1 package DBIx::Class::Relationship;
6 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
8 __PACKAGE__->load_own_components(qw/
18 DBIx::Class::Relationship - Inter-table relationships
22 ## Creating relationships
23 MyDB::Schema::Actor->has_many('actorroles' => 'MyDB::Schema::ActorRole',
25 MyDB::Schema::Role->has_many('actorroles' => 'MyDB::Schema::ActorRole',
27 MyDB::Schema::ActorRole->belongs_to('role' => 'MyDB::Schema::Role');
28 MyDB::Schema::ActorRole->belongs_to('actor' => 'MyDB::Schema::Actor');
30 MyDB::Schema::Role->many_to_many('actors' => 'actorroles', 'actor');
31 MyDB::Schema::Actor->many_to_many('roles' => 'actorroles', 'role');
33 ## Using relationships
34 $schema->resultset('Actor')->find({ id => 1})->roles();
35 $schema->resultset('Role')->find({ id => 1 })->actorroles->search_related('actor', { Name => 'Fred' });
36 $schema->resultset('Actor')->add_to_roles({ Name => 'Sherlock Holmes'});
38 See L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook> for more.
42 The word I<Relationship> has a specific meaning in DBIx::Class, see
43 the definition in the L<Glossary|DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/Relationship>.
45 This class provides methods to set up relationships between the tables
46 in your database model. Relationships are the most useful and powerful
47 technique that L<DBIx::Class> provides. To create efficient database queries,
48 create relationships between any and all tables that have something in
49 common, for example if you have a table Authors:
60 1 | 1 | Rulers of the universe
61 2 | 1 | Rulers of the galaxy
63 Then without relationships, the method of getting all books by Fred goes like
66 my $fred = $schema->resultset('Author')->find({ Name => 'Fred' });
67 my $fredsbooks = $schema->resultset('Book')->search({ Author => $fred->ID });
69 With a has_many relationship called "books" on Author (see below for details),
70 we can do this instead:
72 my $fredsbooks = $schema->resultset('Author')->find({ Name => 'Fred' })->books;
74 Each relationship sets up an accessor method on the
75 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/"Row"> objects that represent the items
76 of your table. From L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/"ResultSet"> objects,
77 the relationships can be searched using the "search_related" method.
78 In list context, each returns a list of Row objects for the related class,
79 in scalar context, a new ResultSet representing the joined tables is
80 returned. Thus, the calls can be chained to produce complex queries.
81 Since the database is not actually queried until you attempt to retrieve
82 the data for an actual item, no time is wasted producing them.
84 my $cheapfredbooks = $schema->resultset('Author')->find({
86 })->books->search_related('prices', {
87 Price => { '<=' => '5.00' },
90 will produce a query something like:
92 SELECT * FROM Author me
93 LEFT JOIN Books books ON books.author = me.id
94 LEFT JOIN Prices prices ON prices.book = books.id
95 WHERE prices.Price <= 5.00
97 all without needing multiple fetches.
99 Only the helper methods for setting up standard relationship types
100 are documented here. For the basic, lower-level methods, and a description
101 of all the useful *_related methods that you get for free, see
102 L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base>.
106 All helper methods are called similar to the following template:
108 __PACKAGE__->$method_name('relname', 'Foreign::Class', \%cond | \@cond, \%attrs);
110 Both C<$cond> and C<$attrs> are optional. Pass C<undef> for C<$cond> if
111 you want to use the default value for it, but still want to set C<\%attrs>.
113 See L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base> for documentation on the
114 attrubutes that are allowed in the C<\%attrs> argument.
121 =item Arguments: $accessor_name, $related_class, $our_fk_column|\%cond|\@cond?, \%attrs?
125 Creates a relationship where the calling class stores the foreign
126 class's primary key in one (or more) of the calling class columns.
127 This relationship defaults to using C<$accessor_name> as the column
128 name in this class to resolve the join against the primary key from
129 C<$related_class>, unless C<$our_fk_column> specifies the foreign key column
130 in this class or C<cond> specifies a reference to a join condition hash.
136 This argument is the name of the method you can call on a
137 L<DBIx::Class::Row> object to retrieve the instance of the foreign
138 class matching this relationship. This is often called the
139 C<relation(ship) name>.
141 Use this accessor_name in L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/join>
142 or L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/prefetch> to join to the foreign table
143 indicated by this relationship.
147 This is the class name of the table referenced by the foreign key in
152 The column name on this class that contains the foreign key.
158 A hashref where the keys are C<foreign.$column_on_related_table> and
159 the values are C<self.$our_fk_column>. This is useful for
160 relations that are across multiple columns.
165 # in a Book class (where Author has many Books)
166 My::DBIC::Schema::Book->belongs_to(
168 'My::DBIC::Schema::Author',
173 My::DBIC::Schema::Book->belongs_to(
175 'My::DBIC::Schema::Author',
176 { 'foreign.author_id' => 'self.author_id' }
179 # OR (similar result but uglier accessor name)
180 My::DBIC::Schema::Book->belongs_to(
182 'My::DBIC::Schema::Author'
186 my $author_obj = $book->author; # get author object
187 $book->author( $new_author_obj ); # set author object
188 $book->author_id(); # get the plain id
190 # To retrieve the plain id if you used the ugly version:
191 $book->get_column('author_id');
194 If the relationship is optional -- i.e. the column containing the foreign key
195 can be NULL -- then the belongs_to relationship does the right thing. Thus, in
196 the example above C<$obj-E<gt>author> would return C<undef>. However in this
197 case you would probably want to set the C<join_type> attribute so that a C<LEFT
198 JOIN> is done, which makes complex resultsets involving C<join> or C<prefetch>
199 operations work correctly. The modified declaration is shown below:
201 # in a Book class (where Author has_many Books)
202 __PACKAGE__->belongs_to(
204 'My::DBIC::Schema::Author',
206 { join_type => 'left' }
210 Cascading deletes are off by default on a C<belongs_to>
211 relationship. To turn them on, pass C<< cascade_delete => 1 >>
212 in the $attr hashref.
214 By default, DBIC will return undef and avoid querying the database if a
215 C<belongs_to> accessor is called when any part of the foreign key IS NULL. To
216 disable this behavior, pass C<< undef_on_null_fk => 0 >> in the C<$attr>
219 NOTE: If you are used to L<Class::DBI> relationships, this is the equivalent
222 See L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base> for documentation on relationship
223 methods and valid relationship attributes. Also see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet>
224 for a L<list of standard resultset attributes|DBIx::Class::ResultSet/ATTRIBUTES>
225 which can be assigned to relationships as well.
231 =item Arguments: $accessor_name, $related_class, $their_fk_column|\%cond|\@cond?, \%attrs?
235 Creates a one-to-many relationship, where the corresponding elements
236 of the foreign class store the calling class's primary key in one (or
237 more) of the foreign class columns. This relationship defaults to using
238 the end of this classes namespace as the foreign key in C<$related_class>
239 to resolve the join, unless C<$their_fk_column> specifies the foreign
240 key column in C<$related_class> or C<cond> specifies a reference to a
247 This argument is the name of the method you can call on a
248 L<DBIx::Class::Row> object to retrieve a resultset of the related
249 class restricted to the ones related to the row object. In list
250 context it returns the row objects. This is often called the
251 C<relation(ship) name>.
253 Use this accessor_name in L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/join>
254 or L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/prefetch> to join to the foreign table
255 indicated by this relationship.
259 This is the class name of the table which contains a foreign key
260 column containing PK values of this class.
262 =item their_fk_column
264 The column name on the related class that contains the foreign key.
270 A hashref where the keys are C<foreign.$their_fk_column> and
271 the values are C<self.$matching_column>. This is useful for
272 relations that are across multiple columns.
276 An arrayref containing an SQL::Abstract-like condition. For example a
277 link table where two columns link back to the same table. This is an
280 My::Schema::Item->has_many('rels', 'My::Schema::Relationships',
281 [ { 'foreign.LItemID' => 'self.ID' },
282 { 'foreign.RItemID' => 'self.ID'} ]);
286 # in an Author class (where Author has_many Books)
287 # assuming related class is storing our PK in "author_id"
288 My::DBIC::Schema::Author->has_many(
290 'My::DBIC::Schema::Book',
295 My::DBIC::Schema::Author->has_many(
297 'My::DBIC::Schema::Book',
298 { 'foreign.author_id' => 'self.id' },
301 # OR (similar result, assuming related_class is storing our PK, in "author")
302 # (the "author" is guessed at from "Author" in the class namespace)
303 My::DBIC::Schema::Author->has_many(
305 'My::DBIC::Schema::Book',
310 # resultset of Books belonging to author
311 my $booklist = $author->books;
313 # resultset of Books belonging to author, restricted by author name
314 my $booklist = $author->books({
315 name => { LIKE => '%macaroni%' },
316 { prefetch => [qw/book/],
319 # array of Book objects belonging to author
320 my @book_objs = $author->books;
322 # force resultset even in list context
323 my $books_rs = $author->books;
324 ( $books_rs ) = $obj->books_rs;
326 # create a new book for this author, the relation fields are auto-filled
327 $author->create_related('books', \%col_data);
328 # alternative method for the above
329 $author->add_to_books(\%col_data);
332 Three methods are created when you create a has_many relationship. The first
333 method is the expected accessor method, C<$accessor_name()>. The second is
334 almost exactly the same as the accessor method but "_rs" is added to the end of
335 the method name. This method works just like the normal accessor, except that
336 it always returns a resultset, even in list context. The third method,
337 named C<< add_to_$relname >>, will also be added to your Row items; this
338 allows you to insert new related items, using the same mechanism as in
339 L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base/"create_related">.
341 If you delete an object in a class with a C<has_many> relationship, all
342 the related objects will be deleted as well. To turn this behaviour off,
343 pass C<< cascade_delete => 0 >> in the C<$attr> hashref.
345 The cascaded operations are performed after the requested delete or
346 update, so if your database has a constraint on the relationship, it
347 will have deleted/updated the related records or raised an exception
348 before DBIx::Class gets to perform the cascaded operation.
350 If you copy an object in a class with a C<has_many> relationship, all
351 the related objects will be copied as well. To turn this behaviour off,
352 pass C<< cascade_copy => 0 >> in the C<$attr> hashref. The behaviour
353 defaults to C<< cascade_copy => 1 >>.
355 See L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base> for documentation on relationship
356 methods and valid relationship attributes. Also see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet>
357 for a L<list of standard resultset attributes|DBIx::Class::ResultSet/ATTRIBUTES>
358 which can be assigned to relationships as well.
364 =item Arguments: $accessor_name, $related_class, $their_fk_column|\%cond|\@cond?, \%attrs?
368 Creates an optional one-to-one relationship with a class. This relationship
369 defaults to using C<$accessor_name> as the foreign key in C<$related_class> to
370 resolve the join, unless C<$their_fk_column> specifies the foreign key
371 column in C<$related_class> or C<cond> specifies a reference to a join
378 This argument is the name of the method you can call on a
379 L<DBIx::Class::Row> object to retrieve the instance of the foreign
380 class matching this relationship. This is often called the
381 C<relation(ship) name>.
383 Use this accessor_name in L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/join>
384 or L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/prefetch> to join to the foreign table
385 indicated by this relationship.
389 This is the class name of the table which contains a foreign key
390 column containing PK values of this class.
392 =item their_fk_column
394 The column name on the related class that contains the foreign key.
400 A hashref where the keys are C<foreign.$their_fk_column> and
401 the values are C<self.$matching_column>. This is useful for
402 relations that are across multiple columns.
406 # Author may have an entry in the pseudonym table
407 My::DBIC::Schema::Author->might_have(
409 'My::DBIC::Schema::Pseudonym',
413 # OR (same result, assuming the related_class stores our PK)
414 My::DBIC::Schema::Author->might_have(
416 'My::DBIC::Schema::Pseudonym',
420 My::DBIC::Schema::Author->might_have(
422 'My::DBIC::Schema::Pseudonym',
423 { 'foreign.author_id' => 'self.id' },
427 my $pname = $author->pseudonym; # to get the Pseudonym object
429 If you update or delete an object in a class with a C<might_have>
430 relationship, the related object will be updated or deleted as well. To
431 turn off this behavior, add C<< cascade_delete => 0 >> to the C<$attr>
434 The cascaded operations are performed after the requested delete or
435 update, so if your database has a constraint on the relationship, it
436 will have deleted/updated the related records or raised an exception
437 before DBIx::Class gets to perform the cascaded operation.
439 See L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base> for documentation on relationship
440 methods and valid relationship attributes. Also see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet>
441 for a L<list of standard resultset attributes|DBIx::Class::ResultSet/ATTRIBUTES>
442 which can be assigned to relationships as well.
448 =item Arguments: $accessor_name, $related_class, $their_fk_column|\%cond|\@cond?, \%attrs?
452 Creates a one-to-one relationship with a class. This relationship
453 defaults to using C<$accessor_name> as the foreign key in C<$related_class> to
454 resolve the join, unless C<$their_fk_column> specifies the foreign key
455 column in C<$related_class> or C<cond> specifies a reference to a join
462 This argument is the name of the method you can call on a
463 L<DBIx::Class::Row> object to retrieve the instance of the foreign
464 class matching this relationship. This is often called the
465 C<relation(ship) name>.
467 Use this accessor_name in L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/join>
468 or L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/prefetch> to join to the foreign table
469 indicated by this relationship.
473 This is the class name of the table which contains a foreign key
474 column containing PK values of this class.
476 =item their_fk_column
478 The column name on the related class that contains the foreign key.
484 A hashref where the keys are C<foreign.$their_fk_column> and
485 the values are C<self.$matching_column>. This is useful for
486 relations that are across multiple columns.
490 # Every book has exactly one ISBN
491 My::DBIC::Schema::Book->has_one(
493 'My::DBIC::Schema::ISBN',
497 # OR (same result, assuming related_class stores our PK)
498 My::DBIC::Schema::Book->has_one(
500 'My::DBIC::Schema::ISBN',
504 My::DBIC::Schema::Book->has_one(
506 'My::DBIC::Schema::ISBN',
507 { 'foreign.book_id' => 'self.id' },
511 my $isbn_obj = $book->isbn; # to get the ISBN object
513 Creates a one-to-one relationship with another class. This is just
514 like C<might_have>, except the implication is that the other object is
515 always present. The only difference between C<has_one> and
516 C<might_have> is that C<has_one> uses an (ordinary) inner join,
517 whereas C<might_have> defaults to a left join.
519 The has_one relationship should be used when a row in the table has exactly one
520 related row in another table. If the related row might not exist in the foreign
521 table, use the L<DBIx::Class::Relationship/might_have> relationship.
523 In the above example, each Book in the database is associated with exactly one
526 See L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base> for documentation on relationship
527 methods and valid relationship attributes. Also see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet>
528 for a L<list of standard resultset attributes|DBIx::Class::ResultSet/ATTRIBUTES>
529 which can be assigned to relationships as well.
535 =item Arguments: $accessor_name, $link_rel_name, $foreign_rel_name, \%attrs?
539 C<many_to_many> is a I<Relationship bridge> which has a specific
540 meaning in DBIx::Class, see the definition in the
541 L<Glossary|DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/Relationship bridge>.
543 C<many_to_many> is not strictly a relationship in its own right. Instead, it is
544 a bridge between two resultsets which provide the same kind of convenience
545 accessors as true relationships provide. Although the accessor will return a
546 resultset or collection of objects just like has_many does, you cannot call
547 C<related_resultset> and similar methods which operate on true relationships.
553 This argument is the name of the method you can call on a
554 L<DBIx::Class::Row> object to retrieve the rows matching this
557 On a many_to_many, unlike other relationships, this cannot be used in
558 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/search> to join tables. Use the relations
559 bridged across instead.
563 This is the accessor_name from the has_many relationship we are
566 =item foreign_rel_name
568 This is the accessor_name of the belongs_to relationship in the link
569 table that we are bridging across (which gives us the table we are
574 To create a many_to_many relationship from Actor to Role:
576 My::DBIC::Schema::Actor->has_many( actor_roles =>
577 'My::DBIC::Schema::ActorRoles',
579 My::DBIC::Schema::ActorRoles->belongs_to( role =>
580 'My::DBIC::Schema::Role' );
581 My::DBIC::Schema::ActorRoles->belongs_to( actor =>
582 'My::DBIC::Schema::Actor' );
584 My::DBIC::Schema::Actor->many_to_many( roles => 'actor_roles',
587 And, for the reverse relationship, from Role to Actor:
589 My::DBIC::Schema::Role->has_many( actor_roles =>
590 'My::DBIC::Schema::ActorRoles',
593 My::DBIC::Schema::Role->many_to_many( actors => 'actor_roles', 'actor' );
595 To add a role for your actor, and fill in the year of the role in the
598 $actor->add_to_roles($role, { year => 1995 });
600 In the above example, ActorRoles is the link table class, and Role is the
601 foreign class. The C<$link_rel_name> parameter is the name of the accessor for
602 the has_many relationship from this table to the link table, and the
603 C<$foreign_rel_name> parameter is the accessor for the belongs_to relationship
604 from the link table to the foreign table.
606 To use many_to_many, existing relationships from the original table to the link
607 table, and from the link table to the end table must already exist, these
608 relation names are then used in the many_to_many call.
610 In the above example, the Actor class will have 3 many_to_many accessor methods
611 set: C<roles>, C<add_to_roles>, C<set_roles>, and similarly named accessors
612 will be created for the Role class for the C<actors> many_to_many
615 See L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base> for documentation on relationship
616 methods and valid relationship attributes. Also see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet>
617 for a L<list of standard resultset attributes|DBIx::Class::ResultSet/ATTRIBUTES>
618 which can be assigned to relationships as well.
630 You may distribute this code under the same terms as Perl itself.