3 DBIx::Class::Manual::Intro - Introduction to DBIx::Class
7 So, you are bored with SQL, and want a native Perl interface for your
8 database? Or you've been doing this for a while with L<Class::DBI>,
9 and think there's a better way? You've come to the right place.
10 Let's look at how you can set and use your first native L<DBIx::Class>
13 First we'll see how you can set up your classes yourself. If you want
14 them to be auto-discovered, just skip to the next section, which shows
15 you how to use L<DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader>.
17 =head2 Setting it up manually
19 First, you should create your base schema class, which inherits from
20 L<DBIx::Class::Schema>:
23 use base qw/DBIx::Class::Schema/;
25 In this class you load your result_source ("table", "model") classes, which
26 we will define later, using the load_classes() method. You can specify which
27 classes to load manually:
29 # load My::Schema::Album and My::Schema::Artist
30 __PACKAGE__->load_classes(qw/ Album Artist /);
32 Or load classes by namespace:
34 # load My::Schema::Album, My::Schema::Artist and My::OtherSchema::LinerNotes
35 __PACKAGE__->load_classes(
37 'My::Schema' => [qw/ Album Artist /],
38 'My::OtherSchema' => [qw/ LinerNotes /]
42 Or let your schema class load all classes in its namespace automatically:
45 __PACKAGE__->load_classes();
47 Next, create each of the classes you want to load as specified above:
49 package My::Schema::Album;
50 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
52 Load any components required by each class with the load_components() method.
53 This should consist of "Core" plus any additional components you want to use.
54 For example, if you want serial/auto-incrementing primary keys:
56 __PACKAGE__->load_components(qw/ PK::Auto Core /);
58 C<PK::Auto> is supported for many databases; see
59 L<DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI> for more information.
61 Set the table for your class:
63 __PACKAGE__->table('album');
65 Add columns to your class:
67 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/ albumid artist title /);
69 Each column can also be set up with its own accessor, data_type and other
70 pieces of information that it may be useful to have, just pass C<add_columns>
73 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(albumid =>
74 { accessor => 'album',
75 data_type => 'integer',
78 is_auto_increment => 1,
82 { data_type => 'integer',
85 is_auto_increment => 0,
89 { data_type => 'varchar',
92 is_auto_increment => 0,
97 Most of this data isn't yet used directly by DBIx::Class, but various related
98 modules such as L<DBIx::Class::WebForm> make use of it. Also it allows you
99 to create your database tables from your Schema, instead of the other way
100 around. See L<SQL::Translator> for details.
102 See L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource> for more details of the possible column
105 Accessors are created for each column automatically, so My::Schema::Album will
106 have albumid() (or album(), when using the accessor), artist() and title()
109 Define a primary key for your class:
111 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('albumid');
113 If you have a multi-column primary key, just pass a list instead:
115 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key( qw/ albumid artistid / );
117 Define relationships that the class has with any other classes by using
118 either C<belongs_to> to describe a column which contains an ID of another
119 table, or C<has_many> to make a predefined accessor for fetching objects
120 that contain this tables foreign key in one of their columns:
122 __PACKAGE__->has_many('albums', 'My::Schema::Artist', 'album_id');
124 More information about the various types of relationships available, and
125 how you can design your own, can be found in L<DBIx::Class::Relationship>.
128 =head2 Using L<DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader>
130 This is an external module, and not part of the L<DBIx::Class>
131 distribution. Like L<Class::DBI::Loader>, it inspects your database,
132 and automatically creates classes for all the tables in your database.
133 Here's a simple setup:
136 use base qw/DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader/;
138 __PACKAGE__->load_from_connection(
139 connect_info = [ 'dbi:SQLite:/home/me/myapp/my.db' ]
144 This should be equivalent to the manual setup in the section above.
145 L<DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader> takes lots of other options. For more
146 information, consult its documentation.
150 L<DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader> already contains the connection info for the
151 database, so to get started all you need to do is create an instance of your
154 my $schema = My::Schema->new();
156 To connect to your manually created Schema, you also need to provide the
159 my $schema = My::Schema->connect('dbi:SQLite:/home/me/myapp/my.db');
161 You can create as many different schema instances as you need. So if you have
162 a second database you want to access:
164 my $other_schema = My::Schema->connect( $dsn, $user, $password, $attrs );
166 Note that L<DBIx::Class::Schema> does not cache connections for you. If you
167 use multiple connections, you need to do this manually.
169 To execute some sql statements on every connect you can pass them to your schema after the connect:
171 $schema->storage->on_connect_do(\@on_connect_sql_statments);
175 Once you've defined the basic classes, either manually or using
176 L<DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader>, you can start interacting with your database.
178 To access your database using your $schema object, you can fetch a L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/"ResultSet">
179 representing each of your tables by calling the ->resultset method.
181 The simplest way to get a record is by primary key:
183 my $album = $schema->resultset('Album')->find(14);
185 This will run a C<SELECT> with C<albumid = 14> in the C<WHERE> clause,
186 and return an instance of C<My::Schema::Album> that represents this
187 row. Once you have that row, you can access and update columns:
189 $album->title('Physical Graffiti');
190 my $title = $album->title; # $title holds 'Physical Graffiti'
192 If you prefer, you can use the C<set_column> and C<get_column>
195 $album->set_column('title', 'Presence');
196 $title = $album->get_column('title');
198 Just like with L<Class::DBI>, you call C<update> to commit your
199 changes to the database:
203 If needed, you can throw away your local changes like this:
205 $album->discard_changes if $album->is_changed;
207 As you can see, C<is_changed> allows you to check if there are local
208 changes to your object.
210 =head2 Adding and removing rows
212 To create a new record in the database, you can use the C<create>
213 method. It returns an instance of C<My::Schema::Album> that can be
214 used to access the data in the new record:
216 my $new_album = $schema->resultset('Album')->create({
217 title => 'Wish You Were Here',
218 artist => 'Pink Floyd'
221 Now you can add data to the new record:
223 $new_album->label('Capitol');
224 $new_album->year('1975');
227 Likewise, you can remove it from the database like this:
231 You can also remove records without retrieving them first, by calling
232 delete directly on a ResultSet object.
234 # Delete all of Falco's albums
235 $schema->resultset('Album')->search({ artist => 'Falco' })->delete;
237 =head2 Finding your objects
239 L<DBIx::Class> provides a few different ways to retrieve data from
240 your database. Here's one example:
242 # Find all of Santana's albums
243 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Album')->search({ artist => 'Santana' });
245 In scalar context, as above, C<search> returns a
246 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet> object. It can be used to peek at the first
247 album returned by the database:
249 my $album = $rs->first;
252 You can loop over the albums and update each one:
254 while (my $album = $rs->next) {
255 print $album->artist . ' - ' . $album->title;
260 Or, you can update them all at once:
262 $rs->update({ year => 2001 });
264 For more information on what you can do with a
265 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet>, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/METHODS>.
267 In list context, the C<search> method returns all of the matching
270 # Fetch immediately all of Carlos Santana's albums
271 my @albums = $schema->resultset('Album')->search(
272 { artist => 'Carlos Santana' }
274 foreach my $album (@albums) {
275 print $album->artist . ' - ' . $album->title;
278 We also provide a handy shortcut for doing a C<LIKE> search:
280 # Find albums whose artist starts with 'Jimi'
281 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Album')->search_like({ artist => 'Jimi%' });
283 Or you can provide your own C<WHERE> clause, like:
285 # Find Peter Frampton albums from the year 1986
286 my $where = 'artist = ? AND year = ?';
287 my @bind = ( 'Peter Frampton', 1986 );
288 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Album')->search_literal( $where, @bind );
290 The preferred way to generate complex queries is to provide a
291 L<SQL::Abstract> construct to C<search>:
293 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Album')->search({
294 artist => { '!=', 'Janis Joplin' },
295 year => { '<' => 1980 },
296 albumid => [ 1, 14, 15, 65, 43 ]
299 This results in something like the following C<WHERE> clause:
301 WHERE artist != 'Janis Joplin'
303 AND albumid IN (1, 14, 15, 65, 43)
305 For more examples of complex queries, see
306 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
308 The search can also be modified by passing another hash with
311 my @albums = My::Schema->resultset('Album')->search(
312 { artist => 'Bob Marley' },
313 { rows => 2, order_by => 'year DESC' }
316 C<@albums> then holds the two most recent Bob Marley albums.
318 For a complete overview of the available attributes, see
319 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/ATTRIBUTES>.
325 =item * L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>
327 =item * L<DBIx::Class::Manual::FAQ>