1 package DBIx::Class::Relationship;
6 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
8 __PACKAGE__->load_own_components(qw/
18 DBIx::Class::Relationship - Inter-table relationships
22 MyDB::Schema::Actor->has_many('actorroles' => 'MyDB::Schema::ActorRole',
24 MyDB::Schema::Role->has_many('actorroles' => 'MyDB::Schema::ActorRole',
26 MyDB::Schema::ActorRole->belongs_to('role' => 'MyDB::Schema::Role');
27 MyDB::Schema::ActorRole->belongs_to('actor' => 'MyDB::Schema::Actor');
29 MyDB::Schema::Role->many_to_many('actors' => 'actorroles', 'actor');
30 MyDB::Schema::Actor->many_to_many('roles' => 'actorroles', 'role');
32 $schema->resultset('Actor')->roles();
33 $schema->resultset('Role')->search_related('actors', { Name => 'Fred' });
34 $schema->resultset('ActorRole')->add_to_roles({ Name => 'Sherlock Holmes'});
36 See L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook> for more.
40 This class provides methods to set up relationships between the tables
41 in your database model. Relationships are the most useful and powerful
42 technique that L<DBIx::Class> provides. To create efficient database queries,
43 create relationships between any and all tables that have something in
44 common, for example if you have a table Authors:
55 1 | 1 | Rulers of the universe
56 2 | 1 | Rulers of the galaxy
58 Then without relationships, the method of getting all books by Fred goes like
61 my $fred = $schema->resultset('Author')->find({ Name => 'Fred' });
62 my $fredsbooks = $schema->resultset('Book')->search({ Author => $fred->ID });
63 With a has_many relationship called "books" on Author (see below for details),
64 we can do this instead:
66 my $fredsbooks = $schema->resultset('Author')->find({ Name => 'Fred' })->books;
68 Each relationship sets up an accessor method on the
69 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/"Row"> objects that represent the items
70 of your table. From L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/"ResultSet"> objects,
71 the relationships can be searched using the "search_related" method.
72 In list context, each returns a list of Row objects for the related class,
73 in scalar context, a new ResultSet representing the joined tables is
74 returned. Thus, the calls can be chained to produce complex queries.
75 Since the database is not actually queried until you attempt to retrieve
76 the data for an actual item, no time is wasted producing them.
78 my $cheapfredbooks = $schema->resultset('Author')->find({
80 })->books->search_related('prices', {
81 Price => { '<=' => '5.00' },
84 will produce a query something like:
86 SELECT * FROM Author me
87 LEFT JOIN Books books ON books.author = me.id
88 LEFT JOIN Prices prices ON prices.book = books.id
89 WHERE prices.Price <= 5.00
91 all without needing multiple fetches.
93 Only the helper methods for setting up standard relationship types
94 are documented here. For the basic, lower-level methods, and a description
95 of all the useful *_related methods that you get for free, see
96 L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base>.
100 All helper methods take the following arguments:
102 __PACKAGE__>$method_name('relname', 'Foreign::Class', $cond, $attrs);
104 Both C<$cond> and C<$attrs> are optional. Pass C<undef> for C<$cond> if
105 you want to use the default value for it, but still want to set C<$attrs>.
107 See L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base> for a list of valid attributes and valid
108 relationship attributes.
114 =item Arguments: $accessor_name, $related_class, $foreign_key_column|$cond?, $attr?
118 Creates a relationship where the calling class stores the foreign class's
119 primary key in one (or more) of its columns. This relationship defaults to
120 using C<$accessor_name> as the foreign key in C<$related_class> to resolve the
121 join, unless C<$foreign_key_column> specifies the foreign key column in
122 C<$related_class> or C<$cond> specifies a reference to a join condition hash.
128 This argument is the name of the method you can call on a
129 L<DBIx::Class::Row> object to retrieve the instance of the foreign
130 class matching this relationship.
132 Use this accessor_name (relation name) in L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/join>
133 or L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/prefetch> to join to the foreign table
134 indicated by this relationship.
138 This is the class name of the table referenced by the foreign key in
141 =item foreign_key_column
143 The column name on this class that contains the foreign key.
149 A hashref where the keys are C<foreign.$column_on_related_table> and
150 the values are C<self.$foreign_key_column>. This is useful for
151 relations that are across multiple columns.
156 # in a Book class (where Author has many Books)
157 My::DBIC::Schema::Book->belongs_to( author => 'My::DBIC::Schema::Author' );
159 my $author_obj = $obj->author; # get author object
160 $obj->author( $new_author_obj ); # set author object
162 The above belongs_to relationship could also have been specified as,
164 My::DBIC::Schema::Book->belongs_to( author,
165 'My::DBIC::Schema::Author',
166 { 'foreign.author' => 'self.author' } );
168 If the relationship is optional -- i.e. the column containing the foreign key
169 can be NULL -- then the belongs_to relationship does the right thing. Thus, in
170 the example above C<$obj-E<gt>author> would return C<undef>. However in this
171 case you would probably want to set the C<join_type> attribute so that a C<LEFT
172 JOIN> is done, which makes complex resultsets involving C<join> or C<prefetch>
173 operations work correctly. The modified declaration is shown below:
175 # in a Book class (where Author has_many Books)
176 __PACKAGE__->belongs_to(author => 'My::DBIC::Schema::Author',
177 'author', {join_type => 'left'});
180 Cascading deletes are off by default on a C<belongs_to>
181 relationship. To turn them on, pass C<< cascade_delete => 1 >>
182 in the $attr hashref.
184 NOTE: If you are used to L<Class::DBI> relationships, this is the equivalent
187 See L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base> for documentation on relationship
188 methods and valid relationship attributes.
194 =item Arguments: $accessor_name, $related_class, $foreign_key_column|$cond?, $attr?
198 Creates a one-to-many relationship, where the corresponding elements of the
199 foreign class store the calling class's primary key in one (or more) of its
200 columns. This relationship defaults to using C<$accessor_name> as the foreign
201 key in C<$related_class> to resolve the join, unless C<$foreign_key_column>
202 specifies the foreign key column in C<$related_class> or C<$cond> specifies a
203 reference to a join condition hash.
209 This argument is the name of the method you can call on a
210 L<DBIx::Class::Row> object to retrieve a resultset of the related
211 class restricted to the ones related to the row object. In list
212 context it returns the row objects.
214 Use this accessor_name (relation name) in L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/join>
215 or L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/prefetch> to join to the foreign table
216 indicated by this relationship.
220 This is the class name of the table which contains a foreign key
221 column containing PK values of this class.
223 =item foreign_key_column
225 The column name on the related class that contains the foreign key.
231 A hashref where the keys are C<foreign.$column_on_related_table> and
232 the values are C<self.$foreign_key_column>. This is useful for
233 relations that are across multiple columns.
237 # in an Author class (where Author has_many Books)
238 My::DBIC::Schema::Author->has_many(books => 'My::DBIC::Schema::Book', 'author');
240 my $booklist = $obj->books;
241 my $booklist = $obj->books({
242 name => { LIKE => '%macaroni%' },
243 { prefetch => [qw/book/],
245 my @book_objs = $obj->books;
246 my $books_rs = $obj->books;
247 ( $books_rs ) = $obj->books_rs;
249 $obj->add_to_books(\%col_data);
251 The above C<has_many> relationship could also have been specified with an
252 explicit join condition:
254 My::DBIC::Schema::Author->has_many( books => 'My::DBIC::Schema::Book', {
255 'foreign.author' => 'self.author',
258 Three methods are created when you create a has_many relationship. The first
259 method is the expected accessor method, C<$accessor_name()>. The second is
260 almost exactly the same as the accessor method but "_rs" is added to the end of
261 the method name. This method works just like the normal accessor, except that
262 it returns a resultset no matter what, even in list context. The third method,
263 named C<< add_to_$relname >>, will also be added to your Row items; this
264 allows you to insert new related items, using the same mechanism as in
265 L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base/"create_related">.
267 If you delete an object in a class with a C<has_many> relationship, all
268 the related objects will be deleted as well. To turn this behaviour off,
269 pass C<< cascade_delete => 0 >> in the C<$attr> hashref. However, any
270 database-level cascade or restrict will take precedence over a
271 DBIx-Class-based cascading delete.
273 See L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base> for documentation on relationship
274 methods and valid relationship attributes.
280 =item Arguments: $accessor_name, $related_class, $foreign_key_column|$cond?, $attr?
284 Creates an optional one-to-one relationship with a class. This relationship
285 defaults to using C<$accessor_name> as the foreign key in C<$related_class> to
286 resolve the join, unless C<$foreign_key_column> specifies the foreign key
287 column in C<$related_class> or C<$cond> specifies a reference to a join
294 This argument is the name of the method you can call on a
295 L<DBIx::Class::Row> object to retrieve the instance of the foreign
296 class matching this relationship.
298 Use this accessor_name (relation name) in L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/join>
299 or L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/prefetch> to join to the foreign table
300 indicated by this relationship.
304 This is the class name of the table which contains a foreign key
305 column containing PK values of this class.
307 =item foreign_key_column
309 The column name on the related class that contains the foreign key.
315 A hashref where the keys are C<foreign.$column_on_related_table> and
316 the values are C<self.$foreign_key_column>. This is useful for
317 relations that are across multiple columns.
321 My::DBIC::Schema::Author->might_have( pseudonym =>
322 'My::DBIC::Schema::Pseudonym' );
324 my $pname = $obj->pseudonym; # to get the Pseudonym object
326 The above might_have relationship could have been specified as:
328 My::DBIC::Schema::Author->might_have( pseudonym =>
329 'My::DBIC::Schema::Pseudonym',
334 My::DBIC::Schema::Author->might_have( pseudonym =>
335 'My::DBIC::Schema::Pseudonym',
336 { 'foreign.author' => 'self.author' } );
338 If you update or delete an object in a class with a C<might_have>
339 relationship, the related object will be updated or deleted as well. To
340 turn off this behavior, add C<< cascade_delete => 0 >> to the C<$attr>
341 hashref. Any database-level update or delete constraints will override
344 See L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base> for documentation on relationship
345 methods and valid relationship attributes.
351 =item Arguments: $accessor_name, $related_class_name, $join_condition?, $attr?
355 My::DBIC::Schema::Book->has_one(isbn => 'My::DBIC::Schema::ISBN');
357 my $isbn_obj = $obj->isbn; # to get the ISBN object
359 Creates a one-to-one relationship with another class. This is just like
360 C<might_have>, except the implication is that the other object is always
361 present. The only difference between C<has_one> and C<might_have> is that
362 C<has_one> uses an (ordinary) inner join, whereas C<might_have> uses a
365 The has_one relationship should be used when a row in the table has exactly one
366 related row in another table. If the related row might not exist in the foreign
367 table, use the L<DBIx::Class::Relationship/might_have> relationship.
369 In the above example, each Book in the database is associated with exactly one
372 See L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base> for documentation on relationship
373 methods and valid relationship attributes.
379 =item Arguments: $accessor_name, $link_rel_name, $foreign_rel_name, $attr?
383 C<many_to_many> is not strictly a relationship in its own right. Instead, it is
384 a bridge between two resultsets which provide the same kind of convenience
385 accessors as true relationships provide. Although the accessor will return a
386 resultset or collection of objects just like has_many does, you cannot call
387 C<related_resultset> and similar methods which operate on true relationships.
393 This argument is the name of the method you can call on a
394 L<DBIx::Class::Row> object to retrieve the rows matching this
397 On a many_to_many, unlike other relationships, this cannot be used in
398 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/search> to join tables. Use the relations
399 bridged across instead.
403 This is the accessor_name from the has_many relationship we are
406 =item foreign_rel_name
408 This is the accessor_name of the belongs_to relationship in the link
409 table that we are bridging across (which gives us the table we are
414 To create a many_to_many relationship from Actor to Role:
416 My::DBIC::Schema::Actor->has_many( actor_roles =>
417 'My::DBIC::Schema::ActorRoles',
419 My::DBIC::Schema::ActorRoles->belongs_to( role =>
420 'My::DBIC::Schema::Role' );
421 My::DBIC::Schema::ActorRoles->belongs_to( actor =>
422 'My::DBIC::Schema::Actor' );
424 My::DBIC::Schema::Actor->many_to_many( roles => 'actor_roles',
427 And, for the reverse relationship, from Role to Actor:
429 My::DBIC::Schema::Role->has_many( actor_roles =>
430 'My::DBIC::Schema::ActorRoles',
433 My::DBIC::Schema::Role->many_to_many( actors => 'actor_roles', 'actor' );
435 To add a role for your actor, and fill in the year of the role in the
438 $actor->add_to_roles($role, { year => 1995 });
440 In the above example, ActorRoles is the link table class, and Role is the
441 foreign class. The C<$link_rel_name> parameter is the name of the accessor for
442 the has_many relationship from this table to the link table, and the
443 C<$foreign_rel_name> parameter is the accessor for the belongs_to relationship
444 from the link table to the foreign table.
446 To use many_to_many, existing relationships from the original table to the link
447 table, and from the link table to the end table must already exist, these
448 relation names are then used in the many_to_many call.
450 In the above example, the Actor class will have 3 many_to_many accessor methods
451 set: C<$roles>, C<$add_to_roles>, C<$set_roles>, and similarly named accessors
452 will be created for the Role class for the C<actors> many_to_many
455 See L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base> for documentation on relationship
456 methods and valid relationship attributes.
464 Matt S. Trout <mst@shadowcatsystems.co.uk>
468 You may distribute this code under the same terms as Perl itself.