1 package DBIx::Class::Relationship;
6 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
8 __PACKAGE__->load_own_components(qw/
18 DBIx::Class::Relationship - Inter-table relationships
22 ## Creating relationships
23 MyDB::Schema::Actor->has_many('actorroles' => 'MyDB::Schema::ActorRole',
25 MyDB::Schema::Role->has_many('actorroles' => 'MyDB::Schema::ActorRole',
27 MyDB::Schema::ActorRole->belongs_to('role' => 'MyDB::Schema::Role');
28 MyDB::Schema::ActorRole->belongs_to('actor' => 'MyDB::Schema::Actor');
30 MyDB::Schema::Role->many_to_many('actors' => 'actorroles', 'actor');
31 MyDB::Schema::Actor->many_to_many('roles' => 'actorroles', 'role');
33 ## Using relationships
34 $schema->resultset('Actor')->roles();
35 $schema->resultset('Role')->search_related('actors', { Name => 'Fred' });
36 $schema->resultset('ActorRole')->add_to_roles({ Name => 'Sherlock Holmes'});
38 See L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook> for more.
42 This class provides methods to set up relationships between the tables
43 in your database model. Relationships are the most useful and powerful
44 technique that L<DBIx::Class> provides. To create efficient database queries,
45 create relationships between any and all tables that have something in
46 common, for example if you have a table Authors:
57 1 | 1 | Rulers of the universe
58 2 | 1 | Rulers of the galaxy
60 Then without relationships, the method of getting all books by Fred goes like
63 my $fred = $schema->resultset('Author')->find({ Name => 'Fred' });
64 my $fredsbooks = $schema->resultset('Book')->search({ Author => $fred->ID });
66 With a has_many relationship called "books" on Author (see below for details),
67 we can do this instead:
69 my $fredsbooks = $schema->resultset('Author')->find({ Name => 'Fred' })->books;
71 Each relationship sets up an accessor method on the
72 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/"Row"> objects that represent the items
73 of your table. From L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/"ResultSet"> objects,
74 the relationships can be searched using the "search_related" method.
75 In list context, each returns a list of Row objects for the related class,
76 in scalar context, a new ResultSet representing the joined tables is
77 returned. Thus, the calls can be chained to produce complex queries.
78 Since the database is not actually queried until you attempt to retrieve
79 the data for an actual item, no time is wasted producing them.
81 my $cheapfredbooks = $schema->resultset('Author')->find({
83 })->books->search_related('prices', {
84 Price => { '<=' => '5.00' },
87 will produce a query something like:
89 SELECT * FROM Author me
90 LEFT JOIN Books books ON books.author = me.id
91 LEFT JOIN Prices prices ON prices.book = books.id
92 WHERE prices.Price <= 5.00
94 all without needing multiple fetches.
96 Only the helper methods for setting up standard relationship types
97 are documented here. For the basic, lower-level methods, and a description
98 of all the useful *_related methods that you get for free, see
99 L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base>.
103 All helper methods are called similar to the following template:
105 __PACKAGE__->$method_name('relname', 'Foreign::Class', $cond, $attrs);
107 Both C<$cond> and C<$attrs> are optional. Pass C<undef> for C<$cond> if
108 you want to use the default value for it, but still want to set C<$attrs>.
110 See L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base> for documentation on the
111 attrubutes that are allowed in the C<$attrs> argument.
118 =item Arguments: $accessor_name, $related_class, $fk_column|\%cond|\@cond?, \%attr?
122 Creates a relationship where the calling class stores the foreign
123 class's primary key in one (or more) of its columns. This relationship
124 defaults to using C<$accessor_name> as the column in this class
125 to resolve the join against the primary key from C<$related_class>,
126 unless C<$fk_column> specifies the foreign key column in this class or
127 C<cond> specifies a reference to a join condition hash.
133 This argument is the name of the method you can call on a
134 L<DBIx::Class::Row> object to retrieve the instance of the foreign
135 class matching this relationship. This is often called the
136 C<relation(ship) name>.
138 Use this accessor_name in L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/join>
139 or L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/prefetch> to join to the foreign table
140 indicated by this relationship.
144 This is the class name of the table referenced by the foreign key in
149 The column name on this class that contains the foreign key.
155 A hashref where the keys are C<foreign.$column_on_related_table> and
156 the values are C<self.$foreign_key_column>. This is useful for
157 relations that are across multiple columns.
162 # in a Book class (where Author has many Books)
163 My::DBIC::Schema::Book->belongs_to(
165 'My::DBIC::Schema::Author',
170 My::DBIC::Schema::Book->belongs_to(
172 'My::DBIC::Schema::Author',
173 { 'foreign.author_id' => 'self.author_id' }
176 # OR (similar result but uglier accessor name)
177 My::DBIC::Schema::Book->belongs_to(
179 'My::DBIC::Schema::Author'
183 my $author_obj = $book->author; # get author object
184 $book->author( $new_author_obj ); # set author object
185 $book->author_id(); # get the plain id
187 # To retrieve the plain id if you used the ugly version:
188 $book->get_column('author_id');
191 If the relationship is optional -- i.e. the column containing the foreign key
192 can be NULL -- then the belongs_to relationship does the right thing. Thus, in
193 the example above C<$obj-E<gt>author> would return C<undef>. However in this
194 case you would probably want to set the C<join_type> attribute so that a C<LEFT
195 JOIN> is done, which makes complex resultsets involving C<join> or C<prefetch>
196 operations work correctly. The modified declaration is shown below:
198 # in a Book class (where Author has_many Books)
199 __PACKAGE__->belongs_to(
201 'My::DBIC::Schema::Author',
203 { join_type => 'left' }
207 Cascading deletes are off by default on a C<belongs_to>
208 relationship. To turn them on, pass C<< cascade_delete => 1 >>
209 in the $attr hashref.
211 NOTE: If you are used to L<Class::DBI> relationships, this is the equivalent
214 See L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base> for documentation on relationship
215 methods and valid relationship attributes.
221 =item Arguments: $accessor_name, $related_class, $foreign_key_column|\%cond|\@cond?, \%attr?
225 Creates a one-to-many relationship, where the corresponding elements
226 of the foreign class store the calling class's primary key in one (or
227 more) of its columns. This relationship defaults to using the end of
228 this classes namespace as the foreign key in C<$related_class> to
229 resolve the join, unless C<$foreign_key_column> specifies the foreign
230 key column in C<$related_class> or C<cond> specifies a reference to a
237 This argument is the name of the method you can call on a
238 L<DBIx::Class::Row> object to retrieve a resultset of the related
239 class restricted to the ones related to the row object. In list
240 context it returns the row objects. This is often called the
241 C<relation(ship) name>.
243 Use this accessor_name in L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/join>
244 or L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/prefetch> to join to the foreign table
245 indicated by this relationship.
249 This is the class name of the table which contains a foreign key
250 column containing PK values of this class.
252 =item foreign_key_column
254 The column name on the related class that contains the foreign key.
260 A hashref where the keys are C<foreign.$foreign_key_column> and
261 the values are C<self.$matching_column>. This is useful for
262 relations that are across multiple columns.
266 An arrayref containing an SQL::Abstract-like condition. For example a
267 link table where two columns link back to the same table. This is an
270 My::Schema::Item->has_many('rels', 'My::Schema::Relationships',
271 [ { 'foreign.LItemID' => 'self.ID' },
272 { 'foreign.RItemID' => 'self.ID'} ]);
276 # in an Author class (where Author has_many Books)
277 # assuming related class is storing our PK in "author_id"
278 My::DBIC::Schema::Author->has_many(
280 'My::DBIC::Schema::Book',
285 My::DBIC::Schema::Author->has_many(
287 'My::DBIC::Schema::Book',
288 { 'foreign.author_id' => 'self.id' },
291 # OR (similar result, assuming related_class is storing our PK, in "author")
292 # (the "author" is guessed at from "Author" in the class namespace)
293 My::DBIC::Schema::Author->has_many(
295 'My::DBIC::Schema::Book',
300 # resultset of Books belonging to author
301 my $booklist = $author->books;
303 # resultset of Books belonging to author, restricted by author name
304 my $booklist = $author->books({
305 name => { LIKE => '%macaroni%' },
306 { prefetch => [qw/book/],
309 # array of Book objects belonging to author
310 my @book_objs = $author->books;
312 # force resultset even in list context
313 my $books_rs = $author->books;
314 ( $books_rs ) = $obj->books_rs;
316 # create a new book for this author, the relation fields are auto-filled
317 $author->create_related('books', \%col_data);
318 # alternative method for the above
319 $author->add_to_books(\%col_data);
322 Three methods are created when you create a has_many relationship. The first
323 method is the expected accessor method, C<$accessor_name()>. The second is
324 almost exactly the same as the accessor method but "_rs" is added to the end of
325 the method name. This method works just like the normal accessor, except that
326 it always returns a resultset, even in list context. The third method,
327 named C<< add_to_$relname >>, will also be added to your Row items; this
328 allows you to insert new related items, using the same mechanism as in
329 L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base/"create_related">.
331 If you delete an object in a class with a C<has_many> relationship, all
332 the related objects will be deleted as well. To turn this behaviour off,
333 pass C<< cascade_delete => 0 >> in the C<attr> hashref. However, any
334 database-level cascade or restrict will take precedence over a
335 DBIx-Class-based cascading delete.
337 If you copy an object in a class with a C<has_many> relationship, all
338 the related objects will be copied as well. To turn this behaviour off,
339 pass C<< cascade_copy => 0 >> in the C<$attr> hashref. The behaviour
340 defaults to C<< cascade_copy => 1 >>.
342 See L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base> for documentation on relationship
343 methods and valid relationship attributes.
349 =item Arguments: $accessor_name, $related_class, $foreign_key_column|\%cond|\@cond?, \%attr?
353 Creates an optional one-to-one relationship with a class. This relationship
354 defaults to using C<$accessor_name> as the foreign key in C<$related_class> to
355 resolve the join, unless C<$foreign_key_column> specifies the foreign key
356 column in C<$related_class> or C<cond> specifies a reference to a join
363 This argument is the name of the method you can call on a
364 L<DBIx::Class::Row> object to retrieve the instance of the foreign
365 class matching this relationship. This is often called the
366 C<relation(ship) name>.
368 Use this accessor_name in L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/join>
369 or L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/prefetch> to join to the foreign table
370 indicated by this relationship.
374 This is the class name of the table which contains a foreign key
375 column containing PK values of this class.
377 =item foreign_key_column
379 The column name on the related class that contains the foreign key.
385 A hashref where the keys are C<foreign.$column_on_related_table> and
386 the values are C<self.$foreign_key_column>. This is useful for
387 relations that are across multiple columns.
391 # Author may have an entry in the pseudonym table
392 My::DBIC::Schema::Author->might_have(
394 'My::DBIC::Schema::Pseudonym',
398 # OR (same result, assuming the related_class stores our PK)
399 My::DBIC::Schema::Author->might_have(
401 'My::DBIC::Schema::Pseudonym',
405 My::DBIC::Schema::Author->might_have(
407 'My::DBIC::Schema::Pseudonym',
408 { 'foreign.author_id' => 'self.id' },
412 my $pname = $author->pseudonym; # to get the Pseudonym object
414 If you update or delete an object in a class with a C<might_have>
415 relationship, the related object will be updated or deleted as well. To
416 turn off this behavior, add C<< cascade_delete => 0 >> to the C<$attr>
417 hashref. Any database-level update or delete constraints will override
420 See L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base> for documentation on relationship
421 methods and valid relationship attributes.
427 =item Arguments: $accessor_name, $related_class, $foreign_key_column|\%cond|\@cond?, \%attr?
431 Creates a one-to-one relationship with a class. This relationship
432 defaults to using C<$accessor_name> as the foreign key in C<$related_class> to
433 resolve the join, unless C<$foreign_key_column> specifies the foreign key
434 column in C<$related_class> or C<cond> specifies a reference to a join
441 This argument is the name of the method you can call on a
442 L<DBIx::Class::Row> object to retrieve the instance of the foreign
443 class matching this relationship. This is often called the
444 C<relation(ship) name>.
446 Use this accessor_name in L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/join>
447 or L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/prefetch> to join to the foreign table
448 indicated by this relationship.
452 This is the class name of the table which contains a foreign key
453 column containing PK values of this class.
455 =item foreign_key_column
457 The column name on the related class that contains the foreign key.
463 A hashref where the keys are C<foreign.$column_on_related_table> and
464 the values are C<self.$foreign_key_column>. This is useful for
465 relations that are across multiple columns.
469 # Every book has exactly one ISBN
470 My::DBIC::Schema::Book->has_one(
472 'My::DBIC::Schema::ISBN',
476 # OR (same result, assuming related_class stores our PK)
477 My::DBIC::Schema::Book->has_one(
479 'My::DBIC::Schema::ISBN',
483 My::DBIC::Schema::Book->has_one(
485 'My::DBIC::Schema::ISBN',
486 { 'foreign.book_id' => 'self.id' },
490 my $isbn_obj = $book->isbn; # to get the ISBN object
492 Creates a one-to-one relationship with another class. This is just
493 like C<might_have>, except the implication is that the other object is
494 always present. The only difference between C<has_one> and
495 C<might_have> is that C<has_one> uses an (ordinary) inner join,
496 whereas C<might_have> defaults to a left join.
498 The has_one relationship should be used when a row in the table has exactly one
499 related row in another table. If the related row might not exist in the foreign
500 table, use the L<DBIx::Class::Relationship/might_have> relationship.
502 In the above example, each Book in the database is associated with exactly one
505 See L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base> for documentation on relationship
506 methods and valid relationship attributes.
512 =item Arguments: $accessor_name, $link_rel_name, $foreign_rel_name, \%attr?
516 C<many_to_many> is not strictly a relationship in its own right. Instead, it is
517 a bridge between two resultsets which provide the same kind of convenience
518 accessors as true relationships provide. Although the accessor will return a
519 resultset or collection of objects just like has_many does, you cannot call
520 C<related_resultset> and similar methods which operate on true relationships.
526 This argument is the name of the method you can call on a
527 L<DBIx::Class::Row> object to retrieve the rows matching this
530 On a many_to_many, unlike other relationships, this cannot be used in
531 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/search> to join tables. Use the relations
532 bridged across instead.
536 This is the accessor_name from the has_many relationship we are
539 =item foreign_rel_name
541 This is the accessor_name of the belongs_to relationship in the link
542 table that we are bridging across (which gives us the table we are
547 To create a many_to_many relationship from Actor to Role:
549 My::DBIC::Schema::Actor->has_many( actor_roles =>
550 'My::DBIC::Schema::ActorRoles',
552 My::DBIC::Schema::ActorRoles->belongs_to( role =>
553 'My::DBIC::Schema::Role' );
554 My::DBIC::Schema::ActorRoles->belongs_to( actor =>
555 'My::DBIC::Schema::Actor' );
557 My::DBIC::Schema::Actor->many_to_many( roles => 'actor_roles',
560 And, for the reverse relationship, from Role to Actor:
562 My::DBIC::Schema::Role->has_many( actor_roles =>
563 'My::DBIC::Schema::ActorRoles',
566 My::DBIC::Schema::Role->many_to_many( actors => 'actor_roles', 'actor' );
568 To add a role for your actor, and fill in the year of the role in the
571 $actor->add_to_roles($role, { year => 1995 });
573 In the above example, ActorRoles is the link table class, and Role is the
574 foreign class. The C<$link_rel_name> parameter is the name of the accessor for
575 the has_many relationship from this table to the link table, and the
576 C<$foreign_rel_name> parameter is the accessor for the belongs_to relationship
577 from the link table to the foreign table.
579 To use many_to_many, existing relationships from the original table to the link
580 table, and from the link table to the end table must already exist, these
581 relation names are then used in the many_to_many call.
583 In the above example, the Actor class will have 3 many_to_many accessor methods
584 set: C<roles>, C<add_to_roles>, C<set_roles>, and similarly named accessors
585 will be created for the Role class for the C<actors> many_to_many
588 See L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base> for documentation on relationship
589 methods and valid relationship attributes.
601 You may distribute this code under the same terms as Perl itself.