1475 "Can't abstract implicit construct, condition not a hash"
1476 ) if ($self->{cond} && !(ref $self->{cond} eq 'HASH'));
1478 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
1479 my $collapsed_cond = $self->{cond} ? $self->_collapse_cond($self->{cond}) : {};
1481 # precendence must be given to passed values over values inherited from the cond,
1482 # so the order here is important.
1484 %{ $self->_remove_alias($collapsed_cond, $alias) },
1485 %{ $self->_remove_alias($values, $alias) },
1486 -source_handle => $self->_source_handle,
1487 -result_source => $self->result_source, # DO NOT REMOVE THIS, REQUIRED
1490 return $self->result_class->new(\%new);
1495 # Recursively collapse the condition.
1497 sub _collapse_cond {
1498 my ($self, $cond, $collapsed) = @_;
1502 if (ref $cond eq 'ARRAY') {
1503 foreach my $subcond (@$cond) {
1504 next unless ref $subcond; # -or
1505 # warn "ARRAY: " . Dumper $subcond;
1506 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_cond($subcond, $collapsed);
1509 elsif (ref $cond eq 'HASH') {
1510 if (keys %$cond and (keys %$cond)[0] eq '-and') {
1511 foreach my $subcond (@{$cond->{-and}}) {
1512 # warn "HASH: " . Dumper $subcond;
1513 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_cond($subcond, $collapsed);
1517 # warn "LEAF: " . Dumper $cond;
1518 foreach my $col (keys %$cond) {
1519 my $value = $cond->{$col};
1520 $collapsed->{$col} = $value;
1530 # Remove the specified alias from the specified query hash. A copy is made so
1531 # the original query is not modified.
1534 my ($self, $query, $alias) = @_;
1536 my %orig = %{ $query || {} };
1539 foreach my $key (keys %orig) {
1541 $unaliased{$key} = $orig{$key};
1544 $unaliased{$1} = $orig{$key}
1545 if $key =~ m/^(?:\Q$alias\E\.)?([^.]+)$/;
1555 =item Arguments: \%vals, \%attrs?
1557 =item Return Value: $object
1561 Find an existing record from this resultset. If none exists, instantiate a new
1562 result object and return it. The object will not be saved into your storage
1563 until you call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> on it.
1565 If you want objects to be saved immediately, use L</find_or_create> instead.
1571 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
1572 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
1573 my $exists = $self->find($hash, $attrs);
1574 return defined $exists ? $exists : $self->new_result($hash);
1581 =item Arguments: \%vals
1583 =item Return Value: a L<DBIx::Class::Row> $object
1587 Attempt to create a single new row or a row with multiple related rows
1588 in the table represented by the resultset (and related tables). This
1589 will not check for duplicate rows before inserting, use
1590 L</find_or_create> to do that.
1592 To create one row for this resultset, pass a hashref of key/value
1593 pairs representing the columns of the table and the values you wish to
1594 store. If the appropriate relationships are set up, foreign key fields
1595 can also be passed an object representing the foreign row, and the
1596 value will be set to it's primary key.
1598 To create related objects, pass a hashref for the value if the related
1599 item is a foreign key relationship (L<DBIx::Class::Relationship/belongs_to>),
1600 and use the name of the relationship as the key. (NOT the name of the field,
1601 necessarily). For C<has_many> and C<has_one> relationships, pass an arrayref
1602 of hashrefs containing the data for each of the rows to create in the foreign
1603 tables, again using the relationship name as the key.
1605 Instead of hashrefs of plain related data (key/value pairs), you may
1606 also pass new or inserted objects. New objects (not inserted yet, see
1607 L</new>), will be inserted into their appropriate tables.
1609 Effectively a shortcut for C<< ->new_result(\%vals)->insert >>.
1611 Example of creating a new row.
1613 $person_rs->create({
1614 name=>"Some Person",
1615 email=>"somebody@someplace.com"
1618 Example of creating a new row and also creating rows in a related C<has_many>
1619 or C<has_one> resultset. Note Arrayref.
1622 { artistid => 4, name => 'Manufactured Crap', cds => [
1623 { title => 'My First CD', year => 2006 },
1624 { title => 'Yet More Tweeny-Pop crap', year => 2007 },
1629 Example of creating a new row and also creating a row in a related
1630 C<belongs_to>resultset. Note Hashref.
1633 title=>"Music for Silly Walks",
1636 name=>"Silly Musician",
1643 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
1644 $self->throw_exception( "create needs a hashref" )
1645 unless ref $attrs eq 'HASH';
1646 return $self->new_result($attrs)->insert;
1649 =head2 find_or_create
1653 =item Arguments: \%vals, \%attrs?
1655 =item Return Value: $object
1659 $class->find_or_create({ key => $val, ... });
1661 Tries to find a record based on its primary key or unique constraint; if none
1662 is found, creates one and returns that instead.
1664 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create({
1666 artist => 'Massive Attack',
1667 title => 'Mezzanine',
1671 Also takes an optional C<key> attribute, to search by a specific key or unique
1672 constraint. For example:
1674 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create(
1676 artist => 'Massive Attack',
1677 title => 'Mezzanine',
1679 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
1682 See also L</find> and L</update_or_create>. For information on how to declare
1683 unique constraints, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
1687 sub find_or_create {
1689 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
1690 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
1691 my $exists = $self->find($hash, $attrs);
1692 return defined $exists ? $exists : $self->create($hash);
1695 =head2 update_or_create
1699 =item Arguments: \%col_values, { key => $unique_constraint }?
1701 =item Return Value: $object
1705 $class->update_or_create({ col => $val, ... });
1707 First, searches for an existing row matching one of the unique constraints
1708 (including the primary key) on the source of this resultset. If a row is
1709 found, updates it with the other given column values. Otherwise, creates a new
1712 Takes an optional C<key> attribute to search on a specific unique constraint.
1715 # In your application
1716 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->update_or_create(
1718 artist => 'Massive Attack',
1719 title => 'Mezzanine',
1722 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
1725 If no C<key> is specified, it searches on all unique constraints defined on the
1726 source, including the primary key.
1728 If the C<key> is specified as C<primary>, it searches only on the primary key.
1730 See also L</find> and L</find_or_create>. For information on how to declare
1731 unique constraints, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
1735 sub update_or_create {
1737 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
1738 my $cond = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
1740 my $row = $self->find($cond, $attrs);
1742 $row->update($cond);
1746 return $self->create($cond);
1753 =item Arguments: none
1755 =item Return Value: \@cache_objects?
1759 Gets the contents of the cache for the resultset, if the cache is set.
1771 =item Arguments: \@cache_objects
1773 =item Return Value: \@cache_objects
1777 Sets the contents of the cache for the resultset. Expects an arrayref
1778 of objects of the same class as those produced by the resultset. Note that
1779 if the cache is set the resultset will return the cached objects rather
1780 than re-querying the database even if the cache attr is not set.
1785 my ( $self, $data ) = @_;
1786 $self->throw_exception("set_cache requires an arrayref")
1787 if defined($data) && (ref $data ne 'ARRAY');
1788 $self->{all_cache} = $data;
1795 =item Arguments: none
1797 =item Return Value: []
1801 Clears the cache for the resultset.
1806 shift->set_cache(undef);
1809 =head2 related_resultset
1813 =item Arguments: $relationship_name
1815 =item Return Value: $resultset
1819 Returns a related resultset for the supplied relationship name.
1821 $artist_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->related_resultset('Artist');
1825 sub related_resultset {
1826 my ($self, $rel) = @_;
1828 $self->{related_resultsets} ||= {};
1829 return $self->{related_resultsets}{$rel} ||= do {
1830 my $rel_obj = $self->result_source->relationship_info($rel);
1832 $self->throw_exception(
1833 "search_related: result source '" . $self->result_source->source_name .
1834 "' has no such relationship $rel")
1837 my ($from,$seen) = $self->_resolve_from($rel);
1839 my $join_count = $seen->{$rel};
1840 my $alias = ($join_count > 1 ? join('_', $rel, $join_count) : $rel);
1842 #XXX - temp fix for result_class bug. There likely is a more elegant fix -groditi
1843 my %attrs = %{$self->{attrs}||{}};
1844 delete @attrs{qw(result_class alias)};
1848 if (my $cache = $self->get_cache) {
1849 if ($cache->[0] && $cache->[0]->related_resultset($rel)->get_cache) {
1850 $new_cache = [ map { @{$_->related_resultset($rel)->get_cache} }
1855 my $rel_source = $self->result_source->related_source($rel);
1859 # The reason we do this now instead of passing the alias to the
1860 # search_rs below is that if you wrap/overload resultset on the
1861 # source you need to know what alias it's -going- to have for things
1862 # to work sanely (e.g. RestrictWithObject wants to be able to add
1863 # extra query restrictions, and these may need to be $alias.)
1865 my $attrs = $rel_source->resultset_attributes;
1866 local $attrs->{alias} = $alias;
1868 $rel_source->resultset
1876 where => $self->{cond},
1881 $new->set_cache($new_cache) if $new_cache;
1887 my ($self, $extra_join) = @_;
1888 my $source = $self->result_source;
1889 my $attrs = $self->{attrs};
1891 my $from = $attrs->{from}
1892 || [ { $attrs->{alias} => $source->from } ];
1894 my $seen = { %{$attrs->{seen_join}||{}} };
1896 my $join = ($attrs->{join}
1897 ? [ $attrs->{join}, $extra_join ]
1900 # we need to take the prefetch the attrs into account before we
1901 # ->resolve_join as otherwise they get lost - captainL
1902 my $merged = $self->_merge_attr( $join, $attrs->{prefetch} );
1906 ($join ? $source->resolve_join($merged, $attrs->{alias}, $seen) : ()),
1909 return ($from,$seen);
1912 sub _resolved_attrs {
1914 return $self->{_attrs} if $self->{_attrs};
1916 my $attrs = { %{$self->{attrs}||{}} };
1917 my $source = $self->result_source;
1918 my $alias = $attrs->{alias};
1920 $attrs->{columns} ||= delete $attrs->{cols} if exists $attrs->{cols};
1921 if ($attrs->{columns}) {
1922 delete $attrs->{as};
1923 } elsif (!$attrs->{select}) {
1924 $attrs->{columns} = [ $source->columns ];
1929 ? (ref $attrs->{select} eq 'ARRAY'
1930 ? [ @{$attrs->{select}} ]
1931 : [ $attrs->{select} ])
1932 : [ map { m/\./ ? $_ : "${alias}.$_" } @{delete $attrs->{columns}} ]
1936 ? (ref $attrs->{as} eq 'ARRAY'
1937 ? [ @{$attrs->{as}} ]
1939 : [ map { m/^\Q${alias}.\E(.+)$/ ? $1 : $_ } @{$attrs->{select}} ]
1943 if ($adds = delete $attrs->{include_columns}) {
1944 $adds = [$adds] unless ref $adds eq 'ARRAY';
1945 push(@{$attrs->{select}}, @$adds);
1946 push(@{$attrs->{as}}, map { m/([^.]+)$/; $1 } @$adds);
1948 if ($adds = delete $attrs->{'+select'}) {
1949 $adds = [$adds] unless ref $adds eq 'ARRAY';
1950 push(@{$attrs->{select}},
1951 map { /\./ || ref $_ ? $_ : "${alias}.$_" } @$adds);
1953 if (my $adds = delete $attrs->{'+as'}) {
1954 $adds = [$adds] unless ref $adds eq 'ARRAY';
1955 push(@{$attrs->{as}}, @$adds);
1958 $attrs->{from} ||= [ { 'me' => $source->from } ];
1960 if (exists $attrs->{join} || exists $attrs->{prefetch}) {
1961 my $join = delete $attrs->{join} || {};
1963 if (defined $attrs->{prefetch}) {
1964 $join = $self->_merge_attr(
1965 $join, $attrs->{prefetch}
1970 $attrs->{from} = # have to copy here to avoid corrupting the original
1973 $source->resolve_join($join, $alias, { %{$attrs->{seen_join}||{}} })
1978 $attrs->{group_by} ||= $attrs->{select} if delete $attrs->{distinct};
1979 if ($attrs->{order_by}) {
1980 $attrs->{order_by} = (ref($attrs->{order_by}) eq 'ARRAY'
1981 ? [ @{$attrs->{order_by}} ]
1982 : [ $attrs->{order_by} ]);
1984 $attrs->{order_by} = [];
1987 my $collapse = $attrs->{collapse} || {};
1988 if (my $prefetch = delete $attrs->{prefetch}) {
1989 $prefetch = $self->_merge_attr({}, $prefetch);
1991 my $seen = $attrs->{seen_join} || {};
1992 foreach my $p (ref $prefetch eq 'ARRAY' ? @$prefetch : ($prefetch)) {
1993 # bring joins back to level of current class
1994 my @prefetch = $source->resolve_prefetch(
1995 $p, $alias, $seen, \@pre_order, $collapse
1997 push(@{$attrs->{select}}, map { $_->[0] } @prefetch);
1998 push(@{$attrs->{as}}, map { $_->[1] } @prefetch);
2000 push(@{$attrs->{order_by}}, @pre_order);
2002 $attrs->{collapse} = $collapse;
2004 if ($attrs->{page}) {
2005 $attrs->{offset} ||= 0;
2006 $attrs->{offset} += ($attrs->{rows} * ($attrs->{page} - 1));
2009 return $self->{_attrs} = $attrs;
2013 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
2015 if (ref $attr eq 'HASH') {
2016 return $self->_rollout_hash($attr);
2017 } elsif (ref $attr eq 'ARRAY') {
2018 return $self->_rollout_array($attr);
2024 sub _rollout_array {
2025 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
2028 foreach my $element (@{$attr}) {
2029 if (ref $element eq 'HASH') {
2030 push( @rolled_array, @{ $self->_rollout_hash( $element ) } );
2031 } elsif (ref $element eq 'ARRAY') {
2032 # XXX - should probably recurse here
2033 push( @rolled_array, @{$self->_rollout_array($element)} );
2035 push( @rolled_array, $element );
2038 return \@rolled_array;
2042 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
2045 foreach my $key (keys %{$attr}) {
2046 push( @rolled_array, { $key => $attr->{$key} } );
2048 return \@rolled_array;
2051 sub _calculate_score {
2052 my ($self, $a, $b) = @_;
2054 if (ref $b eq 'HASH') {
2055 my ($b_key) = keys %{$b};
2056 if (ref $a eq 'HASH') {
2057 my ($a_key) = keys %{$a};
2058 if ($a_key eq $b_key) {
2059 return (1 + $self->_calculate_score( $a->{$a_key}, $b->{$b_key} ));
2064 return ($a eq $b_key) ? 1 : 0;
2067 if (ref $a eq 'HASH') {
2068 my ($a_key) = keys %{$a};
2069 return ($b eq $a_key) ? 1 : 0;
2071 return ($b eq $a) ? 1 : 0;
2077 my ($self, $a, $b) = @_;
2079 return $b unless defined($a);
2080 return $a unless defined($b);
2082 $a = $self->_rollout_attr($a);
2083 $b = $self->_rollout_attr($b);
2086 foreach my $b_element ( @{$b} ) {
2087 # find best candidate from $a to merge $b_element into
2088 my $best_candidate = { position => undef, score => 0 }; my $position = 0;
2089 foreach my $a_element ( @{$a} ) {
2090 my $score = $self->_calculate_score( $a_element, $b_element );
2091 if ($score > $best_candidate->{score}) {
2092 $best_candidate->{position} = $position;
2093 $best_candidate->{score} = $score;
2097 my ($b_key) = ( ref $b_element eq 'HASH' ) ? keys %{$b_element} : ($b_element);
2099 if ($best_candidate->{score} == 0 || exists $seen_keys->{$b_key}) {
2100 push( @{$a}, $b_element );
2102 my $a_best = $a->[$best_candidate->{position}];
2103 # merge a_best and b_element together and replace original with merged
2104 if (ref $a_best ne 'HASH') {
2105 $a->[$best_candidate->{position}] = $b_element;
2106 } elsif (ref $b_element eq 'HASH') {
2107 my ($key) = keys %{$a_best};
2108 $a->[$best_candidate->{position}] = { $key => $self->_merge_attr($a_best->{$key}, $b_element->{$key}) };
2111 $seen_keys->{$b_key} = 1; # don't merge the same key twice
2121 $self->_source_handle($_[0]->handle);
2123 $self->_source_handle->resolve;
2127 =head2 throw_exception
2129 See L<DBIx::Class::Schema/throw_exception> for details.
2133 sub throw_exception {
2135 if (ref $self && $self->_source_handle->schema) {
2136 $self->_source_handle->schema->throw_exception(@_)
2143 # XXX: FIXME: Attributes docs need clearing up
2147 The resultset takes various attributes that modify its behavior. Here's an
2154 =item Value: ($order_by | \@order_by)
2158 Which column(s) to order the results by. This is currently passed
2159 through directly to SQL, so you can give e.g. C<year DESC> for a
2160 descending order on the column `year'.
2162 Please note that if you have C<quote_char> enabled (see
2163 L<DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI/connect_info>) you will need to do C<\'year DESC' > to
2164 specify an order. (The scalar ref causes it to be passed as raw sql to the DB,
2165 so you will need to manually quote things as appropriate.)
2171 =item Value: \@columns
2175 Shortcut to request a particular set of columns to be retrieved. Adds
2176 C<me.> onto the start of any column without a C<.> in it and sets C<select>
2177 from that, then auto-populates C<as> from C<select> as normal. (You may also
2178 use the C<cols> attribute, as in earlier versions of DBIC.)
2180 =head2 include_columns
2184 =item Value: \@columns
2188 Shortcut to include additional columns in the returned results - for example
2190 $schema->resultset('CD')->search(undef, {
2191 include_columns => ['artist.name'],
2195 would return all CDs and include a 'name' column to the information
2196 passed to object inflation. Note that the 'artist' is the name of the
2197 column (or relationship) accessor, and 'name' is the name of the column
2198 accessor in the related table.
2204 =item Value: \@select_columns
2208 Indicates which columns should be selected from the storage. You can use
2209 column names, or in the case of RDBMS back ends, function or stored procedure
2212 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
2215 { count => 'employeeid' },
2220 When you use function/stored procedure names and do not supply an C<as>
2221 attribute, the column names returned are storage-dependent. E.g. MySQL would
2222 return a column named C<count(employeeid)> in the above example.
2228 Indicates additional columns to be selected from storage. Works the same as
2229 L</select> but adds columns to the selection.
2237 Indicates additional column names for those added via L</+select>.
2245 =item Value: \@inflation_names
2249 Indicates column names for object inflation. That is, C<as>
2250 indicates the name that the column can be accessed as via the
2251 C<get_column> method (or via the object accessor, B<if one already
2252 exists>). It has nothing to do with the SQL code C<SELECT foo AS bar>.
2254 The C<as> attribute is used in conjunction with C<select>,
2255 usually when C<select> contains one or more function or stored
2258 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
2261 { count => 'employeeid' }
2263 as => ['name', 'employee_count'],
2266 my $employee = $rs->first(); # get the first Employee
2268 If the object against which the search is performed already has an accessor
2269 matching a column name specified in C<as>, the value can be retrieved using
2270 the accessor as normal:
2272 my $name = $employee->name();
2274 If on the other hand an accessor does not exist in the object, you need to
2275 use C<get_column> instead:
2277 my $employee_count = $employee->get_column('employee_count');
2279 You can create your own accessors if required - see
2280 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook> for details.
2282 Please note: This will NOT insert an C<AS employee_count> into the SQL
2283 statement produced, it is used for internal access only. Thus
2284 attempting to use the accessor in an C<order_by> clause or similar
2285 will fail miserably.
2287 To get around this limitation, you can supply literal SQL to your
2288 C<select> attibute that contains the C<AS alias> text, eg:
2290 select => [\'myfield AS alias']
2296 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
2300 Contains a list of relationships that should be joined for this query. For
2303 # Get CDs by Nine Inch Nails
2304 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
2305 { 'artist.name' => 'Nine Inch Nails' },
2306 { join => 'artist' }
2309 Can also contain a hash reference to refer to the other relation's relations.
2312 package MyApp::Schema::Track;
2313 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
2314 __PACKAGE__->table('track');
2315 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/trackid cd position title/);
2316 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('trackid');
2317 __PACKAGE__->belongs_to(cd => 'MyApp::Schema::CD');
2320 # In your application
2321 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
2322 { 'track.title' => 'Teardrop' },
2324 join => { cd => 'track' },
2325 order_by => 'artist.name',
2329 You need to use the relationship (not the table) name in conditions,
2330 because they are aliased as such. The current table is aliased as "me", so
2331 you need to use me.column_name in order to avoid ambiguity. For example:
2333 # Get CDs from 1984 with a 'Foo' track
2334 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
2337 'tracks.name' => 'Foo'
2339 { join => 'tracks' }
2342 If the same join is supplied twice, it will be aliased to <rel>_2 (and
2343 similarly for a third time). For e.g.
2345 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({
2346 'cds.title' => 'Down to Earth',
2347 'cds_2.title' => 'Popular',
2349 join => [ qw/cds cds/ ],
2352 will return a set of all artists that have both a cd with title 'Down
2353 to Earth' and a cd with title 'Popular'.
2355 If you want to fetch related objects from other tables as well, see C<prefetch>
2358 For more help on using joins with search, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Joining>.
2364 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
2368 Contains one or more relationships that should be fetched along with
2369 the main query (when they are accessed afterwards the data will
2370 already be available, without extra queries to the database). This is
2371 useful for when you know you will need the related objects, because it
2372 saves at least one query:
2374 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Tag')->search(
2383 The initial search results in SQL like the following:
2385 SELECT tag.*, cd.*, artist.* FROM tag
2386 JOIN cd ON tag.cd = cd.cdid
2387 JOIN artist ON cd.artist = artist.artistid
2389 L<DBIx::Class> has no need to go back to the database when we access the
2390 C<cd> or C<artist> relationships, which saves us two SQL statements in this
2393 Simple prefetches will be joined automatically, so there is no need
2394 for a C<join> attribute in the above search. If you're prefetching to
2395 depth (e.g. { cd => { artist => 'label' } or similar), you'll need to
2396 specify the join as well.
2398 C<prefetch> can be used with the following relationship types: C<belongs_to>,
2399 C<has_one> (or if you're using C<add_relationship>, any relationship declared
2400 with an accessor type of 'single' or 'filter').
2410 Makes the resultset paged and specifies the page to retrieve. Effectively
2411 identical to creating a non-pages resultset and then calling ->page($page)
2414 If L<rows> attribute is not specified it defualts to 10 rows per page.
2424 Specifes the maximum number of rows for direct retrieval or the number of
2425 rows per page if the page attribute or method is used.
2431 =item Value: $offset
2435 Specifies the (zero-based) row number for the first row to be returned, or the
2436 of the first row of the first page if paging is used.
2442 =item Value: \@columns
2446 A arrayref of columns to group by. Can include columns of joined tables.
2448 group_by => [qw/ column1 column2 ... /]
2454 =item Value: $condition
2458 HAVING is a select statement attribute that is applied between GROUP BY and
2459 ORDER BY. It is applied to the after the grouping calculations have been
2462 having => { 'count(employee)' => { '>=', 100 } }
2468 =item Value: (0 | 1)
2472 Set to 1 to group by all columns.
2478 Adds to the WHERE clause.
2480 # only return rows WHERE deleted IS NULL for all searches
2481 __PACKAGE__->resultset_attributes({ where => { deleted => undef } }); )
2483 Can be overridden by passing C<{ where => undef }> as an attribute
2490 Set to 1 to cache search results. This prevents extra SQL queries if you
2491 revisit rows in your ResultSet:
2493 my $resultset = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search( undef, { cache => 1 } );
2495 while( my $artist = $resultset->next ) {
2499 $rs->first; # without cache, this would issue a query
2501 By default, searches are not cached.
2503 For more examples of using these attributes, see
2504 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
2510 =item Value: \@from_clause
2514 The C<from> attribute gives you manual control over the C<FROM> clause of SQL
2515 statements generated by L<DBIx::Class>, allowing you to express custom C<JOIN>
2518 NOTE: Use this on your own risk. This allows you to shoot off your foot!
2520 C<join> will usually do what you need and it is strongly recommended that you
2521 avoid using C<from> unless you cannot achieve the desired result using C<join>.
2522 And we really do mean "cannot", not just tried and failed. Attempting to use
2523 this because you're having problems with C<join> is like trying to use x86
2524 ASM because you've got a syntax error in your C. Trust us on this.
2526 Now, if you're still really, really sure you need to use this (and if you're
2527 not 100% sure, ask the mailing list first), here's an explanation of how this
2530 The syntax is as follows -
2533 { <alias1> => <table1> },
2535 { <alias2> => <table2>, -join_type => 'inner|left|right' },
2536 [], # nested JOIN (optional)
2537 { <table1.column1> => <table2.column2>, ... (more conditions) },
2539 # More of the above [ ] may follow for additional joins
2546 ON <table1.column1> = <table2.column2>
2547 <more joins may follow>
2549 An easy way to follow the examples below is to remember the following:
2551 Anything inside "[]" is a JOIN
2552 Anything inside "{}" is a condition for the enclosing JOIN
2554 The following examples utilize a "person" table in a family tree application.
2555 In order to express parent->child relationships, this table is self-joined:
2557 # Person->belongs_to('father' => 'Person');
2558 # Person->belongs_to('mother' => 'Person');
2560 C<from> can be used to nest joins. Here we return all children with a father,
2561 then search against all mothers of those children:
2563 $rs = $schema->resultset('Person')->search(
2566 alias => 'mother', # alias columns in accordance with "from"
2568 { mother => 'person' },
2571 { child => 'person' },
2573 { father => 'person' },
2574 { 'father.person_id' => 'child.father_id' }
2577 { 'mother.person_id' => 'child.mother_id' }
2584 # SELECT mother.* FROM person mother
2587 # JOIN person father
2588 # ON ( father.person_id = child.father_id )
2590 # ON ( mother.person_id = child.mother_id )
2592 The type of any join can be controlled manually. To search against only people
2593 with a father in the person table, we could explicitly use C<INNER JOIN>:
2595 $rs = $schema->resultset('Person')->search(
2598 alias => 'child', # alias columns in accordance with "from"
2600 { child => 'person' },
2602 { father => 'person', -join_type => 'inner' },
2603 { 'father.id' => 'child.father_id' }
2610 # SELECT child.* FROM person child
2611 # INNER JOIN person father ON child.father_id = father.id